The theory of airborne training. Methodology of airborne training general provisions of the methodology of airborne training. Theoretical foundations of skydiving

27.10.2019

Parachute training is one of the mandatory elements that a commando must master, whether he is land or sea.

French special forces practice landing with a parachute

Although it was not the first country to put into practice the ideas of using special forces, the Soviet military became pioneers in the training of paratroopers. Already in 1929, small groups of soldiers landed from aircraft in the sands Central Asia to fight the Basmachi. And the following year, after military exercises held in the Moscow Military District, the concept of using parachute troops was finally developed. In 1931 battle group battalion level, called the paratrooper detachment (PDO), was created in the Leningrad Military District, where an experimental center was opened at about the same time parachute training. In 1935, during exercises near Kyiv, a full battalion was dropped with parachutes, and the following year an attempt was made to parachute with an entire regiment. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Red Army had at least 30 parachute battalions.

Contrary to popular belief, the landing force is not only the well-known Airborne Forces, it is also parts of the GRU special forces, and airborne assault units ground forces, and reconnaissance and landing companies of motorized rifle and tank divisions, and parts of the special maritime intelligence. All of them are united by one thing - a parachute, with the help of which the fighters are delivered to the rear of the enemy.

Parachute training (PAP) is included in the training program for personnel of all branches of the armed forces, who, by the nature of their service, need to have the appropriate skills. First of all, these are members of the crews of aircraft and helicopters, servicemen of special forces, divisions and airborne brigades, reconnaissance units of some military branches, paratroopers-rescuers.

Parachute training of SAS fighters

Parachute training is organized and conducted both centrally (at special courses for all types of aircraft), and directly in units and subunits in the process of passing military service. The RAP includes three stages: the first is initial training in training center training of paratroopers, the second - in the troops and the third (complicated) - in the school of high-altitude parachute jumps. The last stage passes only a part of the personnel of the special forces, reconnaissance units marines(MP), airborne and air assault divisions. It is mandatory for rescue paratroopers and team members. combat control Air Force Special Operations Forces. In addition, instructors from among the most experienced skydivers are trained separately (at special courses).

Landing training is obligatory for a commando. The first jump unites all former and future graduates of the Ryazan Airborne Forces School. siren roar, opened door aircraft, a jump and an unforgettable feeling of flight, when the wind rustles very close, above - only the sky, and the earth rushes under your feet. It is so beautiful, like a patchwork quilt: cut into squares, with toy buildings and strings of roads. According to the training plan, each cadet must complete in a year

5-7 jumps. But sometimes guys jump more if it allows physical training and there is the desire of the cadet. The desire to soar longer in the air for a commando is not acceptable. “The less you are in the air, the more likely you are to survive,” they say, implying that in the sky they become the most vulnerable to the enemy.

Russian paratrooper over Petersburg

parachute program landing training

1. Familiarization flight of young fighters by plane and helicopter.

2. Training jumps without weapons and equipment.

3. Jumping with weapons and equipment.

4. Jumping with weapons and cargo container GK30.

5. Jumping in winter.

6. Jumping into the water.

7. Jumping into the woods.

8. Jumps with long fall stabilization.

The origin and development of airborne training is connected with the history of parachuting and the improvement of the parachute.

Creation of various devices for safe descent from high altitude goes back centuries. A scientifically based proposal of this kind is the invention of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He wrote: "If a person has a tent of starched linen 12 cubits wide and 12 high, then he can throw himself from any height without danger to himself." For the first time, a practical jump was made in 1617, when the Venetian mechanical engineer F. Veranzio made a device and, jumping from the roof high tower landed safely.

The word "parachute", which has survived to this day, was proposed by the French scientist S. Lenormand (from the Greek para– against and French chute- the fall). He built and personally tested his apparatus, having made a jump from the window of the observatory in 1783.

The further development of the parachute is associated with the appearance of balloons, when it became necessary to create life-saving devices. Parachutes used on balloons had either a hoop or spokes so that the canopy was always in the open state, and it could be used at any time. Parachutes in this form were attached under the gondola hot air balloon or were an intermediate connecting link between the balloon and the gondola.

In the 19th century, a pole hole began to be made in the parachute dome, hoops and knitting needles were removed from the dome frame, and the parachute dome itself began to be attached to the side of the balloon shell.

The pioneers of domestic parachuting are Stanislav, Jozef and Olga Drevnitsky. Jozef by 1910 had already made more than 400 parachute jumps.

In 1911, G. E. Kotelnikov developed and patented the RK-1 backpack parachute. It was successfully tested on June 19, 1912. The new parachute was compact and met all the basic requirements for use in aviation. Its dome was made of silk, the slings were divided into groups, the suspension system consisted of a belt, chest girth, two shoulder straps and leg wraps. The main feature of the parachute was its autonomy, which makes it possible to use it regardless of the aircraft.

Until the end of the 1920s, parachutes were created and improved in order to save the life of an aeronaut or pilot in the event of a forced flight from an aircraft in the air. The escape technique was worked out on the ground and was based on theoretical and practical studies of a parachute jump, knowledge of the recommendations for leaving the aircraft and the rules for using a parachute, i.e., the foundations of ground training were laid.

Without training in the practical performance of the jump, parachute training was reduced to teaching the pilot to put on a parachute, separate from the aircraft, pull out the exhaust ring, and after opening the parachute it was recommended: “when approaching the ground, preparing for the descent, take a sitting position in the help, but so so that the knees are lower than the hips. Do not try to get up, do not strain your muscles, lower yourself freely, and if necessary, then roll on the ground.

In 1928, the commander of the troops of the Leningrad Military District, M. N. Tukhachevsky, was entrusted with the development of a new Field Manual. The work on the draft regulations necessitated the operational department of the headquarters of the military district to prepare an abstract for discussion on the topic "Airborne assault operations in an offensive operation."

In theoretical works, it was concluded that the very technique of landing airborne assault forces and the nature of their combat behind enemy lines place increased demands on the personnel of the landing force. Their training program should be built on the basis of the requirements of airborne operations, covering a wide area of skills and knowledge, since every fighter is registered in the airborne assault. It was emphasized that the excellent tactical training each member of the landing force must be combined with his exceptional determination, based on a deep and quick assessment of the situation.

In January 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR approved sound program the construction of certain types of aircraft (airplanes, balloons, airships), which had to fully take into account the needs of a new, emerging branch of the military - the air infantry.

On July 26, 1930, the first parachute exercises in the country with jumping from an airplane were opened to test the theoretical provisions in the field of the use of airborne assaults at the airfield of the 11th air brigade in Voronezh on July 26, 1930. 30 paratroopers were trained for the purpose of dropping an experimental airborne assault at the upcoming experimental demonstration exercise of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District. In the course of solving the tasks of the exercise, the main elements of airborne training were reflected.

10 people were selected to participate in the landing. The landing force was divided into two groups. The first group and the detachment as a whole was led by a military pilot, participant civil war, brigade commander L. G. Minov, parachute enthusiast, the second - military pilot Ya. D. Moshkovsky. The main purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate to the participants in the aviation exercise the technique of dropping parachute troops and delivering them the weapons and ammunition necessary for combat. The plan also included the study of a number of special issues parachute landing: the reduction of paratroopers in conditions of simultaneous group drop, the rate of paratrooper drop, the magnitude of their dispersal and collection time after landing, the time spent on finding parachuted weapons, and the degree of their safety.

Preliminary training of personnel and weapons before landing was carried out on combat parachutes, and training was carried out directly on the aircraft from which the jump was to be made.

On August 2, 1930, an airplane took off from the airfield with the first group of paratroopers led by L. G. Minov and three R-1 aircraft, which carried two containers with machine guns, rifles, and ammunition under their wings. Following the first, a second group of paratroopers headed by Ya. D. Moshkovsky was thrown out. The paratroopers, quickly collecting parachutes, headed for collection point, along the way they unpacked the containers and, having disassembled the weapons, began to carry out the task.

