Gas facilities. The basis of special means "Bird cherry" is ov (poisonous substance) cn (chloroacetophenone), related to the so-called. Chemical weapons. The healing properties of the tree

Multifunctional police weapon designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical impact on offenders. Interestingly, having a caliber of more than 20 mm and a rifled barrel, the KS-23 should not belong to small arms, but to small-caliber artillery.

Design

The reloading of the carbine is carried out by a longitudinally sliding forearm, which is rigidly connected to the bolt. The barrel bore is rifled, when fired, it is locked by turning the bolt. The trigger mechanism of the trigger type. Cartridges are fed from a three-round tubular magazine located under the barrel.

Ammunition

The following 23 mm cartridges were developed for firing from a carbine:

-"Wave"

Cartridge with an inert container (designed for training shooting).

- "Wave-R"

Cartridge with a round rubber bullet "Hi" traumatic action. The range of application is up to 70 meters.

- "Strela-3"

Traumatic plastic bullet cartridge

- "Lilac-7"

Cartridge with container containing irritant CS. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 m3 is formed with an unbearable concentration of CS. Application range up to 100 meters.

- Cheryomukha-7

Cartridge with container containing irritant CN. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 30 m3 is formed with an unbearable concentration of CN. The range of application is up to 150 meters. Currently not produced.

- Cheryomukha-7M

Ammunition with a container containing the irritant CN. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 m3 is formed with an unbearable concentration of CN. The range of application is up to 150 meters.

-"Barricade"

Ammunition with a steel pointed bullet. It is used to force a vehicle to stop by damaging it. Range of use up to 100 meters.

- "Shrapnel-10"

Cartridge with buckshot charge. Application range up to 10 meters.

- "Shrapnel-25"

Cartridge with buckshot charge. The range of application is up to 25 meters.

-"Star"

Light and sound cartridge. Designed for psychological impact on the offender.

-blank cartridge PV-23

used for shooting gas grenades

On the muzzle of the barrel of the carbine KS-23, it is possible to install several options for barrel attachments:

- "Nozzle-6" (caliber 36 mm)

For firing Cheryomukha-6 gas grenades at a distance of up to 200 meters (irritant mass - 70 grams; gas cloud volume - 60 m3);

- "Nozzle-12" (caliber 82 mm)

For shooting the Cheryomukha-12 gas grenades at a distance of up to 120 meters (the volume of the gas cloud is 100 m3);

-OTs-06 "Cat"

It is used for shooting a rope with a cat hook at a distance of 35 meters and a height of 20 meters (7-storey building).

According to the device, the nozzles are the same, among themselves they differ only in size and caliber. On the barrel of the carbine there is a screw thread for their fastening. On the body of each of them there is a front sight. The whole sight is the rear sight of an open sight on the KS-23 itself.

Options

-KS-23M "Drozd"

An upgraded version of the KS-23 with a detachable metal stock.

An upgraded version of the KS-23 in a bullpup layout with a detachable box magazine, created in 1998 for arming the Ministry of Internal Affairs and internal troops.

-TOZ-123 "Drake"

Created in 1996-1997, a smooth-bore hunting rifle based on the KS-23.

Also chambered for 23x75R mm is a single-shot Tulyak pistol (essentially a variant of the OF-93 gun) and an insert for the GP-25 Larry grenade launcher.

Operating countries

the USSR
-Kazakhstan - in service with the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, employees of correctional institutions of the Committee of the Penitentiary System of the Ministry of Justice, as well as military personnel of the disciplinary military unit of the Ministry of Defense
Armenia - is in service with the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Armenia

Russia - is in service with the internal affairs bodies, internal troops and border troops, previously also was in service with the tax police.
-Uzbekistan - in service with the State Customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
-Ukraine - in service with special police units.

performance characteristics

Weight, kg: 3.85
- Length, mm: 1040
- Barrel length, mm: 510
- Cartridge: 23x75 mm R
- Caliber, mm: 23
-Principles of operation: sliding fore-end
-Sighting range, m: up to 100
-Maximum range, m: 150
- Type of ammunition supply: tubular underbarrel magazine for 3 rounds, it is also possible to place 1 more round in the chamber.

Prunus padus

Strongly poisonous.

Family - Pink - Rosaceae.

The parts used are fruits, seeds, bark, flowers, leaves.

The popular name is bird cherry, Asian bird cherry, glotikha, wild cherry.

Pharmacy name - bird cherry fruit - Fructus Padi.

Botanical description

Common bird cherry is a tall shrub or tree up to 10 m high, with a dense, elongated crown and matte, cracking dark gray bark, on which white lentils (or rusty-brown) clearly stand out. The bark is yellow on the inside, with a sharp almond smell. Young branches are olive or cherry red, short-pubescent, glabrous.

The leaves are alternate, short-petiolate, oblong-elliptical, dull above, somewhat wrinkled below, serrate-toothed along the edge, up to 10 (rarely 15) cm long.

With a strong smell, on pedicels, small, white (rarely pinkish), collected in dense, many-flowered drooping racemes, up to 12 cm long. Petals and sepals 5 each, stamens 20, pistil 1, anthers yellow, blooms profusely in May every year.

The fruit is a black, glossy, spherical, tart taste, strongly astringent drupe with one stone, up to 8 mm in diameter. The stone is round-ovoid, sinuous-notched, the fruits ripen in July - August. The fruit is initially green, heart-shaped, dense, as it ripens, the skin turns red, then blackens. The pulp of ripe fruits is green, in the air becomes dark purple.

Bird cherry grows throughout Russia, the Caucasus, Western Siberia, and Central Asia. It grows along the banks of rivers, in bushes, in forest clearings and edges, prefers moist, fertile soils with a close occurrence of groundwater.

Common bird cherry is cultivated as an ornamental plant, it is bred in gardens and parks, forms with weeping branches, double flowers and multi-colored leaves are especially spectacular.

Collection and preparation

The fruits are harvested as they ripen from July to September, the bunches with fruits are cut in dry, clear weather, scattered in a thin layer, dried in air or in ovens, dryers, ovens at a temperature of 40-50 ° C. Dried berries are black or opaque, round-elongated, wrinkled, odorless, sour-sweet taste, shelf life 3-5 years. The bark is harvested in early spring, dried in the open air, in ovens, dryers, ovens at a temperature of 40 ° C, the shelf life is 5 years. The flowers are harvested in May, air-dried in the shade. Store in boxes or bags, in a dry, ventilated area.

Active ingredients

In fruits, bark and leaves - tannins, hydrocyanic acid, organic acids (malic, citric), vitamins. In the kernels of the bones - fatty oil, glycosides. In the leaves - ascorbic acid, hydrocyanic acid, essential oil.

Healing action and application

Bird cherry has astringent, antidiarrheal, diaphoretic, anti-febrile and antimicrobial properties. In folk medicine, bird cherry is used in the treatment of trichomonas colpitis, gastritis, colitis, colds, fever, cystitis, inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the eyes, rheumatism, lung diseases, and also externally for washing wounds and ulcers.

Decoction of flowers - for gangrene of the extremities, pulmonary tuberculosis, infusion - for washing wounds, ulcers, eyes. The bark is used to treat venereal diseases, leucorrhoea, fever, respiratory infections, suffocation, stomach cramps. A decoction of the bark - as a diaphoretic, diuretic, with dysentery, with articular and muscular rheumatism, dermatosis, infusion - rinse with toothache. Powder from the bark in veterinary medicine - for sprinkling long-term non-healing wounds, as an insecticide. Leaves - for diarrhea in children, externally - for furunculosis, for cleansing and healing wounds and. Alcohol tincture - for rheumatism and gout, juice - for trichomonas colpitis (in the form of douches), in the form of poultices - for cleansing and healing wounds and bedsores.

Fruit juice - as a diaphoretic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, anti-tuberculosis agent, it is taken for fever, metabolic disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis. Bird cherry fruits have been used since ancient times as an astringent for non-infectious diarrhea and other disorders of the stomach and intestines. Fatty seed oil locally - with deep forms of trichophytosis and microsporia in adults and children. The wood is used in turning and furniture production, green and brown-red paint is obtained from the bark. Fruits in the alcoholic beverage industry are used to make tinctures and liqueurs, in the form of flour they are used in baking pies and confectionery, fresh ones are used for filling for pies. Flour brewed with water, together with honey, is used to make jelly or instead of jam.

Recipes

- Infusion of bird cherry flowers. 10 g of bird cherry flowers pour 0.2 liters of boiling water and let it brew for 10 minutes. Rinse wounds, ulcers, eyes with inflammation of the mucous membrane.

- Infusion of fruits. Pour 0.5 l of boiling water over 20 g of bird cherry fruits and let it brew in a thermos for 12 hours. Strain and take 100 ml 3 times a day for diarrhea, gastritis, colitis.

- A decoction of fruits. Pour 20 g of bird cherry fruits with 1 glass of water, bring to a boil and boil over low heat for 5 minutes. Strain and take 100 ml 3 times for gastritis.

- A decoction of the leaves. Pour 20 g of bird cherry leaves with 1 glass of water, bring to a boil and boil over low heat for 5 minutes. Strain and take 50 ml 3-4 times for diarrhea, gastritis, colitis, hypovitaminosis.

- A decoction of the bark. Pour 10g of crushed bird cherry bark with 1 cup of water, bring to a boil, boil over low heat for 10 minutes and let it brew for 2 hours. Strain and take 1 teaspoon before meals for colds, coughs, fevers,.

Contraindications

The plant is poisonous, take strictly under medical supervision.

