How much does a parachute weigh? Textbook: Airborne training How much does a paratrooper's parachute weigh d 10
In summer the sun rises early. As soon as the evening dawn has time to hand over its watch, it begins to turn red in the east, and soon a crimson-red disk of the daylight rolls out from behind the horizon.
Quiet, windless. Only in the heights the lark is flooded, and in the withered grass the grasshoppers chirp monotonously.
Despite the early hour, stuffy, hot. A group of staff officers headed by General M.T. Tonkaev had just arrived in this deserted steppe. The officers crowd around a small table, at which a navigator and a tablet player perched with their magazines and stopwatches. The general looked at his watch and said quietly, as if to himself:
- It starts now...
What exactly will begin - the officers did not need to explain. Today, on this plain, they were to receive a mass air assault from heavy Tu-4D airships flying at high speed. Such an experiment was carried out for the first time.
Everyone quickly rises from their seats. And here is the familiar, but always alarming sounding signal: “Go!”.
The paratroopers one by one rush to the hatch and disappear into the gray void.
The moment has come to jump and let out. Vladimir Doronin takes a step, another and, habitually bending down, throws himself head down into the abyss whistling from the rushing air stream. A tight wave immediately hit him in the face, turned his body and threw it to the side with force.
Then he felt a jolt. But not the same as it happens when the canopy of the main parachute opens, but weak, barely perceptible. "Something's wrong!" - burned thought. Doronin raised his head and saw a white tongue of cloth above him. The main part of the dome, twisted into a bundle, wriggled, clamped by strong parachute lines.
Vladimir knew well what this threatened.
“But if you open the reserve parachute now,” thought Vladimir, “then, having escaped from the satchel, it can wrap itself around the harness of the main parachute, and then it’s the end.
After waiting for an opportune moment, Vladimir pulled the reserve parachute ring and heard a familiar pop. The parachute filled with air. The rapid fall has stopped.
Landing on a reserve parachute, Vladimir unfastened the suspension system and, with pleasure, stretched out on the warm ground, buried his face in the grass. My God, how pleasantly these herbs smell, what a primordial aroma the earth itself exudes, how loudly the grasshoppers chirp. Why hadn't he noticed this before, why didn't he experience burning joy from these smells and these sounds? And my heart beat loudly, with jubilation: alive, alive! After a while, he struggled to his feet and looked around. Nearby, three paratroopers were lying in the grass, and next to them the faded and wrinkled parachute panels were white. It hasn't happened yet. Is there a problem with them?
But the paratroopers at the same time, as if on command, got up, collected their parachutes and headed towards Doronin. Other paratroopers also hurried to the gathering place.
- What happened? - the officer asked one of the paratroopers, who a minute ago lay motionless in the grass. The boy stuttered and replied:
- Ku-pol ra-a-exploded ...
The same story, it turns out, happened to his friend.
At this time, another nine aircraft appeared over the landing area. One by one, paratroopers poured down from above. The sky was white with parachutes. Something went wrong with one of the paratroopers. Having overtaken his comrades, he continued to rapidly rush to the ground. Behind him stretched a twisted tourniquet of an unopened parachute.
Vladimir and the three paratroopers who approached him held their breath and watched a man in trouble approaching the ground.
- Tear the spare ring! - shouted Doronin, as if the paratrooper could hear his advice. But, to the delight of all who watched, the canopy of the reserve parachute finally opened over the paratrooper.
When the last paratrooper sank to the ground, Vladimir headed for the assembly point. The general was there. Doronin began to report to him about what had happened. But the general stopped him with a sharp gesture:
- I know. I know everything.
In the general's tone, Vladimir caught irritation. It's a joke to say: the landing almost ended in the death of several people.
What's the reason? Why did the canopies of the main parachutes in a number of cases not work, while Doronin's main canopy was turned inside out, torn and almost completely twisted into a tight tourniquet? For three people, the parachute lines were twisted to their entire length, and the canopies, as they are commonly called, turned out to be “crushed”. In two cases, an unknown force rolled the panels of the main parachutes into a ball and tied them with slings.
Later it turned out that several people at the time of opening the parachutes from a strong dynamic impact lost consciousness, others received severe bruises on the head and face with the free ends of the suspension system.
In the evening, a group of officers and generals from the headquarters of the Airborne Forces arrived at the field site where the troops landed. Such a phenomenon, when about ten parachutes were denied work at once, has not been noted in the entire history of the Airborne Forces. The headquarters was alarmed: D-1, who faithfully served the paratroopers for more than one year, suddenly misfired.
A commission was quickly formed. Vladimir Doronin also entered it as a leading test engineer. Specialists meticulously examined every fold of parachutes, checked the lines by touch, opened and closed the satchels, hoping to find at least the slightest clue. But in vain. No flaws were found in the parachutes.
What is the point then? This issue was discussed at a meeting of experts. They spoke passionately, passionately, sometimes arguing. In the end, they came to the conclusion that the speed at which the jumps from aircraft were to blame was to blame. The old, loyal D-1 was at odds with her.
- What do we do? - asked the participants of the meeting, the general who led the operation to drop the landing. - Go back to the sluggards? But this is not the way out. In the near future we will receive new, even faster aircraft. What is your opinion, comrade Doronin?
The general knew Vladimir as a master of sports, the inventor of many devices that were widely used in the troops.
- I can’t give an explanation right off the bat, Comrade General, - Vladimir answered. - I am firmly convinced of one thing - the D-1 is not suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft. We have to create something new. The development of a new parachute was carried out earlier. There were even individual samples. But they did not find practical application: the parachutes turned out to be heavy and bulky.
The Doronins took up the creation of a new model. Logic prompted the inventors that since the D-1 behaves abnormally at high flight speeds in a highly disturbed air flow, it means that it is necessary to look for a fundamentally new, consistent scheme for its entry into action. The phased introduction of the parachute into operation should guarantee not only the trouble-free and normal opening of the main canopy, but also bring the large dynamic load experienced by the paratrooper to normal limits.
Doronins made hundreds of various calculations, checking the developed structures in the air. To do this, we had to repeatedly jump from high-speed planes ourselves, and in especially dangerous cases, entrust the experiment to the trouble-free "Ivan Ivanovich". In the end, the picture, as if on photographic paper, lowered into the developer, appeared before them quite clearly.
