Does air defense belong to the air force. Russian Air Defense - Prospects and Challenges. The current state of air defense
Alexey Leonkov
The Russian Federation is the only country in the world that has a full-scale, echeloned, integrated system aerospace defense. The technical basis of the aerospace defense are complexes and systems of air and missile defense, designed to solve all types of tasks: from tactical to operational-strategic. Technical specifications complexes and systems of aerospace defense make it possible to organize reliable cover for troops, the most important objects government controlled, industry, energy and transport.
2016 turned out to be a “fruitful” year for news about air defense systems that are being put into service under the State Armaments Program (SAP-2020). Many experts and military specialists call them the best among existing systems air defense. The Russian concern Almaz-Antey, the leading developer and manufacturer of aerospace defense complexes and systems, does not stop there, has begun developing fifth-generation anti-aircraft missile systems, and is creating a scientific and technical reserve for the future.
The Arsenal of the Fatherland magazine in 2016 devoted a number of articles to the topic of air defense, starting with the history of its creation (see " Military Academy in the 100-year history of military air defense "in No. 1 (21) 2016), spoke about the basics combat use military air defense (see "Military air defense: the basics of combat use" in No. 4 (24) 2016) and military air defense systems of the armies of the world (see "Military air defense systems of the armies of the world" in No. 3 (23) 2016).
Such attention to this species defense is given for a reason. The fact is that within the framework of the Military Doctrine adopted in 2008, air defense systems and complexes occupy one of the key places in the defense construction and modernization of the Russian army.
The intermediate results of building a modern layered air defense were discussed at the XXIV Military Scientific Conference of the Military Air Defense, held in May 2016 in Smolensk. In the report of the head of the military air defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Leonov A.P. "Development of the theory and practice of using the military air defense of the Armed Forces Russian Federation in modern conditions"It was noted that the combat potential of military air defense has increased significantly with the supply of the latest high-performance anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes. These are, first of all, the S-300V4 air defense system, the Buk-M2 / M3 air defense system and the Tor-M2 / M2U air defense system. These systems differ from their predecessors in higher noise immunity and destruction efficiency. various means air attack (AOS), multi-channel, increased rate of fire and increased ammunition for anti-aircraft missiles.
Doctor of Military Sciences, Lieutenant General Gavrilov A. D. in the article "Military air defense: the basics of combat use" noted the following: "No matter how highly effective technical means the air defense system possesses, the achievement of the tasks set is achieved by the skillful combat use of formations, units and subunits in battle and operations. The entire 100-year history of the existence of military air defense indicates high level professionalism of commanders and staffs, awareness of the personal responsibility of each anti-aircraft gunner for the task of protecting the peaceful sky.
Development and production of high-performance equipment in parallel with participation in the preparation personnel military units Air defense is a hallmark practical work Russian defense association - Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey".
The results of the work of Almaz-Antey
In November 2016, Almaz-Antey summed up the results of the year. As part of the tasks of the state defense order (GOZ), the Ministry of Defense received five regiments of S-400 Triumph air defense systems, three divisions of Buk-M2 medium-range air defense systems, four air defense divisions short range"Tor-M2", brigade set the latest air defense systems Buk-M3, as well as whole line various radars. In addition, in the outgoing year, the Almaz-Antey specialists carried out the necessary service activities for the maintenance and repair of more than two thousand units of weapons previously transferred to the Russian Armed Forces, military and special equipment(VVST), as well as simulators for training combat crews of air defense systems.
“Already now, the annual tasks for the supply of basic weapons have been completed by 70 percent, and in terms of the purchase of missiles and ammunition - by more than 85 percent.
The troops received more than 5.5 thousand units of weapons and military equipment, including more than 60 new and 130 modernized aircraft and helicopters, multi-purpose Submarine, more than 60 anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes, 55 radar stations, 310 new and 460 modernized tanks and armored vehicles”- noted in his speech the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President of Russia Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at the Meeting with the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense, federal departments and enterprises of the defense industry, which was held on November 15, 2016 in Sochi.
At the same meeting, the Concern's contribution to ensuring the security of the Khmeimim air base and the Tartus naval base was noted after the deployment of the S-400 air defense system and the S-300V4 air defense system. According to the Minister of Defense of Russia, General of the Army Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, these systems reliably protect our bases in Syria both from the sea and from land. In addition, the Concern's specialists restored the Syrian S-200 air defense systems.