Chemical weapons are understood as weapons whose action is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances. Taking into account changes in the legislation, a new term “gas weapon” has appeared, the concept of which is given in Article I of the Law “On Weapons”. So, gas weapons are objects and devices designed to temporarily destroy a living target with toxic substances approved for use by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. A large number of various agents according to the classes of chemical compounds, properties and combat purpose determined the variety of classification according to a variety of criteria. At present, physical and tactical classification have found distribution. Physical classification is easily perceived, since it is based on the division of agents according to their most pronounced effect on the body or according to the first signs of damage. In accordance with this, agents are divided into six groups: nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous, suffocating, psychotropic, and irritant.

CN (chloroacetophenone) belongs to the sixth group of substances called irritants . It is irritating substances that are in service with the Department of Internal Affairs, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, and the police of foreign countries. This choice is not accidental. Irritant substances in small concentrations cause a short-term loss of combat effectiveness due to irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, and sometimes the skin. A lethal effect for irritants is uncharacteristic and is possible only when high doses of these substances enter the body. Great importance is attached to irritants as a means of psychological influence (intimidation, demoralization) in the liquidation of unauthorized rallies and demonstrations, and the suppression of illegal actions. Lachrymators 6 or lacrimal agents are compounds that act on the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes of the eyes and cause profuse lacrimation. Burning and itching of the skin, especially sweaty or heated, are the first signs that occur immediately after entering the contaminated atmosphere.

Irritants are fast-acting substances. At the same time, they are, as a rule, short-term, because after applying appropriate protection or after leaving the contaminated atmosphere, the signs of poisoning disappear in minutes to tens of minutes, depending on the degree of damage and the agent used.

All irritants are divided into two groups: lachrymators and sternites. Skin irritation from lachrymators usually does not require serious treatment and resolves quickly. Typical examples of lachrymators are CN (chloroacetophenone) and PS (chloropicrin). Such concomitant phenomena as nausea, the urge to vomit, headache, and pain in the jaws and teeth are characteristic of exposure to an atmosphere contaminated with sternitis. In severe cases, damage to the respiratory tract is possible, leading to toxic pulmonary edema. Sternites or sneezing substances are chemical compounds that act primarily on the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and cause irritation of the nasopharyngeal cavity, accompanied by uncontrollable sneezing, coughing and retrosternal pain. At the same time, the eyes, the surface of the skin are affected, the central nervous system is affected. The consequences of exposure to the nervous system are weakness in the legs, pain in the joints and muscles, in case of severe poisoning, convulsions, temporary loss of consciousness, and sometimes paralysis of various groups. After exposure to an atmosphere with high concentrations of sternites, tumors and even blisters appear on the skin. However, in contrast to the skin blister agents, sternitis lesions are easily treatable and do not turn into general diseases. Typical representatives of sternites are: DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine), DS (diphenylcyanarsine). Scientific research has made it possible to synthesize new agents of the irritant class, which have a dual effect and irritate both the eyes and the respiratory tract. So, the police of Western countries are armed with double-acting agents as:

CS (dinitrilorthochlorobenzylidene malonic acid).

CR (dibenzoxazepine).

PS (trichloronitromethane, nitrochloroform).

Symbols CN in the USA - CAP; Germany-0-Salz; France - yrandite. In this regard, on certain categories of foreign aerosol agents with agents, their type is indicated (nerve paralytic or paralyzant).

These substances are listed in ascending order of strength. So CR can cause temporary loss of vision, and PS hemorrhages in the internal organs.

It was said above that CN (chloroacetonephenone) is the basis of the Cheryomukha funds, which is in service with the Department of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice of Russia. The very name "Bird cherry" is explained by the fact that the smell of chloroacetophenone (in low concentrations) resembles the smell of flowering bird cherry. Due to the fact that "Bird cherry" is not effective against persons who are in a state of drug and alcohol intoxication and does not affect dogs, the Lilac double-acting agent is currently in service. CN is a white crystalline substance with a slight smell of cherry blossoms. CN is soluble in non-polar solvents (alcohol, toluene, benzene, etc.), when heated, it can ignite, that is, it passes from a solid state, bypassing a liquid, into a gaseous state. It is applied only at positive temperatures. With negative or low positive, they quickly crystallize, and therefore, the effectiveness of the application is reduced. The presence of moisture (rain) negatively affects the efficiency.

The minimum intolerable concentrations of CN in the air are 0.002 mg/l, the maximum intolerable concentrations are 0.005 mg/l. The specified concentrations are provided by the calculated use of the Cheryomukha means in specific situations and are determined, etc. these funds. Neutralization of the effect of CN on the body is achieved by washing the mucous membrane of the eyes 2 % an aqueous solution of baking soda or boric acid, washing the surface of the skin with soap or other detergents.

Degassing of premises and territories is achieved by using a water-alcohol solution of sodium sulfide, which completely binds CN. Spent funds "Bird cherry" are subject to collection and destruction, in order to exclude poisoning of surrounding persons, flora and fauna.

So, the special means "Bird cherry", a special type of weapon of the Department of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation used in the fight against crime, the protection of public order and the provision of a regime for serving criminal sentences.

The peculiarity of this weapon is as follows:

a) in the speed of action;

b) depriving a person (persons) of the opportunity to conduct purposeful illegal actions, in order to take appropriate measures;

c) in the short duration of exposure to the body without causing physical damage to the life of the person (persons) in respect of which it is applied;

d) in the possibility of rapid elimination (degassing) of the action of these weapons;

e) the use of these weapons, as a rule, precedes the use of firearms.

In a constructive sense, the special means "Bird cherry" are products (grenades, cartridges, aerosol packages) filled with chloroacetophenone "CN" (si-en) gas.

Chloracetophenone is a white crystalline substance with the smell of cherry blossoms. This substance, acting on the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes of the eyes, causes profuse lacrimation, causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract, redness, burning and itching of the skin.

Chloracetophenone is thermally stable, melts and distills at atmospheric pressure without decomposition, is resistant to detonation, and is miscible with explosives in the melt. These properties make it possible to bring it into an aerosol state by thermal sublimation from pyrotechnic mixtures. On this property of chloroacetophenone, the principle of action of the special is built. funds "Bird cherry -1, 4, 6, 7, 12."

Another group of CAO is the Lilac tear gas. Here, orthochlorobenzal malodinitrile acid "CS" (si - es) is used as the active substance. This substance is more effective when used against offenders under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Consider below some of the products containing tear gas used as special tools.

Hand gas grenade "Bird cherry - 1". "Bird cherry-1" is one of the most powerful among other special gas tools. Designed to create a gas-smoke cloud with an intolerable concentration of a tear substance in an open area.

The product is a cardboard cylinder, closed on both sides with removable cardboard covers. For fast removal of covers in them loops from a band are built in. A pyrotechnic mixture of compressed chloroacetonphen (about 30 g) with smoke-forming additives is placed in the cylinder. The cylinder has a channel in which the ignition rod is located. Under the cover, marked with blue paint (or near the blue stripe on the body of the product), there is the head of the ignition rod and a grater ring isolated from it with a paper cap. The cap protects the head from accidental contact with the grater ring. Grenade weight - 200 gr., length - 135 mm, diameter - 47 mm, the volume of the gas-smoke cloud created by the grenade - 100 m 3, the optimal throwing distance of the grenade - 25 m, the delay time after actuation - 10-20 s, the gas release time - 40s. "Bird cherry-1" is used only in open areas, because. is flammable and when used in enclosed spaces, a concentration of chloroacetophenone dangerous to human life can be created.

"Bird cherry-1" is put into action manually. To do this, with the help of a loop, the first cover is torn off, located at a considerable distance from the blue stripe on the body of the grenade. Then tear off the second cover. It should be remembered that there is a grater ring on the loop of the second cover. With its help, rotational movement along the head of the ignition rod ensures the actuation of "Bird cherry-1". Sublimation time of chloroacetophenone. starts in 10-20 seconds. and lasts 40 seconds. In this case, a gas-smoke cloud is formed with an intolerable concentration of a tear substance, up to 25 m in size along the front and up to 250 m in depth. It should be remembered that the body of the grenade warms up slightly, therefore, in order to avoid its interception, it should not be thrown into the crowd of offenders. It is thrown at a distance of 20-30 m from offenders. In this case, meteorological conditions should be taken into account.

Cartridge with a gas grenade "Bird cherry -4". Designed for firing from a 26 mm flare pistol. "Bird cherry-4" is made in the form of a cartridge based on a cardboard sleeve, in which a metal container with chloroacetophenone in a pyrotechnic mixture (compressed chloroacetonephenone mixed with a special igniter composition) is placed, which slows down the composition and expelling powder charge. After breaking the primer, an expelling powder charge flares up, which ensures the ejection of the container from the pistol barrel. During the flight of the container, the retarder composition burns, which ensures the delay of the sublimation of chloroacetophenone by. 3-4 sec. The flight range of the container depends on the angle at which the shooting is carried out. The maximum range (165 m) is ensured when shooting "Cheremukha-4" at an angle of 30-45 °. When conducting flat fire, the container is thrown to a distance of about 100 m. the main part of the tear substance will be released on the flight path of the container.

The container contains 10 gr. chloroacetophenone, which passes into a gaseous state within 8-10 seconds, after the retarding composition has burned out. This creates a gas-smoke cloud with an intolerable concentration of tear substance 50m 3 , along the front - 8-10 m, in depth - up to 50 m. Cartridge weight - 49 g, response delay time - 4 s, gas release time - 10 s. "Bird cherry -4" is also used only in open areas due to its fire hazard. It is used in open areas with a significant distance of offenders from employees. Aimed shooting at people is prohibited.