As soon as the paratrooper leaves the plane, a small canopy of a stabilizing parachute opens behind him. In a strongly disturbed air flow, he immediately sets the person down with his feet in the direction of flight, stops his erratic tumbling, and reduces the speed of the fall.
At the same time, the stabilizing parachute also pulls out of the satchel the upper part of the main dome placed in the case - a train on which the paratrooper carries out a stabilizing descent to the desired height. Then the automatic device PPD-10 or KAP-3 is activated, releasing the stabilizing parachute, and that, in turn, easily “takes out” the rest of the main canopy from the inner pocket of the knapsack, pulls the cover off it and then the canopy is fully operational.
Now the parachutist could be firmly convinced that the surprises that made themselves felt when throwing a mass landing at high flight speed would no longer lie in wait for him. The stabilizing parachute guarantees the normal opening of the main parachute, regardless of the speed of the aircraft, protects against strong dynamic shock and all kinds of injuries.
The use of a new landing parachute, which received the name D-1-8, greatly contributed to the rapid development of high-speed transport aviation. He passed the state and military tests and was adopted by the Airborne Forces and the Air Force. Its first testers were the inventors themselves and their friends V. G. Romanyuk, N. K. Nikitin, A. V. Vanyarkho. They jumped from D-1-8 from An-8, An-10, An-12, Tu-4D and others, and in all cases he behaved flawlessly.
Tests, as well as mass landings at various military exercises from high-speed aircraft, led to the conclusion that the scheme proposed by the Doronins for the sequential introduction of landing parachutes into action has no equal. Its advantage was that pilot chutes could not get into the lines of the main domes. The slings of the pilot chute could no longer catch on to the legs, head, weapons, equipment of the paratrooper.
Previously, during jumps, the lines of the main dome were quite often tied with so-called "mechanical knots", pinching the lower edges of the domes. Sometimes the slings overlapped the domes and, of course, did not allow them to work normally. And how people suffered when the free ends of the suspension system hit the face or head. Now such phenomena are no longer observed.
The sequential scheme of the D-1-8 coming into action reduced the dynamic load on a person by two to three times, because the falling speed was extinguished gradually.
Of no small importance was the fact that the paratrooper immediately after separation from the aircraft took up a position with his feet downstream. He did not experience any somersaults or strong rotations, had a good overview of the surrounding space and convenient access to the exhaust rings of the main and reserve parachutes, if he had a chance to use them in case of need.
This circumstance was also very important. The new parachute did not exclude, but assumed the use of any previously released serial canopies, because the stabilizing parachute took a significant share of the dynamic load on itself. Serial domes remained the same.
All this gave a great economic effect. If we calculate the cost of the material previously spent on the production of parachutes, and present in monetary terms the labor of factory teams, we get a figure that amounts to millions of rubles.
The main thing was that within two years all airborne and aviation units were provided with new parachutes suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.
The Doronins created not only the parachute itself. In relation to it, they developed an original two-cone lock of the stabilizing system, introduced automatons that open the parachute, used the parachute pack as a power system that takes on dynamic loads. All this was a significant contribution to the development of domestic parachute equipment, approved the priority of our Motherland in this area.
The main merit belongs to the Doronin in the development of the D-1-8. But other specialists worked on its creation together with them: design engineer F. D. Tkachev, who had previously created a round dome for the D-1, designers A. F. Zimina, I. M. Artemov, S. D. Khahilev , I. S. Stepanenko, who developed a lineless ball pilot chute, colonels V. P. Ivanov, M. V. Arabin, A. V. Vanyarkho, A. F. Shukaev, N. Ya. Gladkov, engineer-lieutenant colonel A. V Alekseev, head of the political department of the formation, Colonel I. I. Bliznyuk.
Tests of the new parachute were carried out under the leadership of Generals S. E. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Zigaev and I. I. Lisov.
The appearance of parachutes D-1-8 affected the increase in the combat readiness of the airborne troops. With them, paratroopers jumped from high-speed planes at the largest military exercises "Dnepr", "Dvina", "South".
In the summer of 1967, an air parade took place at the Domodedovo airfield near Moscow. It was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet state. The participants and spectators of this grandiose holiday will surely remember the following picture: an armada of heavy airships appeared from the western side of the airfield. They marched in close combat formation. Soon the sky above the airfield blossomed with bright domes.
And the planes kept coming and going. Some paratroopers left the planes, others, having landed, rushed to perform a combat mission. Over a thousand people, with weapons in their hands, fell to the ground in record time. It was a breathtaking and unforgettable sight.
Massive parachute assault from high-speed aircraft! It became possible due to the fact that new equipment entered service with the army. And also because the D-1-8 parachute appeared. He had a high
reliability.
One document signed by the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General V.F. Margelov on May 10, 1967, states:
“The D-1-8 landing parachute has a fundamentally new sequential scheme for putting it into operation, which allowed the Airborne Forces and Military Transport Aviation to conduct normal combat training of personnel for jumping from all types of modern aircraft at flight speeds up to 400 km / h on the instrument and constantly stay in combat readiness for landing. This was convincingly demonstrated at the air parade in Moscow in 1961 and at many exercises of the Warsaw Pact countries, and was twice highly appreciated by Comrade Marshal of the Soviet Union. Malinovsky R. Ya. in his speeches at the XXII and XXIII Congresses of the CPSU. At present, more than three million jumps have been made on D-1-8 parachutes, and they "showed high reliability in operation."
Meanwhile, by chance, this parachute might not have seen the light of day, if the commander of the airborne troops, VF Margelov, had not taken part in its fate. He showed foresight, determination, took responsibility when the fate of a new product hung in the balance.
This happened at the first stage of military trials, when only one hundred and fifty jumps were included in the track record of D-1-8. One of the paratroopers hurried to leave the plane and during the jump made a mistake that cost him his life. The free part of the canopy of the main parachute fell under his legs in the bend of his knees, wrapped around him from below. The parachutist, falling down-back, did not take any measures to change the position of the body. Apparently he went into shock.
