What regulated the table of ranks. Titles and uniforms of the Russian Empire. Table of ranks. Description of "Table of Ranks"

27.06.2022

On January 24, 1722, Peter I approved the Law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (ranks by seniority and sequence of ranks). The preparation of this law - the "Table of Ranks" - began in 1719 and was a natural continuation of the reform activities of Peter I, which resulted in an increase in the number of positions in the army and the state apparatus. The "Table of Ranks" was based on similar acts that already existed in Western European countries, especially in Denmark and Prussia. When drafting the law, the ranks that already existed in Russia were also taken into account. The "Table of Ranks" in addition to the table itself had eighteen more points of explanatory text and establishing penalties for its violation. All the ranks of the "Table of Ranks" were divided into three types: military, civil (civil) and courtiers and were divided into fourteen classes. It is interesting that the law did not explain the very concept of "rank", which is why some historians considered the latter literally and only in the system of rank production, while others - as a particular position. In our opinion, the "Table of Ranks" included both those and other concepts. Gradually, positions were excluded from the "Table" and at the end of the 18th century disappeared altogether (Peter's "Table of Ranks" numbered 262 positions). Petrovskaya "Table", defining a place in the hierarchy of public service, to some extent made it possible for talented people from the lower classes to advance. "In order to give them the desire to serve and honor them, and not to receive impudent and parasites"- read one of the descriptive articles of the law.

Military ranks were declared higher than their respective civil and even court ranks. Such seniority gave advantages to military ranks in the main thing - the transition to the highest nobility. Already the 14th class of the "Table" (fendrik, from 1730 - ensign) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar - 14th class, gave right to personal nobility). According to the Manifesto on June 11, 1845, hereditary nobility was acquired with promotion to the headquarters officer rank (8th grade). Children born before the father received hereditary nobility constituted a special category of chief officer children, and one of them, at the request of the father, could be given hereditary nobility. Alexander II, by decree of December 9, 1856, limited the right to receive hereditary nobility to the rank of colonel (6th class), and in the civil department - to the rank of 4th class (actual state councilor). The above tables of ranks show that the Petrovsky "Table of Ranks" has changed over the course of almost two centuries as a result of major reforms.

Quite often, in my correspondence, a situation arises when a person writes: "My great-great-grandfather was an officer (or official), which means, for sure, a nobleman." Since this statement is far from always correct, it is time to write about the "Table of Ranks", about who had the right to the nobility and who did not. Moreover, the question is also relevant, now they are also going to introduce something like this "report card". The civil service will be divided into state civil, military and law enforcement services, a unified register of positions will be created, qualification ranks will be replaced by "class ranks". Today we have 15 qualification categories: from a civil service assistant to a real state adviser of the Russian Federation, 1st class. 19 military ranks will be equated to 15 qualification categories of civil servants. The difference is leveled by the fact that all sergeant ranks, as well as the ranks of warrant officers, will receive a single qualification category. But back to the past:
At first you can see what officials of different classes looked like, photographs add a lot to the perception of the past - http://geg.chem.usu.ru/tagil_museum/Home.htm and let's get started.

What it is?

So, on January 24, 1722, Peter I approved the Law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (ranks by seniority and sequence of ranks). It was a table and explanatory text.
All ranks were divided into three types: military, civil (civil) and court, and were divided into fourteen classes. When created, this table included both ranks and positions (262 positions), at the end of the 18th century only ranks remained there.
Military ranks were declared higher than their respective civil and even court ranks. Such seniority gave advantages to military ranks in the transition to the highest nobility.
Until 1884, ranks in the guards were considered two classes higher than in the army, from 1884 - one class higher. When moving from the guards to the army, the class of the officer remained the same, for example, the guards ensign became an army lieutenant. Transfer from the guards to the army with the "former rank" - punishment and demotion.
Actually, the ranks directly almost did not give material benefits to their owners, with the exception of the fact that in the 19th century. according to the ranks, running, per diem and apartment money were assigned, and only in very rare cases - salaries. However, according to the ranks, gifts were made for the service, and the holders of the ranks of the first five classes received such gifts with the image of the emperor's monogram.
Ranks should be distinguished from ranks (adjutant wing, adjutant general, secretary of state, etc.), since they were only honorary titles, usually associated with granting certain rights and advantages to the person who has them (in particular, the rights to the corresponding uniform, participation in court ceremonies). As a rule, ranks were consistent with the ranks of ranks and positions, but were not directly related to them.
The first legislative act introducing academic degrees (1803) established a correspondence between them and the Table of Ranks: if a candidate entered the public service, he received the rank of XII class (provincial secretary), master - IX (titular adviser), doctor - VIII (collegiate assessor). In the middle of the 19th century, the correspondence between a scientific degree and a class position was legally formalized: for example, a candidate from the bourgeois class became a "personal honorary citizen", and a master or doctor received a "personal nobility". The university charter of 1884 fixed the ratio of ranks and positions for holders of academic degrees: "rector - IV class (actual state councilor), dean and ordinary professor - V class (state councilor), extraordinary professor - VI class (collegiate adviser); teachers of the lowest rank - VII-VIII classes (court counselor, collegiate assessor)". In general, everything was tied to this report card, for example, pharmacists used the rank of the 9th grade, pharmacists - the 10th, and gezels - the 14th.
The address of people to each other depended on the position in the table of ranks, although not only from him, but also from the position and origin. Well, from the one who addresses whom, you don’t think that the Field Marshal General turned to some fendrik “Your Honor”? So first we will write how it was supposed to address a person by rank, and at the end of the mailing - about all sorts of subtleties. This, of course, is not a genealogical question, but the holiday is approaching, frivolity, I think, is appropriate.

I class

The ranks of the I-II class were addressed as "Your Excellency".
Civil ranks of the 1st class (in 1722-1917) - Chancellor, Active Privy Councilor of the 1st class. In the Army (infantry) rank 1st class in 1722, 1730, 1798 and 1884-1917 - Field Marshal. In the Navy, rank 1st class in 1722, 1764, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Admiral General.

