Sea-based anti-aircraft missile system dagger. Is the newest Kinzhal missile system an aerial version of the land-based Iskander? Dagger - anti-aircraft missile system
The Kinzhal air defense system is a multi-channel, all-under, autonomous short-range anti-aircraft missile system capable of repelling a massive raid of low-flying anti-ship, anti-radar missiles, guided and unguided bombs, aircraft, helicopters, etc. Able to act on surface ships and ekranoplans of the enemy. It is installed on ships of various classes with a displacement of more than 800 tons.
The lead developer of the complex is NPO "Altair" (chief designer - S.A. Fadeev), anti-aircraft missile - MKB "Fakel".
Ship tests of the complex were launched in 1982 on the Black Sea on a small anti-submarine ship pr. 1124. In the course of demonstration firing in the spring of 1986, 4 P-35 cruise missiles were launched at the MPK from coastal installations. All P-35s were shot down by 4 Kinzhal missiles. The tests were difficult and with the failure of all deadlines. So, for example, it was supposed to equip the Novorossiysk aircraft carrier with the Kinzhal, but it was put into service with holes for the Kinzhal. On the first ships of project 1155, the complex was installed one instead of the prescribed two.
Only in 1989, the Kinzhal air defense system was officially adopted by large anti-submarine ships, pr. 1155, on which 8 modules of 8 missiles were installed.
Currently, the Kinzhal air defense system is in service with the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great (project 1144.4), large anti-submarine ships pr.1155, 11551 and the latest patrol ships of the Neustrashimy type.
The air defense complex "Dagger" is offered to foreign buyers under the name "Blade".
In the west, the complex received the designation SA-N-9 GAUNTLET.
Compound
The complex uses a 9M330-2 remote-controlled anti-aircraft missile, unified with 9M330 and 9M331 missiles (see description) of the Tor and Tor-M1 land-based anti-aircraft systems. 9M330-2 is made according to the "duck" aerodynamic scheme and uses a freely rotating wing unit with folding wings. The launch of missiles is vertical under the action of a catapult with further declination of the rocket by a gas-dynamic system, with the help of which in less than one second, in the process of rising to the launch altitude of the main engine, the rocket turns towards the target.
Undermining the warhead of a high-explosive fragmentation type is carried out at the command of a pulsed radio fuse in the immediate vicinity of the target. The radio fuse is noise-immune and adapts when approaching the water surface. The missiles are placed in transport and launch containers and do not need to be checked for 10 years.
The control system of the Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile system is designed for the simultaneous use of the ship's missile and artillery weapons against any of the tracked targets, includes a detection module that solves the following tasks:
- detection of air, including low-flying, and surface targets;
- simultaneous tracking of up to 8 targets;
- analysis of the air situation with the arrangement of targets according to the degree of danger;
- generation of target designation data and output of data (in terms of range, bearing and elevation);
- issuance of target designation to the ship's air defense systems.
The Kinzhal air defense system is equipped with its own radar detection equipment - the K-12-1 module (see photo), which provides the complex with complete independence and prompt action in the most difficult environment. The multichannel complex is based on phased antenna arrays with electronic beam control and a high-speed computing complex. The main mode of operation of the complex is automatic (without the participation of personnel), based on the principles of "artificial intelligence".
The television-optical target detection tools built into the antenna post not only increase its noise immunity under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, but also allow personnel to visually assess the nature of tracking and hitting targets. The radar facilities of the complex were developed at the Research Institute "Kvant" under the leadership of V.I. Guzya and provide a range of detection of air targets of 45 km at an altitude of 3.5 km.
"Dagger" can simultaneously fire at up to four targets in a spatial sector of 60 ° by 60 °, while simultaneously guiding up to 8 missiles. The reaction time of the complex is from 8 to 24 seconds, depending on the mode of the radar. In addition to missiles, the fire control system of the "Dagger" complex can control the fire of 30-mm AK-360M assault rifles, completing the firing of surviving targets at a distance of up to 200 meters.