Everyone focused their attention on the black dot rapidly approaching the ground. Finally, the canopy of the reserve parachute shot up over the man. But it was already too late. To stop the rapid fall, the paratrooper lacked some ten to fifteen meters in height.
What is the reason for the parachutist's death? Lost, apparently, the guy consciousness, they said alone. Others, however, brought a different base under the state of emergency: the parachute, they say, had not been brought to full condition, and it would be better to wait a little with military tests.
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Fedor LUSHNIKOV
In the history of inventions, it is difficult to find a more international product than a parachute. The idea, first expressed, as they say, by the Italian Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, was implemented by the French in the 18th century, finalized by the British in the 19th century. and improved by a Russian inventor at the beginning of the 20th century.
The initial task was a safe landing of a person (for example, when jumping from a balloon basket). Models of that time did not differ in a wide variety of species. Continued until the 1970s. improvement of the design and materials used, led to the differentiation of parachutes into two large groups: round and "wing". The most used in professional parachuting belong to the wing group.
Types of parachutes by purpose of use
According to the purpose, the following types are distinguished:
- for landing cargo;
- for solving auxiliary tasks;
- for landing people.
The drag parachute has a long history. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian designer, and was originally intended for braking cars. In this form, the idea did not take root, but in the late 1930s. it is beginning to take root in aviation.
Today, the brake parachute is part of the braking system of fighter aircraft that have a high landing speed and a short landing distance, for example, on warships. When approaching the runway for such aircraft, one drag parachute with one or more canopies is ejected from the rear fuselage. Its use allows to reduce the braking distance by 30%. In addition, a drag parachute is used when landing space challengers.
Civil aircraft do not use this method of braking, because at the time of ejection of the canopy, the vehicle and the people in it experience significant overload.
To land cargo thrown from aircraft, special parachute systems are used, consisting of one or more domes. If necessary, such systems can be equipped with jet engines that give an additional braking impulse before direct contact with the ground. Similar parachute systems are also used for the descent of spacecraft to the ground. Auxiliary task parachutes include those that are components of parachute systems:
- exhaust, which pull out the main or spare dome;
- stabilizing, which, in addition to pulling, have the function of stabilizing the landing object;
- supporting, which ensure the correct process of opening another parachute.
Most parachute systems exist for landing people.
Types of parachutes for landing people
The following types of parachutes are used for the safe landing of people:
- training;
- rescue;
- special purpose;
- landing;
- gliding shell parachute systems (sports).
The main types are gliding shell parachute systems (“wing”) and landing (round) parachutes.
landing
Army parachutes come in 2 types: round and square.
The dome of a round landing parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the form of a hemisphere. The dome has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Round landing parachute systems (for example, D-5, D-6, D-10) have the following altitude characteristics:
- the maximum height of the release is 8 km.
- the usual working height is 800-1200 m.
- the minimum ejection height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 s and descent on a filled canopy for at least 10 s.
Round landing parachutes are poorly controlled. They have approximately the same vertical and horizontal speed (5 m/s). Weight:
- 13.8 kg (D-5);
- 11.5 kg (D-6);
- 11.7 (D-10).
Square parachutes (for example, the Russian "Listik" D-12, the American T-11) have additional slots in the canopy, which gives them better maneuverability and allows the parachutist to control the horizontal movement. The rate of descent is up to 4 m/s. Horizontal speed - up to 5 m/s.
Training
Training parachutes are used as intermediate parachutes for the transition from landing to sports. They, like the landing ones, have round domes, but are equipped with additional slots and valves that allow the paratrooper to influence the horizontal movement and train landing accuracy.
The most popular training option is D-1-5U. It is he who is used when making the first independent jumps in parachute clubs. When pulling on one of the control lines, this model makes a full 360 turn ° C for 18 s. He is well managed.
Average sink rates (m/s):
- horizontal - 2.47;
- vertical - 5.11.
The minimum release height from the D-1-5U is 150 m with immediate deployment. The maximum height of the release is 2200 m. Other training models: P1-U; T-4; UT-15. Having characteristics similar to D-1-5U, these models are even more maneuverable: they make a full turn in 5 s, 6.5 s and 12 s, respectively. In addition, they are about 5 kg lighter than the D-1-5U.
Sports
Gliding shell parachute systems are characterized by the greatest species diversity. They can be classified according to the shape of the wing and the type of dome.
- Wing shape classification
Domes of the "wing" type can have the following shape:
- rectangular;
- semi-elliptical;
- elliptical.
Most of the wings are rectangular in shape. It provides ease of control, predictability of the behavior of the parachute.
The more elliptical the shape of the canopy, the better the aerodynamic performance of the parachute becomes, but the less stable it becomes.
Elliptical structures are characterized by:
- higher speed (horizontal and vertical);
- short stroke control lines;
- large loss of height during the turn.
Elliptical canopies are high-speed models designed for use by skydivers with more than 500 jumps experience.
- Classification by dome type
Sports modifications are divided according to the purpose of the dome into:
- classic;
- student;
- high-speed;
- transitional;
- tandem.
Classic domes have a large area (up to 28 m²), which makes them stable even in strong winds. They are also called precision.
Odistinguishing features:
- mobile in the horizontal plane (developing speed up to 10 m/s);
- allow you to effectively control the decline;
- used to practice landing accuracy.
The name "student dome" speaks for itself. Such parachute systems are used by skydivers with little jumping experience. They are quite inert, less maneuverable and therefore safer. In terms of area, the student's dome roughly corresponds to the range of the classical one, but has 9 sections instead of 7. Domes for high-speed parachutes are small - up to 21.4 m². These professional models are distinguished by "agility" and high maneuverability. Some models develop a horizontal speed of more than 18 m/s. On average - 12-16 m / s. Used by trained paratroopers.
Tandem domes are designed for landing 2 people at the same time. Therefore, they have a large area, up to 11 sections. Differ in the increased stability and durability of a design. Transitional domes are more inert and slow, but fast enough: they can develop a horizontal speed of up to 14 m/s. They are used as training before mastering speed models. And planning shell parachute systems are designated by the letters PO (for example, PO-16, PO-9).
Rescue
Systems designed for emergency landing from a crashed aircraft are called rescue systems. As a rule, they have a round dome shape (for example, C-4, C-5). But there are also square ones (for example, C-3-3).
