Russian military aviation. Military transport and civil passenger aircraft

The aviation industry is developing every year. Today, civil and military pilots use models of liners of all kinds of configurations and varieties. Aircraft amaze with variety and variations of purpose. Let's briefly study the types of aircraft and their names in order to classify this type of equipment for ourselves.

In the world, there are several separate criteria by which aviation experts classify various aircraft. One of the important aspects of the systematization of technology is the function that the aircraft carries. Today, military and civilian vessels are used. Moreover, each category is divided into special groups.

In addition, it is also known separation according to the speed characteristics of the liner. Here aviators list groups of subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic models. This section of the classification is based on the definition of the acceleration of the liner relative to the speed of sound. Air technology, which is today used for scientific and military purposes, although previously similar models also worked for passenger transportation.

If we talk about the method of control, then it will be possible to distinguish two main types - manned aircraft and drones. The second group has been used by the military and scientists. Such machines are widely used for space exploration.

Considering the types and purpose of aircraft, aviators will name and classification according to the design features of the device. Here we list the differences in the aerodynamic model, the number and type of wing, the shape of the tail unit, and the fuselage device. The last subgroup also includes varieties that relate to the types and mounting of the chassis.

Finally, consider and differences in the type, number and method of installing engines. Muscular, steam, air-jet, rocket, nuclear, electric motors are distinguished here. In addition, ships are equipped with internal combustion engines (piston modifications of power plants) or combine several variations. Of course, in one review it is difficult to consider in detail the complete classification of aircraft, so we will focus on a brief description of the main categories.

Functionality of technology

As stated above, airliners are divided into two main groups: aircraft for civil and military aviation. In addition, experimental devices are distinguished here as a separate variety. Each category here involves a division into variations according to the type of purpose and functionality of the liner. Let's start with the study of aircraft that are used for "peaceful" purposes.

Civil side

We will determine in more detail what aircraft are, the names and subspecies of aircraft modifications. Here aviators talk about four variants of models. Let's list the categories as follows:

• passenger liners;
• cargo boards;
• training airbuses;
• special purpose aircraft.

Note that modifications for passenger transportation are separately divided into groups that determine the range of flights. Here they call main ships and airliners of local transportation.

Aircraft classification

• close ones, which cover distances up to 2,000 km;
• medium, capable of flying 4,000 km;
• long-range, operating flights at a distance of up to 11,000 km.

In addition, the maximum capacity indicator determines the following criteria for airliners of local lines:

• heavy aircraft with 100 or more seats;
• medium modifications that take up to 50 people on board;
• light liners carrying a maximum of 20 passengers.

Examples local line aircraft list the modifications SAAB , ERJ , Dash-8 , ATR . Interestingly, on certain types of liners of the local category, power plants of different classes are equipped. Here there are models with jet engines and aircraft with turboprop engine types.

Considering long-haul aircraft, let's call ships familiar to passengers Boeing and Airbus . Boeing planes are designed by an American corporation, and Airbus ships are designed by a European holding. Both companies compete with each other, constantly developing and modernizing the liners. So, today the Airbus A380 is considered the heaviest aircraft, although until the release of such a modification, American developments and 747 800 .

Model 747s are the first wide-body class aircraft that are still in service today. In addition, such aircraft are used by the best carriers in Russia and the world.

However, the Europeans do not lag behind the main competitor. The popularity and recognition of pilots won modifications , Airbus A300 and A350XWB. Model A300- the world's first wide-body aircraft, which is equipped with two engines. As you can see, the possible variations in the classification of liners defy description in one review. But knowing what planes are and who created them, the reader will decide on personal preferences and find out the basics of aviation.

Military aviation

Now let's briefly study the typology of the courts used by law enforcement agencies. Among these aircraft, there are manned airliners and drones, modifications with various types of engines, including rocket subtypes of the engine. However, we will consider the division of these species according to profile criteria.

Military transport aircraft Il-76

Here, as in the civil classification, there is transport liners transporting personnel. This is IL-76,An-12, 26 and 124 . In the USA, these functions are carried by models Boeing C-17, 97 and Douglas YC-15. In addition, the military also uses auxiliary equipment- ambulance aircraft, liners for communication, spotters. However, the military development of the boards also uses several categories of vehicles that are found only here. Their list looks like this:

As you can see, the category of military aircraft is quite extensive and deserves serious study. We have only briefly described the main criteria for systematizing such a group. However, aeronautical experts prefer to classify the sides using a comprehensive study that includes a full description of the design of the sides. Let's dwell on this issue.