The 4S95 launcher of the Kinzhal complex was developed by the Start Design Bureau under the leadership of Chief Designer A.I. Yaskin. The underdeck launcher consists of 3-4 drum-type launchers, each with 8 TPKs with missiles. The weight of the module without missiles is 41.5 tons, the occupied area is 113 sq.m.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Range, km | 1.5 - 12 |
| Height of hitting targets, m | 10 - 6000 |
| Target speed, m/s | up to 700 |
| Number of simultaneously fired targets | up to 4 |
| The number of simultaneously induced missiles | up to 8 |
| Reaction time for a low-flying target, s | 8 |
| Rate of fire, s | 3 |
| Time to bring the complex into combat readiness: | |
| from a cold state, min | no more than 3 |
| from standby mode, | 15 |
| Ammunition SAM | 24-64 |
| Weight of missiles, kg | 165 |
| Warhead mass, kg | 15 |
| Mass of the complex, t | 41 |
| Personnel, pers. | 8 |
| Target detection range at an altitude of 3.5 km (with autonomous operation), km | 45 |
|
SAM "KLINOK" |
|
| Number of simultaneously fired targets, pcs | 4 |
| Number of launch modules, pcs | 3-16 |
| Number of missiles on the launch module | 8 |
| Type of missiles used | 9M330E-2, 9M331E-2 |
| Firing range, km | 12 |
| Target height min/max, m | 10/6000 |
| Maximum speed of the hit target, m/s | 700 |
| Reaction time, s | from 8 to 24 (depending on the operating mode of the detection radar) |
| Number of channels by target, pcs | 4 |
| Number of channels per rocket, pcs | 8 |
| Ammunition, pcs | 24-64 |
| Dimensions and weight characteristics: | |
| mass of the complex (without ammunition), t | 41 |
| area (required), m 2 | 113 |
| rocket weight (launch) 9M330E, kg | 167 |
| warhead mass with missiles, kg | 15 |
For several years in a row, the topic of long-range shipborne air defense systems and air defense systems: S-300 Fort-M, or PAAMS, has continued to be raised in the media and periodicals. But in a modern naval confrontation, sooner or later, the question of the own survival of one or another ship from the strike force will arise.
Considering the most diverse combination and methods of using modern anti-ship missiles, it is clear that practically no warship will have so many long-range missiles in its ammunition load, especially since most ships with a displacement of up to 5000 tons do not carry such systems. In close-range defense matters, fast air defense systems with a minimum reaction time and a highly maneuverable missile interceptor are needed, which are capable of deterring massive pinpoint strikes of anti-ship missiles or PRLRs, the so-called "star raids".
Russia, having the status of a maritime superpower, is a full-fledged leader in the defensive systems of its warships, and has two types of such systems in the arsenal of the Navy (we do not take into account the standard ones): the Kinzhal air defense system and the Kortik air defense system. All these systems have been adopted by the ships of the Russian Navy.
KZRK "Dagger"- the brainchild of the NPO "Altair" is a near-field complex that provides good self-defense from heavy air strikes and WTO within a radius of 12 km. Thanks to the K-12-1 radar post, it is able to intercept even small free-falling bombs. Kinzhal is a 4-channel air defense system, its 9M330-2 SAM is identical to the 9M331 anti-aircraft missile, which is armed with the ground-based Tor-M1 air defense system, an ejection launch is implemented.
The complex has a maximum interception range of 12 km, a target flight altitude of 6 km, an intercepted target speed of 2,550 km/h, and an anti-ship missile reaction time of about 8 s. UVPU 4S95 - 8-cell revolving type, like the B-203A of the S-300F (FM) complex.
The K-12-1 radar post allows you to track 8 air targets, fire 4, detect low-flying targets (altitude 500 m) at a distance of about 30 km, given the possibility of integrating the "Dagger" with the ship's radar-DRLO type "Fregat-MA" or "Podberyozovik" ”, the tracking range increases to 200-250 km (for high-altitude targets).
The antenna post is equipped with an OLPC, which allows the calculation of operators to visually observe the target and the approach to it of the SAM, controlled by the radio command method. The antenna post is also capable of controlling the operation of the 30-mm ZAK AK-630M and correcting the operation of the ZRAK.
A highly maneuverable missile with a warhead weighing 15.6 kg can maneuver with an overload of 25-30 units. 2 antenna posts K-12-1 are more often installed on ships of the Russian Navy, which makes the system 8-channel (BPK project 1155 "Udaloy"), and in the case of c - 4 antenna posts, opening up as many as 16 channels for the defense of an aircraft carrier missile carrier. Ammunition is impressive - 192 missiles.