August 2, 1930 went down in history as the birthday of the airborne troops. Since that time, the parachute has a new purpose - to ensure the landing of troops behind enemy lines, and a new type of troops has appeared in the Armed Forces of the country.

In 1930, the country's first factory for the production of parachutes was opened, its director, chief engineer and designer was M. A. Savitsky. In April of the same year, the first prototypes rescue parachute type NII-1, rescue parachutes PL-1 for pilots, PN-1 for pilot-observers (navigators) and PT-1 parachutes for training jumps by Air Force flight personnel, paratroopers and paratroopers.

In 1931, at this factory, PD-1 parachutes designed by M.A. Savitsky were manufactured, which, starting from 1933, began to be supplied to parachute units.

Created by that time, airborne soft bags (PAMM), paratrooper gasoline tanks (PDBB) and other types of landing containers mainly provided for the parachute drop of all types of light weapons and combat cargo.

Simultaneously with the creation of the production base for parachute construction, research work was widely developed, which set itself the following tasks:

Creation of such a design of a parachute that would withstand the load received after opening when jumping from an aircraft flying at maximum speed;

Creation of a parachute that provides minimal overload on the human body;

Determination of the maximum allowable overload for the human body;

The search for such a shape of the dome, which, at the lowest cost of material and ease of manufacture, would provide the lowest rate of descent of the parachutist and would prevent him from swinging.

At the same time, all theoretical calculations had to be verified in practice. It was necessary to determine how safe a parachute jump is from one or another point of the aircraft at maximum flight speed, to recommend safe methods of separation from the aircraft, to study the trajectory of the parachutist after separation at various flight speeds, to study the effect of a parachute jump on the human body. It was very important to know whether every paratrooper would be able to open the parachute manually or if a special medical selection was necessary.

As a result of research by doctors of the Military Medical Academy, materials were obtained that for the first time highlighted the issues of the psychophysiology of parachute jumping and were of practical importance for the selection of candidates for the training of instructors in parachute training.

To solve the tasks of landing, bombers TB-1, TB-3 and R-5, as well as some types of civil aircraft were used. air fleet(ANT-9, ANT-14 and later PS-84). The PS-84 aircraft could transport parachute suspensions, and when loaded internally, it could take 18-20 PDMMs (PDBB-100), which could be thrown out simultaneously through both doors by paratroopers or crew.

In 1931, the combat training plan of an airborne assault detachment contained parachute training for the first time. To master the new discipline in the Leningrad Military District, training camps were organized, at which seven parachute instructors were trained. Parachute training instructors did a lot of experimental work in order to accumulate practical experience, so they jumped on the water, on the forest, on the ice, with additional cargo, with winds up to 18 m / s, s various weapons, with shooting and throwing grenades in the air.

The beginning of a new stage in the development of airborne troops was laid by a resolution of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, adopted on December 11, 1932, in which it was planned to form one airborne detachment in the Belarusian, Ukrainian, Moscow and Volga military districts by March 1933.

In Moscow, on May 31, 1933, the Higher Parachute School OSOAVIAKHIM was opened, which began the systematic training of paratrooper instructors and parachute handlers.

In 1933, jumping in winter conditions was mastered, the temperature possible for mass jumps, the strength of the wind near the ground, the best way landing and justified the need to develop special paratrooper uniforms, convenient for jumping and for actions on the ground during the battle.

In 1933, the PD-2 parachute appeared, three years later the PD-6 parachute, the dome of which had a round shape and an area of 60.3 m 2. Mastering new parachutes, techniques and methods of landing, and having accumulated sufficient practice in performing various parachute jumps, paratrooper instructors gave recommendations on improving ground training, on improving the methods of leaving the aircraft.

High professional level paratrooper instructors allowed them to prepare 1200 paratroopers for landing in the fall of 1935 at the exercises of the Kyiv district, near Minsk in the same year - more than 1800 people, and at the exercises of the Moscow military district in 1936 - 2200 paratroopers.

Thus, the experience of the exercises and the successes of Soviet industry allowed the Soviet command to determine the role of airborne operations in modern combat and move from experiments to the organization of parachute units. The Field Manual of 1936 (PU-36, § 7) stated: “Airborne units are an effective means for disorganizing the control and work of the enemy’s rear. In cooperation with troops advancing from the front, paratrooper units can exert a decisive influence on the complete defeat of the enemy in a given direction.

In 1937, in order to prepare civilian youth for military service, the Course of Educational and Sports Parachute Training (KUPP) of the USSR OSOAVIAKhIM for 1937 was introduced, in which task No. 17 included such an element as a jump with a rifle and folding skis.

The teaching aids for airborne training were instructions for packing parachutes, which were also parachute documents. Later, in 1938, the Technical Description and Instructions for Packing Parachutes were published.

In the summer of 1939, a gathering of the best paratroopers of the Red Army was held, which was a demonstration of the enormous successes achieved by our country in the field of parachuting. In terms of its results, the nature and mass nature of the jumps, the collection was an outstanding event in the history of parachuting.

The experiences of the jumps were analyzed, discussed, generalized, and all the best, acceptable for mass training, was brought to the parachute training instructors at the training camp.

In 1939, a safety device appeared as part of the parachute. The Doronin brothers - Nikolai, Vladimir and Anatoly created a semi-automatic device (PPD-1) with a clock mechanism that opens the parachute after a specified time after the paratrooper has separated from the aircraft. In 1940, the PAS-1 parachute device was developed with an aneroid device designed by L. Savichev. The device was designed to automatically open the parachute at any given height. Subsequently, the Doronin brothers, together with L. Savichev, designed a parachute device, connecting a temporary device with an aneroid device and calling it KAP-3 (combined automatic parachute). The device ensured the opening of the parachute at a given height or after a specified time after the separation of the paratrooper from the aircraft in any conditions, if for some reason the paratrooper himself did not do this.

In 1940, the PD-10 parachute with a dome area of 72 m 2 was created, in 1941 - the PD-41 parachute, the percale dome of this parachute with an area of 69.5 m 2 had a square shape. In April 1941, the Air Force Research Institute completed field tests of suspensions and platforms for dropping 45-mm parachute anti-tank guns, motorcycles with sidecars, etc.

The level of development of airborne training and paratroopers ensured the fulfillment of command tasks during the Great Patriotic War.

First in Great Patriotic War a small airborne assault was used near Odessa. It was thrown out on the night of September 22, 1941 from a TB-3 aircraft and had the task of disrupting enemy communications and control with a series of sabotage and fire, creating panic behind enemy lines and thereby pulling part of its forces and means from the coast. Having landed safely, the paratroopers, alone and in small groups, successfully completed the task.

Airborne landing in November 1941 in the Kerch-Feodosiya operation, landing of the 4th airborne corps in January - February 1942 in order to complete the encirclement of the Vyazemsky enemy grouping, landing of the 3rd and 5th guards landing brigades in Dniprovska airborne operation in September 1943 they made an invaluable contribution to the development of airborne training. For example, on October 24, 1942, an airborne assault was landed directly on the Maykop airfield to destroy aircraft at the airfield. The landing was carefully prepared, the detachment was divided into groups. Each paratrooper made five jumps day and night, all actions were carefully played.

For the personnel, a set of weapons and equipment was determined depending on the task they performed. Each paratrooper of the sabotage group had a machine gun, two discs with cartridges and an additional three incendiary devices, a flashlight and food for two days. The cover group had two machine guns, the paratroopers of this group did not take some weapons, but had an additional 50 rounds of ammunition for the machine gun.

As a result of the detachment's attack on the Maikop airfield, 22 enemy aircraft were destroyed.

The situation that developed during the war required the use of airborne troops both for operations as part of airborne assaults behind enemy lines and for operations from the front as part of guards rifle formations, which placed additional requirements on airborne training.