Hand gas grenade "Bird cherry-5" designed to eliminate mass riots, other illegal group actions of convicts. A solid, compressed chloroacetophenone is placed in a copper sleeve. Having a relatively small mass and dimensions, a grenade can be thrown manually over a fairly large (up to 30-40m) distance. Especially effective against small groups of people. The grenade is powered by a grating primer. The body of the grenade gets very hot and begins to make chaotic movements, as a result of which, its interception is unlikely. Damage zone - 50 sq.m. Fire hazard, used only in open areas.

Hand gas grenades "Bird cherry-6"; "Lilac-6". Designed to create an aerosol cloud of an irritating substance in open areas or indoors during operations by special forces. The grenade is made in the form of a plastic container, weighing 80 - 90 g, 88 mm long, 34 mm in diameter, closed on both sides with screw-on end caps of different diameters. The body of the grenade contains a charge of chloroacetophenone and an igniter. To activate the grenade, unscrew the caps. The actuation is carried out by a sharp pulling of the cord of the ignition device.

These products differ in the composition of the active substance and power. And The bird cherry-6 and Lilac-6 units can be fired from a special carbine KS-23 or KS-23M using nozzles: "Nozzle - 6"

To increase the power and volume of the gas-smoke cloud, the Cheryomukha-6 and Lilac-6 grenades can be used in pairs, interconnected by a coupling. Throwing a grenade at a target should be no later than 3 seconds. from the moment the cord is pulled. It is forbidden to throw a double grenade into a room with a volume of less than 60m3.

Grenades "Lilac-6" and "Lilac-12" have an effective effect on people who are in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication. Main characteristics: the optimal range for throwing grenades is 25-30 m; diameter, mm - 35; length, mm - 75; Weight, g - 50 Type of irritant: "Bird cherry-6M"-CN; "Lilac-6" - CS; "Lilac-12" - CS. Active gas evolution time, s: "Bird cherry-6M" 10-12; "Lilac-6" - 10; "Lilac-12" - 12. Deceleration time, s - 4. Conditional volume of a cloud with an unbearable concentration, cubic meters: "Bird cherry-6M" -500; "Lilac-6" - 16; "Lilac-12" - 160.

Cartridge with a gas grenade "Bird cherry -7", "Lilac - 7". Designed for targeted shooting into a room in order to create a gas-smoke cloud in it with an intolerable concentration of a tear substance.

The cartridge consists of a 23 mm cardboard sleeve, a metal container with an active composition in a pyrotechnic mixture and an expelling powder charge placed in it.

The cartridge is fired from a special carbine through window and door openings, viewing windows, hatches, ventilation vents.

M ace cartridge "Bird cherry-7" / "Lilac-7" - 38.5g / 60g, effective range - 100m / 150m, maximum - 650m, retarder operation time 2-4s, volume of gas-smoke cloud - 30m 3 / 100m 3, time gas emission - 5-7s. The time of formation of a uniform gas-smoke cloud in the room is 20-30 seconds.

The penetration power of the container is quite large. The container "Bird cherry -7" from a distance of up to 50 m breaks through a wooden barrier up to 30 mm thick or a steel sheet 1 mm thick.

The design of the cartridge "Bird cherry-7" is similar, with the design of the cartridge "Bird cherry-4", "Bird cherry-7" can also be used in open areas. Aimed shooting at offenders is prohibited.

Special gas grenades of increased power "Bird cherry-12" and "Lilac-12" designed to create a 1000 m 3 gas-smoke cloud with an intolerable concentration of a tear substance in an open area (mainly during special operations to eliminate mass riots).

The body of the grenade is aluminum, filled with an active composition in a pyrotechnic mixture with igniter devices.

The grenade is activated:

When manually throwing a grenade - by pulling out the end of the cord of the igniter device (or driven by a grating primer-igniter);

When shooting from a special carbine, the pyrotechnic composition is ignited by the powder gases of the cartridge.

Shooting grenades "Bird cherry-12", "Lilac-12" from a special carbine is carried out using a nozzle - "Nozzle-12".

Grenades are thrown manually at a distance of 30 m or fired at a distance of 120 m from an over-the-barrel attachment to a special carbine KS-23 (KS-23M). Main characteristics: caliber - 82mm; height - 150mm; weight - 550gr; deceleration time - 4 + 1s; gas release time - 10 + 1s; temperature regime - from -50 to + 40 °; warranty period - 5 years;

It should be noted that the Cheryomukha-12, Lilac-12 grenade, due to its high power, would be more correctly attributed to the means of ensuring special operations.

Aerosol packaging "Bird cherry - 10" It is intended for direct impact on the offender with an aerosol of tear action.

It is used in open areas, can be used indoors subject to certain rules. The product "Bird cherry - 10" consists of an aluminum can, a valve device, a spray head with a nozzle, a plastic rack and a cover.

An aluminum can is filled with an aerosol composition (a solution of chloroacetophenone in ethyl alcohol and freon). Freon creates excess pressure in the cylinder and, when the spray head is pressed, releases chloroacetophenone. The polyethylene cap of the cylinder has two cutouts: a large one for placing the finger of the (big) right hand on the spray head and a small one for fixing the nozzle of this head. The presence of both cutouts ensures a strict direction of the ejection of the chloroacetophenone solution. When you press the spray head, an aerosol cloud is ejected at a distance of up to 90 cm with a spray front of 70 cm. The duration of pressing the spray head h averages 2-3 seconds. The most effective is the release into the chest of the offender from a distance of 40-70 cm. When applying from a long distance (80-100cm), it is required to increase the time of pressing the spray head. The volume of the can is 80cm 3 , the weight is 100g, the ejection of the active composition is up to 1.5m in depth, along the front - up to 0.7m. The most effective range of influence on the intruder is 0.9 m. The optimal duration of a single ejection is up to 3 s. Trouble-free operation of Cheryomukha-10 is guaranteed at temperatures from -5° to +50°С for 1 year (up to 50 times). It is forbidden to spray the aerosol near an open flame and directly into the eyes of the offender. Aerosol packaging "Lilac - 10" differs from the product "Bird cherry - 10" in the composition of the active substance and has a similar design and characteristics.

Means of limitation used to curb the physical activity of offenders.

Handcuffs- devices in the form of two snap rings with locks connected to each other, used by law enforcement agencies or the military to restrict the detainee's freedom of action. Handcuffs are put on the hands.

The development of handcuff designs is very peculiar, and is associated primarily with the level of metalworking (as the main material for the manufacture of handcuffs). Also, in the design of the handcuffs, the national peculiarity of the country of origin can be traced.

It is necessary to distinguish between modern handcuffs (developments after 1912) and "old" ones - before 1912. This is a conditional division. In 1912, a design was developed, which is now called standard and is used by the vast majority of manufacturers. However, some old models of handcuffs are still being produced. For example, in Pakistan and India, they are in service with the police.

The difference between modern handcuffs is a movable shackle that rotates 360 degrees. The handcuffs are always ready for use, unlike the old models, which, being "empty" from the closed state, were opened only with the help of a key (which was not very fast). Handcuffs are made by assembling stamped elements, in contrast to the "piece" forged products of an earlier period.

The difference between modern handcuffs: according to the way the bracelets are connected to each other (rigidity, restriction, impossibility of self-release):

Chain (Eng. Chain). The most common, cause minimal inconvenience when worn on the hands, almost all handcuffs use 2 chain links (BRS-1, BRS-2, BCS "Tenderness", CRAB, KROT - Russian). With a key, or improvised means, they are removed from their own hands.

Hinge (eng. Hinged) rarer specimens, "hard", of various designs, the hinge between the bracelets makes it possible only to fold the handcuffs. Seriously limit the mobility of the hands. (BOS "Tenderness"). It is already problematic to remove (does not apply to biofeedback, since there are keyholes on both sides of the bracelets)

Without hinge. The bracelets are rigidly fixed to each other. Special overlays for chain handcuffs are produced, which turn the handcuffs into hingeless ones.

Finger. A special subspecies of handcuffs, which are put on the thumbs of the arrested person, which makes it difficult for him, for example, to try to open ordinary handcuffs.

For the most part, foreign handcuffs are opened with a "standard key" to the handcuffs. Unlike Russian models. In Russian models, for some technological reasons, the key is not made by casting (stamping, soldering, turning and milling).

Handcuffs are designed to limit physical capabilities and curb disobedience of offenders. Handcuffs (BR, BR-S, NGS-9, etc.), one-time knitting, are used in the following cases:

Suppression of the resistance provided to the police officer;

Detention of a person caught committing a crime against life, health or property and trying to escape;

Delivering detainees to the police, escorting and guarding detainees and convicts, as well as persons; subjected to administrative arrest and taken into custody, when by their behavior they give reason to believe that they can escape or harm others or themselves, or oppose employees.

Hand bracelets "BR", "BR-S", NGS-9 are made of metal in the form of two metal half-clamps (forming symmetrical metal rings) connected by a chain and a locking device. Each of the rings is a sector that freely rotates between two cheeks. The sectors, rotating between the cheeks, are locked automatically. Opening and fixation of the sector and cheeks is done with a key. Weight of bracelets - from 250g. up to 0.5 kg, breaking force - not less than 150 kg. The number of operations is not less than 5,000. Overall dimensions are not more than 240x86x11 mm.

