Parachute system d 1 5u. Parachuting in Kazakhstan. Parachute preparation for packing

27.10.2019

Parachute D-1

Designed for training jumps from transport aircraft. It is a combined action parachute with forced and manual deployment mechanisms operating independently of each other.

The parachute consists of the following main parts:

Domes with slings;

Canopy covers with pilot chute;

Suspension system;

Parachute opening devices;

Portable bags.

The round canopy of the parachute is made of grade II percale. The area of the dome is 82.5 m2. The dome is formed from four equal sectors; each sector consists of five or six panels, depending on the width of the material. In the center of the dome there is a pole hole with a diameter of 430 mm. To reinforce the upper part of the dome, the panels at the pole hole are made of two layers of fabric. To increase the strength of the entire surface of the canopy, a reinforcing frame made of 25 mm cotton braid is sewn on the outside of it, superimposed on the parachute canopy mutually perpendicular. The ends of the ribbons end with loops for attaching slings.

Canopy lines (28 pcs.) Cotton 9 m long. 28 pockets are sewn on the outer side of the canopy at the lower edge, which contribute to the quick and reliable opening of the parachute.

The cover of the dome has the shape of a sleeve 5 m long, made of percale grade B, orange. Its design is similar to that of the case. rescue parachute, except that the non-removable honeycombs are made of rubber cord.

The pilot chute consists of a canopy with lines and a spring mechanism. Dome square shape made of silk cloth of brand G. It has 8 lines formed from four non-split cords, the middle of which are connected into a thimble, and the ends are stitched on the dome at the lower edge with a zigzag stitch.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/432/images/image002_47.jpg" width="378" height="332">
rashyuta, the other end - to the upper valve of the knapsack.

The second flexible hose for the forced opening of the parachute with one end is sewn to the upper valve of the satchel, the other end is free.

The traction cable is designed to force the opening of the parachute bag with the help of a traction rope. One end of the traction cable ends with three pins, and at the other end a loop is formed to which the traction rope is attached.

The pull rope is made of a linen cord with a diameter of 12-14 mm and a length of 3 m. At one end of the pull rope there is a PKM-1 carabiner for attaching it to a cable on an airplane, at the other end there is a loop for connecting to a pull rope.

At a distance of 1.3 m from the loop, a second loop of linen cord is woven into the rope, designed to attach an exhaust cable when jumping from a balloon. The pull rope has a protective cover that protects the aircraft skin from possible damage by the cable pins after being forced

parachute opening.

The pull ring is used to manually open the parachute. A cable with three pins is attached to the pull ring, designed to close the cones of the parachute pack.

The emergency pull ring is used for forced opening of the satchel and is intended for emergency manual opening of the parachute in the event of a break in the pull rope. The exhaust ring has a cable ending in a loop, into which, when tightening the knapsack, a pin of the exhaust cable is passed.

(laying option for forced contraction of the cover)

1. Exhaust halyard - is used for forced disengagement of the knapsack and tightening of the cover:

Length - 3 meters, tensile strength - 1200 kg.

Has a carabiner 1 , average 4 and bottom 3 loop, to protect the pull rope from burns, a cover is put on it 2 from a cotton tape (LHBMkr-35-260) in the form of a hollow hose.

2. Checking cable (exhaust cable) - used to check the satchel. Has three pins 2 , rubber loop 3 , protective case 4 , case loop 5 .

3. Dome cover:

Material - percale. Length - 5.3 m.

The cover of the dome is made of orange percale B (art. 7015kr), has the shape of a sleeve -1 5.28 m long and is worn over the entire length of the folded dome.

The entire length of the cover is reinforced with ribbons -2 with a strength of 150 kg (LHB-25-150), which form a bridle in its upper part -3 for attaching an exhaust ball slingless parachute (SHVP).

There are two pockets on the top of the case -4 , facilitating the exit of the lines from the honeycombs and the contraction of the cover from the dome.

The bottom of the case has one pair of double rubber (removable) honeycombs -5 , eleven pairs of rubber (non-removable) honeycombs -6 and two tapes for the laying frame -7 .