ZRAK "Dagger" also covers the near line of our only aircraft carrier in the 8-kilometer zone, but also covers the 1.5-kilometer dead zone of the Kortika, “erasing into powder” large fragments of the targets destroyed by the “Dagger” with the help of two 30-mm AP AO-18. Their overall rate of fire is approaching 200 rounds per second.
KZRAK "Kortik" on board the corvette "Guarding" - around the clock ready for battle
KZRS, represented by BM "Kortika", can have up to 6 BM and 1 PBU. A radar detector is installed on the PBU, as well as a system for the analytical distribution of the most dangerous targets between the BM. On each robotic BM, a 30-mm AO-18 (AK-630M) twin is mounted; 2x3 or 2x4 block ZUR 9M311, the same as on the ZRAK 2K22 "Tungusska".
The missile has a speed of 600 m/s, and a warhead weighing 15 kg is capable of overtaking targets that “twist” 7-fold overloads at speeds up to 1800 km/h. The illumination and guidance radar is capable of providing a throughput of about 6 targets / min for each module. For "Admiral Kuznetsov" this means another 48 targets fired per minute, in addition to the 16 channels of the "Dagger" - this is 64 targets! How do you like the defense of our ship? It happens that even one in the field is a warrior ...
And now to your attention are two more compact and modern KZRK, the combat elements of which have proven themselves very well.
Ship modification SAM VL MICA. The complex was designed on the basis of the French air-to-air missile MICA. The design of the missile offers 2 variants of seeker - infrared (MICA-IR) and active radar "EM". The rate of fire is slightly faster than the "Dagger" (about 2 s). The missiles are equipped with OVT and are capable of implementing 50-fold overloads at speeds up to 3120 km / h, there are also aerodynamic rudders, the firing range of the complex is -12 ... 15 km.
The warhead - HE with a mass of 12 kg, has a directed action, which confirms the good accuracy of guidance systems. GOS ZUR "MICA-EM" - active radar AD4A, with an operating frequency of 12000-18000 MHz, has a high degree of protection against noise and natural interference, is capable of capturing targets at a distance of 12-15 km, selecting dipole reflectors and electronic countermeasures.
SAM "MICA" in the UVPU cell
Initial target designation and illumination can be carried out by most Western European shipborne radar systems, such as EMPAR, Sampson, SIR-M and other older modifications. Missiles of the "VL MICA" complex can be placed in the UVPU of the ship's air defense system "VL Seawolf" or the more universal "SYLVER", which are designed to use both anti-aircraft missiles (PAAMS, VL MICA, Standart systems of the latest modifications) and cruise missiles (SCALP, BGM - 109B/E).
For KZRK "VL MICA" an individual special size of the eight-cell container UVPU "SYLVER" - A-43 is used, which has a length of 5400 mm and a mass of 7500 kg. Each container is equipped with a four-antenna unit and a synchronization modem over a radio command channel.
Options for repelling air attacks using the MICA air defense system
This complex is very technologically advanced, efficient, and therefore it “takes root” quite well in the navies of developing countries: in the Omani Navy they are equipped with 3 corvettes of the Harif ave. etc. And its relatively low cost and the well-known and proven MICA missile in the French Air Force determine its further success in the naval weapons market.
The corvette of the Omani Navy "Kharif" has a self-defense missile defense system "MICA" on board
And the last, no less weak defensive KZRK of our today's review, - "Umkhonto"(in Russian - "Spear"). The complex was designed by Denel Dynamics. In terms of weight and size, the missile defense system of the complex is close to the V3E A-Darter BVB aviation missile, there is also an OVT and aerodynamic rudders.
As in the MICA complex, so in the Umkhonto missiles are used with IR-GOS ("Umkhonto-IR") and ARGSN ("Umkhonto-R"). The missiles have a maximum speed of 2125 km / h and an interception range of 12 km (for IR modification) and 20 km (for AR modification). The Umkhonto-IR SAM has an IR-GOS unified with the V3E A-Darter missile, which was described in detail in our previous article on the progress of the South African Armed Forces. The head has large pumping angles of the coordinating device, a high angular speed of sight, which allowed the missile defense system to "reach" up to 40 units in a turn, which puts it on the "one step" with the R-77 and MICA missiles.
The maximum overload, which is lower than that of the Darter (100 units), is due to a 1.4 times greater mass of missiles than the air version (125 versus 90 kg) and a lower thrust-to-weight ratio. High-explosive fragmentation warhead has a weight of 23 kg, which provides a high damaging effect.