After each landing, the experience was summarized, and the necessary amendments were made in the training of paratroopers. So, in the manual for the commander of the airborne units, published in 1942, in chapter 3 it was written: “Training in the installation and operation of the material part of the PD-6, PD-6PR and PD-41-1 landing parachutes should be carried out according to the technical descriptions of these parachutes set out in special brochures, ”and in the section“ Fitting weapons and equipment for a combat jump ”it was indicated:“ For training, order to prepare parachutes, rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns, grenades, portable shovels or axes, cartridge pouches, bags for light machine gun magazines, raincoats, knapsacks or duffel bags. In the same figure, a sample of the attachment of a weapon was shown, where the muzzle of the weapon was attached to the main girth with the help of an elastic band or a trencher.

The difficulty of putting a parachute into action using an exhaust ring, as well as the accelerated training of paratroopers during the war, necessitated the creation of a parachute that opens automatically. For this purpose, in 1942, a parachute PD-6-42 was created with a round dome with an area of 60.3 m 2 . For the first time on this parachute, a pull rope was used, which ensured the opening of the parachute by force.

With the development of the airborne troops, the system of training command personnel is developing and improving, which was initiated by the creation in August 1941 in the city of Kuibyshev of the airborne school, which in the fall of 1942 was relocated to Moscow. In June 1943, the school was disbanded, and training continued at the Higher Officer Courses of the Airborne Forces. In 1946, in the city of Frunze, to replenish the officer cadres of the airborne troops, a military parachute school was formed, the students of which were airborne officers and alumni infantry schools. In 1947, after the first graduation of retrained officers, the school was relocated to the city of Alma-Ata, and in 1959 to the city of Ryazan.

The school program included the study of airborne training (ADP) as one of the main disciplines. The methodology for passing the course was built taking into account the requirements for airborne assault forces in the Great Patriotic War.

After the war, the airborne training course was constantly taught with a generalization of the experience of ongoing exercises, as well as recommendations from research and design organizations. The classrooms, laboratories and parachute camps of the school are equipped with the necessary parachute shells and simulators, models of military transport aircraft and helicopters, slipways (parachute swings), springboards, etc., which ensures that the educational process is conducted in accordance with the requirements of military pedagogy.

All parachutes produced before 1946 were designed for jumping from aircraft at a flight speed of 160–200 km/h. In connection with the emergence of new aircraft and an increase in the speed of their flight, it became necessary to develop parachutes that ensure normal jumping at speeds up to 300 km / h.

An increase in the speed and altitude of aircraft flight required a radical improvement in the parachute, the development of the theory of parachute jumps and the practical development of skydiving. high altitudes using oxygen parachute devices, at different speeds and flight modes.

In 1947, the PD-47 parachute was developed and produced. The authors of the design are N. A. Lobanov, M. A. Alekseev, A. I. Zigaev. The parachute had a square-shaped percale dome with an area of 71.18 m 2 and a mass of 16 kg.

Unlike all previous parachutes, the PD-47 had a cover that was put on the main canopy before being placed in a satchel. The presence of the cover reduced the likelihood of the canopy being overwhelmed by lines, ensured the sequence of the opening process and reduced the dynamic load on the parachutist at the time of filling the canopy with air. So the problem of landing at high speeds was solved. At the same time, along with the solution of the main task - ensuring landing at high speeds, the PD-47 parachute had a number of disadvantages, in particular, a large dispersion area for paratroopers, which created a threat of their convergence in the air during a mass landing. In order to eliminate the shortcomings of the PD-47 parachute, a group of engineers led by F.D. Tkachev in 1950 - 1953. developed several variants of landing parachutes of the Pobeda type.

In 1955, the D-1 parachute with an 82.5 m 2 round dome, made of percale, weighing 16.5 kg, was adopted to supply the airborne troops. The parachute made it possible to jump from aircraft at flight speeds up to 350 km/h.

In 1959, in connection with the advent of high-speed military transport aircraft, it became necessary to improve the D-1 parachute. The parachute was equipped with a stabilizing parachute, and the parachute pack, main canopy cover and exhaust ring were also upgraded. The authors of the improvement were the brothers Nikolai, Vladimir and Anatoly Doronin. The parachute was named D-1-8.

In the seventies, a more advanced landing parachute D-5. It is simple in design, easy to operate, has a single laying method and allows jumping from all types of military transport aircraft into several streams at speeds up to 400 km/h. Its main differences from the D-1-8 parachute are the absence of an exhaust ball parachute, the immediate activation of the stabilizing parachute, and the absence of covers for the main and stabilizing parachutes. The main dome with an area of 83 m 2 has a round shape, made of nylon, the weight of the parachute is 13.8 kg. A more advanced type of D-5 parachute is the D-6 parachute and its modifications. It allows you to freely turn in the air with the help of special control lines, as well as significantly reduce the speed of the drift of a parachutist downwind by moving the free ends suspension system.

At the end of the twentieth century, the airborne troops received an even more advanced parachute system - the D-10, which, thanks to the increased area of \u200b\u200bthe main dome (100 m 2), allows you to increase the flight weight of the paratrooper and provides a lower speed of his descent and landing. Modern parachutes, characterized by high deployment reliability and making it possible to perform jumps from any height and at any flight speed of military transport aircraft, are constantly being improved, so the study of parachute jumping technique, the development of ground training methods and practical jumping continues.

One of the main types of combat training of the airborne troops; is aimed at training VAT units to land behind enemy lines to perform combat missions.

1. Content of airborne training

Airborne training includes:

In the course of airborne training, the procedure for boarding aircraft (helicopters), the rules for using oxygen equipment, the execution of commands and signals given to prepare for the jump, to take up the starting position and separate from the aircraft, the actions of a paratrooper in the air during free fall after separation are also studied. from the aircraft, when opening a parachute, during descent and at the time of landing, including on various obstacles (water, forest, buildings, etc.).

The most important part of airborne training is training parachute jumps, which are performed in special classes. Airborne training is being improved in military tactical exercises with practical landing. For special classes airborne training complexes equipped with devices and training devices are being created.

Sources

Soviet military encyclopedia"BABYLON - civilian" / / = (Soviet military encyclopedia) / Marshal of the Soviet Union N.V. Ogarkov - chairman. - M.: Military Publishing, 1979. - T. 2. - S. 285-286. - ISBN 00101-236(Rus.)

This Manual defines: the duties of officials for airborne training, the main provisions for organizing the training of personnel, weapons, military, special equipment and cargo for landing, the rules for performing parachute jumps from various types military transport aircraft and helicopters, the procedure for holding parachuting events in military units. It sets out the main provisions for the supply, storage and operation of airborne equipment.

The Guide also defines the main responsibilities of officials military transport aviation regarding the provision of training parachute jumps.

Guidelines RVDP-79 and RVDT-80, with the release of this Guide, lose their force.

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. This Manual contains the basic instructions and requirements for the organization of airborne training in formations and military units of the Armed Forces Russian Federation, whose combat training program includes airborne training.

Guidelines (RVDP-79 and RVDT-80), with the release of this Guide, lose their force.

2. Airborne training is the subject of combat training and technical support troops. It aims to ensure the constant readiness of personnel, weapons, military, special equipment and cargo (hereinafter AME and cargo) for landing to perform combat and special tasks.

Airborne training includes:

preparation of formations and military units for landing;
training of personnel to skillfully perform parachute jumps from military transport aircraft with full combat gear, day and night, in simple and difficult meteorological conditions, at any time of the year and on various terrain, as well as training in the preparation of military and military equipment and cargo for landing;
organization of operation and repair of airborne equipment and its maintenance in constant readiness for use;

3. Successful fulfillment of airborne training tasks is achieved by:

Timely provision of formations, military units and subunits with the necessary airborne equipment and property, keeping them in constant combat readiness for use;

systematic improvement of knowledge, improvement of the skills and abilities of personnel in the preparation of military and military equipment and cargo for landing and parachuting;

- careful control of all stages of the preparation of personnel, military equipment and cargo for landing;

Continuous improvement of the methods of airborne training, high-quality conduct of classes, taking into account the individual characteristics and moral and psychological qualities of each paratrooper;

Conducting test sessions with the officers on time;

Constant improvement of the educational and material base for airborne training and maintaining it in good condition;

Development and implementation of measures to maintain airborne equipment in good condition;

Organization and holding special training personnel of the airborne service;

Organization and holding of test sessions for airborne training with officers;

Organization and conduct of thorough control of all stages of the preparation of personnel, military equipment and cargo for landing;

Training of officers, ensigns and sergeants to perform the duties of a graduate;

Control and briefing of paratroopers at the start lines;

Ensuring the reception of paratroopers at the landing site;

The study of the preconditions for parachute accidents, the timely analysis of cases of abnormal operation of airborne equipment and the adoption necessary measures to warn them;

Generalization of advanced experience in airborne training for the purpose of its dissemination and practical use in military units and formations;

Continuous improvement of the educational and material base for airborne training;

Management of inventive and rationalization work aimed at improving airborne equipment and personnel training methods;

Participation in the military trials new models of airborne equipment and military transport aircraft;

Organization and implementation of development activities in military units and subdivisions parachuting and delivery of discharge norms;

Accounting and reporting for the service.