About design features

Belonging to a particular category of the liner is determined by five features. Here, the designers talk about the number and method of attaching the wings, the type of fuselage, the location of the plumage and the type of chassis. In addition, the number, place of fixation and types of motor are important. Find out the known variations in the design of the sides.

Differences in design features - an important criterion for the systematization of airliners

If we consider the classification of the wing, then the liners are divided into polyplanes, biplanes and monoplanes. Moreover, in the last category, three more subspecies are distinguished: low-plan, medium-plan and high-plan sides. This criterion determines the relative position and fixation of the fuselage and wings. As for the fuselage typology, here aviators distinguish between single-body and two-beam modifications. There are also such varieties here: gondola, boat, carrying fuselage and combinations of these types.

Aerodynamic performance is an important classification criterion, since they affect. Here the designers call the types of normal circuit, "duck", "tailless" and "flying wing". In addition, a "tandem", "longitudinal triplane" and a convertible scheme are known.

The landing gear of airliners is systematized according to the design and method of fixing the supports. These elements are divided into roller, float, caterpillar, combined types and air-supported chassis. Engines are equipped on the wing or in the fuselage. Moreover, the liners are equipped with one engine or a large number of engines. In addition, the type of power plant also plays a decisive role in the systematization of the aircraft class.

Unmanned aerial vehicles have found application in the scientific and military spheres

Modern aviation has several types of liners, which are classified according to various criteria.
According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into civil, military and experimental aircraft.
Aircraft classification
Airbus A380 - a giant in the world of passenger liners
Boeing aircraft is the main competitor in the field of passenger transportation of the European holding that produces Airbuses

Despite all the romanticism of professions, the work of pilots and flight attendants who fly from one country to another is not always beautiful views of the sky, but also hard work. Therefore, even for those who work high above the clouds, comfortable conditions for relaxation are needed. TravelAskу decided to tell you about the life of the crew on board the aircraft.

The most difficult in the work of pilots and stewardesses are non-stop flights, and this is over 15,000 kilometers of distance and more than 18 hours in the air. Few planes are capable of covering such huge distances, so the Boeing 777 and Airbus A340 are responsible for most of the transoceanic destinations.

However, such long flights require solid endurance not only from the equipment, but also from the crew itself. Their work is connected with great responsibility and making important decisions, they should always be calm and cheerful. A separate menu is provided for pilots, so that in the event of food poisoning from one, the other could take control. And of course, the main factor that allows staff to withstand the stress of long-distance flights will be healthy sleep.

There is always one pilot in the cockpit, and a flight attendant in the cabin. At the same time, during the entire flight, both pilots and flight attendants are entitled to up to 5 hours of rest. To make the rest as efficient as possible, airlines try to create all the necessary conditions. Although the crew will not be able to stand up to their full height, but you can stretch out on a soft bed and have a sweet sleep. Depending on the aircraft, the lounge is located under the passenger cabin, above it or in it. Despite the fact that the main goal of all airlines is to create the largest number of seats for passengers, the crew does not have to huddle in cramped quarters either.

For example, on board the Boeing 787, the stewardess lounge is located above the passenger cabin and is equipped with 5 berths. It is called CRC (Crew Rest Compartments).

When creating the project, it all seemed cozier and more colorful.

However, such an arrangement of a place to rest pleases passengers with the spectacular appearance of stewardesses after a rest.

For pilots, similar apartments have been created here.

But in the Airbus A350, the lounges were located under the passenger compartment, but in the latest models, they were moved to the upper part to increase the luggage compartment space.

For pilots, the room provides not only sleeping places, but also sitting ones.

The huge size of the Airbus A380 aircraft, designed for 853 passengers, more sleeping places are already required. The designers decided to use the height of the liner as rationally as possible, so they placed 12 beds, 3 one above the other. It may not be as comfortable as on the Boeing 787, but it gives you the opportunity to stand to your full height.

"Apartments" for pilots in the Airbus A380 are much more convenient - these are single rooms.

The sleeping area of ​​the Boeing 777-200LR is provided for 8 employees. The plane flies on such routes as Johannesburg-, distance - 13,582 kilometers, - Los Angeles, distance - 13,420 kilometers.

The video will tell you more about this airliner.