Targeting for two missiles is inertial with radio command correction - at the beginning of the trajectory, and thermal or active radar - at the end, i.e. the "let it go" principle. This is a very important factor for a modern air defense system, which makes it possible to unload the combat saturation of the illumination radar by releasing occupied target channels during a massive raid by air attack weapons.
The rocket starts in the "hot start" mode from the guide of the UVPU, each guide is also a TPK for rockets and has its own starting gas duct. The combat information and control system of the complex allows for the simultaneous interception of 8 complex air targets. The computerized system of all modules, from the antenna to the control unit, allows for quick diagnostics for problems, which makes this complex one of the most successful in its class.
Frigate of the South African Navy type "Valur"
Hamina-class patrol boat of the Finnish Navy
The Umkhonto air defense system has found its application in the South African and Finnish navies. In South Africa, it is installed on four frigates of the Valor class, pr. MEKO, and the Finnish Navy on advanced stealth coastal defense boats of the Hamina class.
In this article, we have described the 3 best short-range defense systems of a ship order, the appearance of which allows us to personally analyze the technical potential of the manufacturing state to gain a foothold on the merciless military and economic world arena.
/Evgeny Damantsev/
One of the most interesting moments of the recent address of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin to the elite and the masses was presentation of the latest weapons, which will soon take up combat duty. As it turned out, one of them is already actively guarding the western borders of our Motherland. Aviation missile system (ARC) "Dagger" is our guest today.
On March 11, 2018, the Russian Ministry of Defense published footage of a “combat training” launch of the Kinzhal missile from a MiG-31 carrier aircraft. This aircraft is unique in itself. For more details about it, we told you in the context of developing the newest replacement for it under the name MiG-41. It is also called PAK-DP (A promising aviation complex for long-range interception).
As it turned out, it is impossible to hang a high-altitude rocket under an ordinary aircraft. Even the actually stratospheric MiG-31 in its, including anti-satellite version, is not capable of “working” with such an overall burden without additional changes in the design. The plane was finalized, the rocket was fixed and sent on combat duty.
Many users note a number of inconsistencies in the published video. Why was it necessary to “blur” rocket elements on the ground and open them in the air? A number of experts, such as the BMPD blog, noticed in the video one of the RAC MiG used as a flying laboratory of fighter instances. These facts may indicate the presence of a montage of a plot from several clips that differ in the time of shooting up to several years.Personnel of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Another important fact is the unique similarity of the latest "Dagger" and the relatively middle-aged operational-tactical complex "Iskander-E". More precisely, missiles to it under the symbol 9M723. Visually, there is practically no difference between them, and an increase in the length of the product by 70 cm can be caused by the installation of an aerodynamic fairing and the rocket nozzle protection that is dropped after separation from the carrier.
MiG-31 with the Kinzhal missile. Personnel of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
As for hypersound! Vladimir Putin, like our military, unanimously call new complex - hypersonic, i.e. flying towards the target at a speed 10-12 times higher than the speed of sound. From a theoretical point of view, everything is correct. Just think about it 12,000 km/h! Hypersonic refers to the speed of an object above Mach 5.(Mach 1 = 1062 km/h at an altitude of 11 km) However, American experts interpret the concept of a hypersonic product as using a ramjet engine for movement. And our blog, frankly, doesn't give a damn what Western "partners" think. Such a weapon operating at such speeds, ranges and altitudes ... no other country in the world has, except OURS!
"Russian newspaper"
She still maneuvers. Despite the enormous speed, the rocket is able to actively maneuver throughout the flight to the target. If we draw an analogy with the Iskander, then even the developers cannot predict the trajectory of its movement ... it flies as it wants, this is a Russian rocket.
Early 1980s It was marked by a sharp increase in the combat power of the military fleets of foreign countries of the world, which began to receive modern anti-ship missiles en masse, which armed surface combat ships of various classes and displacement, as well as combat boats and aircraft (helicopters).
Moreover, these were no longer those bulky and heavy "monsters" with which the first missile boats and ships were armed, but completely different products - small-sized, inconspicuous, with high-precision homing systems and the ability to follow the target almost over the crests of waves, moreover, with using an anti-aircraft maneuver.