8. The following tasks are assigned to military units and airborne support units:

Preparation of airborne equipment for use;

- maintenance in constant combat readiness, transportation and unloading (loading) of airborne equipment;

Participation, together with subdivisions and military units, in the preparation of weapons and military equipment and cargo for landing;

Collection and maintenance of airborne equipment after landing;

Carrying out technical inspections and regulations Maintenance with airborne equipment, automatic devices and parachute safety devices;

Ensuring military repair and modification of airborne equipment;

Continuous improvement of the knowledge and skills of personnel in the preparation of airborne equipment for use.

9. The aviation units of the Airborne Troops are entrusted with the task of ensuring airborne training of formations and military units.

10. All airborne training activities must be carried out in strict accordance with this Manual, the organizational and methodological instructions of the commander of the Airborne Forces for operational, mobilization and combat training on academic year, combat training programs and related instructions.

11. The main activities of airborne training are:

Preparation of personnel for parachute jumps;

Organization and conduct of parachute jumps;

Preparation for the landing of weapons and military equipment and cargo and their practical landing.

12. Skydiving is the most difficult and responsible stage of airborne training.

Successful parachute jumping is achieved by their precise organization, careful control of the readiness of human landing parachutes and personnel for jumping, strict adherence to the requirements of this Manual and a high level of training of all personnel.

13. Military personnel who meet special medical requirements, who have studied full course ground training, who passed the tests with a mark not lower than “good”.

14. With officers, warrant officers and contract servicemen who do not have airborne training, training sessions are held on the scale of a formation (military unit), during which they are trained in the scope of the training program for military personnel to make the first parachute jump and all Required documents to allow them to perform parachute jumps.

15. With military personnel who have a break in the practical performance of parachute jumps (more than six months), at least two additional classes are held for ground testing of the elements of a parachute jump with the acceptance of offsets. After conducting these classes, an act is drawn up and an order is issued by the commander of the military unit on the admission of personnel to parachute jumps.

16. When entering service with other types of parachute systems, additional training is organized and conducted with personnel to study the material part and laying of these parachute systems and the features of controlling them in the air until the moment of landing. The time and number of additional classes is determined depending on the complexity of the device and the features of packing a new parachute and the task of the upcoming jump.

The admission of personnel to jumping on parachute systems of a new type is carried out by order of the commander of the military unit, issued on the basis of an act on the results of control and verification exercises on knowledge of the material part, laying, operating rules of this parachute system and the results of ground training.

17. Soldiers who make the first parachute jump are issued the badge "Parachutist". The badge is presented in front of the formation of the unit (military unit) in a solemn atmosphere.

18. Servicemen who have perfectly mastered the airborne training program, who have made at least 10 parachute jumps, who have excellent marks in airborne, fire, tactical, drill training, and in the rest not lower than the mark “good” and who have no violations of military discipline, by order the commander of a formation (military unit) or the head of a military educational institution is awarded the title of "Excellent Parachutist".

Those who have received the title of "Excellent Parachutist" are issued a badge and a corresponding entry is made in the military ID (Appendix No. 1).

19. Officers, warrant officers and contract servicemen who have a positive attestation for their position, who have sufficient experience in airborne training, who are fluent in the technique of jumping with human landing parachutes, who have excellent knowledge of airborne equipment and the procedure for preparing it for landing, who have passed the established tests with an “excellent” rating, by order of the commander of the Airborne Forces, the title of “Airborne Training Instructor” is awarded and a certificate and badge are issued.

Candidates for the title of "Airborne Training Instructor" must have at least 40 parachute jumps and have experience in parachuting from an Il-76 aircraft and the like;

The preparation of candidates and the acceptance of tests are carried out in accordance with the Regulations on the assignment of the title "Instructor of Airborne Training" (Appendix No. 2).

20. In order to improve the knowledge and practical skills of officers in airborne training in military units and formations of the Airborne Forces, credit sessions are held annually with officers. Ensigns with the title of "Airborne Training Instructor" (Appendix No. 3) are also involved in the passing of the test session.

Test sessions are held with officers of the airborne service and unit commanders landing AMSE and cargo of their units on parachute platforms, parachute-reactive systems, parachute-straddle systems for admission to independent control of the readiness for landing AMSE and cargo of their subordinate units.

Offsets are accepted by a special qualification commission appointed by order of the unit commander (head of the military educational institution).

The admission of persons to independent control of the readiness of military and military equipment and cargo for landing is carried out by order of the unit commander (head of the military educational institution), based on the results of the test session.

21. Training of personnel in preparation for the landing of AMSE and cargo is organized and carried out in all military units and subunits, the AMSE and cargo of which are counted on landing.

The preparation of military equipment and cargo for landing is carried out by the personnel of the units under the close supervision of their commanders and officers (specialists) of the airborne service.

1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARACHUTE AND MEANS OF LANDING WEAPONS, MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND CARGO

The origin and development of airborne training is connected with the history of parachuting and the improvement of the parachute.

The creation of various devices for safe descent from a great height goes back centuries. A scientifically based proposal of this kind is the invention of Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519). He wrote: "If a person has a tent of starched linen 12 cubits wide and 12 high, then he can throw himself from any height without danger to himself." The first practical jump was made in 1617, when the Venetian mechanical engineer F. Veranzio made a device and, jumping from the roof of a high tower, landed safely.

The word "parachute", which has survived to this day, was proposed by the French scientist S. Lenormand (from the Greekpara– against and Frenchchute- the fall). He built and personally tested his apparatus, having made a jump from the window of the observatory in 1783.

The further development of the parachute is associated with the appearance of balloons, when it became necessary to create life-saving devices. Parachutes used on balloons had either a hoop or spokes so that the canopy was always in the open state, and it could be used at any time. Parachutes in this form were attached under the gondola of the balloon or were an intermediate connecting link between the balloon and the gondola.

The pioneers of domestic parachuting are Stanislav, Jozef and Olga Drevnitsky. Jozef by 1910 had already made more than 400 parachute jumps.

In 1911, G. E. Kotelnikov developed and patented the RK-1 backpack parachute. It was successfully tested on June 19, 1912. The new parachute was compact and met all the basic requirements for use in aviation. Its dome was made of silk, the slings were divided into groups, the suspension system consisted of a belt, chest girth, two shoulder straps and leg girths. The main feature of the parachute was its autonomy, which makes it possible to use it regardless of the aircraft.

In theoretical works, it was concluded that the very technique of landing airborne assault forces and the nature of their combat behind enemy lines place increased demands on the personnel of the landing force. Their training program should be built on the basis of the requirements of airborne operations, covering a wide area of skills and knowledge, since every fighter is registered in the airborne assault. It was emphasized that the excellent tactical training of each member of the landing force must be combined with his exceptional decisiveness, based on a deep and quick assessment of the situation.

In January 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR approved a reasonable program for the construction of certain types of aircraft (airplanes, balloons, airships), which were to fully take into account the needs of a new, emerging branch of the military - air infantry.