Structurally, the handcuffs "BR" and "BR-S" are similar and differ only in the locking device. When using handcuffs, a periodic (at least once every two hours) check of the state of fixation of the locks is required (which is also due to the need to check and restore blood circulation in the hands).

Electroshock devices - special equipment, the principle of operation of which is based on the direct action of an electric discharge on a living target.

Electroshock devices are contact (EShO, ESHU) and remote (DESHO, DESHU). DESHO is also subdivided into wired systems, where a damaging electric discharge is transmitted to the target via wires, and bullet DESHO, in which the striking element is an "electric bullet", which is a miniature stun gun fired at a target with a firearm or pneumatic weapon and attached to the target ( for example, with the help of goaded needles or special glue), after which the electric discharge from the bullet is transmitted to the target. Currently, ESHO is gradually giving way to DESO in many countries, incl. and in Russia.

EShU are also subdivided according to the power of the output charge. The offender is struck by an electric shock with a voltage of several tens of kilovolts, but the current strength is very small, in order to kill, only 0.6 mA. That's enough to paralyze the neuromuscular response and put him out of action.

Unlike other types of CAO, an electroshock device is more reliable in localizing a criminal who is intoxicated with alcohol, drugs, in any case, the action on the target is 100%, which neither gas weapons nor pneumatic weapons can boast of, except for a traumatic one loaded with an elastic bullet (rubber ).

Operational and tactical characteristicsEShU:

EShU - means of non-lethal impact, like gas weapons, i.e. means, with the correct use of which the offender will be stopped for a while and neutralized (neutralized), but at the same time he will remain alive (this is a strong positive psychological factor);

EShU - means of local and safe action for the owner, they can be effectively applied both on the street with a strong headwind or snow, and indoors, in a car, i.e. in cases where a gas weapon is either ineffective or unsafe for the owner due to the possibility of self-destruction. Bodily contact of the attacker with the owner of the EShU is also safe for the owner, since only the area of ​​the body of the attacker, located between the output electrodes of the EShU, is affected;

ESHU - an environmentally friendly CAO that does not pollute the atmosphere, suit, pockets or bag of the owner (gas weapons always leave traces of an irritant, that is, an irritating substance, on the palms, in a pocket, on the owner's clothes, etc.);

EShU - means of contact action, they can only be used in "close combat" - this is both an advantage (EShU is ineffective as an attack weapon), and a disadvantage (to increase the distance of destruction, it is necessary to use the so-called "arm lengthening effect", i.e. . the use of an ESD in the form of a "baton", the linear dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of a standard gas weapon), compensated, fortunately, by the frightening effect of the sound accompaniment of a spark discharge, associated with the eternal human fear of electricity.

Classification of stun guns

Miniature arresters of the 1st class, which fit in the palm of your hand, are rather souvenir products that produce a deterrent effect with a slight pain effect.

Small-sized arresters of the 2nd class are products with a higher electrical power, which, when exposed, provide a quite noticeable pain effect that manifests itself within 2 ... 10 seconds after the cessation of exposure. The advantages of products of this class are: miniature (fit in your pocket), reliability, no need to recharge the power source (just change the battery). Disadvantages: no "arm lengthening" effect; no "neutralizing" effect; the presence of the so-called residual voltage on the output electrodes after the device is turned off, which is unsafe for the owner.

Small-sized arresters of the 3rd class (they are often called "stun batons"). Their main advantages are the provision of a neutralizing effect and the effect of "lengthening the arm" with dimensions and weight that allow you to carry products in a case, bag or in your hand (being packed in a nylon case, they do not differ in appearance from men's or women's folding umbrellas). These products are equipped with a built-in rechargeable battery and charger (built-in or external). The rechargeable batteries used provide from 100 to 200 exposure cycles (each exposure cycle, that is, a “shot”, usually does not exceed three seconds), after which they must be recharged (the recharge process is from 8 to 14 hours). An example of an EShU of the 3rd class is the well-known products of the YANA series and spark gaps AIR-107 Scorpio and AIR-140 Malvina.

A special representative of the EShU of the 3rd class is the Air Taser arrester. This product is fundamentally different from all others by the presence of external electrodes thrown out to a distance of up to 4 meters, the electric voltage to which is supplied using miniature current-carrying conductors (similar to a fishing line “shot” by a spinning reel), which allows you to defend yourself at a distance. Such a “shot” can be fired once, after which one should either change the cartridge containing a drum with current-carrying wires and a means of ejection - a spring or a pneumatic device, or use the device as a conventional spark gap. EShU of the 4th class are products with increased weight and size characteristics and output power, intended for use by employees of organizations with special statutory tasks (instead of rubber and plastic sticks).

ESHU of the 5th class is a special purpose weapon.

The principle of operation of stun guns

When the device is removed from the fuse and the activator button is pressed, a serial electric discharge of high voltage current occurs on the contact electrodes, which impulsively acts on the object.

(1) Belt ring. The well-fitted strap included in the package prevents the device from being snatched or knocked out of the defender's hand.

(2) Back cover. Under it is a terminal for connecting the charging power cord included in the package.

(3) Protective guard with activator button. The relief of the button is designed taking into account the fact that the device is used in a camouflage case, and it should be easy to touch.

(4) Mechanical safety. Eliminates any possibility of accidental release from the fuse. At the same time, it provides instant unlocking of the activator button.

(
5) Super shockproof housing. Manufactured using the latest fiberglass technology using lightweight composites.

(6) Conductive belt. Designed and used to prevent attackers from snatching or blocking the device.

(7) Contact electrodes. Their design is such that they provide contact of the device with the body of the attacker, dressed in any clothing, from a T-shirt to a sheepskin coat.

Upper chest;

Solar plexus;

Underbelly;

Upper thighs.

The biophysical principle of the impact of the ESA is quite simple and is as follows: when an electric current flows between the output electrodes of the ESA through living tissues, when the ESA is in direct contact with the body of the attacker, the nerve endings located in the muscle tissue under the skin are irritated. In this case, the attacker experiences severe pain and stress (psychological or pain impact), which continues for some time after the ESA is turned off and leads to a loss of aggressiveness, muscle lethargy and reaction inhibition (low-power devices are called ESA with psychological impact).

More powerful EShUs cause convulsive muscle contractions (temporary paralysis), disorientation in space (dizziness, temporary incapacity, "disconnection" from reality), in some cases loss of conscious actions (products of such power are called EShUs with a neutralizing effect).

In both cases, the effect of the ESA is only a temporary defeat of the attacker (similar to the effect of a gas weapon), called in medicine an electric shock of the first degree, which does not lead to serious and long-term disorders of the human body and does not pose a danger to his life.

The device of stun guns

E An electric weapon is a wearable small-sized (miniature) device made in the form of a cylindrical "baton" (tube) or a rectangular parallelepiped with a profiled surface for easy holding in the palm of your hand.

In front of the EShU there are output (“combat”) electrodes - metal (sometimes pointed) pins, between which a high-voltage electrical discharge occurs in the form of a bluish or yellowish spark, accompanied by a characteristic “crackle”. A power source is usually located at the back of the device: an alkaline or rechargeable battery (usually rated for a voltage of 9 ... 12 volts).

In the middle part of the EShU there is a start button and a mechanical interlock (fuse) necessary to prevent accidental operation of the device.

Tactics of using service ESA

Tactics should take into account the peculiarities of a person's reaction when in contact with an electric current. In any situation when using an EShU, it is necessary to extend the contact time of the device with the intruder as much as possible (but not more than 3 s).

Tactical methods of using EShU are based on the following basic rules:

It is impossible to get and threaten the ESH without extreme necessity, especially if it is possible to overcome the conflict situation by other, more benign methods.

The application must be sudden in order not to give the criminal the opportunity to mobilize and psychologically prepare for an electric shock. Despite all the efforts of the developers, due to humane and medical restrictions, this factor should not be neglected.

When using the EShU, the arm should initially be half-bent so that, by unbending the arm, it would be possible to extend the time and density of the contact of the EShU with the body of the attacker.

In no case should one underestimate the enemy and not overestimate the capabilities of the EShU. You need to be prepared for any surprises, since mental arousal, alcohol or drug intoxication, as well as the individual characteristics of a particular person can significantly affect the nature and quality of the impact of ESA.

It is necessary to ensure that the ESD is always in good order, and the power supply is charged. Check the operability of the EShU after strong impacts on the body of the product and in other similar situations.

It must be remembered that if the contact is short, it will not be possible to sufficiently use all the advantages of the new special tool.

Keep in mind the following main limitations:

Stun gun Cobra and shocker Skat. These devices are the brainchild of Russian defense technologies, the military-industrial complex. All efforts are invested in the power, compactness and reliability of the shocker. Initially, the stun gun was developed for use by law enforcement agencies, as well as the military. Main characteristics: pulse repetition rate: 170-190 kHz; current consumption per pulse: up to 1 A (pulse); discharge voltage on the electrodes: up to 120,000 V; the distance punched by the EShU reaches 3 cm, there is a built-in flashlight and an anti-snatch; length: 225 mm; diameter: 35mm; weight (with batteries): 250 gr.

With fully charged batteries, at least 200 discharges can be made, after which they are charged for 4-8 hours from a regular 220 V network (the charger comes with an electric shock). The number of charge-discharge cycles of batteries is also at least 200. That is, at least 40,000 discharges on one set of batteries. The shocker uses 9 D-0.26 batteries.

The device has 4 sharp brass spikes that can pierce a decent layer of clothing (although the electric shock itself is able to “pierce” a layer up to 3 centimeters, right through clothing (discharge) without touching the human body with electrodes).