All this made it difficult to timely detect such missiles, classify them and issue target designation to combat assets of shipborne air and missile defense systems, which, coupled with the objective complexity of hitting small-sized high-speed low-flying targets, ultimately led to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of combating them and increased the vulnerability of ships to these assets. defeat.
Particularly widespread in foreign fleets were anti-ship missile systems (SCRM) of the Harpoon (USA) and Exoset (France) families, which, due to their relatively low cost, quickly paved the way for the arsenals of the “second line” navies, so that soon even the ships of recognized world-class maritime powers could not consider themselves safe in the ocean.
The Anglo-Argentine armed conflict over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands in 1982, better known as the Falklands War, demonstrated especially brightly the new era that has come in the field of armed struggle at sea. The French Exocet anti-ship missiles, which were then in service with the Argentine air and naval forces (Super Etandar aircraft and surface ships), caused serious damage to the operational formation of Her Majesty's fleet. Almost all the "exocets" released by the Argentines found their targets, so if it were not for the embargo imposed by Paris on the supply of missiles already contracted by Buenos Aires, then the skin of the rearing "British Lion" would have been badly spoiled. It was after the Falklands War that the navies of the leading countries of the world urgently began to create new and modernize old air defense / missile defense systems that could provide reliable protection for surface ships from such high-speed small-sized and low-flying targets as the latest anti-ship missiles.
Anti-aircraft missile system "Dagger" ("Blade")
In the Soviet Union, work on the creation of modern highly effective ship-based self-defense equipment began in the second half of the 1970s. The command and specialists of the USSR Navy were able to discern the threat posed by the latest anti-ship missiles in a timely manner. At the same time, work on the creation of such systems went in two directions - the creation of rapid-firing artillery systems, in the design of the block of barrels of which it was decided to use the principle of the American designer Gatling (a rotating block of barrels), and the development of completely new, by and large, unique shipborne anti-aircraft missile systems, distinctive the features of which were to be a high degree of reaction and accuracy of guidance / homing, as well as high fire performance, ensuring the possibility of effectively destroying such complex targets as low-flying anti-ship missiles.
As part of this process, in 1975, specialists from the State Research and Production Association (GNPO) "Altair" under the leadership of S.A. Fadeev, on the instructions of the command of the Soviet Navy, began work on a new multi-channel shipborne air defense system, which was given the name "Dagger" ( NATO designation -SA- N-nine "Gauntlet”, later the export designation appeared - “Blade”).
In addition to SNPO "Altair" ( today - JSC MNIIRE "Altair"), determined by the general developer of the Kinzhal complex as a whole, the Design Bureau (KB) Fakel ( today - JSC "MKB" Fakel "im. Academician P.D. Grushin"; developer and manufacturer of a combat weapon of the 9M330 anti-aircraft guided missile complex), Serpukhov JSC "Ratep" ( developer and manufacturer of the complex control system), Sverdlovsk Research and Production Enterprise (NPP) "Start" ( developer and manufacturer of the launcher of the complex) and other organizations and enterprises of the domestic military-industrial complex.
When developing a new ship complex, in order to obtain high performance characteristics, the developer decided to widely use the fundamental circuit solutions obtained during the creation of the Fort ship long-range air defense system, namely a multi-channel radar with a phased antenna array with electronic beam control and a vertical launch of a missile defense system from transport and launch containers located in the underdeck launcher of the "revolver" type (for the complex, the option of a launcher for 8 missiles was chosen). In addition, in order to increase the autonomy of the new complex, similarly to the Osa-M air defense system, the control system of the Kinzhal air defense system included its own all-round radar located on a single 3R95 antenna post.
The new air defense system used a radio command system for guiding anti-aircraft guided missiles, which was distinguished by high accuracy (efficiency). Plus, in order to ensure increased noise immunity, a television-optical tracking system was additionally included in the antenna post. Ultimately, according to experts, in comparison with the old shipborne air defense system of the Osa-M type, the combat capabilities of the air defense system of the Kinzhal type were increased by approximately 5-6 times.