II class

Civil rank 2nd class (in 1722-1917) - Active Privy Councilor. Court ranks in 1722 - Chief Marshal, from the 19th century to 1917 - Chief Chamberlain, Chief Chamberlain, Chief Chamberlain, Chief Schenk, Chief Stealmaster, Chief Jägermeister. In the Army (infantry) rank 2 class in 1722 - General of Infantry, 1730 - General-in-Chief, 1798 and 1884-1917 - General of Infantry. In the Army (cavalry) rank 2 class in 1730 - General-in-chief, in 1798 and 1884-1917 - General of the cavalry. The Cossacks have the rank of 2nd class in 1798, 1884-1917 - General from the cavalry. In the Navy, rank 2 class in 1722, 1764, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Admiral.

III class

The ranks of the III-IV class were addressed as "Your Excellency".
Civil rank 3 class in 1722-1917 - Privy Councilor. Court ranks in 1722 - Ober-Stalmeister, from the 19th century to 1917 - Chamberlain, Chamberlain Marshal, Hallmaster, Jägermeister, Chief of Ceremonies. In the guard (infantry and cavalry) rank 3 class from 1748 - colonel. In the Army (infantry), rank 3 class in 1722 - Lieutenant General, 1730 - Lieutenant General, in 1798 and 1884-1917 - Lieutenant General. In the Army (cavalry) rank 3 class in 1798 and 1884-1917 - Lieutenant General. The Cossacks have the rank of 3rd class in 1798, 1884-1917 - Lieutenant General. In the Navy, rank 3 class in 1722, 1764, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Vice Admiral.

IV class

Civil rank 4 class in 1722-1917 - Active State Councilor. Court ranks in 1722 - Chief Chamberlain, Chief Chamberlain, from the 19th century to 1917 - Chamberlain. In the guard (infantry) rank 4 class in 1722 and 1730 - colonel, in 1748 lieutenant colonel. In the guard (cavalry) rank 4 class in 1748 - lieutenant colonel. In the Army (infantry and cavalry) rank 4 class in all periods - Major General. The Cossacks have the rank of 4th class in 1798, 1884-1917 - Major General. In the Navy, rank 4 class in 1722, 1764 - Schautbenacht, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Rear Admiral.

Lyrical digression - orders

Order of the White Eagle, included in the Russian orders in 1831 (the motto is "For Faith, the Tsar and the Law"), could be received by officials and the military, who in the Table of Ranks were not lower than class IV. So, if your ancestors had one, then they are probably nobles.
Speaking of orders.
Order of Saint George(not the St. George's cross, which was a soldier's, namely the order) was given only to officers, not so many people were awarded it, they were all nobles.
Order of Alexander Nevsky only a major general could receive, and the recipient immediately became a lieutenant general (if he was not one), while a civilian figure acquired the rank of privy councilor.
Order of Saint Vladimir, "who undertook many labors for the enlightenment of Russia with holy baptism," was divided into four degrees. They complained about him (the motto is "Benefit, honor and glory") mainly for merits in the civilian field, but it was not excluded that he was awarded for military exploits. Any degree of the order until 1900 gave the recipient hereditary nobility, but then the 4th degree was removed from this rule.
Order of Saint Anne(in Russia in 1797, the motto is "To those who love truth, piety and fidelity", a red ribbon with a yellow border) a lieutenant could receive the third degree (in the civil service - a collegiate secretary), and the second degree (Anna on the neck) - who was listed in the ranks not lower than class VIII. The rank of State Councilor (V class) and Anna of the second degree, decorated with diamonds, were received in 1828 by Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov, who returned from Persia and the Turkmanchay peace treaty. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, granted by them in 1816 for his Note on Ancient and New Russia, had the signs of the first degree (cross, ribbon and star). The fourth degree of the order was established in 1815 by Alexander I. Until 1845, all degrees of the order gave the rights of hereditary nobility, and later - only the first degree, the remaining degrees granted the gentleman only personal nobility.
Order of Saint Stanislaus(the motto - "Rewarding encourages") became part of the Russian orders in 1831. At first, the order had four degrees, but in 1839 Nicholas I abolished the lowest degree: since 1845, the second and third degrees were not awarded for ten years in order to block the lower officials "easy path to the acquisition of hereditary nobility".
Orders complained strictly in order of precedence (except for St. George). The one who was awarded the St. Andrew's Order became at the same time a holder of the orders of Alexander Nevsky, the White Eagle, the first degrees of St. Anna and St. Stanislav; there was simply nothing to reward him with. One and the same order could be received only once. It was supposed to wear only one, the highest degree of each, removing the signs of the lower degrees (in the beginning they were even handed over to the order chapter). The exceptions were the orders of St. Vladimir and St. George - their owner was obliged to wear crosses of all classes, as well as the orders of St. Anna and St. Stanislav with swords, which were worn "at all senior orders and at the highest degrees of this order."
But back to the Table of Ranks.

V class

The ranks of the 5th class were addressed as "Your Honor".
Civil rank of the 5th class in 1722-1917 - State Councilor. Court ranks in 1722 - Ober-schenk, chief chamberlain master, chief chamberlain under the empress, chamberlain, secret cabinet-secretary, chief master of ceremonies, from the 19th century to 1917 - chamber junker, master of ceremonies. In the guard (infantry) rank 5 class in 1722 - Lieutenant Colonel, 1730 - Lieutenant Colonel, 1748 - Prime Major. In the guards (cavalry) rank class in 1748 - Prime Major. In the Army (infantry) rank 5 class in 1722 and 1730 - Brigadier. In the Army (cavalry) rank 5 class in 1730 - Brigadier. In the Navy, rank 5 class in 1722 - Captain-commander, 1764 - Captain of the brigadier rank, 1798 - Captain-commander (until 1827).
The law of December 9, 1856 established personal nobility - all types of services from the IX class. The military of this class are already nobles.

VI class

The ranks of the VI, VII, VIII class were addressed as "Your Excellency".
Civil rank of the 6th class in 1722-1917 - Collegiate adviser. Court ranks in 1722 - Chief Jägermeister, action. chamberlain, marshal, master of the horse, 1st Life Medicus, from the 19th century to 1917 - Chamber Fourier. In the guard (infantry) rank 6 class in 1722 - Major, 1730 - Major, 1748 - Second Major, 1798-1917 - Colonel. In the guards (cavalry) rank of 6th class in 1748 - Second Major, 1798 - Colonel, 1884-1917 Colonel. In the Army (infantry and cavalry) the rank of the 6th class in all periods is Colonel. The dragoons have the rank of 6th class in 1798, colonel. The Cossacks have the rank of 6th class in 1798, 1884-1917 - colonel. In the Navy, rank 6 class in 1722, 1764, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Captain 1 rank.
Alexander II, by decree of December 9, 1856, limited the right to receive hereditary nobility to the rank of colonel (6th class), and in the civil department - to the rank of 4th class (actual state councilor).