The cover apron has two windows -8 for skipping double rubber (removable) honeycombs.

Above the windows there are pockets for laying bunches of slings in them.

Bundles of lines nested in double rubber (removable) honeycombs are secured lower part cover and prevent premature exit of the dome from the cover (a rush of two cells out of 11 on each side is allowed).

Sling guard -9 designed to protect lines laid in honeycombs from snagging.

Two guides made of power tapes for inserting the frame (when laying, for more convenient lashing of lines).

Dome

Area: 82.5m2

Material: percale P.

Over the entire area, the dome is stitched with power tapes, forming a power frame.

On the panels, between 27 and 28, 28 and 1, 1 and 2 lines there are triangular slots for the release of overpressure air, resulting in horizontal speed and control.

Slings

Length: 8.87m

Quantity: 28

Material ШХБ-125 (cotton cord with a breaking force of 125 kg).

Line No. 14 is marked red along its entire length (or orange cuffs at the free end and on the edge of the dome). With this sling begin laying.

A control line is mounted to lines 26, 27, 28 and 1, 2, 3.

suspension system

Material: LTK-1600 (nylon rigging tape, tensile strength 1600 kg)

4 risers

Main (circular) webbing

2 leg loops

2 back and shoulder girths

Chest strap (jumper)

Waist girth

2 fastening locks

Ring pocket on left shoulder

Flexible hose fastening harness (on the side of the ring)

1 chest carabiner

2 foot carabiners

3 reciprocal D-shaped buckles for carabiners

The suspension system (Fig. 11) is made of nylon tape with a strength of 1600 kg(LTK-44-1600) and consists of the main strap and two shoulder straps.

The main strap is stitched from tape in two additions, the ends of which form two free ends of length 430 mm.
The main strap has two curved buckles to connect it to the back and shoulder straps at the top of the harness.

A drawstring pocket is sewn onto the main strap at chest level on the left side. A flexible hose is sewn above the pocket.
In the lower part, the main strap is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn end-to-end and an overlay is sewn to them for a more comfortable sitting in suspension system during the descent.

To attach the reserve parachute to the harness, two fastening brackets with locks are mounted in the main strap.
Back-shoulder girths, right and left, passing through the curved buckles and windows of the main strap, form a chest jumper and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth that provides adjustment of the suspension system for growth.

The dorsal-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a crosspiece, to which the satchel is attached.

The dorsal-shoulder girths, going down from the cross, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a carabiner fixed on the left side, and a buckle on the right.

The lower ends of the back-shoulder girths, passed between the main strap and enveloping it in several places, form leg girths, on which buckles are mounted to adjust them according to height. Three carabiners and three buckles located on the leg loops and chest bridge serve to fasten the suspension system.

A knapsack is attached to the suspension system, and dome slings are attached to the half-ring buckles of the suspension system.

knapsack

The knapsack is designed for packing a canopy in a case, part of the lines and free ends of the harness, an exhaust ball slingless parachute and a semi-automatic device.

The knapsack is made of Avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of the bottom of the knapsack and four valves: two side, one upper and one lower.

To top valve 1 sewn on two flexible hoses 2 , insert head 3 for attaching the hose of a semi-automatic device and a tie band 4 designed for attaching the hose of a semi-automatic device. There are two windows at the base of the top flap 5 to exit the free ends of the suspension system.

The upper and two side flaps of the satchel have lapels with pockets 6 , which, after laying the dome in the knapsack, are filled with a laying ruler under the bottom and side valves. Lapels protect a dome from pollution.

To hold the valves in the closed position, the backpack has a locking device consisting of a cord ring. 7 , two cones 8 located on the valves of the satchel, four eyelets with a sew-on washer 29 and one eyelet buckle 28 .

Fifth eyelet 18 , mounted on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of the ball slingless pilot chute inside the satchel in the folded state.

cord ring 7 made from silk cord SHSH-80.
Fast opening of the backpack valves is provided by eight backpack rubbers 9 , of which seven are single and one is double.

The length of a single knapsack rubber with pendants is 370 mm, and double - 385 mm. At one end, the knapsack rubbers are permanently attached to the wire loops on the knapsack valves.