Tests of the Kinzhal air defense system took place in the Black Sea, starting in 1982, on a small anti-submarine ship MPK-104, completed according to a specially modified project 1124K. According to data published in the open press, in the course of demonstration firing by the complex in the spring of 1986, installed on board the MPK-104, four missiles shot down all four P-35 cruise missiles, which were used as simulators of enemy air attack weapons and launched from coastal launchers. However, the high novelty and complexity of the new missile system led to a serious delay in its development and refinement, therefore, only by 1986, the Dagger-type air defense system was finally adopted by the Soviet Navy. But on the large anti-submarine ships of project 1155, in full, according to the previously approved plan, the configuration option - 8 modules of 8 missiles each - the complex was installed only in 1989. Around the second half of the 1990s. a complex called "Blade" is offered for export, there are already deliveries.
It should be especially noted that the difficulties of a technical and technological nature that the developers of the Kinzhal air defense system had to face led to the fact that, despite the initial requirement of the customer’s tactical and technical assignment, to meet the weight and size characteristics of the ship’s self-defense air defense system of the Osa-M type, to fulfill this condition was not possible. Ultimately, this made it possible to arm only warships with a displacement of 800 tons and more with this complex. However, the characteristics of the complex make it possible to place 2-4 Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile systems on ships of medium and large displacement, and the control system of each of them can control four launchers.
Shipborne multi-channel all-weather autonomous anti-aircraft missile system for self-defense of surface ships "Kinzhal" (3K95) is designed for self-defense of surface ships and vessels - repelling massive attacks operating at low and medium altitudes of unmanned and manned air attack weapons, especially low-flying high-speed high-precision anti-ship cruise missiles with modern guidance (homing) systems, as well as to destroy surface targets (ships and vessels) and such "border" types of equipment as ekranoplanes and ekranoplanes.
The complex has a modular design and high modernization potential, and - which is not very widely known - can be used in a coastal version. The Kinzhal complex is capable of independently detecting air and sea targets and hitting up to four targets with simultaneously guided anti-aircraft missiles. The complex can use information - target designation data - from general ship target designation systems, as well as fire control of rapid-fire 30-mm anti-aircraft gun mounts included in the general circuit, which allows you to complete the shooting of air targets that have broken through the lines of fire with anti-aircraft guided missiles or unexpectedly appeared targets at the near line - at a distance of 200 m from the ship. The combat operation of the complex is fully automated, but can also be carried out with the active participation of operators. In the spatial sector 60x60 degrees. the Kinzhal complex is capable of simultaneously firing four air targets with eight missiles.
The composition of the complex "Dagger" in the basic (typical) version includes the following subsystems and tools:
Combat means - anti-aircraft guided missiles of the 9M330-2 family, supplied in transport and launch containers (TPK);
Underdeck launchers of the 3S95 type - revolver type with vertical launch of missiles from the TPK (three to four launch modules (installations) of the "revolver" type, each of which accommodates 8 missiles in sealed transport and launch containers);
Shipborne multichannel control system;
Ground handling facilities.
The 9M330-2 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed at the Fakel design bureau under the direction of P.D. Grushin and was unified with the missile defense system used in the army self-propelled air defense system "Tor", which was created almost simultaneously with the ship's air defense system "Dagger". The missile is designed to destroy various air attack weapons (tactical and naval aircraft, helicopters, guided missiles of various classes, including anti-ship and anti-radar, and guided and guided bombs, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles of various classes and types) in a wide range of conditions for their combat use . The use of these missiles is also possible against small surface targets.
The 9M330-2 rocket is a single-stage, made according to the “duck” aerodynamic configuration with a freely rotating tail wing unit deployed after launch, has a dual-mode solid-propellant rocket engine (RDTT) and is equipped with a unique gas-dynamic system, which, after the launch of the rocket - before turning on its accelerating sustainer solid-propellant engine - produces its inclination (orientation) towards the target. The launch of the rocket is vertical from the under-deck launcher, with the help of a catapult placed in the transport and launch container of the rocket, without first turning the launcher towards the target.
Structurally, the 9M330-2 missile includes several compartments containing the following systems and equipment (equipment): a radio fuse, missile control units, a gas-dynamic missile declination system, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, on-board equipment units, a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine and control command receivers.
The warhead of the rocket is high-explosive fragmentation with high-energy fragments (high penetrating power) and a non-contact pulse radio fuse. The missile guidance system is radio command, by radio commands from the guidance station located on the ship (telecontrol). Undermining the missile warhead is carried out when it approaches the target at the command of the radio fuse or at the command coming from the guidance station. The radio fuse is noise-immune, adapts when approaching the water surface.