VII class

Civil rank of the 7th class in 1722-1917 - Court counselor. Court ranks in 1722 - chamberlain and life-medicus under the empress, master of ceremonies. In the guard (infantry) rank 7 class in 1722, 1730, 1748 and 1798-1917 - Captain. In the guard (cavalry) rank 7 class in 1730, 1748, 1798 and 1884-1917 - Captain. In the Army (infantry and cavalry) rank 7 class in all periods - Lieutenant Colonel. The dragoons have the rank of 7th class in 1798 - Lieutenant Colonel. The Cossacks have the rank of 7th class in 1798 - Lieutenant Colonel, in 1884-1917 - Military foreman. In the Navy, rank 7 class in 1722, 1764, 1798, 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Captain 2nd rank.
The law of December 9, 1856 established personal nobility - all types of services from the IX class.

VIII class

Civil rank of the 8th class in 1722-1917 - Collegiate assessor. Court ranks in 1722 - Titular chamberlain, gof-master of the horse, court quartermaster. In the guard (infantry) rank 8 class in 1722 - lieutenant commander, in 1730 and 1748 - lieutenant captain, 1798-1917 - captain of the staff. In the guard (cavalry) rank of 8th class in 1730 and 1748 - Sekund-captain, in 1798 and 1884-1917 - staff captain. In the Army (infantry) rank 8 class in 1722 - Major, 1730 - Major, from 1767 Prime Major and Second Major, 1798 - Major, 1884-1917 - Captain. In the Army (cavalry) rank of 8th class in 1730 - Major, 1798 - - Major, 1884-1917 - Captain. The Cossacks have the rank of the 8th class in 1798 - a military foreman, 1884-1917 - Yesaul. In the fleet, the rank of 8th class in 1722 - Captain of the 3rd rank, 1764 - Lieutenant Captain, 1798 - Lieutenant Commander, 1907 - Lieutenant Commander (until 1911), 1912-1917 - Senior Lieutenant.
According to the Manifesto on June 11, 1845, hereditary nobility was acquired with promotion to the headquarters officer rank (8th grade). Children born before the father received hereditary nobility constituted a special category of chief officer children, and one of them, at the request of the father, could be given hereditary nobility.
The law of December 9, 1856 established personal nobility - all types of services from the IX class.

IX class

The ranks from IX to XIV class were called "Your Honor".
Civil rank of the 9th class in 1722-1917 - Titular adviser. Court ranks in 1722 - Court Jägermeister, Court Master of Ceremonies, Chamber Juncker, Chief Kuchenmeister, from the 19th century to 1917 - Hoff Furier. In the guard (infantry), rank 9 class in 1722 - Lieutenant, in 1730, 1748, 1798-1917 - Lieutenant. In the guard (cavalry) rank 9 class in 1730, 1748, 1798, 1884-1917 - Lieutenant. In the Army (infantry) rank 9th class in 1722, 1730, 1798 - Captain, in 1884-1917 - Staff Captain. In the Army (cavalry) rank 9 class in 1798 - Captain, in 1884-1917 - Staff Captain. Dragoons have the rank of 9th class in 1798 - Captain. The Cossacks have the rank of 9th grade in 1798 - Yesaul, 1884-1917 - Podyesaul. In the Navy, rank 9 class in 1722 - Lieutenant Commander, 1764 - Lieutenant, 1798 - Lieutenant, 1884 - Lieutenant, 1907 - Lieutenant and Art. lieutenant, 1912-1917 - Lieutenant.
The law of December 9, 1856 established personal nobility - all types of services from the IX class.

X class

Civil rank 10 class in 1722-1917 - Collegiate Secretary. In the guard (infantry) rank 10 class in 1722 - Non-commissioned lieutenant, in 1730, 1748, 1798-1917 - Lieutenant. In the guard (cavalry) rank 10 class in 1730 and 1748 - Lieutenant, in 1884-1917 - Cornet. In the Army (infantry) rank 10 class in 1722 - lieutenant commander, 1730 - lieutenant captain, 1798 - staff captain, 1884-1917 - lieutenant. In the Army (cavalry) rank 10 class in 1798 - Staff Captain, in 1884-1917 - Lieutenant. The dragoons have the rank of 10th class in 1798 - captain. The Cossacks have the 10th grade rank in 1884-1917 - Centurion. In the Navy, rank 10 class in 1722 - Lieutenant, in 1884, 1907, 1912-1917 - Midshipman.

XI class

Civil rank 11 class in 1722-1917 - Ship Secretary. In the Navy, rank 11 class in 1722, 1764 - Ship Secretary.
By the law of December 9, 1856, ranks from XIV to X classes received the title of "honorary citizens".

XII class

Civil rank 12 class in 1722-1917 - Provincial Secretary. Court ranks in 1722 - Hoff Junker, court doctor. In the guard (infantry), rank 12 class in 1722 - Fendrik, in 1730 - ensign. In the guard (cavalry) rank 12 class in 1798 - cornet. In the Army (infantry) rank 12 class in 1722 - Lieutenant, in 1730, 1798 - Lieutenant, 1884-1917 - Second Lieutenant. In the Army (cavalry) rank 12 class in 1798 Lieutenant, 1884-1917 - Cornet. The dragoons have the rank of 12th class in 1798 - Lieutenant. The Cossacks have the rank of class 12 in 1798 - Centurion, 1884-1917 - Cornet. In the Navy, rank 12 class in 1722 - Non-commissioned lieutenant, 1764, 1798 - Midshipman.
By decree of the Governing Senate of January 16, 1721 and the Table of Ranks of 1722 (points 5, 11 and 15), all combatant fleet commanders who reached the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant (XII class) received hereditary nobility.
By the law of December 9, 1856, ranks from XIV to X classes received the title of "honorary citizens".