Two kerchiefs with buckles are sewn on the side flaps of the satchel from the outside along the perimeter tape 10 to which the reserve parachute mounts are attached 13 , designed to attach it to the main parachute and to control the fit of the parachute to the parachutist's body.

The reserve parachute mount consists of a ribbon (LRT art. 159-T) and a carbine. The factory marking is placed on the outside of the left side valve.

metal hinges 12 sewn on the perimeter tape of the knapsack for fastening the double knapsack rubber of the upper valve in order to prevent the exhaust ball slingless parachute from catching on the tail nut of the semi-automatic device and to protect the parachutist from being hit by the tail nut of the semi-automatic device.

On the right side flap 16 instrument pocket located 14 for placing a semi-automatic device, carabiner pocket 15 , which serves as a pocket for a passport replacement card and for laying a carabiner of a pull rope, a ribbon-tie for attaching the device, a ring 20 for locking the pull rope, hose fastening tape 21 for laying a flexible hose when jumping with a manual opening of the knapsack.

Safety valve 19 , which is a continuation of the right side flap, is fastened with four turnstile buttons 17 after tightening the bag.

The safety and bottom valves have metal plates 27 to give rigidity.

The bottom of the satchel 23 on the outside has four pairs of loops 22 for attaching the suspension system to the backpack, belt loops 11 for guiding knapsack rubber.

At the bottom of the knapsack on the inside on the side and bottom sides of the perimeter of the stiffening frame, pockets are sewn, left and right 24 , and valve 31 , which prevent the canopy placed in the case from blowing off from the bottom of the satchel at the moment of opening the parachute and ensuring consistent pulling out of the case with the canopy placed in it.

On the inner sides of the pockets, a knapsack cord is skipped.
At the top flap of the satchel, the pockets have holes 25 , under the facing of which metal rings are inserted for rigidity.

Rubber honeycombs are passed through the holes 26 , which are closed with bundles of slings, Rubber honeycombs are attached with a noose loop to a cord attached to the upper valve of the knapsack at the stiffening frame. The cord and the attachment point of the honeycomb with the cord are covered with loops.

1. Inner part:

a) Two rubber honeycombs in the upper part of the knapsack (participate in the formation of supporting valves - two lower folds of the cover are placed in them)

b) Two supporting valves - streamline the exit of the cover from the knapsack

c) lower safety valve– protects the slings from wear

2. outer part

a) Right valve (when viewed from the back)

1. Four eyelets (1, 2, 4 - elements of the checking device, 3 - viewing)

2. Protective valve with rigid plate and 4 turnstiles

3. 3 fur loops for knapsack rubbers

4. Wire ring for cable fixing

5. Pocket for mounting a safety device

6. Flexible hose harness

b) Left valve

2. Wire ring with soft loop (<неразборч>)

3. Cone - an element of a checking device

4. 3 coat loops

5. Factory and inventory numbers of the parachute

c) Bottom valve

1. Eyelet buckle

2. One coat loop

d) Top valve

2. Fur loop

3. Bayonet plate for mounting a safety device (guarantees that when the device is triggered, it will not be pulled to the check device)

4. 2 flexible hoses

3. The back of the backpack

a) 9 fur loops for knapsack rubber

b) 2 harnesses for passing backpack rubbers (elastic bands must be passed through the harnesses!)

c) Harness for fastening the backpack to the suspension system ( heavy loads there is no connection, the satchel can be unfastened from the harness, with the parachute open, there is no load on the satchel, only on the harness)

d) 2 kerchiefs with ribbons for pulling up the reserve parachute (the ribbons after pulling up must be tied into a knot to prevent their spontaneous loosening).

7 ..

Chapter 2.

TRAINING PARACHUTE

PARACHUTE D-1-5U

Controlled parachute D-1-5U (Fig. 11) is designed to perform training jumps.