Discharge of average duration 1-3 sec. causes titanic convulsions, severe pain, knocks the attacker off his feet and leads to a temporary loss of adequate control over the situation, causes disorientation. When exposed to large muscle areas and areas of accumulation of nerve endings, short-term muscle paralysis is achieved. With a powerful discharge for 3-5 seconds. loss of consciousness (fainting) or an immobile state of shock is achieved. The attacker falls and remains in a state of prostration for several minutes. The most sensitive areas: head, neck, chest.

ESHU "Weasel-2". The defeat also occurs through clothing; small size, comfortable to wear; two batteries are enough for 600 discharges without degrading the quality of work. Action: when the electrodes touch the body of the attacker, which is turned on, for: 0.5-1 sec. - causes pain and psychological shock in him; 2-5 sec. - deprives the ability to act, sometimes leads to fainting. Main characteristics: discharge voltage 65,000 V; discharge energy up to 3 J/s; pulse repetition frequency 15 - 25 Hz; power supply battery "Energizer" 9 V (2 pcs.); consumption current is not more than 0.9A; operating temperature range minus 15 - plus 40; relative humidity at a temperature of 25 ° C - 98%; weight 250 g; maximum dimensions 158x68x20 mm.

ESHU-039. The body of EShU-039 is made of shock-resistant plastic, designed for high loads; the use of modern and high-quality compounds guarantees the reliability of EShU-039; the EShU-039 electrical board is covered with a special composition that protects the electronic circuit from moisture, which ensures the device's operability in conditions of high humidity; the safety switch protects the consumer from the formation of an electric discharge when the start button is accidentally pressed; battery charge indicator allows you to check the health of the power source without turning on the ESD, in idle mode; 2 batteries "Energizer" 6LR61 are enough for 600 discharges of EShU-039 without degrading the quality of work; the damaging effect of EShU-039 meets the medical standards for the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Application: in case of an attack with your thumb, move the fuse, press the button and press EShU-039 to the body of the attacker. In self-defense, you will not suffer from an electric discharge, d even if the enemy holds you. 0.5-1 second of exposure causes pain in the attacker muscle spasm, psychological shock, the attacker loses the ability to take action; 3 seconds of exposure lead to loss of consciousness.

Specifications: discharge voltage 65,000 V; discharge energy 3 J/s; pulse repetition frequency 15 - 25 Hz; power supply battery "Energizer" 9 V (2 pcs.); consumption current is not more than 0.9A; average pulse current 2800 mA; operating temperature range minus 15 - plus 40; relative humidity at 25°С - 98%;; weight 250g; maximum dimensions 158x68x20 mm.

Electroshock devices EShU 200 and EShU 200 M. ESHU 200 is the first "intelligent" electroshock device manufactured in Russia. In EShU 200 functions of restriction in operating time for one inclusion (3 sec.), registration of device operating time, electronic registration of the serial number of the device and date of issue. The ability to implement these functions has been achieved through the use of microprocessor technology in the ESHU-200, the use of modern SMD (subminiature) surface-mounted elements and the use of modern achievements in world radio electronics.

Increased, in comparison with the civilian EShU, striking characteristics guarantee the suppression of the aggression of offenders. Specifications EShU 200/EShU 200M: discharge voltage|70000 V 70000 V/70000 V; discharge energy 10/7 J/s; pulse repetition frequency 20-35/15-25 Hz; power source - built-in rechargeable battery battery "Energizer" 9 V (2 pcs); average pulse current 7100/6500 mA; operating temperature range | minus 15 - plus 40; relative humidity at 25°С – 98%; mass 3 30/270 g; maximum dimensions 210x50x32/158x68x20 mm.

High-quality components guarantee the reliability of the EShU in conditions of intensive use, the electric board is covered with a special composition that protects the electronic circuit from moisture, this ensures the device's performance in high humidity conditions, the fuse protects the consumer from electric shock when the start button is accidentally pressed; the battery charge indicator allows you to check the health of the power source without turning on the ESD.

Special means "Bird cherry" create a gas-smoke cloud of tear substance chloroacetophenone (HAF), which causes sharp, painful irritation of the tear membrane of the eye and upper respiratory tract, redness, burning and itching of the skin. Pain in the eyes, closure of the eyelids and lacrimation appear in a person immediately after exposure to the substance. With a long stay in the cloud, convulsive contraction of the eyelids, a sharp pain in the eyes and uncontrollable lacrimation, irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, burning in the throat, mucus from the nose, cough appear. After leaving the cloud, these phenomena disappear after 10 minutes.

In summer, the damaging effect (HAF) is higher than in winter. With strong gusty winds (over 10 m/s) and with precipitation, the effectiveness of the Bird Cherry special equipment is reduced.

"Bird cherry-6" ("Lilac-2", "Lilac-3" differ in power) are made in the form of a plastic container (length - 88 mm, diameter - 54 mm.), Closed on both sides with screw caps. Under them are holes through which CN is simultaneously released.

To bring the grenade into action, it is necessary to unscrew the cover and sharply pull out the end of the cord of the igniter located under one of them. Throwing a grenade at a target should be no later than 3 seconds from the moment the cord is pulled out. For the simultaneous use of two grenades, it is necessary to connect them using a clutch, and then alternately put them into action.

"Bird cherry-12" made in the form of an aluminum container (length - 168 mm., diameter - 106 mm.), with an igniter device with a closed cap.

To bring the grenade into action, it is necessary to tear off the cap and sharply pull out the end of the cord of the ignition device located under it. Throwing a grenade at a target should be no later than 3 seconds from the moment the cord is pulled out.

"Bird cherry-10" a special tool made in the form of an aluminum canister with a capacity of 80 cm 3., filled with a CN composition and a mixture of freons.

To actuate, take the can in your hand, remove the protective cap, insert your finger into the cutout of the cap and press the spray head. To ensure the maximum effect, the aerosol cloud should be directed directly towards the offender, in the chest area, from a distance of 40-70 cm for 2-3 seconds.

When applied from a shorter distance, a chemical burn of the mucous membrane of the eyes can occur, and when used from a long distance, it is necessary to increase the time of pressing the valve head, but this circumstance allows the offender to take active responses.

When using this tool outdoors, you should take into account the direction and speed of the wind, the presence of precipitation. "Bird cherry-10" works flawlessly in the temperature range from -5 to +50°C. Guaranteed shelf life of the product is 1 year.

In winter, to ensure performance, a special tool should be worn under clothing.

"Bird cherry-7"- a special tool, which is a 23-mm cartridge, which consists of a cardboard sleeve and a metal container placed in it with CN in a pyrotechnic mixture and an expelling charge.

Aimed shooting of a grenade is carried out from a carbine KS-23. To get the container inside the premises where the criminal is hiding, the Cheryomukha-7 can be shot through window and door openings, observation windows, hatches, ventilation vents, thin partitions, etc. The penetrating power of the container is quite large, so when firing from a distance of up to 150 m, it breaks through two window panes, and up to 50 m - a wooden barrier up to 30 mm thick or a steel sheet up to 1 mm thick. Approximately 3-4 seconds after shooting, when the container hits the target, an intense release of CN begins, which lasts no more than 7 seconds.

Forbidden : firing at a crowd of people and aimed shooting at an offender.

Carbine KS-23(special carbine 23mm) (Fig. 38) is. Designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical effects on offenders. The carbine was developed jointly by the Research Institute of Special Equipment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Central Research Institute Tochmash in 1981, and was adopted by the police and internal troops of the Russian Federation in 1985.

The reloading of the carbine is carried out by a longitudinally sliding forearm, which is rigidly connected to the bolt. The barrel bore is rifled, when fired, it is locked by turning the bolt. The trigger mechanism of the trigger type. Cartridges are fed from a three-round tubular magazine located under the barrel.

Rice. 38.Carbine KS-23

The following cartridges are used for shooting:

· "Wave-R"- a cartridge with a rubber bullet "Hi" of traumatic action. The range of application is up to 70 meters.

· "Lilac-7"- a cartridge with a container containing the irritant CS. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 cubic meters is formed. meters with intolerable concentrations of CS. The range of application is up to 150 meters.

· "Bird cherry-7M"- a cartridge with a container containing the irritant CN. 1 second after the container hits the barrier, a cloud of 50 cubic meters is formed. meters with an intolerable concentration of CN. The range of application is up to 250 meters.

· "Barricade"- a cartridge with a steel pointed bullet. It is used to force a stop of vehicles by damaging them. Application range up to 100 meters.

· Shrapnel-10- cartridge with buckshot charge. Application range up to 10 meters.

· Shrapnel-25- cartridge with buckshot charge. The range of application is up to 25 meters.

· "Star"- light and sound cartridge. Designed for psychological impact on the offender.

With the KS-23 carbine, nozzles "Nozzle-6" (caliber 36 mm) and "Nozzle-12" (caliber 82 mm) are also used. According to the design of the nozzles are the same, they differ only in caliber. On the barrel of the carbine there is a screw thread for their fastening. On the body of each of them is a front sight. The whole sight is the rear sight of an open sight on the KS-23 itself. The Cheryomukha-6 and Cheryomukha-12 gas grenades are fired from the nozzles with an expelling charge, at a maximum firing range of 200 and 120 meters, respectively. For training shooting with attachments, the Volna training grenade was developed.

Modifications of the carbine KS-23 are as follows:

· KS-23M "Drozd" - a modernized version of the KS-23;

· TOZ-123 "Drake" - a hunting rifle created in the 1990s based on the KS-23.

Carbine KS-23M "Drozd"(Special carbine 23 mm modernized) (Fig. 39) was developed for arming the police and internal troops of Russia.