XIII class

Civil rank 13 class in 1722-1917 - Provincial Secretary. In the Army (infantry) rank 13 class in 1722 - Non-commissioned lieutenant, 1730 - Lieutenant, 1798 - Lieutenant, 1884-1917 - Ensign of the reserve. The dragoons have the rank of 13th class in 1798 - Lieutenant. In the Navy, rank 13 class in 1758-1764 midshipman, in 1860-1882 - midshipman.
By decree of the Governing Senate of January 16, 1721 and the Table of Ranks of 1722 (points 5, 11 and 15), all navigators who reached the rank of skipper of the 2nd rank (XIII class) received hereditary nobility.
By the law of December 9, 1856, ranks from XIV to X classes received the title of "honorary citizens".

XIV class

Civil rank 14 class in 1722-1917 - Collegiate registrar. Court ranks in 1722 - Chamberlain of Pages, Cuchenmeister, Mundshenk. In the Army (infantry) rank 14 class in 1722 - Fendrik, in 1730, 1798 - Ensign. In the Army (cavalry) rank 14 class in 1798 - Cornet. The Cossacks have the 14th class rank in 1798 Cornet.
Under Peter, already the 14th class of the "Table" for the army (fendrik, from 1730 - ensign) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar - 14- th class, gave the right only to personal nobility).
By the law of December 9, 1856, ranks from XIV to X classes received the title of "honorary citizens".

And now, as I promised, about the conversion.

When lower persons wrote to higher persons, all 3 titles were used, for example: "His Excellency, Comrade Minister of Finance, Privy Councilor (name)". From the middle of the 19th century rank and surname began to drop.
When referring to the lower ranks, only the position was indicated.
Persons of the same rank addressed each other, indicating only the position, or by name and patronymic, putting down the title and surname on the margins of the document; for example, in the margins "His Excellency (name)", and in the text "Gracious Sovereign N" or "Your Excellency N.".
The honorary titles of Senator and Secretary of State of His Majesty were included in circulation, and the rank was omitted.
Persons who did not have ranks, but possessed an honorary title, were addressed according to the class of rank to which it was equated.
When spoken orally, the highest civil ranks were titled the lowest in accordance with the class of rank or position. When addressing inferiors or equals, the name and surname or position were called. In military service, generals were titled according to their rank ("Your Excellency"), incl. and in communication between equal ranks. The junior officers and ensigns named the headquarters and chief officers by rank, adding the word "mister" ("Mr. Captain"); the lieutenant colonel, staff captain, staff captain and second lieutenant were called colonel, captain, captain and lieutenant.
The lower ranks of the officers were called "Your Honor", "Your Honor".
The soldiers addressed ensigns and non-commissioned officers by rank, adding the word "mister": "Mr. sergeant major."
The elders addressed the younger ones, calling them by rank or by rank and surname: "Lieutenant Ivanov." The lower ranks were called simply by their surnames, and only the senior boatswains and conductors were called by their rank and surname: "Senior boatswain Petrov."
Court ladies were titled in accordance with the class to which their title was equated. Wives and daughters were given the title of husband or father, widows retained the title of their deceased husband.
She addressed the titled nobility in accordance with the title, commoners called barons and untitled nobles "Your Honor".
Titles by origin replaced all other forms of address for titled nobles: the elders called such persons “prince”, “count”, “baron”, and the younger ones “Your Grace”, “Your Excellency”. The ladies addressed the titled nobles as the elders addressed the younger ones. But in general, in good society, titles, especially those based on rank, were more often omitted and addressed by name and patronymic, making, however, an exception for elderly people and generals.
Special forms of address, in accordance with the rank, were used for the clergy. Bishops were more often titled "Vladyko".
Members of the Imperial family were titled in accordance with their position: "Your Imperial Majesty", "Your Imperial Highness", "Your Grace"; the Emperor and the Empress were also addressed in a long conversation: "Sovereign" and "Empress".
When addressing persons whose rank, rank and title were not known, they said "sir" or "sir", more officially - "Gracious sovereign".
Commoners addressed everyone who had a noble appearance with the word "lord" or "Your honor", and to those who looked like a merchant - "Your degree."
The gentlemen addressed common people, for example, servants: "dearest", "most amiable", etc.

These points are attached to the established above-announced table of ranks, on how everyone should act with these ranks.

1. Princes who come from our blood, and those who are combined with our princesses: in all cases, they have chairmanship and rank over all princes and high servants of the Russian state.

2. The marines with the land in the team are determined as follows: who is of the same rank with whom, although older in rank, command the sea over the land at sea, and the land over the sea on land.

3. Whoever, above his rank, will demand honors for himself, or he himself will take a place above the rank given to him, for each case he will pay a fine of 2 months of salary. And if someone serves without a salary, then pay him such a fine as the salaries of those ranks who are of equal rank with him, and they really receive a salary. Of the fine money, the declarer has a third share to receive, and the rest have to be used in the hospital. But this inspection of each rank is not required on such occasions, when some supposedly good friends and neighbors come together, or in public assemblies, but only in churches during the service of God, at courtyard ceremonies, as if during an audience of ambassadors, solemn tables, at official congresses, at marriages, baptisms, and similar public celebrations and burials. An equal fine should also be given to those who give way to someone below their rank, which should be diligently watched by the fiscal, so that they are willing to submit to the service, and honor them, and not receive impudent and parasites. The above penalty as a man's,
so it is necessary for the female sex for crimes.

4. Under an equal penalty, no one has a rank to claim for himself, as long as he does not have a proper patent for his rank.

5. Thus, no one has a rank to take according to the character, which he received in foreign services, until we confirm this character to him, which we will gladly grant confirmation to everyone according to the state of his merits.

6. Without a patent, an apshit does not give a rank to anyone, unless this apshit will be given by our hand.

7. All married wives enter in ranks, according to the ranks of their husbands. And when they act contrary to this, they have a fine to pay the same as her husband should have paid for his crime.

8. To the sons of the Russian state of princes, counts, barons, the noblest nobility, also servants of the noblest rank, although we allow for their noble breed or their fathers of noble ranks in the public assembly where the court is located, free access to other lower ranks, and willingly wish to see so that they differ in dignity from others in all cases; however, for this reason, we do not allow anyone of any rank until they show us and the fatherland any services, and for this they do not receive character.