Emergency release can occur at speeds up to 1100 km / h (S-5K) at altitude:
- from 100 m to 12000 m (С-3-3);
- from 70 to 4000 m (S-4U);
- from 60 to 6000 m (С-4);
- from 80 to 12000 m (С-5).
When dropping at a very high altitude, it is allowed to open the parachute after passing the mark of 9000 m. appliances.
Spare
Whatever parachute systems are used, a reserve parachute is a mandatory part of them. It is attached to the parachutist's chest and is used as an emergency in cases where the main one failed or could not open correctly. The reserve parachute is designated by the letters "З" or "ПЗ". The reserve parachute has a large canopy area - up to 50 m². The shape of the dome is round. Vertical descent speed - from 5 to 8.5 m / s.
Different types of emergency systems are compatible with different types of main parachutes:
- reserve parachute type Z-2 is compatible with landing and rescue models D-5, D-1-5, S-3-3, S-4.
- reserve parachute type PZ-81 must be used with sports options like PO-9.
- reserve parachute PZ-74 is designed for use with training models UT-15 and T-4.
special purpose
This group includes non-mass parachute systems. They are used in rescue and military operations.
Base jumping parachutes
The main dome for base jumping is the usual rectangular "wing". As a rule, they are made of airtight material (ZP-0). There is no reserve parachute: the low jump height makes it redundant.
When jumping like free fall, when the base jumper opens the parachute itself, the parachute system requires a large pilot chute, the thrust of which is enough to quickly open the main canopy. Assist jumps are less demanding on the size of the pilot chute, because. the extension of the main dome occurs "automatically". In roll over jumps, only the main, already unfolded, canopy is used.
Landing parachute D-10- This is the system that replaced the D-6 parachute. The area of the dome is 100 square meters with improved performance and beautiful appearance - in the shape of a squash.
Designed
Designed for jumps for both novice paratroopers and paratroopers - training and combat jumps from the AN-2 aircraft, MI-8 and MI-6 helicopters and AN-12, AN-26, AN-22, IL-76 military transport aircraft with full service armament and equipment ... or without it ... Throw speed 140-400 km / h, minimum jump height 200 meters with stabilization 3 seconds, maximum - 4000 meters with a parachutist flight weight up to 140 kg. Descent speed 5 m/sec.
Horizontal speed up to 3 m/sec. The forward movement of the canopy is carried out by rolling the free ends, where the free ends are reduced by rolling, the canopy goes there... Dome turns are carried out by control lines, the canopy is unfolded due to the slots located on the dome. The length of the lines for the D-10 parachute is different ... Lighter in weight, it got more control options ...
At the end of the article I will post the full performance characteristics of the D-10 (performance characteristics)
Parachute system D-10
Parachute system D-10 many people already know that the system came to the troops ... landing showed work in the air ... convergence became much less, because there are more opportunities under an open dome to run to where there is no one ... with a parachute it will be even better in this regard .. Believe me, it's difficult ... to create a system that opens safely, give speed to the canopy, make turns, create such control that a paratrooper without jumping experience can handle it ... but for paratroopers when they go with full service weapons and equipment, maintain the rate of descent and allow easy control of the canopy ...
And in a combat situation during the landing, it is necessary to exclude as much as possible shooting-shooting at paratroopers, as at targets ...
The Research Institute of Parachute Engineering has developed a modification of the D-10 parachute... get to know...
From a height of 70 meters
The minimum drop height is 70 meters...! We have courageous paratroopers... it's scary to walk from 100 meters... :)) it's scary, because the ground is close... and from 70 meters... it's like heading into a whirlpool... :)) the ground is very close. .. I know this height, this is the approach to the last straight line on the sports dome ... but the D-10P system has been worked out for quick opening ... without stabilization for the forced opening of the knapsack ... the pull rope is attached with a carabiner to the cable in an airplane or helicopter, and the other end with a cable to close the parachute bag ... the cable is pulled out with a rope, the bag opened and the canopy went ... such an opening system for the D-1-8 parachute, series 6 ... the possibility of leaving the aircraft at a height of 70 meters is safety while landing in combat conditions ...
The maximum altitude of leaving the aircraft is 4000 meters...
The D-10P system is designed in such a way that it can be converted into the D-10 system ... and vice versa ... in other words, it can be operated without stabilization for the forced opening of the parachute or stabilization is attached, the parachute fits into work with stabilization and forward, into Sky...
The dome consists of 24 wedges, slings with a breaking strength of 150 kg each...
22 slings 4 meters long and four slings attached to the loops of the dome slots, 7 m long, made of ShKP-150 nylon cord,
22 external additional slings from the ShKP-150 cord, 3 m long
24 internal additional slings from the ShKP-120 cord, 4 m long, attached to the main slings ... two internal additional slings are attached to lines 2 and 14.
The performance characteristics of the PDS D-10
| Weight of a paratrooper with parachutes, kg | 140-150 |
| Aircraft flight speed, km/h | 140-400 |
| Maximum safe parachute opening height, m | 4000 |
| Minimum safe application height, m | 200 |
| Stabilization time, s | 3 or more |
| Speed of descent on a stabilizing parachute, m/s | 30-40 |
| The force required to open a two-cone lock using a manual opening link, kgf | no more than 16 |
| Speed of descent on the main parachute, m/s | 5 |
| Time to turn in any direction by 180 when the lock cord is removed and the free ends of the harness are pulled, s | no more than 60 |
| Time to turn in any direction by 180 with locked free ends of the suspension system, s | no more than 30 |
| Average horizontal forward and backward speed, m/s | not less than 2.6 |
| Weight of parachute system without parachute bag and parachute device AD-3U-D-165, kg, | no more than 11.7 |
| Number of applications | |
| with a total flight weight of a paratrooper-paratrooper of 140 kg, | times 80 |
| including with a total flight weight of a parachutist 150 kg | 10 |
| Shelf life without repacking, months | no more than 3 |
| Warranty period, years | 14 |
The D-10 parachute system allows the use of reserve parachutes of the Z-4, Z-5, Z-2 types. Parachute devices AD-3U-D-165, PPK-U-165A-D are used as a safety device for opening a two-cone lock.