Rice. 39.Carbine KS-23M "Drozd"

Designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical effects. Developed on the basis of the KS-23 carbine. Development began in October 1990. The new carbine was named S-3, and the development theme was named Drozd. The first batch of 25 S-3 carbines entered testing on December 10, 1991. After that, the carbine was renamed from S-3 to KS-23M "Drozd" and adopted by the police and internal troops of Russia.

The carbine is not automatic. The reloading mechanism works from a longitudinally sliding forearm rigidly connected to the bolt. Cartridges are fed from a three-round tubular magazine located under the barrel. The trigger mechanism of the trigger type. The bore when fired is locked by turning the bolt head. For firing, the entire range of cartridges used for firing from the KS-23 is used. Also with KS-23M barrel attachments "Nozzle-6" and "Nozzle-12" are used. Sight carbine KS-23M open type, not adjustable.

The stock has been replaced with a T-shaped shoulder rest. There was also a pistol grip. The pistol grip and handguard are made of black plastic. Despite the fact that the KS-23M "Drozd" has more compact dimensions than its predecessor, the KS-23, the problem that is inherent in the design of guns with a tubular magazine has not been solved, namely the problem of quickly changing the type of cartridge used (for example, you need to quickly replace the gas cartridge with a rubber bullet cartridge).

This problem was solved only in KS-23K.

Carbine KS-23K(Special carbine 23mm short) (Fig. 40) was designed to arm the police and internal troops of Russia, it is designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical effects. The carbine was developed in the Tula Design Bureau, adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1998.

Rice. 40.Carbine KS-23K

The development and adoption of this carbine was due to the fact that the previously adopted carbines KS-23 and KS-23M have one drawback, namely, that the tubular magazine does not allow, if necessary, to quickly replace the type of cartridge used. Therefore, the new sample has a replaceable store.

Serial production of carbines KS-23K has been established at NPO Tekhnika.

The carbine has a bullpup layout. The KS-23K is fed with cartridges from a detachable 7-round magazine. Reloading is carried out by a movable forearm, rigidly connected to the bolt. The mechanical safety box is located on the left side, above the pistol grip. On the right side of the receiver there is an ejection window for the spent cartridge case. It is closed by a special plate, which opens to eject the cartridge case only when the bolt moves backwards. The magazine latch is located behind the magazine receiver. The back side of the receiver has a rubber recoil pad. Sight carbine KS-23K open type, not adjustable.

The high post of the sight is also a carrying handle for the carbine. For firing, the entire range of cartridges used for firing from the KS-23 is used. The nozzles "Nozzle-6" and "Nozzle-12" are also used.

Shotgun carbine OTs-28(Fig. 41) was developed for arming the police and internal troops of Russia, it is designed to suppress riots, selective force, mental and chemical effects. The carbine was developed at the Tula TsKIBSOO in the late 1990s in parallel with the KS-23K, created at the KBP. The carbine turned out to be more expensive to manufacture, so in 1998 the KS-23K was adopted for service, and not the OTs-28.

Rice. 41.Shotgun carbine OTs-28

The carbine is not automatic, it is reloaded by a longitudinally sliding forearm, rigidly connected to the bolt. The bore when fired is locked by turning the bolt. The trigger mechanism of the trigger type. The OTs-28 is fed with cartridges from a direct detachable 5-round magazine. The magazine latch is located on the left side of the receiver, above the front of the trigger guard opening. The mechanical fuse box is located on the right side of the receiver, above the pistol grip. The carbine has a folding shoulder rest, which folds over the receiver in the stowed position. For firing, the entire range of cartridges used for firing from the KS-23 is used. The nozzles "Nozzle-6" and "Nozzle-12" are also used (in the photo it is screwed onto the barrel).

(Rifle Bandaevsky 12-gauge, it is also possible to interpret it as a “Combat Gun”) (Fig. 42) is intended for civilian self-defense, as well as arming the police, security agencies with special statutory tasks. The RB-12 was developed by Alexander Grigoryevich Bandaevsky, chief designer and president of Zlatoust CJSC Uralmashproekt.

Rice. 42.Experimental shotgun RB-12

Shotgun RB-12 shop, not automatic. Reloading is done manually, due to the movable forearm. The movement of the forearm, unlike the classic models, is not "back - forward", but "forward - back" because. Bandaevsky believes that when shooting, the forearm is easier to keep in its rear position. The barrel has a muzzle brake. On the right side, above the opening of the trigger guard, there is a mechanical fuse box. On the back of the pistol grip there is an automatic safety button that turns off when the grip is covered with a hand.

The gun is fed with cartridges from a direct, box magazine for 6 rounds. Shops are made of sheet steel. The wooden butt is folded to the right side of the weapon by turning. The butt pad is rubber, on the latest versions, the butt also has a wooden cheek. Sight on a high rack, not adjustable. It is possible to mount various collimator sights to the sight stand.

In each specific case of the use of active defense means, measures are provided to ensure:

provision of medical assistance to the victims;

detection and elimination of fires;

degassing of premises;

shutdown of gas, electricity and water supply.

Employees report on each case of the use of active defense means by a report to the head of the relevant internal affairs body: where, when, against whom and under what circumstances they were used and the results of the use.

Means of ensuring special operations

Backpack apparatus AR-16 "Cloud" It is intended for spraying in open areas powder or liquid preparations of tear (lachrymator) action. The operating time should not exceed 1.5 minutes. The mass of the apparatus is 8 kg. The treated area of ​​spraying is not less than 15000 m 2 . Work with the device is carried out in individual protective equipment (suit L-1, gas mask).

To bring the device into a combat position, it is necessary to enter a check, insert pyrotechnic checkers and fill the igniter, the container with a special composition. 30 seconds after pulling out the checks, the device is ready for operation. Spraying of the special composition is carried out by pressing the nozzle handle.

Stationary light and sound device "Flame" and hand light and sound grenade "Zarya" designed to provide an effective psycho-physiological impact on offenders with powerful light and acoustic impulses.

The mass of the Zarya grenade is 180g, the Flame device is 200g. Light brightness is 30 and 60 million cd, respectively, sound pressure at a distance of no more than 170 - 172 dB. The effective radius is 10 and 15 m, respectively, and the safe distance during use is 2.5 m.

To activate the Zarya light and sound grenade, it is necessary to pull out the grating primer-igniter with a sharp movement until a click appears. Casting is done immediately, because after 3-5 seconds. there is a strong explosion, which is accompanied by a bright flash of light. When preparing the light and sound device "Flame" directly at the place of use, remove the cover and connect the conductors of the electric igniter to the electrical circuit. The device is activated by applying a constant voltage to the igniter, providing a current of at least 0.5 A.

Device "Key» punches a hole with a diameter of 180 mm in a wooden barrier up to 60 mm thick. It is forbidden to use the device in the room where the hostages are.

Explosive device "Impulse" punches steel sheet up to 8 mm thick. The length of the device is 25 cm. It is forbidden to use it in a room where there are hostages (cord made of elastic explosive).

Tank truck AC-40. Designed to suppress riots with a high-pressure water jet. Pressure 6 atm. Capacity 4 m 3 . Water consumption 40 l/sec.

Device "Hedgehog". Designed to stop vehicles of small and medium load capacity on pneumatic tires. Weight - 13 kg. Tape length - 6 m. Tape width - 0.131 m. Spike height - 65 mm.

Bird cherry (lat. Prunus)- the common name of some species of the genus Plum of the Pink family, which were previously isolated in a separate genus or subgenus. Most often, the concept of "bird cherry" means bird cherry, or carpal, or bird cherry (lat. Prunus padus), which grows wild in Western Europe, Asia, North Africa and throughout Russia, preferring forest and rich soils with close occurrence groundwater in areas with a temperate climate and located along the banks of rivers, on sands, forest edges and clearings. There are about 20 species of bird cherry.

Planting and caring for bird cherry (in short)

• Bloom: in May and June.
• Landing: spring or autumn.
• Lighting: bright sunlight.
• The soil: rich, moist, slightly acidic or neutral reaction.
• Watering: seedlings are watered frequently and plentifully, adult plants - periodically and moderately in a normal summer, and more often and more abundantly in a dry one.
• Top dressing: mineral or organic fertilizers: in spring - with a predominance of nitrogen, in autumn - only potassium-phosphorus.
• Pruning: spring and autumn.
• Reproduction: cuttings, grafting and root shoots.
• Pests: aphids, herbivorous bugs, mining moths, gypsy moths, hawthorns, ermine bird moths and weevils.
• Diseases: leaf spot (rubella, coniothyroidism, cercosporosis), powdery mildew, cytosporosis, wood rot, flower and fruit pockets.

Read more about growing bird cherry below.

Bird cherry tree - description

Bird cherry is a small tree or shrub from 60 cm to 10 m high with a dense, elongated crown, and matte black-gray bark with white lenticels. Young branches and shoots of bird cherry cherry or olive hue. The leaves are bare, alternate, simple, elliptical, oblong, sharply serrate along the edge, with a pointed apex, from 3 to 15 cm long. There are two glands on thin petioles, at the base of the leaf plate. Fragrant bird cherry flowers - white, sometimes pinkish - are collected in drooping racemes 8-12 cm long. Flowers consist of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 20 stamens, pistil and yellow anthers. The bird cherry fruit is a black spherical drupe 8-10 mm in diameter with a sweet, strongly astringent taste. Inside the berry is a rounded ovoid bone. Bird cherry blossoms in May-June, and the fruits ripen in July-August.