9. On the contrary, all the girls whose fathers are in the 1st rank, until they are married, have a rank over all the wives who are in the 5th rank, and namely, below the general-maeor, and above the brigadier. And the girls, whose fathers are in the 2nd rank, above the wives, who are in the 6th rank, that is, below the brigadier, and above the colonel. And the girls, whose fathers are in the 3rd rank, are above the wives of the 7th rank, that is, below the colonel, and above the lieutenant colonel. And others, against the way the ranks follow.

10. Ladies and maidens at court have, while they are really in their ranks, receive the following ranks:

The Chief Chamberlain of Her Majesty the Empress has a rank above all ladies.

The real station ladies of Her Majesty the Empress follow the wives of the real privy councillors.

Actual chamber girls have a rank with the wives of presidents from the college.

Hof ladies - with the wives of the brigadiers.

Hof girls - with the wives of colonels.

Hof meisterin and our princesses- with real ladies of the state, who, under Her Majesty the Empress.

The chambers of the maiden under the sovereigns of the princesses follow the gof ladies under her majesty the sovereign empress.

Hof maidens of the sovereign princesses follow the Hof maidens under Her Majesty the Empress Empress.

11. All servants, Russian or foreign, who are of the first ranks, or really were, have their legitimate children and descendants in eternal times, the best senior nobility in all merits and advantages is equally honored to be, even if they were of a low breed, and before from Crowned heads have never been made to the nobility or equipped with a coat of arms.

12. When one of our high and low servants actually has two ranks and more, or has received a higher rank than according to the rank that he really manages, then in all cases he has the rank of his highest rank. But when he sends his work in the lower rank, then he cannot then have his highest rank or title in that place, but according to this rank, which he really sends.

13. After all, the civil ranks were not previously ordered, and for this, honor no one or very little so that someone in the proper order from below deserves his rank of the upper one from the nobles, and now the need now requires the higher ranks: for the sake of taking, who will be fit, even if she had no rank. But after all, this in ranks will be insulting to military people who, for many years, and with what cruel service they received, but they will see without merit their equal or higher: for the sake of who, in which the rank is elevated, will be, then he deserves a rank for years, as follows. Why is it necessary from the Senate, who in what rank in the civil service, out of order from the bottom, will be granted the present, for the sake of need, from now on, to give their names to the fiscal, so that the fiscals can watch that they perform in ranks according to this decree. And so that from now on there will not be enough parties for vacancies, but in order, as in the military ranks of a manufacturer. For this reason, it is now necessary to have 6 or 7 junker colleges in state colleges, or less. And if more necessary, then with a report.

14. It is necessary to produce noble children in colleges from below: namely, the first in the collegium are yunkars, if scientists are certified by the collegium, and are represented in the Senate, and received patents. And those who did not study, but were accepted for the sake of the needs and for the impoverishment of scientists, those are the first to write junkars to the titular colleges, and those years without ranks will be those who have no ranks up to the actual college of the junkars.

	years		months
against corporal		1
against the sergeant		1
against Fendrik		1	6
against the guarantor		2
against the captain		2
against maeor		2
against lieutenant colonel		2
against the colonel		3	6

The years of Karporal and sergeants are to be read to those who have studied and have truly learned what is proper for collegiate boards. Namely, as far as the right court is concerned, also the trades external and internal to the profit of the Empire and the economy, in which they should testify.

Those who teach the above sciences, send those from the college to foreign lands a few at a time, for the practice of that science.

And who will show noble services, they can rank higher for their work as a manufacturer, such as a clerk and in military service, who will show his length of service. But it is only right to fix this in the Senate, and even then with our signing.

15. For military ranks who rise to the rank of chief officer not from the nobility, then when someone receives the above rank, he is a nobleman, and his children, who are parents in the officer corps, and if there are no children at that time, but there is before, and the father will be beaten by the forehead, then the nobility will be given to those, only to one son, about whom the father will ask. The rest of the ranks, both civil and courtiers, who are not in the ranks of the nobility, these children are not the essence of the noble.

16. And it belongs to no one except us, and other crowned heads, whom to honor with a coat of arms and a seal, and on the contrary, it turned out many times that some call themselves nobles, but are not truly a noble, while others willfully accepted the coat of arms, which their ancestors they were not given below from our ancestors, or from foreign crowned heads they were given, and besides, they sometimes take the courage to choose such a coat of arms that the sovereigns and other noble families really have. For this reason, we graciously remind those to whom this concerns, so that everyone should beware of such an obscene act, and from that ensuing dishonor and fine. It is announced to everyone that we have appointed a King of Arms for this matter. And so it is necessary for everyone to come to him for that matter, and submit a report, and demand decisions, as follows: who has the nobility, and on it coats of arms, in order to prove that they or their ancestors had from what grant, or through our ancestors or ours by mercy in this honor are brought. But if someone cannot truly prove it soon: then they will be given a term of one and a half years. And then demand that he truly prove it. And if he does not prove, (but declares for what truly) about that, report to the Senate; and in the Senate, having considered it, inform us.

But if anyone asks for an overt service for a grant, then for the services of that referee. And there will be truly meritorious ones from such, and inform the Senate about it, and represent the Senate to us. And those who have risen to the rank of officers, Russian or foreigner, both from the nobility and not from the nobility, are given coats of arms, depending on their merits. And who, although they were not in the military service, and did not deserve anything, but can prove not less than a hundred years: and give coats of arms to such.

In our service, foreign people who acquire, either with their diplomas or with public certificates from the government of their fatherland, prove their nobility and coat of arms.

17. Also the following ranks, namely: presidents and vice-presidents in court courts, chief landrichters in the residence, president in the magistrate in the residence, chief commissars in colleges, governors, chief rentmeisters and landrichters in the provinces and provinces, treasurers in mint business, directors over duties in ports, chief economy camisars in the provinces, chief camisars in the provinces, assessors in court courts in the provinces, chamberlains at colleges, ratmans in residences, postmasters, camisars at colleges, chamberlains in the provinces, zemstvo camisars, assessors in provincial courts, zemstvo rentmeisters should not be revered for an eternal rank, but for a rank, both the above and similar ones: for they are not the essence of a rank: for this they must have a rank, as long as they really acquire their work. And when they change or leave, then they don’t have that rank.