10 people were selected to participate in the landing. The landing force was divided into two groups. The first group and the detachment as a whole was led by a military pilot, a participant in the civil war, an enthusiast of the parachute business brigade commander L. G. Minov, the second - by a military pilot Ya. D. Moshkovsky. The main purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate to the participants in the aviation exercise the technique of dropping parachute troops and delivering them the weapons and ammunition necessary for combat. The plan also provided for the study of a number of special issues of parachute landing: the reduction of paratroopers in conditions of simultaneous group drop, the rate of paratrooper drop, the magnitude of their dispersion and the time of collection after landing, the time spent on finding weapons dropped by parachute, and the degree of its safety.

Preliminary training of personnel and weapons before landing was carried out on combat parachutes, and training was carried out directly on the aircraft from which the jump was to be made.

On August 2, 1930, an airplane took off from the airfield with the first group of paratroopers led by L. G. Minov and three R-1 aircraft, which carried two containers with machine guns, rifles, and ammunition under their wings. Following the first, a second group of paratroopers headed by Ya. D. Moshkovsky was thrown out. The paratroopers, quickly collecting parachutes, headed to the assembly point, unpacked the containers along the way and, having dismantled the weapons, began to carry out the task.

In 1930, the country's first factory for the production of parachutes was opened, its director, chief engineer and designer was M. A. Savitsky. In April of the same year, the first prototypes of the NII-1 type rescue parachute, PL-1 rescue parachutes for pilots, PN-1 for pilot-observers (navigators) and PT-1 parachutes for training jumps by flight personnel were manufactured. Air Force, paratroopers and paratroopers.

In 1931, at this factory, PD-1 parachutes designed by M.A. Savitsky were manufactured, which, starting from 1933, began to be supplied to parachute units.

Created by that time, airborne soft bags (PDMM), paratrooper gasoline tanks (PDBB) and other types of landing containers mainly provided parachute drop of all types light weapons and combat cargo.

Simultaneously with the creation of the production base for parachute construction, research work was widely developed, which set itself the following tasks:

Creation of such a design of a parachute that would withstand the load received after opening when jumping from an aircraft flying at maximum speed;

Creation of a parachute that provides minimal overload on the human body;

Determination of the maximum allowable overload for the human body;

As a result of research by doctors of the Military Medical Academy, materials were obtained that for the first time highlighted the issues of the psychophysiology of parachute jumping and had practical value for the selection of candidates for the training of instructors in parachute training.

To solve the tasks of landing, bombers TB-1, TB-3 and R-5, as well as some types of aircraft of the civil air fleet (ANT-9, ANT-14 and later PS-84) were used. The PS-84 aircraft could transport parachute suspensions, and when loaded internally, it could take 18-20 PDMMs (PDBB-100), which could be thrown out simultaneously through both doors by paratroopers or crew.

In 1931, the combat training plan of an airborne assault detachment contained parachute training for the first time. To master the new discipline in the Leningrad Military District, training camps were organized, at which seven parachute instructors were trained. Parachute training instructors carried out a lot of experimental work in order to gain practical experience, so they jumped on the water, on the forest, on the ice, with additional cargo, with winds up to 18 m / s, with various weapons, with shooting and throwing grenades in the air.

In Moscow, on May 31, 1933, the Higher Parachute School OSOAVIAKHIM was opened, which began the systematic training of paratrooper instructors and parachute handlers.

In 1933, jumps were mastered winter conditions, the temperature possible for mass jumps, the strength of the wind near the ground, the best way to land, and the need to develop special paratrooper uniforms that are convenient for jumping and for operations on the ground during the battle are substantiated.

In 1933, the PD-2 parachute appeared, three years later the PD-6 parachute, the dome of which had a round shape and an area of 60.3 m 2 . Mastering new parachutes, techniques and methods of landing, and having accumulated sufficient practice in performing various parachute jumps, paratrooper instructors gave recommendations on improving ground training, on improving the methods of leaving the aircraft.

The high professional level of paratrooper instructors allowed them to prepare 1200 paratroopers for landing in the autumn of 1935 at the exercises of the Kyiv district, more than 1800 people near Minsk in the same year, and 2200 paratroopers at the exercises of the Moscow military district in 1936.

The experiences of the jumps were analyzed, discussed, generalized, and all the best, acceptable for mass training, was brought to the parachute training instructors at the training camp.

In 1940, the PD-10 parachute was created with a dome area of 72 m 2 , in 1941 - the PD-41 parachute, the percale dome of this parachute with an area of 69.5 m 2 had a square shape. In April 1941, the Air Force Research Institute completed field tests of suspensions and platforms for dropping 45-mm anti-tank guns, motorcycles with sidecars, etc. by parachute.

The level of development of airborne training and paratroopers ensured the fulfillment of command tasks during the Great Patriotic War.

The first small airborne assault in the Great Patriotic War was used near Odessa. It was thrown out on the night of September 22, 1941 from a TB-3 aircraft and had the task of disrupting enemy communications and control with a series of sabotage and fire, creating panic behind enemy lines and thereby pulling part of its forces and means from the coast. Having landed safely, the paratroopers, alone and in small groups, successfully completed the task.

Airborne landing in November 1941 in the Kerch-Feodosiya operation, landing of the 4th airborne corps in January - February 1942 in order to complete the encirclement of the enemy's Vyazemskaya grouping, landing of the 3rd and 5th guards airborne brigades in the Dnieper airborne operation in September 1943 made an invaluable contribution to the development of airborne training. For example, on October 24, 1942, an airborne assault was landed directly on the Maykop airfield to destroy aircraft at the airfield. The landing was carefully prepared, the detachment was divided into groups. Each paratrooper made five jumps day and night, all actions were carefully played.

For the personnel, a set of weapons and equipment was determined depending on the task they performed. Every paratrooper sabotage group had a machine gun, two discs with cartridges and an additional three incendiary devices, a lantern and food for two days. The cover group had two machine guns, the paratroopers of this group did not take some weapons, but had an additional 50 rounds of ammunition for the machine gun.

As a result of the detachment's attack on the Maikop airfield, 22 enemy aircraft were destroyed.

After each landing, the experience was summarized, and the necessary amendments were made in the training of paratroopers. So, in the manual for the commander of the department airborne units, published in 1942, in chapter 3 it was written: “Training in the installation and operation of the material part of the landing parachutes PD-6, PD-6PR and PD-41-1 should be carried out according to technical descriptions these parachutes, set out in special brochures, ”and in the section“ Fitting weapons and equipment for a combat jump ”it was indicated:“ For training, order to prepare parachutes, rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns, grenades, portable shovels or axes, cartridge pouches , bags for light machine gun magazines, raincoats, knapsacks or duffel bags. In the same figure, a sample of the attachment of a weapon was shown, where the muzzle of the weapon was attached to the main girth with the help of an elastic band or a trencher.

The difficulty of putting a parachute into action using an exhaust ring, as well as the accelerated training of paratroopers during the war, necessitated the creation of a parachute that opens automatically. For this purpose, in 1942, a parachute PD-6-42 was created with a round dome shape with an area of 60.3 m 2 . For the first time on this parachute, a pull rope was used, which ensured the opening of the parachute by force.

With the development of the airborne troops, the system of training command personnel is developing and improving, which was initiated by the creation in August 1941 in the city of Kuibyshev of the airborne school, which in the fall of 1942 was relocated to Moscow. In June 1943, the school was disbanded, and training continued at the Higher Officer Courses of the Airborne Forces. In 1946, in the city of Frunze, to replenish the officer cadres of the airborne troops, a military parachute school was formed, the students of which were officers of the Airborne Forces and graduates of infantry schools. In 1947, after the first graduation of retrained officers, the school was relocated to the city of Alma-Ata, and in 1959 to the city of Ryazan.

An increase in the speed and altitude of aircraft flight required a fundamental improvement in the parachute, the development of the theory of parachute jumps and the practical development of jumps from high altitudes using oxygen parachute devices, at different speeds and flight modes.

In 1947, the PD-47 parachute was developed and produced. The authors of the design N. A. Lobanov, M. A. Alekseev, A. I. Zigaev. The parachute had a percale dome square shape area 71.18 m 2 and a mass of 16 kg.