However, unfortunately, the rest rooms for the crew of transoceanic aircraft are not always so comfortable, there are also such:

Fighter F-15 Eagle

In order to finish what we started, we list everything that we have left :-). In the first, we talked about the types of aviation and mentioned what is part of the state.

But it is quite complicated and is itself divided into species and even into genera. So in order... Types of military aviation:

Long-range, front-line, army, air defense aviation, naval aviation (marine), transport and special purposes. The distant still has the name strategic, and the front, respectively, tactical.

Strategic missile carrier TU-160

Long-Range Aviation. Its main purpose is to destroy objects deep behind enemy lines. In addition, long-range aviation forces can also conduct reconnaissance and perform various special tasks. One of its characteristic representatives is our Russian TU-160.

Front-line bomber SU-24M

Front-line aviation. Its actions are aimed at supporting troops and protecting various objects in the near (operational) rear of the enemy. It is divided, as I have already said, also into clans. The first is bomber aircraft. Destroys objects in the tactical depth of the enemy defense. A typical representative in our Air Force at the moment is the SU-24M.

Fighter-bomber SU-17UM3 (spark).

Fighter-bomber MIG-27.

The second is fighter-bomber aviation. A fighter-bomber is no longer a fighter, but also not a bomber. Usually, he first performs the tasks of a bomber, and then, freed from bombs, he can conduct military operations like a fighter, although of course he does not reach a real fighter, as well as a bomber :-). Nevertheless, aircraft of this class are quite in demand. There were at least because such a concept exists, but there are no planes for it. In the West, the name fighter-bomber was replaced with "tactical fighter" in the late 70s. And for a long time, the SU-17 of various modifications and the MIG-27 were prominent representatives of this class of aircraft. But now these planes have already almost all taken off their resource, and there is nothing to replace them. This is what we have 🙁 ... I hope so far ...

Fighter MiG-29 (Poland).

American fighter F-16 Fighting Falcon.

Fighter SU-27.

Third kind - This fighter aviation. The so-called air superiority aviation. Destruction of enemy aircraft in tactical depth. Air combat is their element. Outstanding representatives: MIG-29 and SU-27. The Americans have F-15s and F-16s.

Scout SU-24MR

Well, another kind of front-line military aviation - intelligence. Our main aircraft in this regard is now the SU-24MR (my own aircraft :-), it has worked on it since the technician, SU-24MR, board 41).

Army Aviation. The name speaks for itself. It is also called military. And usually it is in the operational subordination of the command of the ground forces. Its tasks are varied. It supports troops directly on the battlefield with fire, lands troops, conducts reconnaissance, supports their actions with fire, etc. Accordingly, it is divided into assault, transport, reconnaissance and special purposes. This kind of task is performed by both aircraft and. The brightest representatives of aircraft of this class are our SU-25 attack aircraft and the American A-10. Well, the helicopter is, of course, the MI-24 veteran and the new KA-50, KA-52, MI-28. For the Americans, this is, of course, Apache.

Attack aircraft SU-25.

American attack aircraft A-10 Thunderbolt II

Helicopter MI-24.

American helicopter AH-64D Longbow Apache.

Air Defense Aviation. We already mentioned it in the article about the SU-15. Therefore, I repeat and say that this type of aviation is designed to cover important strategic facilities and areas from air attack. Now we have perhaps one notable representative of this class - this is the MIG-31.

Fighter MiG-31

Navy Aviation(Navy). It is designed to destroy enemy targets at sea, to protect own ships and important facilities at sea and in the coastal zone, to conduct reconnaissance and perform special tasks. Navy aviation, in accordance with the tasks performed, can be fighter, missile-carrying, reconnaissance, and assault. It includes both airplanes and helicopters. And they can be based both on land airfields and on ships (aircraft carriers). I will not single out aircraft of this type (outwardly they are practically indistinguishable from ordinary ones), we will have a separate conversation about naval aviation in the future :-).

Transport aviation. Here, I think everyone understands. It transports goods in the interests of the army, and also disembarks (landing) troops. Also, military transport aircraft often perform various special tasks, including in the interests, as they say, of the national economy. Usually it is AN-12, IL-76, AN-124 "Ruslan", AN-26.

Transporter AN-124 "Ruslan".