The concern continued work on the supply of modernized and the latest complexes Air defense S-300V4 air defense systems, Buk-M3 air defense systems and Tor-M2U air defense systems. Without going into enumeration specifications of these complexes, we will briefly highlight their key features.
ZRS S-300V4
This air defense system is a deep modernization of the S-300 complex, which has been produced by the enterprises of the Almaz-Antey Concern since 1978. The heavy missile 9M83VM of the modernized S-300V4 is capable of reaching Mach 7.5 and can hit air targets at a distance of up to 400 kilometers. The "small" missile has a range of up to 150 km. The defeat of all existing and promising funds aerospace attack, including tactical ballistic missiles(at a distance of up to 200 km). Generally combat effectiveness S-300V4 increased by 2.3 times compared to previous generations of S-300.
Another feature of the system is increased mobility. S-300V4 elements are placed on a tracked chassis, which allows maneuvering and deployment in operational formation associations, marching and order of battle connections ground forces off-road, on rough terrain.
The anti-aircraft missile division is capable of simultaneously firing up to 24 targets, aiming 48 missiles at them. The rate of fire of each launcher is 1.5 seconds. The entire complex is transferred from standby to combat mode in 40 seconds, and the deployment time from the march takes 5 minutes. Ammunition division 96-192 anti-aircraft missiles.
According to data from open sources, one of the first S-300V4s was received by the recently formed 77th separate anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Southern Military District, based in Krasnodar Territory. In the fall of 2016, the S-300V4 air defense system was relocated to Syria at the Khmeimim airbase to strengthen the air defense potential of the Russian Aerospace Forces group.
SAM Buk-M3
The Buk-M3 target detection station (SOC) now accompanies up to 36 targets at a distance of up to 70 kilometers in the entire altitude range. New rocket 9R31M (9M317M), compared to the Buk-M2 air defense missiles, has a higher speed and maneuverability characteristics. It is placed in a transport and launch container (TLC), which provides additional protection for the missile and improves the camouflage characteristics of the launcher. The number of missiles on one launcher has increased from 4 to 6. In addition, 9A316M transport and launchers can also hit targets, they accommodate 12 missiles in the TPK.
The Buk-M3 equipment is built on a new element base, digital media communications provide a stable exchange of speech and combat information, as well as integration into the ESU TK air defense.
The Buk-M3 air defense system intercepts almost all modern air defense systems that fly at speeds up to 3000 m / s, thereby exceeding the capabilities of the Patriot air defense system (USA) by almost two times. In addition, the "American" is inferior to the "Buk" in the parameter of the lower limit of shelling targets (60 meters versus 10 meters) and in the duration of the target detection cycle on distant approaches. The Buk-M3 manages this in 10 seconds, and the Patriot in 90 seconds, while it requires target designation from a reconnaissance satellite.
SAM Tor-M2U
Tor-M2U short-range air defense missiles effectively destroy targets flying at extremely low, low and medium altitudes at speeds up to 700 m/s, including in the conditions of a massive airborne attack and active opposition to enemy electronic warfare.
The SOC of the complex can detect and track up to 48 targets at a distance of up to 32 kilometers. The launcher of the complex can simultaneously fire at 4 targets at an azimuth equal to 3600, i.e. round. A feature of the Tor-M2U air defense system is the fact that combat work it can drive on the go, at speeds up to 45 km/h. Modern equipment "Torah" automatically determines the ten most dangerous targets, the operator only needs to give a command to defeat them. Moreover, our newest "Tor-M2U" detects aircrafts created using stealth technology.
The battery of the Tor-M2U air defense missile system consists of six launchers that can automatically exchange combat information with each other. Thus, receiving information from one launcher, the rest can repel a massive AOS attack from any direction. Retargeting time takes no more than 5 seconds.
The reaction of Western "partners" to the development of the East Kazakhstan region of Russia
successes Russian air defense operating the products of the Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey", has long been disturbing the minds of the military leaders of the NATO countries. In the early 2000s, they did not believe that Russia would be able to create effective air defense systems and continued to purchase “reliable and time-tested” air attack weapons (AOS) from the defense industry enterprises of their countries. Development of new aviation complexes, such as the fifth-generation F-35 fighter and the promising B-21 bomber, were moving at a leisurely pace.