18. Those who are dismissed for serious crimes, publicly punished in the square, or although they were clearly naked, or were tortured, they are deprived of their title and rank, unless they are from us for what length of service packs for our own hand and seal in their perfect honor restored, and it will be publicly announced.

Interpretation of the tortured

In torture, it happens that many villains, out of malice, bring others: for the sake of which he was tortured in vain, he cannot be considered dishonest, but it is necessary for him to give our letter with the circumstance of his innocence.

19. In the same way, the nobility and dignity of the rank of which person is often diminished by the fact that the dress and other deeds do not resemble those, as if, on the contrary, many are ruined when they act in dress above their rank and property: for this reason, we graciously remind that each such he had an outfit, a crew, and a libreu, as his rank and character require.

According to this, everyone has to act, and beware of the announced fines and the highest punishment.

Given with the signing of our own hand, and our state seal in our residence.

Peter

TABLE OF RANKS 1722 -legislative act of Peter I, which replaced the aristocratic hierarchy of the 16th-17th centuries, based on genealogical books, with a bureaucratic hierarchy. Its adoption separated military service from civil and court service in the Russian Empire, and also determined the hierarchy of ranks in the army, navy and civil administration, the order of their correlation with each other and their receipt in the public service system.

The preparation of the act began in 1719; it became a continuation of the reforming activities of Peter I. The law was based on the "schedules of officials" of France, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia and the Republic of Venice. An innovation for Russia was the introduction of civil and court ranks, although the ranks that existed in the 17th century were also taken into account. in the Boyar Duma and orders (boyars, roundabouts, duma nobles, duma clerks). Some military ranks of the Western European type that arose in the second half were taken into account. 17th century in the "shelves of the new order".

The highest rank of the report card was 1st, the lowest - 14th. She looked like this:

I - Chancellor (in the military service, he corresponded to the rank of "Field Marshal General", in the sea - "Admiral General"),

II - a real privy councilor (general-from-cavalry, general-from-infantry, general-from-artillery; in the sea - admiral),

III - Privy Councilor (lieutenant general; in the sea - vice admiral),

IV - active state adviser (major general; in the sea - rear admiral),

V - state councilor,

VI - collegiate adviser (colonel; captain of the first rank),

VII - court adviser (lieutenant colonel, captain of the second rank),

VIII - collegiate assessor (captain and captain),

IX - titular adviser (headquarters captain and staff captain; lieutenant),

X - collegiate secretary (lieutenant; midshipman),

XII - provincial secretary (second lieutenant and cornet),

XIV - collegiate registrar.

Entered into force in 1722, the report card, determining the place of a person in the public service, gave some opportunity to advance talented people from the lower classes. In its text, this was specifically stipulated: "... so that those who want to submit to the service and honor them, and not receive impudent and parasites." Persons of non-noble origin after production in the 14th class received personal, and after entering the 8th class (for the military - already in the 14th) - hereditary nobility. A special law on December 9, 1856 made new additions to the table, defining the ways of obtaining hereditary nobility only from the 4th (for the military from the 6th), and personal - from the 9th class.

The ranks, although this was not specifically stipulated, were given only to men. Married wives acted "in ranks according to the ranks of their husbands"; the unmarried were considered several ranks below their fathers. A rule was introduced according to which, for demanding honors and places above one's rank at public celebrations and official meetings, a fine was imposed equal to the two-month salary of the person being fined (2/3 of the fine money was to go to the informer). The same fine is due for giving up one's place to a person of lower rank. The crew, livery and lifestyle in general - everything had to correspond to the rank.

Initially, in addition to the actual ranks, many different positions were included in the report card (over 260). For example, among the civil servants in the 3rd grade there was a prosecutor general, in the 4th grade there were presidents of collegiums, in the 5th grade there were vice presidents of collegiums, in the 6th grade there were presidents in court courts, etc. “Professors at the Academies” and “doctors of all faculties that are acquired in the service” were also listed in the report card - in the 9th grade. However, at the end of the 18th century. all these positions were excluded from the table or turned into ranks (primarily courtiers).

The class of individual ranks has changed. So, at the beginning of the 19th century. the ranks of the 11th and 13th classes ceased to be used and merged with the ranks of the 12th and 14th classes, respectively. Professors of universities, institutes, members of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Arts received the corresponding ranks, as well as persons who simply graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions (when they entered the service, they received ranks not lower than 12 and not higher than 8th grade).

Accounting for officials by seniority report cards of the early 18th century. instructed the King of Arms office of the Senate, which regularly published lists of persons with class ranks. From the middle of the 19th century lists of persons holding civil ranks of the first four classes began to be systematically published.

The introduction of the table in 1722 meant the emergence in Russia of a new title system - addressing persons with ranks. Initially, there were three such legalized appeals - Your Excellency(for the ranks of the higher classes), Your Excellency(for senators - during the life of Peter) and your honor(for other ranks and nobles). By the end of the century, there were 5 such titles (bearers of the 1st and 2nd classes were called “your excellency”, the 3rd and 4th - “excellency”, the 5th - “nobility”, 6-8th - “high nobility”, on the 9–14th - “nobility”), a whole system of addresses and oral naming appeared.

With various additions and changes, the report card existed until the October events of 1917 and was abolished by decrees of the Soviet government on November 10 (23) and December 16 (29), 1917 on the destruction of civil, military and court ranks, estates and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia.