- “Of the five thousand residents of Rostov celebrating the Day of the Airborne Forces, only one and a half thousand actually served in the landing troops”
Today is Air Force Day!
Airborne Troops Day!
Day of the Paratroopers or "Paratroopers"!
Of course, every year, the Landing Forces are becoming quieter. Grandiose fights and showdowns with the "Watermelon" mafia in the markets are slowly becoming a thing of the past. Still, our country is becoming more and more rigid to all kinds of lawlessness, on the one hand, on the other hand, we are at war in some places of the ball. And it has long been noticed that if the country's Army conducts real hostilities, fewer people bathe in fountains and go to protest rallies.
Therefore, the question is always relevant, how to distinguish a real paratrooper from someone who just puts on a vest and takes it, or maybe having made a “Throwout” tattoo, thumps in the fountain and tells army tales.
By the way, Muscovites differ in this. Anyone who served in the Airborne Forces knows that it is among those called up from Moscow that rotten soldiers are more common ...
Of course, not all, among the guys from Moscow there are many excellent fighters. I myself had a "druzhban" from the Capital in the army.
But honestly, everyone knows that among the inhabitants of Moscow there are “not quite good comrades”, more than from the outskirts of the country ...
We had a “Moskvich” in our company, the only communist among the soldiers. By the way, he was sent to the army after a “ball” (a ball or another slang expression in the army and airborne forces) in civilian life. He was a released secretary of the Komsomol, I do not remember where. There was a delay, but flew in, and was sent to serve in the elite troops. I'm sure he bathes in the fountain and thumps in a beret and vest.
But for one real paratrooper there are several fake ones. So let's start learning to identify the deceiver. I will give below a few questions and some detailed answers to these questions.
Knowing the answers to these questions, you can identify a fake "Landing"!
1. Where did you serve?
The answer to the Airborne Forces or the DSB does not work, as does the DMB (this is a demobilization!). Like the place of service, such as Pskov, Ryazan and so on. Maybe he had heard enough of the army tales of his older brother or neighbor. By the way, in addition, there may even be construction battalion workers in the military camp of the landing unit. For example, in Pskov. If anyone remembers, soldiers from the construction battalion went to the photographer and took photos in the “demobilization parade with axels” and a blue beret. They were sent home and boldly told that they were serving in the Airborne Forces. Of course they did it in secret. The construction battalion troops were not very fond of. In Pskov, there was a garrison bay (guard watch), this is the place where soldiers and officers are kept for minor and major violations of military discipline. The bay was guarded by the guard of the Pskov division
2. Part number?
Each military unit has a number. The unit number is driven into the soldier's head. As well as the number of the machine and the military ID. I served almost 30 years ago and still remember.
3. VUS what?
VUS, this military registration specialty is written in the Military ID. If such a Trooper shows you his soldier, then looking at his VUS, you will understand who he really is. “Military registration specialty (VUS) - an indication of the military specialty of an active or in reserve serviceman of the Russian Armed Forces and other troops and formations. Information about the VUS is entered into the military ID. All VUS are divided into groups, the VUS designation itself is a multi-digit number (for example, VUS-250400).
Possible list of military specialties
Apparently, there are no open sources containing the decoding of the codes of all currently operating VUS: the VUS catalog is a document of the Russian Ministry of Defense with a “Secret” degree of secrecy.
The first three digits of the VUS of warrant officers, sergeants, foremen and soldiers indicate specialization (VUS code), for example:
100 - rifle
101 - snipers
102 - grenade launchers
106 - military intelligence
107 - units and divisions of Special Forces
122 - BMD
461 - HF radio stations
998 - not having military training, fit for military service
999 - the same, only RESTRICTLY fit for military service, etc.
The next three digits indicate the position (position code):
97 - ZKV
182 - KO
259 - MV
001 - battery man, etc.
The letter at the end indicates "special signs of service":
A - having none
B - missile weapons specialists
D - Airborne Forces
K - crew of surface ships
M - MP
P - V.v.
R - PV (FPS)
S - Ministry of Emergency Situations (?)
T - construction units and subdivisions
F - SpN, etc.
E - Flight personnel for ensigns, sergeants, soldiers
4. How many times did you jump? Usually you will hear mind-blowing numbers of 30-40-50, and maybe 100 jumps. “The annual norm for a conscript soldier is 12 jumps, 6 in each training period. In general, parachute training is a prerequisite for service in the Airborne Forces. Everyone is landing - from the general to the private, ”- an interview with Shamanov. Who is not in the know, Vladimir Shamanov Commander of the Airborne Forces and Colonel General. Even in the USSR, jumping more than 20 times for military service was problematic. Because a soldier took up guard duties (this is when a man with a gun guards Guba, warehouses and parks with equipment), went to outfits in the park (where the equipment is), finally to outfit in the dining room (where he peeled potatoes, set the table and washed dishes), stood “on the bedside table” (attire for the company), and so on ... In the army, self-service, the soldier did everything himself and to make the jump, no one released him. Of course, there were sports companies in the army. These are free units, where soldiers mainly train and perform for the unit. For example, where I served, there was a "squadron". Conscripts are skydivers who only jumped and competed. But this is a separate caste, they even went in a peculiar form, officer overcoats and epaulettes of conscripts. The beginnings of a contract army. I am not talking about contract sergeants and ensigns. They were already professional soldiers then. But an ordinary paratrooper did not jump very much. Just like now. Only “for demobilization” they could buy a “nauseous” (badge parachutist in the form of a dome with a pendant in the form of numbers according to the number of jumps) with a large number of jumps.
5. Did you jump in combat? Many fake paratroopers do not know that the Airborne Forces and all kinds of special forces can jump in several ways.
Here are the simplest ones:
Without weapons and RD (Paratrooper Backpack)
With RD and weapons in the transport position. Automatic, SVD and even RPG, in a special transport case, "screwed" behind the back of a dashing landing.
With RD and GK (Cargo Container)
With weapons "in combat", on the chest under the chest jumper of the suspension system. Allows you to fire while descending on a parachute, directly from the sky.