Tactical and technical data of the parachute

1. When total mass parachute and skydiver 120 kg parachute design provides:

─ reliable operation at an altitude of up to 1000 m, both with its immediate activation at a level flight speed of up to 250 km/h, and with any delay in the opening of the pack, while the maximum overloads that occur at the time of filling the canopy do not exceed 10g;

─ minimum height jump from a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 180 km / h with the immediate introduction of a parachute into action ─ 150 m;

average vertical rate of descent, reduced to the standard atmosphere, measured in the area 0-35 m from the ground, ─5.1 m/s;

─ stability during descent; parachute control with two control lines;

─ turn of the canopy and horizontal movement of the parachutist in the process of descent, and the turn of the canopy 360 ° in any direction in no more than 18 s with the tension of one control line and the horizontal movement of the parachute forward with average speed 2.47 m/s;

─ the use of a semi-automatic parachute opening device PPK-U-575A or

KAP-ZP-575;

─ detachment of the dome from the suspension system both on the ground and in the air; use of a reserve parachute type 3-2, 3-Sh, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5;

─ the force required to pull out the exhaust ring or the exhaust cable, both with forced opening of the knapsack and with manual opening, ─ not more than 16 kgf;

─ technical resource ─ 200 applications (to be specified during operation) subject to timely repair and replacement of the dome cover.

2. Dimensions of the packed parachute, mm:

length ─ 570 + 20;

width ─ 377 + 20;

height ─ 262+20.

Rice. eleven. General form open parachute D-1-5U

3. The parachute weight is not more than 17.5 kg with a semi-automatic device without a portable bag.

Tactical and technical data of parachute parts

1. The pull rope is a nylon tape LTKMkrP-27-1200 with a strength of 1200 kgf and a length of 3000 mm with two loops (the second loop is at a distance of 1400 mm from the first). To protect the pull rope from burns, a cover made of cotton tape LHBMkr-35-260 in the form of a hollow hose is put on it. The same covers are put on all the loops of the rope and the carabiner.

2. A slingless ball chute consists of a parachute base and a spring mechanism. The hemispherical part is made of nylon mesh fabric, and the conical part is made of nylon fabric (art. 56005krP). Top part parachute is also made of nylon fabric. Parachute area 0.22 m².

3. The cover of the dome is made of percale B orange (art. 7015kr), has the shape of a sleeve 5280 mm long, one pair of double removable combs, 11 pairs of non-removable rubber combs, an apron with two windows for passing double rubber combs.

4. The dome is round, made of percale P (art. 7019), consists of four sectors with total area 82.5 m². The diameter of the pole hole is 430 mm. The dome has 28 lines 8870 mm long made of cotton cord ShKhBP-125 with a strength of 125 kgf. Longitudinal holes are arranged on the panels of the dome between lines No. 27 and 28, 28 and 1, 1 and 2. To control the dome, control lines are mounted to lines No. 26, 27, 28 and 3, 2, 1.

Rice. 11A Dome D-1-5U in plan

1 ─Cloths; 2 ─ Reinforcing frame; 3─Reinforcing tape; 4 ─ Holes

5. Suspension system made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape with a strength of 1600 kgf is equipped with OSK locks. For proper connection of the risers to the harness locks, the rear risers are marked with the words<левый>, <правый>. The length of the free ends of the suspension system is 560 mm.

6. The parachute pack is made of Avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of a bottom and four valves. The material of the ring that replaces the middle cone is silk cord ШШ-80. The length of a single backpack rubber with pendants is 370 mm, and a double one is 385 mm.

7. Flexible hoses made of metal sleeve covered with cotton tape

LXH-40-130, the ends of the hoses with the tape are tucked into caps.

Length of flexible hoses ─ 515 mm.

8. The pull ring consists of a body, a cable, three studs and a limiter. Trapezoidal case, made of steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm, red. The cable studs are located one from the other at a distance of 150 mm. The first pin, counting from the ring, has a length of 38 mm, the rest are 32 mm each. The length of the cable from the end of the last pin to the limiter inclusive is 1070 mm.

9. The pull ring with a cable loop is designed to open the parachute in the event of a break or non-engagement of the pull rope and consists of a ring, a cable, a loop and a limiter. The length of the cable from the loop to the limiter inclusive is 785 mm.