Planting bird cherry in open ground

When to plant bird cherry in the ground

Bird cherry seedlings take root better in spring and autumn planting. The plant prefers spacious, well-lit areas with rich moist soil of a neutral or slightly acidic reaction. In a shady spot, the plant will reach for the light, and the fruit will form on the tops of the branches and be difficult to reach. As for the composition of the soil, bird cherry grows well in both sandy and clay soil, but it develops best in loam. It is desirable that the groundwater in the area lie close to the surface.

To carry out cross-pollination, trees of different varieties are planted on the site, but flowering at approximately the same time. The distance between the trees should be at least 5 m, since the bird cherry grows quickly, and its branches can reach several meters in length.

How to plant bird cherry

Bird cherry seedlings take root well in a new place, you don’t even need to prepare a fertile mixture for them - just dig a planting hole large enough to fit the entire root system of the seedling, and put a layer of dry leaves, humus or peat mixed with mineral fertilizers on its bottom . Do not put a lot of organic matter, because its excess negatively affects the condition of the bird cherry bark. Before planting, carefully inspect the roots of the seedlings, shorten too long and remove the diseased ones. Leave 2-3 strong shoots on the seedling, shorten them to 50-70 cm, and cut off the rest.

Place the root system of the seedling in the hole and fill the voids with earth, then lightly tamp the surface and water the seedling abundantly, and when the water is absorbed, mulch the trunk circle with peat or sawdust.

Bird cherry care in the garden

How to grow bird cherry

Bird cherry is a non-capricious plant, and it is easy to care for it. At first, seedlings need to be watered frequently, after which you need to loosen the soil in the near-stem circle and remove weeds (if you have mulched the soil around the seedling, you will have to do this infrequently). Older bird cherry needs sanitary and formative pruning, feeding and protection from pests and diseases. Watering adult plants is carried out several times during the summer, but in dry weather, bird cherry is watered more often. If the summer is with precipitation, then it is quite possible that the bird cherry will have enough of them.

Pruning bird cherry

Every year, bird cherry is freed from diseased, dry, broken and thickening branches and shoots, and the places of cuts are smeared with garden pitch.

Bird cherry is formed both on a high trunk, in the form of a tree, and in the form of a multi-stemmed shrub. To form a cup-shaped crown of a tree, only the central shoot 50-70 cm high is left on the seedling, and the rest are cut out. After new shoots grow from the bole, the first tier of 3-4 most developed and evenly spaced branches is laid. The angle of departure of skeletal branches from the conductor (central shoot) is 50-70 º. The remaining shoots are cut into a ring.

The second tier is laid in the same way from 2-4 branches, 45-50 cm away from the branches of the first tier. In subsequent years, another 1-2 tiers of 2-3 branches each are laid. Subsequently, when the formation of the crown is completed, you just need to prevent it from thickening. It is also necessary to limit the height of the tree, not allowing it to outgrow the mark of 3.5-4 m. This means that it is necessary to carry out sanitary and thinning pruning, remove root shoots, and also shorten the longest branches to the lateral branching pointing down to restrain the growth of bird cherry .

Bird cherry transplant

Bird cherry transplantation is best done in the spring, but preparation for the procedure is carried out in the fall. It is necessary to dig a hole of such a size that the root system of the tree fits in it along with an earthen clod.

When the air temperature drops to 5 ºC or a little lower in autumn, but even before the soil freezes, dig around the border of the tree circle and water it abundantly so that the plant goes to rest with roots in a frozen soil coma. In the spring, try to prevent the rapid thawing of the earthy coma. To do this, cover the soil in the trunk circle with snow, and lay burlap on top of it and cover it with sawdust. When the snow nevertheless melts, dig the bird cherry, preventing the ground from thawing, pull it out, tie an earthen lump with burlap so that it does not collapse during transportation, moisten the burlap with plenty of water, then, laying the tree horizontally, carefully move it with its roots forward to a new place and plant without removing the burlap from the roots. The fabric will not interfere with the growth of roots in a new place.

After transplantation, the bird cherry is supported in an upright position by wire braces attached at one end to the trunk, and at the other end to deeply clogged stakes. To prevent the wire from injuring the bark, birch bark, rags or cardboard are placed under it. For successful restoration of the root system, the bird cherry must first be protected from the sun. Water the transplanted bird cherry with solutions of the root former. When the bird cherry tree takes root in a new place, they take care of it as usual, but only for the winter the trunk is highly covered with earth, and covered with humus or manure on top of the ground, protecting the roots from freezing.

Bird cherry breeding

Bird cherry propagates by root shoots, cuttings and grafting. You can also grow bird cherry from seeds by sowing them in August or September, but seedlings do not always inherit the characteristics of the mother plant.

The most popular and easiest way to propagate bird cherry is cuttings. In autumn, cuttings 18-20 cm long are cut from young branches, which are stored in a cool place in winter, wrapped in cloth or paper. In the spring, two weeks before planting the cuttings in the ground, they are treated with a solution of potassium permanganate for disinfection, after which they are placed in water to grow roots. After the roots appear, the cuttings are planted in loose and moist soil. Caring for the cuttings consists of watering and carefully loosening the soil around them. When the seedlings develop a root system, they can be planted in a permanent place, but you should know that they are difficult to transplant, so it is better to immediately root them in a permanent place.

To propagate bird cherry by layering, a branch that grows low on a bush is selected, an incision is made on it, bent to the ground and placed in a 30 cm deep trench dug two days earlier with peat laid in it. The branch is fixed in this position, leaving the top on the surface. By autumn, the layers can be separated and planted in a new place. The survival rate of bird cherry layers is quite high.

It is easy to propagate bird cherry with the help of grafting, since the grafts take root on the rootstock with a 95% probability. Carry out the procedure in the middle of summer. As a scion, cuttings from young shoots are chosen.

Pests and diseases of bird cherry

Bird cherry is affected by such diseases as leaf spot (rubella, coniothyroidism, cercosporosis), powdery mildew, cytosporosis, wood rot, flower and fruit pockets, and from pests it is annoyed by aphids, herbivorous bugs, mining moth, gypsy moth, hawthorn, ermine bird cherry moth and weevils.

Cytosporosis affects the trunk and branches of bird cherry, causing them to dry out. The disease manifests itself by the formation of small white tubercles on the stem of the plant - the pycnidia of the fungus. And in wet weather, reddish threads stand out from them. When the first symptoms appear, the affected shoots should be removed and burned along with fallen fruits and leaves. Trees in the spring, before the leaves appear, are treated with copper chloride or one percent Bordeaux liquid. In March, trunks and large branches are washed with iron sulphate, and in autumn the trunks are whitened with lime.

Wood rot cause tinder fungus. Infection occurs through wounds in the bark of the tree. In the process of wood decay, its structure, chemical and physical properties change. Unfortunately, if the process has gone far, the tree can no longer be saved, but if you find the place of penetration of the fungus, immediately clean it up to healthy wood and cover it with clay mixed with a fungicidal preparation, then it is quite possible that the tree will be able to recover.

Flower and fruit pockets- the most harmful bird cherry disease caused by a fungus. As a result of the development of the disease, the fruits of the bird cherry are deformed, the seeds do not form in them, and on the outside they are covered with a plaque consisting of bags of the pathogen fungus. Affected flowers usually die without fruit set, the plant is oppressed. Sick flowers and fruits should be removed. Before flowering, bird cherry is treated with a three percent solution of iron sulfate, a one percent solution of copper sulfate or Bordeaux mixture.

powdery mildew manifested by the formation of a white cobwebbed coating on the leaves and shoots of the bird cherry, which becomes hardly noticeable over time, but dark fruiting bodies of the fungus can be seen on it. In the spring, the disease reappears. You can read about how to get rid of powdery mildew in our article posted on the website.

Rubella, or polystigmosis, or red leaf spot- a disease that has a fungal nature. Bright red spots appear on bird cherry leaves, clearly visible against a green background. To destroy the infection, the trees and the soil under them are abundantly treated with a three percent solution of Nitrofen or copper sulfate before bud break, and after flowering, they are sprayed with a one percent Bordeaux mixture. In case of severe damage, the third fungicide treatment is also carried out 2-3 weeks after flowering.

cercosporosis- a disease, the signs of which are very small necroses of irregular shape: they are whitish on the upper side of the leaf, and brown on the lower side. Gradually, the spots merge, the affected tissue falls out. The drug Topaz, used in accordance with the instructions, copes well with the causative agent of the infection.

Coniothyroidism affects leaves, bark of branches and fruits of bird cherry. Solitary or confluent irregularly rounded yellow or brown necroses appear on diseased organs, surrounded by a dark orange border. Black dots of pycnidia appear in the center of necrosis. Destroy the causative agent of infection with fungicidal preparations.

As for pests, bird cherry is treated against them twice a season: in early spring, as soon as the leaves bloom, and after flowering. For processing, a solution of 60 g of Karbofos in 10 liters of water is used. For each tree, about 2 liters of the drug are consumed.

Types and varieties of bird cherry

In addition to bird cherry, which we described at the beginning of the article, several more plant species are grown in culture.

grows in nature in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur Region, Northeast China and Korea. This species is most often used in landscaping. The species is named in honor of the Russian naturalist and researcher of the nature of the Far East and Siberia R.K. Maak. The plant is a tree up to 17 m high with a wide pyramidal crown. Its trunk is covered with a very elegant reddish-orange or golden-yellow bark that peels off in thin films. The leaves of bird cherry Maaka are shiny, oblong or elliptical, sharp-toothed, with a drawn top, up to 13 cm long. In spring they are light green, dark green in summer, and intensely yellow or yellowish red in autumn. Odorless flowers up to 6 mm in diameter, collected in erect oblong brushes, painted white. The fruits are small, round, black and bitter. Because they are a delicacy for bears, they are called "bear berries". The species is winter hardy and can tolerate temperatures down to -40 ºC. In culture since 1870.