Well, that's probably all. As you can see, it has a rather complex structure. I tried to simplify the story as much as possible, but it still turned out dry. However, without this not very fun enumeration is still indispensable. In the future, I will talk in more detail about representatives of various types and types of military aviation. After all, among them there are unique, very interesting and simply heroic helicopters and, of course, heroic pilots. Until then, goodbye, see you again.

Photos are clickable.

Any state at all times needed dedicated people who would be ready to defend it at any moment. After all, humanity throughout its history has used violence to conquer the weaker. Therefore, martial art has become an integral activity in every state. In this case, it should be noted that people engaged in such a craft have always enjoyed honor and respect in society. This fact is not surprising, because they were always at risk. The work of such people was associated with the performance of dangerous tasks. To date, the essence of military craft has changed somewhat. However, the status of military personnel remains the same. This sector of human activity is highly developed in many modern states. Speaking specifically about the Russian Federation, this country has one of the most combat-ready armies in the world. The armed forces are made up of several professionals. Against the backdrop of the entire structure of the Russian army, military aviation stands out. This sector of the armed forces plays a significant role. At the same time, the majority of citizens of the Russian Federation tend to serve in the aviation industry, which leads to the existence of many educational institutions that produce specialists in this field.

Air force concept

The tasks of military aviation

Any combat type unit exists to perform certain tasks. Modern military aviation of Russia in this case is no exception. A large number of different areas of activity are assigned to this functional element of the armed forces. Given this fact, we can single out the most urgent tasks of Russian military aviation, for example:

• protection of airspace over the territory of the state;
• destruction of enemy manpower from the air;
• transportation of personnel, weapons, provisions;
• conducting reconnaissance activities;
• defeat of the enemy air fleet;
• combat assistance to ground forces.

At the same time, it should be noted that the modern military aviation of Russia is constantly evolving. This leads to the expansion of its functional tasks. In addition, the current legislation may impose other obligations on aviation.

Combat strength of aviation

The new military aviation of Russia, that is, the formation of an independent Russian Federation, is represented by a large number of different equipment. To date, as part of this sector of the armed forces, there are aircraft of various technical characteristics. All of them are suitable for combat missions of any kind and complexity. It should be noted that the military aviation equipment belongs to the domestic manufacturer in full. Thus, the following devices are used in the activities of military aviation:

There is also a special aviation sector, which includes devices used for atypical tasks. This includes tanker aircraft, air command posts, reconnaissance aircraft, as well as aviation guidance and radio detection systems.

Promising innovation

The armament of the state is effective only if it is constantly developed. To do this, it is necessary to invent new technologies that will help in the implementation of the tasks of the military sector. In the aviation industry today there are several innovative developments. For example, the family of fighters will soon be replenished with new aircraft of the 5th and 4th generation, which include the T-50 (PAK FA) and MiG - 35. Transport aviation did not stand aside. Soon, new aircraft will appear in the fleet of this type of aircraft: Il-112 and 214.

Training in the relevant sector

One should be aware of the fact that the military aviation of Russia consists not only of aircraft, but also of people, personnel, which directly performs the functional tasks of the represented sphere of the armed forces. Therefore, the availability of qualified personnel is essential. For the training of specialists in the mentioned field, Russian military aviation schools operate in our state. In such educational institutions, qualified professionals are trained for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Qualities required for admission to specialized educational institutions

Aviation schools of Russian military aviation are special places of education. In other words, to enter this kind of institution, a person must possess a number of certain qualities. First of all, you need to be in excellent health. After all, the control of aircraft is associated with large loads on the body. Therefore, any deviation from the norm will put an end to the career of a pilot. In addition, pilots wishing to write an article must have the following characterizing aspects:

• have a high level of academic achievement in general education subjects;
• have high stress resistance;
• a person must be ready for team work;

In this case, all the moments presented are not inherent in all people. However, the military sphere is a rather specific type of activity that requires employees with a special temperament. If a person in the future profession is attracted only by the uniform of a Russian military aviation pilot, then he clearly should not work in this area.

List of schools

For everyone who wants to join the ranks of professionals in the military aviation of the Russian Federation, special educational institutions operate on the territory of the state. It should be noted that in order to enter such places, it is necessary to have all the qualities listed above, pass a competition and a series of test exams. Every year, the requirements for applicants to specific educational institutions of military aviation change. As for the choice of a particular university, it is quite large. Today, the following specialized schools operate in Russia:

Thus, everyone who wants to connect their lives with flying in the sky can safely enter the presented educational institutions, which will later give them the opportunity to do what they love.