Publications: List of ranks in the civil service consisting. St. Petersburg, 1801–1841; List of civil ranks of the first four classes, St. Petersburg, 1842–1916

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

APPENDIX

MILITARY, STATE AND COURT,WHICH IN WHICH CLASS ranks;AND WHICH ARE IN THE ONE CLASS, THEY ARE BY SENIORITYTHE TIME OF ENTRY INTO THE CHARGE BETWEEN YOURSELF,HOWEVER, THE MILITARY IS ABOVE THE OTHER,ALTHOUGH B AND OLDER WHO IN THAT CLASS WAS COMPLETED

January 24, 1722

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Classes	Military				Statsky	courtiers
	Land	Guard	Artillery	Maritime
1:	General Felt Marshal			general admiral	Chancellor
2:	Generals from cavalry and infantry, halter staff		General Felzeich Meister	Admirals of other flags	Active Privy Councilors	Chief Marshal
3:	Lieutenant Generals, Knights [of the Order] from[Saint] Andrew [the First-Called], General Crix Commissar		Lieutenant General	Vice Admirals, General Crix Commissar	Attorney General	Ober became a master
4:	Major generals	Colonel	General maeor, general maeor from fortification	Schautbenachty, Ober Zeich Meister	President from colleges and state cantors, privy councillors, chief prosecutor	Ober Chamberlain, Ober Chamberlain
5:	Bregadiers ober shter kriks commissar, general praviant meister	lieutenant colonels	Lieutenant Colonels of the Artillery	Captains commanders, captain over the port of Kronshlotsky, chief sarvaer from the building of the ship quartermaster zeich meister ober shter kriks commissar	Gerold Meister, General Reketen Meister, Chief of Ceremony Meister or High Overseer of Forests, Vice Presidents from Colleges, General of Police Meister, Director of Buildings, General Post Director, Archieater	Chamberlain, Oberhof became Meister, Secret Cabinet Secretary, Oberhof Meister under Her Majesty the Empress, Oberschenk
6:	Colonels, treasurers, chief praviant meister, chief commissar, adjutant generals, prosecutor, generals of apartments, lieutenant meisters	Maeori	Lieutenant colonels from artillery, colonels engineers, chief commissar	Captains of the first rank captains over other ports, sarvaer of the ship, prosecutor, quartermaster of the particular shipyard in St. Petersburg, treasurers, chief praviant meister, chief camisard	Prosecutors in state colleges, presidents in court courts, offices of privy councilors of the Foreign Collegium, chief secretary of the Senate, state kamisar, chief rent meister in residence, advisers in colleges	Stahl Meister, Real Chamberlains, Hoff Marshal, Ober Jager Meister, First Life Medicus
7:	Lieutenant Colonels, Auditor Generals, Generals Praviant Meisters Lieutenants, Generals Wagen Meisters, Generals Gevaldigers, Adjutant Generals under General Felt Marshal, Controller	Captains	Maeors, lieutenant colonels engineers, chief inspector	Captains of the second rank, controller	Vice Presidents in court courts; Military, Admiralty, Foreign collegiums chief secretaries; executor at the Senate, chief fiscal of the state, prosecutors at court courts, master of ceremonies	Hof Meister under Her Majesty the Empress, Life Medicus under Her Majesty the Empress
8:	Maeors, generals adjutants to full generals, generals auditors lieutenants, chief quartermaster, chief fiscal, tsal meister	Lieutenant captains	Maeor Engineer, Captains, Stahl Meister, Ober Zeichwarter, Controller	Captains of the third rank, shipmasters, tsal meister, chief fiscal	Under stat halter in the residence, economy galter, regiruns rata in the provinces, chief director of duties and excise duties in the residence, chief lantrichters in the residence, president in the magistrate in the residence, chief commissars in colleges, assessors in colleges, chief praviant meister in residence, chief secretaries in other collegiums, secretaries in the Senate, chief meister, chief Waldein, chief mintz meister, court councilor, overseer of forests, governors	Titular chamberlains, gof steelmaster, outward quartermaster
9:	Captains, adjutant wing under the general felt marshal and under the full generals, adjutants under the lieutenant generals, chief right meister, general shtap quartermaster, chief auditors, field postmasters, generals professors	Lieutenants	Lieutenant captains, captains engineers, chief auditor, quartermaster, kamisars at powder and nitrate factories	Lieutenant captains, galley masters	Titular Advisor; military two, foreign college secretaries; chief rent master in the provinces, police master in the residence, burgomasters from the magistrate in the residence to be indispensable, lantrichters in the provinces, professors at the academies, doctors of all faculties that are acquired in the service, archivists at both state archives, senate translator and recorder, treasurers at the coin deeds, judges in the courts of courts in residence, directors of duties in ports	Court Jager Meister, Court Ceremony Meister, Ober Kuchen Meister, Chamber Junkers
10:	Lieutenant captains	Under lieutenants	Lieutenants, captains, lieutenants of engineering, auditor of the zeihwarter, ober vagen meister, captain of artisans	Lieutenants	Secretaries of the protchih colleagues, burgomasters from the magistrate in the provinces; translators of the Military, Admiralty, Foreign [colleges]; recorders of the same colleagues, chief economy commissars in the provinces, chief commissars in the provinces, assessors in court courts in the provinces, chief zegentner, berg meister, chief berg probier
11:				secretaries shipborne
12:	Lieutenants	Fendricks	Under Lieutenants, Lieutenants of Engineering, Furlet Lieutenants, Wagen Meisters	Under lieutenants, shchipors of the first rank	Secretaries in court courts and offices and / in / provinces, chamberlains at collegiums, ratmans in residence, mintz meister, forsht meister, giten for walter, mark shader	Hof junkers, court doctor
13:	Under lieutenants, adjutant wing under generals maeorekh		Bayonet junkers, under lieutenants of engineering		Secretaries in the provinces, mechanicus, post meisters in St. Petersburg and in Riga translators recorders collegiate actuary registrar Senate
14:	Fendriks, adjutant wing at the lieutenant generals and at the bregadiers, the staff of the furiers		Engineering fendriks	Kamisars carabel, schhipors of the second rank, canstapels	Camisars at colleges, fiscals at court courts and provinces, chamberlains in the provinces, zemstvo camisars, assessors in provincial courts, archivist, actuary, registrar and accountants at colleges; zemstvo rent masters, postmasters in Moscow and other noble cities where governors; college junkers	Outside usher, chamberlain page, secretary, outside librarian, antiques dealer, chamberlain, outside auditor, outside apartment meister, outside pharmacist, schlos vocht, outside zeich meister, cabinet couriers, mount shenk, kuchen meister, keller meister, exercise meister, outside door balbir

Table. TABLE OF RANKS

These points are attached to the established above-announced table of ranks, on how everyone should act with these ranks.