10. The exhaust cable has three pins at one end and a loop at the other. The loop of the cable is braided with a cotton cord ШХБ-40. The pins are located one from the other at a distance of 150 mm. The length of the first hairpin is 38 mm, the rest are 32 mm each. The length of the exhaust cable from the loop to the last pin inclusive ─ 1015 mm.

11. Protective cover of the exhaust cable made of raincoat fabric (art. 3101kr), has the shape of a sleeve 990 mm long. At one end there is a loop, which is connected with a loop-noose to the loop of the exhaust cable.

12. The device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575 has a hose 575 mm long. Loop length ─ 19 mm, cable length ─ 732 mm. The flexible hairpin halyard is not included in the device kit, but is included in the parachute kit.

I. LAYING THE PARACHUTE FOR A JUMP WITH FORCED OPENING OF THE BAG AND PULLING THE COVER FROM THE DOME WITH THE EXTRACTION LINK

Packing a parachute for a jump with forced opening of the knapsack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pull rope includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
3. Packing a parachute.
4. Attaching the lanyard to the bridle of the dome cover and to the loop of the lanyard, tightening the pack.
5. Laying an exhaust rope under the knapsack rubber.

1. Inspection.

Inspection and preparation of a parachute for a jump with forced opening of the knapsack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pull rope is carried out in the same order as indicated in paragraph I of Section IV, with the exception of subparagraphs c and e.

Before preparing the parachute for packing, disconnect the ball-and-socket lineless parachute from the bridle of the canopy cover. Attach the end loop of the pull rope to the bridle of the dome cover with a noose. Further preparation for packing the parachute should be carried out in the same way as indicated in paragraph 2 of the section Packing for unchecking

3. Packing a parachute.

Laying the canopy, putting on the cover on the canopy, checking and laying lines in the honeycomb of the cover and laying the canopy in the cover on the knapsack should be carried out as indicated in paragraphs 3, 4, 5 of the section on Laying for pinning. At the end of the laying of the dome, tie a broken sling to the top of the dome (Fig. 36).

4. Attaching the lanyard to the bridle of the dome cover and to the loop of the lanyard, tightening the pack.

After laying the canopy with the cover on the backpack, move the parachute to the end of the table to the location of the parachute parts and accessories for packing.

To the loop of the pull link located in the middle of the rope, attach the pull rope with a loop-noose (Fig. 38). To the loop of the exhaust link located at its end, tie both ends of the broken sling (Fig. 37, node A and B) so that in the taut state one end of the broken sling has a slack (Fig. 37, node C) equal to a quarter of the stretched broken sling slings.

Rice. 37

Rice. 38

Tighten the satchel as indicated in paragraph 6 of the section on stowage for unchecking, excluding the stowage of a pilot ball slingless parachute. The loop of the exhaust link, tied to the bridle of the dome cover, is placed between the right and upper valves of the knapsack so that the knot comes out from under the right valve (Fig. 39).

Rice. 39

5. Laying an exhaust rope under the knapsack rubber.

Thread the traction rope from the end loop to the loop with the attached traction cable under the knapsack rubber so that the bends of the rope go beyond the knapsack rubber by 40-60 mm.

Thread the exhaust link loop with the attached exhaust cable and the end of the flexible hose between the top and right side valves (Fig. 40, A).

The section of the pull link between the loop with the pull cable and the end loop, the length of which in the folded state is not enough to tuck it under the lower knapsack rubber, tie it tightly with a two-fold safety thread at the bend of the rope with a ring located on the right side valve of the knapsack (Fig. 40, B).

Fill the rest of the exhaust link under the upper and lower knapsack rubbers. Insert the carabiner of the rope into the pocket (Fig. 40).

Rice. 40

After packing the parachute, make the necessary entries in paragraph 11 of the parachute passport in accordance with the rules for maintaining the passport set forth in it.

LAYING A PARACHUTE FOR A JUMP WITH FORCED OPENING OF A Knapsack (ON A CHECK)

The parachute is laid by two people - laying (responsible for laying) and helping.
The stages of laying the parachute are controlled by the instructor.
Before packing, the parachute should be carefully inspected to determine its suitability for use.
Replace unsuitable parts found with spare parts or repair by the organization that owns the parachute. Repair and replacement of parachute parts shall be carried out in accordance with Instruction No. 008-62 for military repair of parachute equipment.