The first alarming signals for NATO members sounded after 2010, when the revival of Russia's military power began. Since 2012, military exercises have become much more frequent, and new military air defense systems were actively involved in these exercises. They regularly hit complex, high-speed and maneuvering targets with 100% results, at extreme ranges and without the involvement of additional target designation tools. Thanks to the S-400 and S-300V4 air defense systems, the long-range engagement line at the operational-tactical level has increased to 400 kilometers, which means that modern and promising AOS of NATO countries are guaranteed to fall into the zone of fire of Russian air defense systems. NATO generals sounded the alarm. At the same time, purely defensive air defense systems in the Western media were characterized as "means of aggression." True, there were also more pragmatic assessments.
In 2015, American military expert Tyler Rogoway discussed countering Russian air defense systems on his Foxtrot Alpha blog. In particular, he paid much attention to work at a safe distance outside the reach of weapons: “The capabilities of air defense detection devices (of Russia - author's note) are only getting better, as well as the radius of destruction of ground-to-air missiles is growing. Therefore, it may be necessary to use long-range stealth missiles combined into one information network. Or long-range stealth aircraft and other techniques, including suppression (at a distance), to weaken and eventually destroy the air defense system. As a result, working outside the reach of the enemy's weapons, you can weaken his air defense. Then, for example, you can fly up close and use a fighter with medium-range stealth missiles, instead of launching long-range missiles. At the same time, conventional (non-stealth) aircraft can attack with long-range missiles, thus freeing up space for the stealth aircraft to attack. And drones - decoys with electronic warfare equipment on board, can be used together with attacking combat units to go deeper into enemy territory, disabling air defenses along the way.
In addition to the widespread use of "stealth technologies", the Americans rely on electronic warfare and electronic warfare. For example, naval forces The US is working on creating a countermeasures method modern systems Air defense with radars equipped with a phased antenna array (PAR), such as the S-400 or the Chinese FD-2000 air defense system. They are going to equip the EA-18G Growler aircraft (electronic warfare aircraft based on the F / A-18 Super Hornet) with Next Generation Jammer (NGJ) electronic countermeasure systems. It is assumed that such electronic warfare systems will allow American strike aircraft to destroy enemy targets without the risk of being seen. anti-aircraft missile systems, the American magazine The National Interest reported in October 2016. Development new version NGJ is being handled by Raytheon, which has already received a contract from the US Department of Defense for one billion dollars.
American experts believe that the electronic warfare system will be able to jam signals at any frequencies in which the phased array operates, and that this will be enough to be able to attack without hindrance Russian systems air defense. According to plans, the NGJ should enter service in 2021.
The military-industrial complex of the NATO countries in the next 5-10 years intends to develop means of overcoming and suppressing our air defense systems. However, the scientific and technical groundwork implemented in air defense systems by the enterprises of the Concern VKO Almaz-Antey makes it possible to neutralize the efforts of Western specialists.
Prospects for the development of air defense systems in Russia
The fourth generation of ACS air defense
Currently, automated command and control systems for troops (ACCS), air defense forces and means (ACS) are at the fourth technological stage of development. In the context of the transience of an enemy AOS attack, modern air defense cannot be effective without automated control systems for forces and assets.
This stage of rearmament is taking place in the context of organizational and staffing changes in the structure of the control system of the Russian Armed Forces. The requirements for efficiency, continuity, stability and secrecy of command and control are being tightened, new combat and information means for ZRV, IA, RTV and EW, which have higher capabilities.
The enterprises of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern are already supplying the armed forces with systems and complexes that are integrated with the ACS and ESU TZ, information from which is sent to the National Defense Control Center (NTsUO RF).
At present, the means and complexes that provide information interaction are undergoing a stage of field testing from the level of an anti-aircraft missile division to the air defense automated control system of the district. Numerous military and command and staff exercises make it possible to identify "weak points" in information exchange, which are transformed into specific technical tasks for their elimination and are sent to the Concern's enterprises. This allows you to quickly and efficiently make changes to the manufactured kits and carry out work on the modernization of existing air defense systems.
Fifth generation SAM
In addition to improving information interaction systems, in the near future, fifth-generation air defense systems will begin to enter service with the anti-aircraft missile forces. It's about, first of all, about the continuation of the line of medium-range air defense systems "Buk", developed by NIIP them. Tikhomirov (part of the Almaz-Antey Concern).
Here is how a military expert, a member of the expert council of the collegium of the Russian military-industrial complex, characterizes them, Chief Editor of our magazine Viktor Ivanovich Murakhovsky: “If we talk about the principles on which the next generation systems will be developed, then, in my opinion, they will combine the properties of fire systems, primarily the ability to fire targets, and means of electronic destruction. Those functions that we now have are divided between air defense and complexes electronic warfare, will be integrated into one system.