Conclusion

Thus, in the Russian Federation today, the flight sector of the armed forces is quite well developed, which is supported by the corresponding photos. Russian military aviation is experiencing a moment of technical evolution. This means that in a few years we will see completely new aircraft in the sky. In addition, the state does not spare funds for the training of specialists in the relevant field of military art.

One of the most essential conditions for the successful combat work of aviation is a well-developed network of field airfields.

In wartime, temporary airfields are organized in the area of ​​combat operations to conduct flight work.

Temporary airfields do not have any specially erected structures.

Airfields are called active if aviation units are located on them. Otherwise, they are inactive or spare.

Aerodrome; allowing for its size only episodic flight work of single aircraft or. regardless of size, used only for occasional landings and takeoffs of single aircraft, is called a landing area.

Depending on the nature of combat use, airfields (sites) are divided into forward and rear.

Airfields (sites) are called advanced airfields from which combat sorties of aviation are directly carried out. They are located as close as possible to the front, depending on the situation (the type and type of aviation, its combat missions, the nature of the terrain, the availability of communication lines, communications, etc.).

Advanced airfields, depending on their significance, are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main airfield is the technical base for the flight operations of a unit or formation. At this airfield, the headquarters of the unit and all services are usually located.

Auxiliary airfields, to one degree or another, contribute to the combat work of aviation.

Auxiliary airfields include: a) alternate airfields, where preparatory work is carried out in case air units move from the main airfields in case of air attacks (when the enemy establishes the location of this unit), as well as in the event of the destruction of combat airfields; b) false, organized to mask the true; false airfields can often serve as alternates.

Rear airfields (sites) are called airfields intended for aviation rest in the period between flight and combat work, for viewing and repairing materiel.

The rear airfields are located at a distance that provides them with a raid by enemy fighter aircraft.

Several airfields occupied by an aviation unit or formation, false and alternate airfields, flying sites (for rapid dispersal in the event of a bombing and chemical attack), a communications and surveillance system, checkpoints, lighting equipment for night operations and air defense systems form an airfield hub.

The distance of airfields from each other should not be less than 10 km.

Basic requirements for the location of airfields

1. Military aviation. According to their location, airfields of military aviation must meet the following conditions:

a) be out of range of enemy artillery fire;

b) to have the shortest possible lines of communication with serviced military units, and even better - to allow personal communication between military and aviation commanders and their headquarters;

c) provide the best conditions for the placement of the material part and the production of minor repairs;

d) have good ways to bring everything you need;

e) provide the most favorable conditions for recreation to personnel;

f) have good disguise;

g) give the opportunity to organize direct defense against both air and ground enemies.

The commander and headquarters are located at the airfield from where combat work is being carried out. Landing pads at the headquarters of divisions are designed in case of need for personal communication between the crew and the division commander or his head

headquarters. Near the headquarters of the units for direct communication with them, landing sites are equipped, designed to receive and operate single aircraft.

Communication between airfields and the combined arms headquarters serviced by the aviation unit is carried out by means of the latter.

The main airfield and the headquarters of the military unit are connected by wire communication.

2. Army reconnaissance aircraft. The working conditions of the army reconnaissance aviation do not impose special requirements on airfields. In the event of a rapid movement of the field headquarters of a serviced operational formation, it will often be necessary to resort to work from a forward airfield, which could be the airfield of some part of military aviation.

3. Fighter aircraft. Army fighter aviation, in addition to its main airfields, must make extensive use of the entire network of airfields and sites in the army area. This ensures a successful struggle for air supremacy, allowing the fighters to quickly concentrate on various sectors of the front.

The use of fighter aviation requires, first of all, well-established communications, which is why all fighter aviation airfields must have direct wire or radio communications with the command at whose disposal they are, as well as with the headquarters (airfields) of aviation for other purposes, with air defense points and near the main air posts located communications and surveillance.

4. Assault and bomber aircraft are deployed at airfields in accordance with the general tactical situation.

The need for frequent re-sorties requires forward airfields to approach the front line with a wide dispersal of squadrons (detachments) over individual airfields.

5. Area of ​​airfields for military and light combat aviation. The zone of airfields of military aviation covers a strip, the front edge of which is 10-20 km away from the line of contact with the enemy, and the rear edge is 30-50 km away. Usually the main airfields of military aviation units are located at a depth of 1-1% of transitions from the enemy, and landing sites are moved forward, as far as possible closer to the parking area of ​​corps and division headquarters.