1. Princes who come from our blood, and those who are combined with our princesses: in all cases, they have chairmanship and rank over all princes and high servants of the Russian state.

2. The marines with the land in the team are determined as follows: who is of the same rank with whom, although older in rank, command the sea over the land at sea, and the land over the sea on land.

3. Whoever, above his rank, will demand honors for himself, or he himself will take a place above the rank given to him, for each case he will pay a fine of 2 months of salary. And if someone serves without a salary, then pay him such a fine as the salaries of those ranks who are of equal rank with him, and they really receive a salary. Of the fine money, the declarer has a third share to receive, and the rest have to be used in the hospital. But this inspection of each rank is not required on such occasions, when some supposedly good friends and neighbors come together, or in public assemblies, but only in churches during the service of God, at courtyard ceremonies, as if during an audience of ambassadors, solemn tables, at official congresses, at marriages, baptisms, and similar public celebrations and burials. An equal fine should also be given to those who give way to someone below their rank, which should be diligently watched by the fiscal, so that they are willing to submit to the service, and honor them, and not receive impudent and parasites. The above penalty for both male and female is necessary for crimes due.

4. Under an equal penalty, no one has a rank to claim for himself, as long as he does not have a proper patent for his rank.

6. Without a patent, an apshit does not give a rank to anyone, unless this apshit will be given by our hand.

7. All married wives enter in ranks, according to the ranks of their husbands. And when they act contrary to this, they have a fine to pay the same as her husband should have paid for his crime.

10. Ladies and maidens at court have, while they are really in their ranks, receive the following ranks:

The Chief Chamberlain of Her Majesty the Empress has a rank above all ladies.

The real station ladies of Her Majesty the Empress follow the wives of the real privy councillors.

Actual chamber girls have a rank with the wives of presidents from the college.

with the wives of the brigadiers.

Gough maidens

with the wives of colonels.

Hof meisterin and our princesses

with real ladies of the state, who, under Her Majesty the Empress.

The chambers of the maiden under the sovereigns of the princesses follow the gof ladies under her majesty the sovereign empress.

Hof maidens of the sovereign princesses follow the Hof maidens under Her Majesty the Empress Empress.

13. After all, the civil ranks were not ordered before, and for this, honor no one or very little so that someone in the proper order from the bottom deserves his rank of the upper one from the nobles, and the need now necessary requires also to the higher ranks: for the sake of taking, who will be suitable, although it would have had no rank. But after all, this in ranks will be insulting to military people who, for many years, and with what cruel service they received, but they will see without merit an equal or higher: for the sake of who in which the rank will be elevated, then he deserves the rank for years, as it should. Why is it necessary from the Senate, who in what rank in the civil service, out of order from the bottom, will be granted the present, for the sake of need, from now on, to give their names to the fiscal, so that the fiscals can watch that they perform in ranks according to this decree. And so that from now on there will not be enough parties for vacancies, but in order, as in the military ranks of a manufacturer. For this reason, it is now necessary to have 6 or 7 junker colleges in state colleges, or less. And if more necessary, then with a report.

against corporal - 1

year

against a sergeant - 1 year

against fendrik - 1 year 6 months

against the guarantor - 2 years

against the captain - 2 years

against major - 2 years

against lieutenant colonel - 2 years

against the colonel - 3 years 6 months

Those who teach the above sciences, send those from the college to foreign lands a few at a time, for the practice of that science.

But if anyone asks for an overt service for a grant, then for the services of that referee. And there will be truly meritorious ones from such, and inform the Senate about it, and represent the Senate to us. And those who have risen to the rank of officers, Russian or foreigner, both from the nobility and not from the nobility, give coats of arms according to their merits. And who, although they were not in the military service, and did not deserve anything, but can prove not less than a hundred years: and give coats of arms to such.

In our service, foreign people who acquire, either with their diplomas or with public certificates from the government of their fatherland, prove their nobility and coat of arms.

Interpretation of the tortured

According to this, everyone has to act, and beware of the announced fine and the highest punishment.

Given with the signing of our own hand, and our state seal in our residence.

Peter

LITERATURE

Evreinov V.A. Civil chinoproizvodstvo in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1888
Troitsky S.M. Russian absolutism and the nobility in the 18th century. Formation of bureaucracy. M., 1974

01/24/1722 (6.02). - Peter I approved the "Table of Ranks" - painting of military and civil ranks of the Russian Empire

Discussion: 8 comments

Both in the USSR and in the current Russian Federation, the construction of state power is based on the introduced system of Peter 1 (table of ranks). This system in itself is very pernicious and anti-state, which is naturally used by the enemies of Russia from time to time! The dominant principle of managing our society is servility, that is, it is enough to put "your person" at the very top of the hierarchical power and you can do whatever you want. The Jews take advantage of this flaw, penetrating into the power structures in the administrative apparatus. Before the Jews there were Germans, and where are they now?

It seems that either errors crept in when copying from the original, or the original was not a very knowledgeable person.
1. "Reverend" only black clergy
2. A deacon cannot be a "blessing", because does not bless anyone. Deacon - "Your gospel", protodeacon and archdeacon - "Your high gospel"
etc.

Thanks to reader Michael, corrections have been made. The errors were contained in the specified source - "Imperial Courier".

Please tell me, why did Peter 1 need a table of ranks?

In the article: "... and ranks up to the XIV and VII classes gave only personal nobility." An absurdity in the text, since there were NO ranks up to the XIV class.
In the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. in the Cossack troops there were the ranks of major general, lieutenant general, cavalry general (cavalry generals M.I. Platov and P.N. Krasnov, etc.).

Nonsense only in the preposition "to", which I removed. Essentially correct. On Wikipedia we read the same thing: “Already the 14th class of the Report Card (fendrik, from 1730 - ensign) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar (14th class) gave the right to personal nobility)".

In the presented table of ranks, there is no indication of the military and naval rank in class 5m. I want to clarify. In the 18th century, the military rank of the 5th class was Brigadier. Marine - captain-commander. Court - until 1884 - camera-furier, and since 1884 - master of ceremonies. Remember from Pushkin: "The humble sinner Dmitry Larin, the Lord's servant and foreman, under this stone eats the world." Subsequently, this title was abolished. If the editor does not complicate, then I ask you to amend the 5th class.