And secondly, the fifth generation air defense systems are waiting for almost complete automation and robotization of all cycles of reconnaissance, control and fire destruction. In fact, a person will only make a decision - to open a cycle of fire damage or not.
Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey" has already reported that the medium-range air defense system of the fifth generation will be able to deep integration into single system layered air defense system.
Interaction with the Russian Aerospace Forces
The layered air defense system of Russia, in addition to the electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems, will actively interact with aviation strike and reconnaissance complexes of the Russian Aerospace Forces. We are talking about the interaction of the air defense ACS and the Postscript ACS.
ACS "Postscriptum" is a unique Information system, which transmits to the fighter aircraft all information about the air and ground enemy. Information about all objects and targets located in the area of the combat zone of the aircraft is received in real time. At the same time, the aircraft will receive information not only from early warning aircraft (AWACS), but also from ground-based air defense radar stations, as well as from ground complexes RTR of the ground forces.
Brief conclusions
The results of the work of the Almaz-Antey Concern in 2016 are generally assessed as successful. The plans for the supply of equipment and the requirements of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation are being fulfilled, which does not exclude "work on the bugs" that are inevitably revealed during intensive testing and military operation of air defense systems, including in combat conditions. AT next year, taking into account the prospects for the development of the air force of the NATO countries, the intense tasks of fulfilling the state defense order and creating a scientific and technical reserve, the management and staff of the Concern have a difficult path to go. There is no doubt that the tasks set will be completed successfully, which is guaranteed by the glorious traditions of the Almaz-Antey East Kazakhstan Concern.
The military formations of the military air defense are designed to cover the groupings of troops and objects of the military rear, important infrastructure facilities of the state, located in the zone of responsibility of the combined arms commander. In conditions rapid development aerospace attack weapons of the armies foreign countries formations, military units and air defense units have become an integral integral part combined arms formations from the tactical to the operational-strategic level.
In the modern Armed Forces, there are more than 90 formations, military units and air defense units of the SV. As shown practical actions troops at the training grounds, the level of training of soldiers and officers has grown significantly, especially in practical terms.
The basis of the military air defense weapons system is anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes (air defense systems and air defense systems) "S-300V3", "Buk-M2", "Tor-M1", "Osa-AKM", "Tunguska-M1", MANPADS "Igla". The main means of automated control are the complex of automation equipment (KSA) "Polyana-D4M1", designed to equip command posts military districts, armies, anti-aircraft missile brigades in mobile and stationary versions, as well as a single KSA "Barnaul-T" - to equip air defense units of individual motorized rifle (tank) brigades.
Reconnaissance equipment includes mobile radar stations (RLS) of the Nebo-SV, Sky-SVU standby mode and the Ginger, Obzor, Dome combat modes, as well as the Garmon portable radars. Currently, research and development work is being carried out to create a new generation of air defense weapons. The basic directions of the technological basis of such works are microelectronics, informatics and robotics.
The modernization of the S-300V air defense system made it possible to increase the range of destruction of aerodynamic air targets up to 400 km, the areas covered from strikes by operational-tactical and tactical missiles (OTR and TR) by 3-4 times, and the defeat of OTR and medium-range ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 3500 km.
The Air Defense Forces of the SV will soon receive a modified Buk-M2 complex, which, while maintaining the same number of combat vehicles, increases the number of simultaneously fired air targets for the division from 6 to 24, the area of covered objects and troops - 2.5 times, the possibility of hitting TR from launch range up to 150-200 km. Work is being completed on the creation of a new medium-range air defense system, which will surpass its predecessor by several times in terms of the range of destruction, the number of simultaneously hit targets and the speed of destruction.
In 2011, the Air Defense Forces of the SV received a new modification of the Tor-M2U air defense system, which today, according to the characteristics of the simultaneous firing of four air targets by one combat vehicle, is the only one in the world. Compared to the previous modification, it has a 1.5-fold increase in the parameters of the affected area in terms of height, speed and heading parameter.
In the interests of developing the command and control system, work is underway to create new unified command and control systems at various levels of command and control of troops and weapons. At the tactical level, the planned equipping of brigade sets of control means from the composition of the Barnaul-T KSA is underway, which in terms of basic characteristics corresponds to, and in terms of maneuverability, security, interchangeability of control means, and the time of setting the task of combat means, exceeds foreign counterparts. The time for passing commands (information) from the head of the air defense brigade to the air defense missile system (ADMC) is no more than 1 second.