In 1955, the D-1 parachute with an area of 82.5 m was adopted to supply the airborne troops. 2 round shape, made of percale, weighing 16.5 kg. The parachute made it possible to jump from aircraft at flight speeds up to 350 km/h.

In the seventies, a more advanced landing parachute D-5 entered service. It is simple in design, easy to operate, has a single laying method and allows jumping from all types of military transport aircraft into several streams at speeds up to 400 km/h. Its main differences from the D-1-8 parachute are the absence of an exhaust ball parachute, the immediate activation of the stabilizing parachute, and the absence of covers for the main and stabilizing parachutes. The main dome with an area of 83 m 2 has a round shape, made of nylon, weight of the parachute is 13.8 kg. More perfect view parachute D-5 is the parachute D-6 and its modifications. It allows you to freely turn in the air with the help of special control lines, as well as significantly reduce the speed of the parachutist's drift downwind by moving the free ends of the harness.

At the end of the twentieth century airborne troops received an even more advanced parachute system - D-10, which, thanks to the increased area of the main dome (100 m 2 ) allows you to increase the flight weight of the paratrooper and provides a lower speed of its descent and landing. Modern parachutes, characterized by high deployment reliability and making it possible to perform jumps from any height and at any flight speed of military transport aircraft, are constantly being improved, so the study of parachute jumping technique, the development of ground training methods and practical jumping continues.

2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PARACHUTE JUMP

Any body falling in the Earth's atmosphere experiences air resistance. This property of the air is based on the principle of operation of the parachute. The introduction of the parachute into action is carried out either immediately after the separation of the parachutist from the aircraft, or after some time. Depending on the time after which the parachute is put into action, its opening will occur under different conditions.

Information about the composition and structure of the atmosphere, meteorological elements and phenomena that determine the conditions for skydiving, practical recommendations for calculating the main parameters of the movement of bodies in the air and upon landing, general information about landing parachute systems, the purpose and composition, the operation of the parachute canopy make it possible to most competently exploit the material part of parachute systems, to master ground training more deeply and increase the safety of jumping.

2.1. COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere is the environment in which flights of various aircraft are carried out, parachute jumps are made, and airborne equipment is used.

Atmosphere - air envelope Earth (from Greek atmos - steam and sphairf - ball). Its vertical extent is more than three terrestrial

radii (the conditional radius of the Earth is 6357 km).

About 99% of the total mass of the atmosphere is concentrated in the layer near the earth's surface up to a height of 30-50 km. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water vapor and aerosols, i.e. solid and liquid impurities (dust, products of condensation and crystallization of combustion products, particles of sea salt, etc.).

Rice. 1. The structure of the atmosphere

The volume of the main gases is: nitrogen 78.09%, oxygen 20.95%, argon 0.93%, carbon dioxide 0.03%, the share of other gases (neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, ozone) is less than 0 01%, water vapor - in variable quantities from 0 to 4%.

The atmosphere is vertically divided into layers, which differ in the composition of the air, the nature of the interaction of the atmosphere with the earth's surface, the distribution of air temperature with height, the influence of the atmosphere on the flights of aircraft (Fig. 1.1).

According to the composition of the air, the atmosphere is divided into the homosphere - a layer from the earth's surface to a height of 90 - 100 km and the heterosphere - a layer above 90 -100 km.

By the nature of the impact on the use of aircraft and airborne vehicles, the atmosphere and near-Earth space, where the influence of the Earth's gravitational field on the flight of an aircraft is decisive, can be divided into four layers:

Airspace (dense layers) - from 0 to 65 km;

Surface outer space - from 65 to 150 km;

Near space - from 150 to 1000 km;

Deep space - from 1000 to 930,000 km.

According to the nature of the air temperature distribution along the vertical, the atmosphere is divided into the following main and transitional (given in brackets) layers:

Troposphere - from 0 to 11 km;

(tropopause)

Stratosphere - from 11 to 40 km;

(stratopause)

Mesosphere - from 40 to 80 km;

(mesopause)

Thermosphere - from 80 to 800 km;

(thermopause)

Exosphere - above 800 km.

2.2. BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHENOMENA OF WEATHER, AFFECTING PARACHUTE JUMP

weathercalled physical state atmosphere in this moment time and place, characterized by a combination of meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The main meteorological elements are temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity and density, wind direction and speed, cloudiness, precipitation and visibility.

Air temperature. Air temperature is one of the main meteorological elements that determine the state of the atmosphere. The air density, which affects the speed of the skydiver's descent, and the degree of saturation of the air with moisture, which determines the operational limitations of parachutes, mainly depend on temperature. Knowing the air temperature, they determine the form of clothing for paratroopers and the possibility of jumping (for example, in winter conditions, parachuting is allowed at temperatures not lower than 35 0 C).

The change in air temperature occurs through the underlying surface - water and land. The earth's surface, heating up, becomes warmer than the air during the day, and heat begins to be transferred from the soil to the air. Air near the ground and in contact with it heats up and rises, expands and cools. At the same time, colder air descends, which compresses and heats up. The upward movement of air is called ascending currents, and the downward movement is called descending currents. Usually the speed of these streams is small and equal to 1 - 2 m/s. Vertical streams reach their greatest development in the middle of the day - about 12 - 15 hours, when their speed reaches 4 m / s. At night, the soil cools due to heat radiation and becomes colder than air, which also begins to cool, giving off heat to the soil and the upper, colder layers of the atmosphere.

Atmosphere pressure. The value of atmospheric pressure and temperature determine the value of air density, which directly affects the nature of the opening of the parachute and the rate of descent of the parachute.

Atmosphere pressure - pressure created by a mass of air from a given level to the top of the atmosphere and measured in pascals (Pa), millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and bar (bar). Atmospheric pressure varies in space and time. The pressure decreases with height due to the decrease in the overlying air column. At an altitude of 5 km, it is approximately two times less than at sea level.

Air density. Air density is the meteorological element of the weather, on which the nature of the opening of the parachute and the rate of descent of the parachutist depend. It increases with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure, and vice versa. Air density directly affects the vital activity of the human body.

Density - the ratio of the mass of air to the volume that it occupies, expressed in g / m 3 depending on its composition and water vapor concentration.

Air humidity. The content of the main gases in the air is quite constant, at least up to an altitude of 90 km, while the content of water vapor varies within wide limits. Humidity of more than 80% adversely affects the strength of the parachute fabric, so taking into account humidity is of particular importance during its storage. In addition, when operating a parachute, it is forbidden to lay it in an open area in rain, snowfall or on wet ground.

Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of moist air in the same volume, expressed respectively in grams per kilogram.

The influence of air humidity directly on the rate of descent of a parachutist is insignificant and is usually not taken into account in calculations. However, water vapor plays an extremely important role in determining the meteorological conditions for jumping.

Wind represents the horizontal movement of air relative to the earth's surface. The immediate cause of the occurrence of wind-ra is the uneven distribution of pressure. When a difference in atmospheric pressure appears, air particles begin to move with acceleration from an area of higher to an area of lower pressure.

Wind is characterized by direction and speed. The direction of the wind, adopted in meteorology, is determined by the point on the horizon from which the air moves, and is expressed in whole degrees of a circle, counted from the north in a clockwise direction. Wind speed is the distance traveled by air particles per unit time. In terms of speed, the wind is characterized as follows: up to 3 m / s - weak; 4 - 7 m/s - moderate; 8 - 14 m / s - strong; 15 - 19 m / s - very strong; 20 - 24 m/s - storm; 25 - 30 m/s - severe storm; more than 30 m/s - hurricane. There are even and gusty winds, in direction - constant and changing. The wind is considered gusty if its speed changes by 4 m/s within 2 minutes. When the direction of the wind changes by more than one rhumb (in meteorology, one rhumb is equal to 22 0 30 / ), it is called changing. A short-term sharp increase in wind up to 20 m/s or more with a significant change in direction is called a squall.