Packing a parachute for a jump includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
2. Preparation of the parachute for packing.
3. Laying the canopy and checking the lines.
4. Putting the cover on the dome and laying the lines in the honeycombs of the dome cover.
5. Laying the dome in the bag on the knapsack.
6. Laying a ball-and-socket lineless parachute on a packed canopy in a case and tightening the knapsack.
7. Attaching the pull rope to the pull rope and laying it under the knapsack rubber.

1. Inspection.

Inspection of the parachute is carried out in the following order:
a) dome with slings;
b) dome cover;
c) slingless ball exhaust parachute;
d) suspension system;
e) a backpack with flexible hoses and a reserve parachute attachment;
f) an exhaust ring with a cable loop;
g) exhaust three;
h) pull rope;
i) protective cover;
j) carrying bag.
a) Inspection of the dome with lines

Take slings No. 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18 and No. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and stretch the dome along the table for the entire length of the panels (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2

Moving from the edges to the middle of the dome and lifting the panels, inspect them in the light to the full width in squares. When doing this, check that the stitching and fabric of the canopy are not damaged. Thus inspect the entire dome. Damage to the fabric of the dome and stains from liquids that destroy the fabric are not allowed.
Then proceed to inspect the lines of the dome. Slings to disassemble, put tightly one to the other and pull. Inspect all slings from all sides, starting from the bottom edge to the half-ring buckles, rolling them with the palms of your hands on the table. Pay attention to the places of sewing the control lines.

b) Inspection of the dome cover
When inspecting the canopy cover, check for damage to the fabric of the cover, stitching, reinforcing bands, bridle, rubber honeycomb, line protector, line pockets, and check the rubber removable honeycomb.
In the event of a rupture of the rubber honeycombs that lock the apron of the base of the cover, they must be replaced with new ones.
It is strictly forbidden to repair rubber honeycombs.

c) Inspection of a ball-and-socket lineless parachute
When inspecting a ball pilot slingless parachute, check for damage to the fabric of the parachute, ruptures in the lines of the parachute and tightening cords. Check the serviceability of the spring mechanism, the check pins for securing the folded ball parachute and the reliability of its sewing.
Note. A slingless ball pilot chute with a deformation of the spring mechanism is not allowed for operation. It is necessary to straighten the springs of the spring mechanism and only after that the parachute is allowed to operate.

d) Inspection of the suspension system
When inspecting the suspension system, check its metal parts: OSK locks, fastening brackets with locks, half-ring buckles, carabiners, and also check the sewing of flexible hoses.
Check if there are any damages on the belts of the half-ring buckles mounted on the free ends through which the control lines pass, if the lines are broken, if the pocket of the pull ring is in good condition.
On the textile parts of the suspension system, damage to the tapes and fabric, stains from liquids that destroy the fabric are not allowed.

e) Inspection of the backpack with flexible hoses and fastening of the reserve parachute
When examining a backpack Special attention pay attention to the serviceability of the cord ring, eyelets and cones, check the presence of wire loops, knapsack rubbers and their attachment to the loops on the valves of the knapsack, rubber honeycombs, tie ribbons, a pocket of a semi-automatic device and pockets on inside the bottom of the backpack, check the serviceability of the flexible hoses and the reliability of their sewing, the serviceability of the carabiners for fastening the reserve parachute.
If the sheath of the cord ring is damaged, it must be replaced with a new, spare one. It is strictly forbidden to use a cord ring with a damaged cord sheath.
Rubber honeycombs in case of rupture are replaced by new ones. It is forbidden to repair rubber honeycombs.

f) Inspection of the pull ring with cable loop
Inspect the pull ring with the cable loop and check that the cable loop termination and limiter soldering are secure.
Straighten sharp bends in the cable. If it is not possible to straighten the pull ring pull cable, do not use it.

g) Inspection of the lanyard
When inspecting the exhaust cable, check whether the sealing of the cable studs is secure, and whether the studs are bent.
Straighten sharp bends in the cable. If it is not possible to straighten the lanyard, do not use it.

h) Inspection of the pull rope
When inspecting the pull rope, check for damage to individual threads of the tape and the cover, and also check that the carabiner is in good condition.

i) Inspection of the protective cover
When inspecting the protective cover, check for damage to the fabric of the cover and loop, as well as sewing lines.

j) Inspection of the carrying case
When inspecting the portable bag, check for stains of unknown origin, rips, and also check for the presence of half-ring buckles.