Air defense of the country - separate view armed support as part of measures to protect the state from air attacks. The first units designed to combat the air threat were created in Russia even before the revolution, back in 1914. Equipped light guns and machine-gun installations, these formations successfully resisted German airplanes.
But the real readiness of the air defense system for the defense of the country was the Great Patriotic War. During air combat on the outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet anti-aircraft gunners inflicted damage on fascist aviation. Over the entire military air defense units destroyed or disabled more than seven thousand enemy aircraft.
The importance of air defense for the state is so great that in the country special holiday- Day of the Air Defense Forces, which is traditionally celebrated every year on the second Sunday of April. The time for the holiday date was not chosen by chance. It was in April that the most important decisions regarding the organization of this type of troops, their formation and development.
Troops of constant combat readiness
The modern air defense forces of Russia are a branch of the armed forces whose function is to cover military and civilian facilities and military formations from possible attacks from a potential enemy’s air attack means. Domestic air defense units are able to destroy enemy aircraft at various altitudes, regardless of flight speed.
In peacetime, air defense units are on round-the-clock combat duty, vigilantly guarding the country's air borders and approaches to especially important objects of strategic importance. If the need arises to participate in real combat operations, the air defense forces will be able to conduct aerial reconnaissance, notify ground targets of the threat of an attack from the air, and destroy enemy aircraft and other means of attack by all available means.
From the point of view of the organizational structure, the air defense forces consist of command and control bodies, hidden command posts, radio engineering and anti-aircraft missile units, as well as aviation. Units are distinguished by high mobility and survivability. Hidden from prying eyes, means of detection and rocket launchers capable of detecting enemy aircraft at distant approaches and timely neutralizing enemy means of air attack.
Today marks the centenary of the formation of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces.
The beginning of the formation of military air defense units was the order of General Alekseev - Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander of December 13 (26), 1915 No. 368, which announced the formation of separate four-gun light batteries for firing at the air fleet. According to the Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2007 No. 50, December 26 is considered the date of creation of military air defense.
1. Launcher 9A83 ZRK S-300V - long-range universal anti-aircraft system Air defense SV with the possibility of missile defense theater
August 16, 1958 by order (No. 0069) of the Minister of Defense of the USSR Marshal Soviet Union R. Ya. Malinovsky, the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces were created - a branch of the army that became an integral part of the Ground Forces. 
2. combat vehicles SAM "Tor-M2U" provide multi-channel shelling of air targets, including elements of the WTO
In 1997, in order to improve the leadership of the air defense forces, the air defense troops of the Ground Forces, formations, military units and air defense units of the Coastal Forces of the Navy, military units and air defense units of the Airborne Forces, as well as formations and military units of the air defense reserve of the Supreme Commander were merged into military air defense troops Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 
3. ZRPK "Tunguska-M1" ensures the destruction of air and ground targets in the near zone
Air defense troops of the Ground Forces (Air Defense SV) - a branch of the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to cover troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack weapons when conducting operations (combat operations) by combined arms formations and formations, regrouping (march) and deployed on the spot . should be distinguished Military air defense from the Air Defense Forces (VKO brigades) of the Air Force and VVKO, which until 1998 were part of independent view armed forces- Air defense forces of the country (air defense of the USSR and air defense of the Russian Federation).
The Air Defense Forces of the SV are entrusted with the following main tasks:
- combat duty for air defense;
- conducting reconnaissance of an air enemy and alerting the covered troops;
- destruction of enemy air attack means in flight;
- participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of military operations.
4. PU 9A83 ZRK S-300V
5. BM SAM "Tor-M2U"
6. SOU SAM "Buk-M1-2"
7. ZRPK "Tunguska-M1" firing from anti-aircraft guns
8. BM ZRK "Osa-AKM"
9. BM ZRK "Strela-10M3"
10. ROM ZRK "Buk-M2"
12. SOU and ROM SAM "Buk-M2"
13. ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"
14. BM ZRK "Strela-10"
15. BM ZRK "Strela-1"
16. PU SAM "Cube"
17. PU SAM "Circle"
18. ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"
18. PU SAM "Kub-M3"
19. BM ZRK "Tor-M2U"
20. SOU SAM "Buk-M2"
It has more than a century of history, which began in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in 1890. The first attempts to adapt the existing artillery for firing at flying targets were made at the training grounds near Ust-Izhora and in Krasnoye Selo. However, these attempts revealed the complete inability of conventional artillery to hit air targets, and the untrained military to control guns.