2.3. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CALCULATION
MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE MOVEMENT OF BODIES IN THE AIR
AND THEIR LANDINGS

Critical speed of falling body. It is known that when a body falls in an air medium, it is affected by the force of gravity, which in all cases is directed vertically downward, and the force of air resistance, which is directed at each moment to the side opposite to the direction of the falling velocity, which in turn varies both in magnitude and and in direction.

Air resistance acting in the direction opposite to the movement of the body is called drag. According to experimental data, the drag force depends on the density of air, the speed of the body, its shape and size.

The resultant force acting on the body imparts its accelerationa, calculated by formula a = G – Q , (1)

where G- gravity; Q- force of frontal air resistance;

m- body mass.

From equality (1) follows that

if G – Q > 0, then the acceleration is positive and the speed of the body increases;

if G – Q < 0, then the acceleration is negative and the speed of the body decreases;

if G – Q = 0 , then the acceleration is zero and the body falls at a constant speed (Fig. 2).

P a r a chute drop speed is set. The forces that determine the parachutist's trajectory are determined by the same parameters as when any body falls in the air.

Drag coefficients for various provisions the body of a parachutist when falling relative to the oncoming air flow is calculated by knowing the transverse dimensions, air density, air flow velocity and by measuring the magnitude of the drag. For the production of calculations, such a value as middel is necessary.

Midsection (midsection) - the largest cross-section of an elongated body with smooth curvilinear contours. To determine the midsection of a skydiver, you need to know his height and the width of his outstretched arms (or legs). In the practice of calculations, the width of the arms is taken equal to the height, so the midsection of the parachutist is equal tol 2 . The midsection changes when the position of the body in space changes. For convenience of calculations, the midsection value is assumed to be constant, and its actual change is taken into account by the corresponding drag coefficient. The drag coefficients for various positions of the bodies relative to the oncoming air flow are given in the table.

Table 1

Drag coefficient of various bodies

The steady rate of falling of the body is determined by the mass density of air, which varies with height, the force of gravity, which varies in proportion to the mass of the body, the midsection and the drag coefficient of the parachutist.

Decrease of the cargo-parachute system. Dropping a load with a parachute canopy filled with air is a special case of an arbitrary body falling in the air.

As for an isolated body, the landing speed of the system depends on the lateral load. Changing the area of the parachute canopyFn, we change the lateral load, and therefore the landing speed. Therefore, the required landing speed of the system is provided by the area of the parachute canopy, calculated from the conditions of the operational limitations of the system.

Parachutist descent and landing. The steady speed of the parachutist's fall, equal to the critical filling speed of the canopy, is extinguished when the parachute opens. A sharp decrease in the speed of falling is perceived as a dynamic impact, the strength of which depends mainly on the speed of the parachutist's fall at the moment of opening the parachute canopy and on the time of opening the parachute.

The necessary opening time of the parachute, as well as the uniform distribution of overload is provided by its design. In amphibious and special-purpose parachutes, this function in most cases is performed by a camera (case) put on the canopy.

Sometimes, when opening a parachute, a parachutist experiences six to eight times overload within 1 - 2 s. The tight fit of the parachute suspension system, as well as the correct grouping of the body, contributes to reducing the impact of the dynamic impact force on the paratrooper.

When descending, the parachutist moves, in addition to the vertical, in the horizontal direction. Horizontal movement depends on the direction and strength of the wind, the design of the parachute and the symmetry of the canopy during descent. On a parachute with a round canopy, in the absence of wind, the parachutist descends strictly vertically, since the pressure of the air flow is distributed evenly over the entire inner surface of the canopy. An uneven distribution of air pressure over the surface of the dome occurs when its symmetry is affected, which is carried out by tightening certain lines or free ends of the suspension system. Changing the symmetry of the dome affects the uniformity of its air flow. The air escaping from the side of the raised part creates a reactive force, as a result of which the parachute moves (slides) at a speed of 1.5 - 2 m / s.

Thus, in calm weather, for horizontal movement of a parachute with a round dome in any direction, it is necessary to create a glide by pulling and holding in this position the lines or free ends of the harness located in the direction of the desired movement.

Among special-purpose parachutes, parachutes with a round dome with slots or a wing-shaped dome provide horizontal movement at a sufficiently high speed, which allows the paratrooper, turning the canopy, to achieve great accuracy and landing safety.

On a parachute with a square canopy, horizontal movement in the air is due to the so-called large keel on the canopy. The air coming out from under the dome from the side of the large keel creates a reactive force and causes the parachute to move horizontally at a speed of 2 m/s. The skydiver, having turned the parachute in the desired direction, can use this property of the square canopy for a more accurate landing, to turn into the wind, or to reduce the landing speed.

In the presence of wind, the landing speed is equal to the geometric sum of the vertical component of the rate of descent and the horizontal component of the wind speed and is determined by the formula

V pr = V 2 sn + V 2 3, (2)

where V3 - wind speed near the ground.

It must be remembered that vertical air flows significantly change the rate of descent, while descending air flows increase the landing speed by 2–4 m/s. Updrafts, on the contrary, reduce it.

Example:The paratrooper's descent speed is 5 m/s, the wind speed near the ground is 8 m/s. Determine the landing speed in m/s.

Solution: V pr \u003d 5 2 +8 2 \u003d 89 ≈ 9.4

The final and most difficult stage of a parachute jump is landing. At the moment of landing, the parachutist experiences a blow to the ground, the strength of which depends on the speed of descent and on the speed of loss of this speed. In practice, slowing down the loss of speed is achieved by a special grouping of the body. When landing, the paratrooper is grouped so as to first touch the ground with their feet. The legs, bending, soften the force of impact, and the load is distributed evenly over the body.

Increasing the parachutist's landing speed due to the horizontal component of the wind speed increases the ground impact force (R3). The force of impact on the ground is found from equality kinetic energy, which a descending parachutist possesses, to the work produced by this force:

m P v 2 = R h l c.t. , (3)

where

R h = m P v 2 = m P ( v 2 sn + v 2 h ) , (4)

2 l c.t. 2 l c.t.

Where l c.t. - the distance from the paratrooper's center of gravity to the ground.

Depending on the conditions of landing and the degree of training of the parachutist, the magnitude of the impact force can vary over a wide range.

Example.Determine the impact force in N of a skydiver weighing 80 kg, if the descent speed is 5 m/s, the wind speed near the ground is 6 m/s, and the distance from the skydiver's center of gravity to the ground is 1 m.

Solution: R h = 80 (5 2 + 6 2 ) = 2440 .

2 . 1

The impact force during landing can be perceived and felt by a skydiver in different ways. It depends to a large extent on the condition of the surface on which he lands, and how he prepares himself to meet the ground. So, when landing on deep snow or on soft ground, the impact is significantly softened compared to landing on hard ground. In the case of a swinging paratrooper, the impact force upon landing increases, since it is difficult for him to take the correct body position to receive the blow. Swing must be extinguished before approaching the ground.

With the correct landing, the loads experienced by the paratrooper paratrooper are small. It is recommended to evenly distribute the load when landing on both legs to keep them together, bent so that under the influence of the load they can, spring, bend further. The tension of the legs and body must be maintained uniform, while more speed landing, the greater the tension should be.

2.4. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT amphibious
PARACHUTE SYSTEMS

Purpose and composition. A parachute system is one or more parachutes with a set of devices that ensure their placement and fastening on an aircraft or a dropped load and the activation of parachutes.

The qualities and merits of parachute systems can be assessed based on the extent to which they meet the following requirements:

Maintain any speed possible after the paratrooper leaves the aircraft;

The physical essence of the function performed by the dome during its descent is to deflect (push) the particles of oncoming air and rub against it, while the dome carries some of the air with it. In addition, the parted air does not close directly behind the dome, but at some distance from it, forming vortices, i.e. rotational movement of air streams. When the air is pushed apart, friction against it, entrainment of air in the direction of movement and the formation of vortices, work is performed, which is performed by the force of air resistance. The magnitude of this force is mainly determined by the shape and size of the parachute canopy, the specific load, the nature and airtightness of the fabric of the canopy, the rate of descent, the number and length of lines, the method of attaching the lines to the load, the removal of the canopy from the load, the design of the canopy, the size of the pole hole or valves, and others. factors.