2. Preparation of the parachute for packing.

After inspecting the parachute, insert the cable of the exhaust ring into the flexible hose, and insert the ring into the pocket of the harness.
Connect both buckles of the right and left free ends (if the free ends of the harness are disconnected), respectively, to the USC locks on the harness.
Make the connection as follows:
insert the lock buckle into the profiled cutouts of the lock body, observing the correct installation of the dome straps (previously raise the safety lock of the buckle with the loop up), press the triggers and insert the lock lever into the slot cylindrical surface saddles;
move the safety button to the extreme position by first pressing the safety catch. At correct installation of the lock, the signal red dots on the lever and on the saddle body must be closed. Lower the buckle guard down onto the lock buckle and secure with a loop. Attention! Parachutes with suspension systems without USC locks are allowed.
Place all packing equipment on the table by the backpack.
Place the suspension system on the table as if it were put on a person facing the dome. The pull ring pocket on the harness should be located on the left side facing the table surface. Lay the free ends in pairs with the stitching of the half-ring buckles inside.
A properly laid harness on a table has its rear risers on top.
Put the parachute pack on the suspension system so that the top flap faces the dome, bend the flaps.
Attach (in case of replacing the cord ring) with a noose loop the cord ring to the ring on the knapsack and put a paper clip with nylon threads.
Attach the loop of the protective cover to the loop of the exhaust cable with a loop-stranglehold (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3

Attach the thimble of the exhaust ballless parachute to the bridle of the canopy cover with a loop-noose (Fig. 4).

Rice. four

Pass the laying tube through the holes of the grommet and the middle washer of the spring mechanism and put it on the cone located on the lower base of the conical spring. Using the laying tube, compress the springs of the ball pilot chute, hold the parachute in a compressed state and, having removed the laying tube, secure it with a pin-check fixed at the top of the ball pilot chute (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5

3. Laying the canopy and checking the lines.

Before laying the dome, put the bridle of the dome on a table peg (or on a metal crutch when laying on a camping cloth in field conditions). Stretch the dome to its full length. Take the red line 14, pull it on and, holding it on the table, transfer the left half of the dome to the right side of the table. Put sling 15 on sling 14 (Fig. 6)

Rice. 6

Lay the panel from the bottom edge to the top of the dome so that the stitched frame tape lies in the middle of the table (Fig. 7). Similarly, lay all the panels of the left half of the dome up to the panel with the marking and put weights along the entire length of the folded part of the dome (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7

Rice. eight

Throw the right half of the dome onto the folded left half. Install the right half of the dome on the right side of the table in the same way as the left half of the dome. A correctly laid dome should have a flag with markings on top (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9

Bend each half of the dome on both sides and fold over the width of the dome cover. Put weights on the folded dome along the entire length (Fig. 11).

Rice. eleven

Check the correct position of the straps. To do this, tighten all the lines of the dome, pass the laying line near the free ends of the suspension system under the lines of the upper pair of free ends of the suspension system and go from the suspension system to the lower edge of the dome (Fig. 10, 11). When properly laid, the entire upper half of the dome rises.