“The missile has high aerodynamic qualities, good maneuverability, controllability and stability through control channels and ensures the destruction of maneuvering and straight-flying high-speed targets,” emphasizes the reference book “Russian Arms and Technologies. Encyclopedia XXI century. Volume III: Armament of the Navy” (Publishing House “Arms and Technologies”, 2001, pp. 209-214).
The 9M330-2 missile has the following main performance characteristics: missile length - 2895 mm, missile body diameter - 230 mm, wingspan - 650 mm, missile weight - 167 kg, missile warhead weight - 14.5 - 15.0 kg , missile flight speed - 850 m / s, the affected area in range - 1.5 - 12 km, the affected area in height - 10 - 6000 m. The missile is operated in a special sealed transport and launch container, does not require checks and adjustments during the entire its service life (guaranteed shelf life on a carrier or in an arsenal without inspections and maintenance - up to 10 years). It should be noted that the placement of the missile in a sealed transport and launch container makes it possible to ensure its high safety, constant combat readiness, ease of transportation and safety when loading missiles into the launcher of the ship's Dagger air defense system.
Eight-container drum (or "revolving") type launchers 3S95, located under the ship's deck, provide the so-called "cold" (ejection) start of missiles with an inoperative engine - the latter is turned on only after the missile reaches a safe height above the deck (superstructures) and declining it in the direction of the attacked target. This method of launching missiles makes it possible to avoid the destructive effect of a rocket torch on ship structures and makes it possible to ensure the minimum value of the near boundary of the zone of destruction of the Kinzhal complex. A distinctive feature of the launch system of the complex is the ability to conduct rocket firing from under-deck launchers in the presence of rolling up to 20 °. The estimated interval between launches is only 3 seconds. The launcher of the complex includes three or four unified launchers (modules) with autonomous guidance drives, and the launcher - "revolver" or drum type - has a launch cover rotating relative to the launcher drum, closing the launch window through which the ejection is made anti-aircraft guided missile. The launcher was developed by specialists from NPP Start under the guidance of chief designer A.I. Yaskin.
The ship control system of the Kinzhal complex was developed by specialists of JSC Ratep (Serpukhov). The Kinzhal ADMC control system solves the tasks set out in the software package and includes a detection module that solves the following tasks: detection of air, including low-flying, and surface targets; simultaneous tracking of up to 8 targets; analysis of the air situation with the arrangement of targets according to the degree of danger; generation of target designation data and output of data (in terms of range, bearing and elevation); issuing (data) of target designation to the ship's air defense systems.
The control system of the Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile system includes:
Radar means of detection and identification of targets;
Radar facilities for tracking targets and guiding missiles;
Television-optical means of tracking targets;
High-speed digital computing complex;
Starting automation equipment;
Fire control system for 30-mm AK-630M/AK-306 artillery mounts, which is installed at the request of the customer.
“The original design of the antenna post provides for the placement on a single base of parabolic reflector antennas of the detection module with built-in identification antennas and phased antenna arrays (PAR) with electronic beam control, designed to track targets, capture and guide missiles,” the reference book “Weapons and technology in Russia. Encyclopedia XXI century. Volume III: Armament of the Navy” (p. 209-214). A distinctive feature of the radar transmitter of the missile firing control system of the complex is its alternate operation in the target and missile channels.
The composition of the radar control system of the Kinzhal air defense system includes its own two-coordinate anti-jamming all-round radar for detecting air and surface targets (module K-12-1), which has a constant rotation speed - 30 or 12 rpm - and is capable of detecting air targets at altitude of 3.5 km at a distance of up to 45 km and providing the "Dagger" complex with complete independence (autonomy) and high efficiency of actions, in conditions of the most complicated situation by various circumstances.
The work of the shipborne anti-aircraft missile system is provided by a modern digital computer system, which is distinguished by advanced software created on the basis of multiprogram two-machine real-time information processing, and provides a high degree of automation of the combat operation of the entire complex. The computer complex provides the Kinzhal air defense system with operation in various modes, including fully automatic mode, when all actions to detect a target with its own radars or receive target designation data from general ship radars, take a target (targets) for tracking, generate data for firing, launch and guidance of the missile (missiles), evaluation of the results of firing and transfer of fire to other targets are carried out automatically, using "artificial intelligence" and completely without the intervention (participation) of the operators of the SAM combat crew. The presence of this mode provides the complex with a significantly higher combat potential (combat capabilities), including in comparison with the operation of weapon systems using the “fire and forget” principle (in the case of the operation of the Kinzhal air defense system, the operator does not even have to worry about the fact that it is necessary to find a target and fire at it - the complex does everything on its own).