The drag coefficient of a parachute is usually close to that of a flat plate. If the surfaces of the dome and the plate are the same, then the resistance will be greater at the plate, because its midsection is equal to the surface, and the midsection of the parachute is much less than its surface. The true diameter of the canopy in the air and its midsection are difficult to calculate or measure. The narrowing of the parachute canopy, i.e. the ratio of the diameter of the filled dome to the diameter of the deployed dome depends on the shape of the fabric cutting, the length of the lines and other reasons. Therefore, when calculating the resistance of a parachute, it is always not the midsection that is taken into account, but the surface of the dome - a value that is precisely known for each parachute.

Dependency C P from the shape of the dome. Air resistance to moving bodies depends largely on the shape of the body. The less streamlined the shape of the body, the more resistance the body experiences when moving in the air. When constructing a parachute canopy, they seek such a shape of the dome, which, when smallest area domes would provide the greatest resistance force, i.e. with a minimum surface area of the parachute dome (with a minimum consumption of material), the shape of the dome should provide the cargo with a given landing speed.

The tape dome, for whichFROMn \u003d 0.3 - 0.6, for a round dome it varies from 0.6 to 0.9. The square-shaped dome has a more favorable ratio between the midsection and the surface. In addition, the flatter shape of such a dome, when lowered, leads to increased vortex formation. As a result, a parachute with a square dome hasFROMn = 0.8 - 1.0. More greater value drag coefficient for parachutes with a retracted top of the canopy or with canopies in the form of an elongated rectangle, so with a canopy aspect ratio of 3: 1FROM n = 1.5.

Glide due to the shape of the parachute canopy also increases the drag coefficient to 1.1 - 1.3. This is explained by the fact that when sliding, the dome is flown by air not from the bottom up, but from the bottom to the side. With such a flow around the dome, the rate of descent as a resultant is equal to the sum of the vertical and horizontal components, i.e. due to the appearance of horizontal displacement, the vertical one decreases (Fig. 3).

increases by 10 - 15%, but if the number of lines is more than necessary for a given parachute, then it decreases, since with a large number of lines the canopy inlet is blocked. Increasing the number of canopy lines beyond 16 does not cause a noticeable increase in midsection; the midsection of the canopy with 8 lines is noticeably smaller than the midsection of the canopy with 16 lines

(Fig. 4).

The number of canopy lines is determined by the length of its lower edge and the distance between the lines, which for the canopies of the main parachutes is 0.6 - 1 m. The exception is stabilizing and braking parachutes, in which the distance between two adjacent lines is 0.05 - 0.2 m, in due to the fact that the length of the lower edge of their domes is relatively small and it is impossible to attach a large number of sling needed to increase strength.

AddictionFROM P from the length of the dome lines . The parachute canopy takes shape and balances if, at a certain length of the line, the lower edge is pulled together under the action of a forceR.When reducing the length of the sling, the angle between the sling and the axis of the domea increases ( a 1 > a), the contracting force also increases (R 1 >P). Under the forceR 1 the edge of the canopy with short lines is compressed, the midsection of the canopy becomes smaller than the midsection of the canopy with long lines (Fig. 5). Reducing the midsection leads to a decrease in the coefficientFROMn, and the equilibrium of the dome is disturbed. With a significant shortening of the lines, the dome takes on a streamlined shape, partially filled with air, which leads to a decrease in pressure drop and, consequently, to an additional decrease in С P . Obviously, it is possible to calculate such a length of lines at which the canopy cannot be filled with air.

Increasing the length of the lines increases the resistance coefficient of the ku-floor C P and, therefore, provides a given landing or descent speed with the smallest possible canopy area. However, it should be remembered that an increase in the length of the lines leads to an increase in the mass of the parachute.

It has been experimentally established that with an increase in the length of the lines by a factor of 2, the drag coefficient of the dome increases only by a factor of 1.23. Therefore, by increasing the length of the lines by 2 times, it is possible to reduce the area of the dome by 1.23 times. In practice, they use a length of lines equal to 0.8 - 1.0 of the diameter of the dome in the cut, although calculations show that the largest valueFROM P reaches with a length of lines equal to three diameters of the dome in the cut.

High resistance is the main, but not the only requirement for a parachute. The shape of the dome should ensure its rapid and reliable opening, stable, without swaying, lowering. In addition, the dome must be durable and easy to manufacture and operate. All of these requirements are in conflict. For example, domes with high resistance are very unstable, and, conversely, very stable domes have little resistance. When designing, these requirements are taken into account depending on the purpose of the parachute systems.

Operation of the landing parachute system. The sequence of operation of the landing parachute system in the initial period is determined primarily by the aircraft's flight speed during landing.

As you know, with increasing speed, the load on the canopy of the parachute increases. This makes it necessary to increase the strength of the canopy, as a result, to increase the mass of the parachute and take protective measures to reduce the dynamic load on the body of the paratrooper at the time of opening the main parachute canopy.

The operation of the landing parachute system has the following stages:

I - descent on the stabilizing parachute system from the moment of separation from the aircraft until the introduction of the main parachute;

II – the exit of the lines from the honeycombs and the dome from the chamber of the main parachute;

III - filling the canopy of the main parachute with air;

IV - dampening of the system speed from the end of the third stage until the system reaches a steady rate of descent.

The introduction of the parachute system begins at the moment of separation of the parachutist from the aircraft with the sequential inclusion of all elements of the parachute system.

To streamline the opening and ease of packing the main parachute, it is placed in a parachute chamber, which, in turn, fits into a satchel, which is attached to the suspension system. The landing parachute system is attached to the paratrooper with the help of a suspension system, which allows you to conveniently place the packed parachute and evenly distribute the dynamic load on the body during the filling of the main parachute.

Serial landing parachute systems are designed to perform jumps from all types of military transport aircraft at high flight speeds. The main parachute is put into action a few seconds after the separation of the paratrooper from the aircraft, which ensures the minimum load acting on the parachute canopy when it is filled, and allows you to get out of the disturbed air flow. These requirements determine whether landing system a stabilizing parachute that provides stable movement and reduces the initial rate of descent to the optimum required.

Upon reaching a predetermined height or after a set descent time, a stabilizing parachute using a special device (manual deployment link or parachute device) is detached from the main parachute bag, drags the main parachute chamber with the main parachute stowed in it and puts it into action. In this position, the parachute canopy is filled without jerks, at an acceptable speed, which ensures its reliability in operation, and also reduces the dynamic load.

The steady rate of vertical descent of the system gradually decreases due to the increase in air density and reaches a safe speed at the moment of landing.

The theory of airborne training. Methodology of airborne training general provisions of the methodology of airborne training. Theoretical foundations of skydiving

1. Content of airborne training

See also

Sources

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARACHUTE AND MEANS OF LANDING WEAPONS, MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND CARGO

2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PARACHUTE JUMP

2.1. COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

2.2. BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHENOMENA OF WEATHER, AFFECTING PARACHUTE JUMP

2.3. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CALCULATION
MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE MOVEMENT OF BODIES IN THE AIR
AND THEIR LANDINGS

2.4. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT amphibious
PARACHUTE SYSTEMS

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1. Content of airborne training

See also

Sources

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARACHUTE AND MEANS OF LANDING WEAPONS, MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND CARGO

2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PARACHUTE JUMP

2.1. COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

2.2. BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHENOMENA OF WEATHER, AFFECTING PARACHUTE JUMP

2.3. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CALCULATION MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE MOVEMENT OF BODIES IN THE AIR AND THEIR LANDINGS

2.4. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT amphibious PARACHUTE SYSTEMS

Report a typo

Text to be sent to our editors:

Your comment (optional):

2.3. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CALCULATION
MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE MOVEMENT OF BODIES IN THE AIR
AND THEIR LANDINGS

2.4. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT amphibious
PARACHUTE SYSTEMS