The forward edge of the zone of airfields for light combat aviation is 100 km from the line of contact with the enemy. With forward basing, the location of airfields for combat light aviation will be in the band from 100 to 200 meters per meter in depth, and when located at rear airfields, from 200 km and deeper.

Defense of the airfield from the ground enemy

The airfield may be threatened by the following enemy ground troops: a) motorized units; b) cavalry; c) airborne troops; d) sabotage groups.

Taking into account that the actions of large enemy forces equally threaten both airfields and the entire tactical and operational rear of troops, the defense of airfields cannot be considered in isolation from the general defense of the entire rear area.

Responsible for organizing the defense of a military rear area is the commander of the formation to which the given rear area belongs; the organization of defense within the army rear, according to its division, is directly in charge of the army headquarters or the heads of the corresponding rear bodies located in the given area.

When organizing the defense of the rear, one proceeds from the importance of one or another object, and the defense is organized in directions leading to one or another object or group of them. At the same time, the topographic conditions of the area are widely used and it is practiced to strengthen them with engineering, and sometimes chemical means of control (developing blockages, notches, gouges, trenches, minefields and preparing for chemical contamination) using local improvised means and labor.

Air formations and rear units located in a given area receive certain sections and areas for defense, indicated by the appropriate order or order of the chief organizing general defense, and organize defense in accordance with the regulations, and aviation must also be ready for action from the air.

Organization of airfield air defense

In the struggle for air supremacy, the Air Force will seek to destroy enemy aircraft at its airfields during preparation for a combat sortie, rest or arrival after completing a mission, inflict the greatest defeat on personnel and render the airfield unusable.

The relative vastness of the target makes it possible to use any type of aircraft from various heights for an attack.

Ground attack aviation can fulfill all three tasks, using: a) machine-gun fire, fragmentation and incendiary bombs to destroy materiel; b) large-caliber high-explosive bombs with retarders from tenths of a second to several hours to destroy the airfield; c) machine-gun fire, small fragmentation bombs and explosive agents to destroy personnel.

Bomber aviation operates over the entire area of ​​the airfield, destroying the airfield and hitting everything on the airfield. Its main means are bombs of all types and calibers.

The possibility of attacking airfields by various types of aircraft operating at various altitudes and using various means of destruction necessitates the use of all means of antiaircraft defense for defense.

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Aviation. In order to cover the location of a large formation of various types of aviation at the airfield hub, protection of the aviation formation by its own means is organized, and a fighter unit can also be allocated. In the latter case, the airfields of the aviation formation are connected with the airfield of the fighter unit.

Flak. The defense of airfields from enemy aircraft attacking from high altitudes (more than 1,000) can be carried out with the help of anti-aircraft artillery.

For the successful defense of the airfield, the allocation of at least one anti-aircraft artillery battalion (3-4 batteries) is required. The idea of ​​​​defense is that enemy aircraft approaching the target, entering the zone of fire of anti-aircraft artillery, immediately fall on probable approaches under two-layer fire (fire of 2 batteries), and approaching the center, fired at three-, four-layer fire (3-4 batteries).

In case of insufficiency of anti-aircraft artillery and the impossibility of covering the entire airfield hub, the main airfield is covered in the first place.

Anti-aircraft guns. When defending an airfield, anti-aircraft machine guns are placed in groups of at least two machine guns. Machine-gun defense pursues the following tasks: a) prevent aircraft from approaching the vulnerable part of the airfield and b) prevent shelling or bombarding the target with impunity.

Enemy aircraft can approach the target from any direction, but their approach is most likely from closed or rough terrain. Therefore, machine-gun groups are positioned in such a way as to fire on enemy aircraft, from whichever side they appear; on the most probable directions, the fire of machine-gun groups should be condensed through the interaction of at least two groups; over the target itself (vulnerable area) the fire of machine gun groups should be the most dense, since here the machine guns will have the greatest possibility of defeat.

It is most expedient to place machine guns on high places (buildings, trees), eliminating the dead spaces that are inevitable when they are installed directly on the ground. For the installation of machine guns on buildings and trees, appropriate sites are being prepared to allow circular firing.

Temporarily inactive aircraft turret machine guns can be brought in to fight the enemy, and the defense of the airfield itself is entrusted to them.