Then there are night ones, on the forest, on the water, high-rise and so on. Only inside the equipment no one jumps, although this option has been worked out for war. The son of the legendary founder of the Airborne Forces Vasily Margelov, Alexander Margelov, back in 1973 made a parachute jump inside the BMD-1. For this feat, he was awarded the title of Hero of Russia, after 20 years ... Since then, more than 110 people have jumped inside the equipment, but these are testers. An ordinary paratrooper who will tell you about this, just pi ....!
6. Did you jump with the ISS? For reference, the MKS is a multi-dome system for landing equipment, for example MKS-5-760. A person just can't jump with this crap. But I met Landing Forces who claimed that they jumped with her ... In the Airborne Forces, they jump mainly with parachutes: D-1-8 is the oldest parachute, created back in 1959. This parachute has the main advantage, the dome cover clings through an extension halyard to an airplane or helicopter. The paratrooper doesn't even have a ring. Led to the hatch, gave a kick in the ass. Then everything works automatically without any devices. This is the perfect parachute for the first jump. 300% guarantee, the main thing when laying is not to twist the lines. D-1-5U is the oldest controlled parachute. D-6 and all its modifications. You have seen this dome in most films about the Airborne Forces. The paratroopers fly for some time on a stabilizing small canopy. The same canopy extends the main canopy of the parachute, if you pull the ring or when the safety device of the PPK-U type is triggered. PPK-U - Semiautomatic Parachute Combined Unified (device) - designed to open the parachute pack (after a certain period of time at a certain height). Now they plan to put D-10 in the troops. PSN - Special Purpose Parachute. I jumped from PSN-71, it is more manageable. It has rolls for better handling (which we were forbidden to uncheck) and locks on the suspension system. When landing, you can immediately unfasten the dome. For example, in the wind, when jumping into the water or in battle. It was created for the GRU Spetsnaz and reconnaissance units of the Airborne Forces. Software - Planning Shell. These are the same rectangular “wings” or “mattresses” on which all athletes now jump. From PO-9, from the times of the USSR, to modern PO-16, PO-17 and the famous "Crossbows". A conscript has never jumped with such domes!
7. And finally, what is "Razor - smile"? Or were you shaved with a smile? This is a flexible hairpin from the same PPK-U device. In the Airborne Forces and civilian paratroopers, the most fashionable keychain and souvenir. On the neck, on the keys and so on. The hairpin, when unbent, specifically clings to the hairs, no worse than an epilator. In the army, it is used as a punishment for negligent fighters, and just "for fun." Airborne humor, I shaved with a smile. Have you been shaved with a smile? Understandable only to paratroopers.
In principle, there is still a lot of information that only those who served in the Airborne Forces can know. But I think that what I wrote will be enough to identify fake paratroopers who dishonor the glorious name of Uncle Vasya's Troops. Vasily Margelov is the founder of the Airborne Forces and the father of all paratroopers!
Happy Airborne Forces Day to all real paratroopers!
Nobody except us!
I work as a fitness instructor. I have a professional education and 25 years of coaching experience. I help people lose weight or gain muscle mass and stay healthy at the same time. I conduct training via the Internet or in the Mamba fitness club in the city of Rostov-on-Don.
The D-6 parachute is designed for training jumps from transport aircraft.
1 - rubber honeycomb
2 - link
3 - stabilizing parachute in the chamber
4 - check tape
5 - locking knot of the link loop to the ring on the knapsack
6 - ring on the knapsack
7 - guide ring for the halyard
8 - flexible hairpin halyard
9 - ribbon-tie
10 - locking of a flexible stud with a device
11 - device PPK-U-165A-D or AD-3U-D-165
Tactical and technical data of the parachute
1. With a total weight of the parachutist-parachute system of not more than 140 kg, the parachute provides:
- assigned (technical) life - 80 applications at altitudes from 200 to 8000 m with stabilization of 3 s or more when leaving the aircraft at an instrument flight speed of 140 to 400 km/h, including 10 applications with a flight weight of 150 kg, while the introduction of the main dome should be carried out at an altitude of not more than 5000 m with a total weight of a paratrooper up to 140 kg and at an altitude of not more than 2000 m with a total weight of a paratrooper up to 150 kg;
- overloads arising from the opening of the stabilizing and main domes - no more than 10g;
- a minimum safe altitude of 200 m when leaving a horizontally flying aircraft at an instrument flight speed of 140 to 400 km/h with a stabilization of 3 s, while the descent time on a fully filled canopy is at least 10 s;
- the average rate of steady descent on the stabilizing dome at altitudes of 500 m and below is within 30–40 m/s;
- the average vertical rate of descent on the main canopy, reduced to the standard atmosphere and the total flight weight of a parachutist of 120 kg, in the area of 30-35 m from the ground is not more than 5 m/s;
- in the presence of a cord-blocking of the free ends of the suspension system - the neutral position of the main canopy during descent, turn in any direction by 180 ° in 15-25 s;
- when removing the locking cord and tightened free ends of the suspension system: the average horizontal speed of movement on the main dome forward and backward is not less than 2.6 m/s, as well as a turn in any direction by 180° in 29-60 s;
- steady descent both on the main dome and on the stabilizing one;
- termination of the descent on the stabilizing system and the activation of the main canopy by opening the two-cone lock both by the parachutist himself with the help of an exhaust ring, and by the safety device;
- reliability of operation of reserve parachutes 3-5, 3-2, Z-3 series 2M, 3-1P series 2M and 3-1P series ZM when the stabilizing canopy does not leave or fails to work, as well as at a speed of more than 8.5 m / c in case of overlapping of the main dome with slings;
- adjustment of the suspension system on paratroopers with a height of 1.5-1.9 m, in winter and summer uniforms;
- the force required to open a two-cone lock with an exhaust ring is no more than 16 kgf;
- exclusion of detachment of parts of the parachute system during the entire jump;
- fastening of the cargo container;
- convenient placement of the parachutist in the suspension system.
2. Overall dimensions of the packed parachute (no more), mm:
- length: 570;
- width: 285;
- height: 210.
3. The mass of the parachute without a carrying bag and safety device does not exceed 11.5 kg.
4. The parachute provides, when the parachutist descends, horizontal movement forward and backward by pulling the free ends of the harness and turns in any direction due to the tension of the control lines.