Maksimovich bird cherry (Padus maximowiczii)

- also a Far Eastern species, named after the researcher of the Far East K.I. Maksimovich. It differs from other types of bird cherry in the presence of bracts on the flower brush, which are also preserved on the fruits. In the brush from 3 to 7 white flowers with a diameter of not more than 6 mm. The fruits are small, red, blackening with ripening. The leaves are small, slightly lobed, turning red in autumn. Bird cherry Maksimovich - one of the most attractive species.

Bird cherry (Padus serrulata)

grows in Japan, Korea, Northeast China, the Far East. This species was attributed either to the genus Plum, or to the genus Cherry. Along with other species, bird cherry was used to breed Japanese sakura. The species has been introduced into culture for a long time. The plant is a spreading tree up to 25 m high with an ovoid crown. Its bark is smooth, gray-brown, with long-lasting lenticels. The leaves are ovate or elliptical, strongly narrowed towards the apex and rounded at the base. In early spring, the leaves are bronze or purple on the upper side, orange and light green in summer, brown or purple in autumn. The underside of the leaves is paler than the top and is covered along the veins with appressed pubescence. White or slightly pinkish flowers up to 3 cm in diameter, collected 2-4 in short corymbs, bloom simultaneously with the appearance of leaves. Blooming bird cherry of this species is highly decorative, its white-double and pink terry forms are especially attractive.

Bird cherry Pennsylvania (Padus pennsylvanica)

originally from North America, where it grows in rich soils along rivers and on the edges of forests. This is a large shrub or tree up to 12 m high with a slender trunk, dressed in cherry-red bark, shiny red branches, an oval crown, green ovate or oblong-lanceolate shiny leaves with a sharp top and sharply serrated edges, which turn red in autumn. White flowers are collected in brushes of 3-8 pieces, the fruits are edible small drupes. Plants of this species are most decorative during flowering and autumn. They are hardy and drought tolerant. Cultivated since 1773.

Bird cherry sori (Padus ssiori)

grows wild in the mountain forests of South Sakhalin, the Far East and Northern Japan. This tree is up to 7 m high with dark gray bark with large white lenticels, a crown spreading with age, pointed to the top, unevenly serrate along the edges, elliptical or obovate leaves up to 14 cm long with a heart-shaped base and flowers up to 1 cm in diameter, collected in multi-flowered racemes up to 15 cm long. The fruits of plants of this species are large, spherical, fleshy black drupes.

Asian bird cherry (Padus asiatica)

grows in floodplains and forests of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. This tree is up to 17 cm high, similar to bird cherry, but is distinguished by the presence of reddish pubescence on young shoots and high winter hardiness.

Bird cherry antipka (Padus mahaleb)

or shop grows in nature on calcareous soils in bushes in southern Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Central Asia to the Pamir-Altai. The Latin name of the species is of Arabic origin, but in America this species is called fragrant cherries, or Saint Lucy cherries. The main difference between antipka and other species is the structure of its inflorescence, which is a flattened and shortened brush of 5-14 flowers, more like a shield. This is a low tree or shrub with a dark brown bark with a specific aroma and a spherical crown. The leaves of the plant are up to 9 cm long, crenate along the edge, rounded, shiny, light green above and lighter, covered with yellowish pubescence below. The flowers are small, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, collected in inflorescences up to 7 cm long. The fruits are juicy, up to 1 cm in diameter, turning black as they ripen. The view has the following garden forms:

• weeping - with branches lowered down;
• yellow-fruited - the fruits of this form do not turn black with ripening;
• motley - with spotted leaves;
• white-edged - the edge of the leaves is circled with a white border;
• ugly - with a dense spherical crown.

- a tree up to 10 m high from East Asia. It has high winter hardiness. Rarely seen in culture.

- American from the territory stretching from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. It got its name due to the fact that its flowering comes late - at the very end of May or in June, and the fruits do not ripen until the end of August. It is sometimes called a black cherry because of the color of the bark, and sometimes a rum cherry because of the taste of its fruits. Late bird cherry is a tree up to 20 m high or a bush with a wide crown, very dark cherry bark, broadly lanceolate bare and shiny dark green leaves up to 12 cm long, the underside of which is much lighter than the top. In autumn, the foliage turns various shades of red and yellow. Aromaless white flowers up to 1 cm in diameter are collected in cylindrical brushes up to 14 cm long, leafy at the base. The fruits are black, with obvious bitterness. The view has several decorative forms:

• pyramidal - with a narrow pyramidal crown;
• weeping - with branches lowered down;
• motley - with green leaves in yellow spots and strokes;
• cartilaginous - with shiny long leaves;
• loose leaf - the leaves of this form are narrow and resemble willow leaves;
• fern-leaved - a form with repeatedly dissected leaves;
• terry - with double flowers.

Cultivated since 1629.

grows along rivers in eastern North America. It is more similar to bird cherry than others, but differs from it in small buds spaced from the shoot, while in bird cherry the carpal buds reach 13 mm and are pressed against the shoots. Virgin bird cherry is a tree up to 15 cm high with a spreading crown, finely cracked dark bark, oblong-ovate shiny dense leaves up to 12 cm long, sharply serrated along the edge. When blooming, the leaves are brown-green, in summer they are dark green, and in autumn they acquire a bright yellow-red color. White flowers up to 13 mm in diameter form multi-flowered racemes up to 15 cm long. Fruits are spherical, with juicy, edible pulp, red at first, but with maturation acquiring a dark red tint. This species in itself is not as interesting as its Schubert form - a plant reaching a height of 3-4 m by the age of 15, with glossy foliage, green at a young age, but gradually turning into a reddish-purple hue. The flowers of Schubert's bird cherry are white, up to 1 cm in diameter, collected in hanging brushes. This variety has been cultivated since 1950. Other forms of the species are also interesting:

• Atropurpurea- a large shrub or fast-growing tree up to 15 cm high with purple foliage, black bark and dark red edible, tart-tasting fruits;
• Dawn- partially self-fertile low-growing tree only 3 m high with large inflorescences and dark red fruits of tart, sour-sweet taste;
• Taiga varieties and Narym- self-fertile trees 3.5-4 m high with a beautiful crown, large inflorescences and red fruits with yellow, slightly tart sweet and sour pulp.

As for bird cherry, many varieties of this species are grown in culture. For example:

• Sakhalin black- a self-fertile tree up to 6-7 m high with a dense pyramidal crown, large leaves, multi-flowered inflorescences and early ripening fruits with green tart pulp of a pleasant sweet taste;
• Tenderness- a tree reaching a height of 3.5-4 m, with fragrant small flowers, collected in long brushes, which are dark red at the beginning of flowering, and then turn white;
• captivity- terry variety, striking in its splendor;
• Gull- a tree 4-4.5 m high with large white flowers in large racemes;
• Meteo- this variety stands out among other white-flowered bird cherry trees with long tassels reaching 20 cm.

There are also many hybrid varieties bred from crossing different types of bird cherry:

• purple candle- a plant up to 5 m high with a dense narrow pyramidal crown, green leaves, turning dark purple by mid-summer, and white flowers collected in semi-drooping brushes 10-14 cm long;
• late joy- a hybrid between the form of bird cherry and bird cherry carpal height up to 8 m with a narrow pyramidal crown, grayish rough bark, elliptical leaves and white flowers up to 15 mm in diameter, collected 35-40 pieces in dense brushes 14-15 cm long. Fruits are round, dark -brown, almost black, with greenish-yellow juicy pulp of tart sweet and sour taste;
• Maura- a plant with a wide pyramidal crown and branches drooping at the ends. The flowers, inflorescences and leaves of Mavra resemble Late Joy, but the fruits of this variety are darker;
• black glitter- a hybrid of medium early ripening, a self-fertile tree 5-6 m high with dark green leaves of medium size, large flowers in multi-flowered cylindrical inflorescences and black fruits with yellow-green flesh of good taste.

Bird cherry properties - harm and benefit

Useful properties of bird cherry

Despite the fact that many medicinal properties of bird cherry have received their justification only in our days, various medicinal preparations have been made from leaves and fruits for a long time. In folk medicine, tinctures on bird cherry, decoctions and lotions from the plant are used.

What useful substances are contained in bird cherry, and what properties does it have? The composition of bird cherry berries includes pectins, tannins, sugars, organic acids. Its leaves, bark, flowers and seeds contain the glycoside amygdalin, which, when split, releases hydrocyanic acid. Essential oil, resin, flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic and ascorbic acids, gum and trimethylamine were found in fruits and foliage.

Bird cherry has astringent and antibacterial properties, therefore it is an effective remedy for diarrhea of ​​any origin and other intestinal disorders. For these purposes, infusions of bird cherry are used.

Bird cherry bark is used in folk medicine to prepare a diuretic decoction, which is used for kidney and heart diseases. This remedy, also having a diaphoretic effect, helps in the fight against colds and fever. A decoction of the bark is also effective for gastrointestinal spasms.

Bird cherry tincture is used to wash the eyes with purulent conjunctivitis, to rinse the mouth with stomatitis, the throat with sore throat and diseases of the upper respiratory tract. It is also used in the fight against female diseases.

Bird cherry - contraindications

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