Start of air defense
The decoding of the well-known abbreviation means, that is, a system of measures to protect the territory and objects from air attack. The first shooting near Petersburg was made from four-inch guns using ordinary bullet shrapnel.
It was this combination of technical characteristics that revealed the inability of the available means to defeat air targets, the role of which was then performed by balloons and Balloons. However, according to the test results, Russian engineers received a technical assignment for the development of a special gun, which was completed in 1914. Technically imperfect were at that time not only artillery pieces, but also the airplanes themselves, unable to rise to a height exceeding three kilometers.
World War I
Until 1914, the use of air defense systems in combat conditions was not very relevant, since aviation was practically not used. However, in Germany and Russia, the history of air defense begins as early as 1910. The countries obviously foresaw the imminent conflict and tried to prepare for it, given the sad experience of previous wars.
Thus, the history of air defense in Russia has one hundred and seven years, during which they have significantly developed and evolved from cannons that fired at balloons to high-tech early warning systems capable of hitting targets even in space.
The birthday of the air defense system is considered December 8, 1914, when a system of defensive structures and means directed against air targets began to function on the outskirts of Petrograd. In order to secure the imperial capital, an extensive network of observation posts was created on the remote approaches to it, consisting of towers and telephone points, from which information about the approaching enemy was reported to the headquarters.
Fighter aircraft in World War I
An integral part of the air defense system of any country and at any time is fighter aircraft capable of neutralizing attacking aircraft at distant approaches.
In turn, for effective functioning, a significant number of highly qualified pilots are required. It was for these purposes that the first in Russia Officer Aeronautical School was formed on the Volkovo Field near St. Petersburg in 1910, which set as its task the training of first-class aeronauts, as pilots were called at that time.
In parallel with the network of observation posts, a system was created, which received the official name "Radio-telegraph defense of Petrograd." This system was intended to intercept the communications of hostile pilots attacking the Russian army.
After the revolution
Deciphering air defense as air defense creates the illusion that the system is extremely simple and designed only to shoot down enemy aircraft. However, already on the fields of the First World War it became clear that numerous and challenging tasks not only to control the sky, but also to reconnaissance, camouflage and the formation of the front line of front-line aviation.
After the victory of the October Revolution, all the air defense forces available on the territory of Petrograd came under the control of the Red Army, which took up their reform and reorganization.
Actually, the abbreviation of air defense and decoding appeared in 1925, when in official documents terms were first used air defense countries" and "air defense of the front line". It was at this time that the priority areas for the development of air defense were identified. However, more than ten years passed before their comprehensive implementation.
Air defense of the largest cities
Since the defense against air attacks required significant resources, both human and technical means, the Soviet leadership decided to organize air defense defense of several key cities of the USSR. These included Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kyiv.
In 1938, air defense corps were formed to protect Leningrad from air attacks. An air defense brigade was organized for the defense of Kyiv. A transcript with a mention of the means used to repel enemy air attacks is as follows:
- flak;
- aerial reconnaissance;
- communication and notification;
- antiaircraft projectors.
Of course, to current situation such a list is of little relevance, since over the past eighty years the structure has become much more complicated, and the technique has become more universal. Besides, great importance air defense is now played by radio intelligence and information warfare.
By the beginning of the Second World War, it becomes especially important early detection Enemy air forces and their destruction. To solve this problem, developed special means electronic intelligence. The first country to deploy a wide network of radar stations was Great Britain.
The first devices designed to control anti-aircraft fire were also developed there, which significantly increased its accuracy and increased density.
The current state of air defense
The decoding of the well-known abbreviation does not fully correspond to modern realities, since today everything in the world greater value acquire non-contact methods of warfare based on missile weapons and special aircraft with low visibility.
In addition, the abbreviation PRO, which refers to anti-missile defense, is increasingly being used next to the abbreviation for air defense. Imagine an effective air defense without the use of missile weapons today is not possible, which means that systems that are of fundamental importance for the integration of various systems from anti-aircraft gun to radar equipment.
In the age of the Internet, competent search and the ability to distinguish reliable information from incorrect information are of great importance. Increasingly, users are looking for a decoding of the air defense department of internal affairs, which means the passport and visa department of the Department of Internal Affairs - the police department involved in the passportization of the population.