Notes:
- When performing training jumps from the An-2 aircraft, the carbine of the camera with a stabilizing parachute is attached to the earring of the transition link (extension) 1000 mm long.
- The locking of the stabilizer feather rings with the stabilizing dome camera rings is made with a ShKhB-20 cord.
Figure 2: D-6 parachute deployment scheme
1 - camera stabilizing parachute
2 - stabilizing parachute
3 - connecting link
4 - main parachute chamber
5 - parachute dome
6 - satchel
Tactical and technical data of parachute parts
1. The chamber of the stabilizing parachute, intended for laying the stabilizing canopy with lines and the upper part of the stabilizer, is made of nylon advisor (art. 56039) and has the shape of a cylinder. In the upper part of the camera, on a nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 with a strength of 600 kgf, a trailer carabiner is fixed, with which the camera is attached to a cable or adapter in the aircraft. A nylon cord-tie ShKP-150 is inserted into the hem of the upper base for tightening the upper base of the chamber. A nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 was passed into the eye of the carabiner and stitched with a zigzag stitch to secure the rubber honeycomb mounted on the knapsack.
Folded chamber length 300 mm, width 190 mm.
The weight of the camera is 0.155 kg.
2. The canopy stabilizing system consists of a canopy base, lines and a stabilizer with a link. The dome made of nylon fabric (art. 56004P) has the shape of a truncated cone with a large base area of 1.5 m2 and consists of a base and an exhaust device sewn into the pole part of the dome.
The exhaust device consists of eight pockets, the material for which is nylon calendered dyed fabric (art. 56005krPK). On the dome, radial power tapes LTKP-15-185 with a strength of 185 kgf and circular tapes LTKP-13-70 with a strength of 70 kgf are stitched. Along the lower edge of the dome, under the radial reinforcing tapes, the ends of 16 slings of nylon cord ShKP-200 are threaded and stitched. The length of the outer lines on each loop in the free state from the lower edge of the dome to the stabilizer loops is 520 mm, and the middle lines are 500 mm.
The stabilizer consists of four feathers formed by two isosceles triangles made of gray dyed nylon fabric (art. 56004krP). On the sides of each feather, nylon ribbons with a strength of 600 kgf are sewn, forming loops in the upper part, to which slings are attached, and in the lower part - a link.
To lock the stabilizer feathers with the stabilizing parachute chamber, rings are sewn on the chamber and the stabilizer. At a distance of 450 mm from the stabilizer feathers, a loop of nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 is sewn on the link for attaching the halyard of the flexible pin of the device.
The link in the lower part branches out and forms power tapes, at the ends of which the buckles of a two-cone lock are sewn.
Jumpers made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape are sewn onto the power tapes. Between the jumpers there is a loop for attaching the stabilizing system to the bridles of the main dome and its chamber. The triangle formed from the ribbons is closed on both sides with kerchiefs of a nylon adviser (art. 56039).
Between the gussets, a guide ring is sewn onto the power tapes, through which the halyard of the flexible hairpin of the device is passed. Arrows are sewn on the power tapes near the buckles to control the correct mounting of the buckles in a two-cone lock.
The base of the dome is reinforced from the inside with LTKP-15-185 tapes 120 mm long: eight tapes at the pole hole and eight tapes on the second circular belt.
The weight of the stabilizing system with a 1.5 m2 dome is 0.93 kg.
3. The chamber of the main dome is cylindrical in shape, made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP). An elastic ring made of tape 29 mm wide is inserted into the hem of the lower part of the chamber. The surface of the chamber is reinforced with two LTKrP-26-600 nylon ribbons, which form a bridle in the upper part. For the convenience of laying the dome into the chamber, a scarf is sewn along the upper base of the chamber and the bridle ribbons.
To tighten the chamber into its upper base, a ShKP-150 nylon cord is sewn. On the side of the base of the chamber, where the cells are located, there is a reinforcement made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP), eleven straight combs with tapes, a comb distributor with a comb rubber from a knapsack cord to hold the slings in the cells, a valve with two pairs of eyelets for passing removable honeycombs and with two pockets (right and left) for covering bundles of lines. In the lower base of the chamber there are two more removable rubber honeycombs and an apron, which is equipped with two more removable rubber honeycombs. Bundles of slings coming out of removable rubber cells are covered with pockets - right and left.
For the convenience of laying the lines on the valve, the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are placed near the eyelets.
The length of the chamber when laid is 735 mm, width 387 mm.
The mass of the camera is 0.4 kg.
4. The dome (main) has the shape of a circle and consists of four sectors and an overlay in the center of the dome. The base of the dome is made of nylon fabric art. 560011П, and the overlay is made of nylon fabric art. 56006P. The dome is reinforced with nylon ribbons: between the sectors - LTKP-15-70, and along the lower edge - LTKP-15-185.
On the pole part of the dome, a bridle made of nylon tape LTKP-26-600 is sewn for attaching the link loop of the stabilizing system. On the basis of the canopy, between the lines No. 1A and 1B, 15A and 15B, slots 1600 mm long are arranged, starting from the lower edge and designed to turn the canopy during descent.
On the dome there are 30 slings made of ShKP-150 nylon cord. 8 lines are attached to the free ends of the suspension system No. 1 and 3, and 7 lines are attached to the free ends No. 2 and 4. The length of the lines in the free state from the lower edge of the dome to the half-ring buckles is 9000 mm. To facilitate the laying of the dome lines, they are marked at a distance of 200 mm from the lower edge of the dome and 400 mm from the half-ring buckles of the free ends, indicating the beginning and end of laying.
Control lines are sewn on lines No. 1A and 15A, 1B and 15B.
The area of the dome is 83 m2.
5. Control lines made of nylon cord 10KPkr red (in two additions with a strength of 190 kgf), threaded through rings sewn on the inside of the free ends of the suspension system. One end of the left control line is attached to line No. 15A at a distance of 1450 mm, the other end is attached to line No. 1A at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles of the suspension system. One end of the right control sling is attached to the sling No. 15B at a distance of 1450 mm, to the sling No. 1B - at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles.
When the left line is pulled, the dome turns to the left, when the right line is pulled, it turns to the right.