The use of phased antenna arrays, electronic beam control and the availability of a high-speed computer system (computer) provide the above-mentioned multi-channel air defense system "Dagger". In addition, the presence in the complex of television-optical means of detecting air and surface targets built into the antenna post further increases its noise immunity in conditions of intensive use of electronic warfare by the enemy, and also allows the combat crew of the complex to perform a visual assessment of the results of tracking by the complex of targets and their subsequent defeat .
The development of radar facilities for the Kinzhal air defense system was carried out by specialists from the Kvant Research Institute (NII) under the guidance of V.I. Guzya.
Modernization of the Kinzhal air defense system is carried out in the direction of improving its tactical, technical and operational characteristics, especially in terms of a significant increase in the damaging potential of the complex and expanding its zone of destruction in range and height, as well as reducing the weight and size characteristics of the complex as a whole and its individual elements (subsystems).
The Kinzhal air defense system is currently installed on the following types of warships: TAVKR project 11435 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (24 launch modules of 8 missiles each, ammunition - 192 missiles), TARKR project 11442 "Peter the Great" (1 installation vertical launch, ammunition - 64 missiles), BOD project 1155 and 11551 (8 launch modules, ammunition - 64 missiles), TFR project 11540 (4 launch modules, ammunition - 32 missiles). The Kinzhal complex was also planned to be placed on aircraft carriers (aircraft carriers) of projects 11436 and 11437, which, however, were never completed.
TABLE 1
The main performance characteristics of the air defense system "Dagger" ("Blade")
TABLE 2
Tactical and technical characteristics of the control system of the air defense system "Dagger" ("Blade")
The unique research of Russian scientists and the development of engineers made it possible to create the unique Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system, which, according to independent experts, is today one of the best and most powerful weapons in the world. In fact, Russia became the first country to successfully test and start using hypersonic weapons, which the United States has so far only dreamed of, which in turn ensures the country's high defense capability and high military potential. What is the Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system?
What is a "dagger"?
Due to the fact that the development of domestic scientists and engineers is unique and secret, the true information about the purpose and capabilities of the Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system is not disclosed, however, it is known that it includes a carrier aircraft and a hypersonic missile. The warhead of the Kinzhal complex missile can be equipped with both a conventional warhead and a nuclear warhead, which allows it to inflict colossal damage to the enemy. The maximum flight speed of the rocket of the Kinzhal air-missile system is about 12250 km / h, which means that the rocket will be able to cover a distance of 2000 kilometers in less than 10 minutes.
Given the hypersonic flight speed of the missile, the Kinzhal air-to-air missile system renders the operation of air defense and missile defense systems useless, which is already a matter of concern for the US Department of Defense, as this means that there is simply no protection against modern Russian weapons.
An equally important key feature of the Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system is that a missile with a warhead can maneuver in any part of the terrain, which makes its flight invisible.
Carrier aircraft for "Dagger"
Given the fact that the Kinzhal air and missile system is a modern development, the Russian Su-57 fighter-bomber will most likely be used as a carrier aircraft. There is no official confirmation of this yet, however, given the fact that the aircraft has not yet begun to enter service with the Russian army, it is likely that this model is the best suited for the intended purposes.
Skepticism and facts
Despite the fact that Vladimir Putin himself announced the completion of testing and development of the Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system, noting that the complex itself is already on experimental combat duty at the airfields of the Southern Military District, this statement has a lot of skeptics. Skepticism is primarily due to the fact that on the presented video materials, traces of editing were noticed, on which, a few moments before the rocket explosion, the substitution of the object that was struck was visible.
Of course, this can be explained by the fact that the developers, due to the secrecy of the air-missile complex, decided not to reveal its real capabilities, however, this is unlikely.
No less skepticism is caused by the fact that Russian scientists have not previously announced the development of hypersonic weapons, and the implementation of the project itself would most likely take at least 5-6 years, not to mention the allocation of colossal financial resources.
Be that as it may, given the officially presented data, today the Kinzhal hypersonic aviation missile system is an absolute weapon, while, with a high degree of confidence, we can say that scientists will certainly continue to improve it.