Air communication and observation posts. Timely warning of airfields about an attack by an air enemy is provided by a network of air communication and observation posts of combined arms formations and rear services located along the outer ring from airfields at a distance of 15-20 km.

The posts of aviation units and formations are included in the general air defense system of the given area and serve on a common basis.

In the presence of anti-aircraft artillery covering the airfield, the service of air communication posts can be assigned to the observation posts of anti-aircraft batteries. Each battery allocates three observation posts that continuously monitor the air situation. To warn the airfield, the command post of the battalion commander, and, if possible, each battery must have a connection with the central post of the airfield.

Airfield warning is also carried out with the help of shots from batteries.

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Disguise. The camouflage of airfields breaks down into camouflage: a) the airfield; b) the material part; c) personnel; d) signs of airfield life.

The camouflage of existing airfields is supplemented by the construction of false airfields.

The following are widely used to mask the airfield of an airfield: field decoration and paint-camouflage - these tools make it possible to give the existing airfield the appearance of a site that is completely unsuitable for flights (pitted with ditches, pits, with sham, easily portable buildings: haystacks, shocks, stumps, etc. .); in winter - covering up traces left by aircraft skis.

Camouflage of the material part (aircraft) can be achieved by using natural shelters (trees, bushes, terrain), camouflage coloring of aircraft, protective painting to match the tone of the terrain (green in the meadow, yellow in the sand, white in winter, etc.) and, finally, by special coatings (massets). It is especially important to cover the shiny parts that give away the aircraft the most.

The camouflage of personnel outside the airfield does not present any particular difficulties, since it is easy to find some natural coverings near the airfield. It is much more difficult to disguise personnel at the airfield. To do this, it is necessary to allocate to each unit a prefabricated place, if possible covered (with trees, bushes, etc.). If such shelters are not available, they are created artificially.

In order to mask the signs of life of an aerodrome, it is necessary to give it the appearance of an unusable site, as indicated above. It is especially important to eliminate traces of crutches at the airfield and mask the access roads to the airfield.

Similarly, it is necessary to mask air defense firing points, personnel quarters outside the airfield and rear facilities. airfield (stocks of fuel, lubricants, bombs, vehicles, etc.). Masking these objects does not present great difficulties, since they are relatively small?! they can always be placed in sheltered places.

Selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites

The selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites for military and light army combat aviation in most cases of interaction between aviation and ground forces is the responsibility of the command of these troops.

The responsible executor for the selection of advanced airfields and landing sites will be the headquarters of the combined arms formation, in cooperation with which or as part of which aviation operates.

The technical executor will be one of the headquarters commanders or the commander of the engineering troops of the given formation.

The preparation of field airfields is carried out by sapper units of a given formation using military and working units or local residents as labor force.

Places for airfields are selected in advance according to military-geographical and aerographic descriptions of the given area and large-scale maps. Then, map data and aerographic descriptions are refined by reconnaissance from aircraft, and special reconnaissance teams are sent to make a final decision on the suitability of a given area of ​​terrain under the airfield.

Airfield Requirements

The general requirements for an aerodrome are:

a) sufficient size;

b) adequate preparation of the aerodrome surface;

c) the presence of free approaches from the air in the direction of landing or take-off, i.e. the absence of any vertical obstacles (houses, trees, tall factory chimneys, etc.) in the path of an aircraft landing or taking off.

The direction of takeoff and landing of an aircraft depends on the direction of the wind. For each locality there are prevailing winds (repeating in direction), which must be taken into account when choosing an aerodrome.

Linear dimensions of airfields. The linear dimensions of airfields depend on the number and type of aircraft and the nature of the flight operation of aircraft and units using a given airfield or landing site.

Relief. The surface of the aerodrome should be as level as possible. Slopes of 0.01-0.02 with a length of at least 100 m are allowed smoothly passing, without steps and springboards; more frequent and abrupt surface changes are dangerous at high aircraft run speeds.

Local obstacles (bumps, hollows, ditches, borders, furrows, bumps, pits, individual stones, bushes, stumps, pillars) must be eliminated.

It is advisable to avoid lowlands and hollows for. location of the airfield (subsoil waters).

Soil and vegetation cover. The soil should be dense, but elastic and absorb moisture well.

Unsuitable: swampy and very rocky.

Undesirable: sandy and clay.