The mass of the main dome is 5.5 kg.
6. The suspension system is made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape and consists of the following main parts: the main strap with back and shoulder girths, two pairs of free ends, two leg girths and a chest bridge. The right group of risers are marked with numbers 1 and 2, the left - 3 and 4. At the risers, marked with numbers 2 and 3, there are rubber loops made of elastic tape, designed to fill the slack of the control lines. In the upper part of the free ends, four ribbons with rings are sewn, through which the control lines are passed.
Each pair of free ends has a nylon cord-lock (ShKP-150), which is used when using a parachute system "without rolling" of the free ends of the harness.
Control strands made of LTKR-25-200 tape, having balls at the ends, are tied to the curved buckles of the free ends with a noose loop. The control strands are designed to pull the balls out of the pockets at the free ends of the suspension system.
The dorsal-shoulder girths pass between the tapes of the main strap and form triangles with fixed in them: on the left side - a carabiner, on the right side - a buckle. Simultaneously with the stitching of the triangles, buckles are sewn into the main strap to pull the satchel to the lower position with the help of adjusting tapes.
To exclude spontaneous movement of the dorsal-shoulder girths through curved buckles and through buckles with teeth mounted on the knapsack, nylon ribbons LTKrP-43-800 are sewn onto the girths.
The lower ends of the back-shoulder girths, passed between the tapes of the main strap, form the leg girths. A carabiner is attached to the right leg loop, a buckle is attached to the left leg loop. On the main strap on the left side at chest level, a hose and a pocket of the exhaust end from the advisor (art. 56039) are fixed. To attach the free ends of the reserve parachute, two fastening brackets are mounted in the main strap. The bifurcated lower part of the main strap has a soft pad and rings for pulling the lower corners of the satchel to the main strap with the help of LTKkrP-26-600 nylon tape.
The back-shoulder girths, which formed the chest bridge, then pass between the ribbons of the main strap and, with the help of rectangular buckles sewn into the ends of the back-shoulder girths, form a waist girth.
The mass of the suspension system is 2 kg.
7. Knapsack made of nylon adviser (art. 56039, or 56260, or 56261) consists of a base, false bottom, right and left valves. A metal stiffening frame is inserted between the base and the false bottom. On the right flap there is a pocket of an insuring device with ties and a pocket of a halyard with a safety valve, and a rubber honeycomb is placed in the upper part of the flap for mounting a stabilizing system on the upper part of the satchel.
To pull the right valve towards itself when filling the slack of the connecting link under it, on the outer side of the right valve, a handle made of nylon ribbon LTKP-26-600 is sewn.
Rings are sewn into the free corners of the right and left valves of the backpack to hold the valves in a tightened state.
There is a metal ring on the connecting link (in the middle of the right valve) for locking the halyard of the flexible stud with a loop. On top of the right flap there is a loop with a button spike for the flap covering the two-cone lock.
In the upper part of the knapsack, under the mounting plate of the two-cone lock, there is a ring designed to pass through the rubber honeycomb, which fastens the stacked stabilizing system on the upper part of the knapsack.
On the inside of the knapsack (at a distance of 260 mm from the top) there is a mark to limit the laying of free ends in the knapsack.
Eight loops of fastening to the suspension system are stitched on the basis of the knapsack, a valve of a two-cone lock and two scarves are sewn on. On the kerchiefs, a fastening of the reserve parachute satchel is installed.
On the left scarf there is a pocket for a card that replaces the passport, on the right - a pocket for the PPK-UM-10 reserve parachute device. Above the right kerchief on the knapsack are sewn two ribbon ties for attaching instrument hoses.
In the upper part of the satchel there is a second loop with a button spike for the valve covering the two-cone lock. On the left side of the satchel (in the upper part), one end of the flexible hose is fixed on a buckle with teeth.
There are two round holes and four longitudinal holes on the stiffening frame in the upper part of the satchel. In the two upper longitudinal holes, there are fastening tapes of the knapsack to the dorsal-shoulder girths of the suspension system, and in the two lower longitudinal holes - regulating tapes.
In operation, you can find stiffening frames with rectangular windows in the upper part.
In the upper part of the backpack there is a two-cone lock for closing the buckles of the power tapes of the connecting link of the stabilizing parachute.
The mass of the backpack is 1.7 kg.
8. A two-cone lock designed to close the buckles of power tapes, the loop of the cable of the pull ring and the earring of the safety device, consists of a mounting plate, a body with two cones, a shutter, a cover, shock absorbers, spring and adjusting washers, two buckles, a mounting plate, a cover screw , five screws and one nut.
9. The flexible hose is designed to accommodate the pull ring cable and prevent it from being snagged.
Hose length 380 mm.
10. The pull ring with a cable consists of a body made of a steel bar, a cable 600 mm long, a limiter and a wire loop. The cable of the exhaust ring at a distance of 210 mm from the limiter and 57 mm from the loop is covered with a polyethylene sheath. The body is painted red. To hold the suspension system in the pocket, the ring body has protrusions and depressions. In operation, there may be pull-out rings with cables without a polyethylene sheath.
11. Safety parachute devices PPK-U-165A-D or AD-ZU-D-165. The PPK-U-165A-D device allows you to automatically open the parachute after a specified period of time after separation or at a given height. The device AD-ZU-D-165 allows you to automatically open the parachute only after a specified period of time. Instrument hose length 165 mm, cable length 322 mm, loop length 19 mm, halyard length 360 mm.
12. The earring is a connecting link between the safety device and the two-cone lock. An earring 2.5 mm thick, made of ZOHGSA steel, has two holes: one for the cone of the lock, the other for the device loop.
13. The safety thread is used to secure the link with the backpack, the flexible pin of the parachute safety device and the two-cone lock. For locking, the thread of the core of the ShHB-125 cord is used.
14. The locking cord is used to lock the stabilizer feather rings with the stabilizer system chamber rings. When jumping from an An-2 aircraft, two safety lines 300 mm long are used, and when jumping from faster aircraft, one safety line 300 mm long is used. The material for this part is a cotton cord ШХБ-20 (GOST 2297-70).
15. A passport is required to record information about the acceptance, transfer, operation and repair of a parachute.