Desirable: meadow areas with sandy loamy and podzolic soil, with a grassy, ​​rooty vegetation cover that protects against erosion, liquefaction and dust formation, but does not interfere with the operation of aircraft with its density and height. It is possible to use grain fields, provided that grains that have reached a height of 30 cm are removed, and with an appropriate soil density.

Aerodrome rules

The airfield should not be flooded with water and swamp (atmospheric and groundwater). The general condition of the cover is<5очей площади полевого аэродрома должно допускать продвижение груженого полуторатонного автомобиля со скоростью 30- 40 км в час. Гусеничный трактор должен проходить без осадки почвы.

In winter, the airfield must have a flat surface, with a slight snow cover for take-off and landing on wheels, or a thicker and even snow cover without snowdrifts for skiing aircraft. In winter, they can also be used to base aircraft on ski lakes or rivers. In the latter cases, the time allowing such basing is taken into account.

Water sources. Each airfield needs water for various needs (water for radiators, for washing aircraft, for household needs, for extinguishing a fire). Desirable water supply, well or reservoir. For the landing site, you can limit yourself to a water source at a distance of no more than 1% of km from the aircraft parking area.

The quality of water should be close to rain or boiled (no precipitation and heavy salts).

Access roads and communications. The transportation of air cargo by road requires good access roads from the nearest railway stations, settlements and marinas. The conditions for basing aviation units at an airfield hub, combat work in cooperation with troops, the need for constant information about the weather, the timely delivery of the necessary cargo - all this requires a well-developed communication network (telephone, telegraph and radio), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

Placement of materiel, stocks, material and technical means and personnel. Materiel, stocks of combat and logistical equipment and maintenance facilities at field airfields are dispersed using the surrounding terrain, lighting conditions and camouflage. Aircraft are located dispersed along the border of the airfield using adjacent forest groups or bushes at a distance of 150-200 m from each other. Stocks of ammunition and fuel are located hidden outside the airfield. The flight and technical staff are located from the airfield at a distance of 3-6 km. Transport, which is mainly intended for internal transportation at the aerodrome, is located in the aerodrome storage area. During flights at the airport there is an on-duty car with a service staff, the sanitary unit itself is located in the area where the personnel are located.

Breakdown of the airfield. The airfield (working area) for the takeoff and landing of an aircraft must correspond in size to the needs of this type of aviation.

The strip of approaches surrounding the airfield from all sides, or in any case from at least two sides (in the direction of the prevailing winds), must be of the appropriate width.

Preparation of the working area of ​​the airfield

Without preparation of the surface of the airfield, the operation of the airfield and the landing site is impossible.

Preparation consists in planning (eliminating irregularities) and surface treatment as necessary (plowing, harrowing, seeding, rolling and other work).

Large irregularities are cut off, hollows are filled up, small irregularities are leveled, sometimes the entire surface is somewhat loosened, bushes, stumps and individual trees are uprooted, stones are removed, and the entire area is often rolled, and if there is time and need, then it is sown and strengthened with grass cover.

In addition, some airfields will require drainage to deal with groundwater.

Site description. When surveying airfields, you need to answer the following questions:

1) the name of the nearest settlement (distance in kilometers);

2) the nearest railway station or pier (in which direction in relation to the cardinal points, how many kilometers, on which road or river);

3) communication routes leading to the railway station (or wharf) and the nearest settlement; their condition;

4) the dimensions of the site and its outline (linear dimensions - in meters, areal dimensions - in hectares);

6) the nature of the surface (soil, hilly);

7) obstacles on the territory of the site and approaches to it (trees, bushes, stones, stumps, ditches, bumps, buildings, telegraph poles, etc.);

8) the presence of reservoirs (natural and artificial), the quality and quantity of water in them;

9) the nature of the surrounding area (vegetation, surface features, water spaces);

10) availability and capacity of the nearest settlements for the needs of the Air Force;

11) dependence of the site on rains, river floods and snowmelt and for what period;

12) constant communication (radio, post and telegraph office, railway, telegraph, telephone); distance from the site to the nearest communication point;

13) the presence of enterprises and workshops in the area of ​​the site (within a radius of up to 5 km);

14) availability of labor and building materials in the surrounding area;

15) availability and condition of vehicles of the local population;

16) local medical and veterinary points;

17) a list of works necessary to adapt the site for the airfield;

18) other information (political, sanitary).