Rice. ten

4. Putting the cover on the dome and laying the lines in the honeycombs of the dome cover.

Remove the weights from the dome and disconnect the dome bridle from the table peg. Put your hand inside the dome cover and grasp the top of the dome (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12

Unscrew the fuse of the dome straps of the boot, grasp the bottom edge of the boot and pull the dome boot onto the dome.
Insert the laying frame into the pockets from the tape on the cover. Grab all the lines at a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of the dome and put them in the middle of the cover between the combs (Fig. 13, A).
Cover the lower edge of the dome with an apron. Having threaded double removable rubber honeycombs into the openings of the cover apron, bend the bundle of slings along the mark on the slings and, using a hook passed through the right rubber honeycomb, drag them into the cell of the rubber honeycomb.
Then remove the hook from the lines, similarly drag the lines into the left rubber honeycomb, tuck the bundles of lines coming out of the cells into pockets (Fig. 13, B).
After closing the apron with slings, it is necessary to leave slack in the slings to prevent the slings from being knocked out of the closing honeycombs when the canopy falls in the case at the beginning of the parachute operation.
Continue laying the slings from the right cell of the honeycombs of the cover (Fig. 13, B).

Rice. 13

During laying, do not allow the lines to twist! As the slings are laid in the honeycomb, the suspension system is pulled up to the dome.
Laying the slings in the honeycombs of the cover should be carried out according to the mark on the slings of the dome. After laying the lines in the honeycombs of the dome cover, remove the laying frame from the pockets and close the laid lines with a line protector (Fig. 14).

Rice. fourteen

5. Laying the dome in the bag on the knapsack

Move the knapsack to the dome laid in the cover. Lay the free ends of the suspension system on the bottom of the knapsack so that each pair of free ends is located between the rubber honeycomb and the pocket (Fig. 15, A). In order to avoid the possibility of toggles getting entangled in the lines of the canopy, make sure that when laying the toggles do not fall into the lines.

Rice. 15 A

Pass the rubber honeycombs into the openings of the pockets (Fig. 15, B).

Rice. 15 B

Check left rubber honeycomb common group slings, paying attention to the fact that the places of the stitching of the slings do not fall into the locking honeycomb. Similarly, check in the right rubber comb (Fig. 15, B).

Rice. 15 V

Put the dome in the cover on the bottom of the knapsack for a length equal to the length of the bottom of the knapsack, so that the lower edge of the cover lies on the edge of the bottom from the side of the lower valve of the knapsack, and the laid slings are on top (Fig. 16, A).

Rice. 16

Put the dome back in the bag to the length of the satchel and tuck it at the top flap into the pockets mounted on the bottom of the pack, and then tuck it into the pockets on the side of the bottom flap.
Further, capturing again the dome in the case for the length of the knapsack, continue laying it.
Thus, lay the dome in the cover on the satchel, leaving the top of the cover with the dome unstacked. Upon completion of laying the canopy in the cover on the knapsack, the top of the cover with the canopy and with the ball-and-socket lineless parachute should be on the side of the lower valve of the knapsack (Fig. 16, B).

6. Laying a ball-and-socket lineless parachute on a packed canopy in a case and tightening the knapsack

Move the parachute to the edge of the table where the styling accessories are located and tighten the pack.
Put the folded ball slingless parachute on top of the cover with the dome laid in it, shifting it downwards so that the cone of the slingless ball chute falls against the third grommet on the right valve of the knapsack, and the hole in the cone is along the knapsack (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17

Pressing the ball slingless pilot chute to the sides of the stowed canopy in the case, pull the right side flap of the backpack onto it, put the third grommet of the right side flap from the top onto the cone of the ball slingless pilot chute, having previously removed the pin-pin from the cone, and insert the auxiliary pin into the hole in the cone over the grommet of the right side flap (Fig. 18). Remove the pin-pin of a ball-and-socket lineless parachute into the honeycomb. Then, thread the cord-puff through the loop of the cord ring and bring the cord ring with the cord-puff into the second grommet of the right side valve from the top. Insert an auxiliary pin into the loop of the cord ring (Fig. 19) and carefully pull the cord out of the loop.

Rice. eighteen

Rice. 19

Carefully pulling the cord out of the loop of the cord ring will increase the frequency of its use.
Pass the flexible hose of the traction cable into the loop on the right back-shoulder girth of the harness. Then collect the safety cover at the loop of the traction cable and thread the traction cable into the hose for forced opening of the knapsack (Fig. 20).

Rice. twenty

After that, cover a part of the flexible hose with a protective cover up to the loop. Pull the top valve cone under the grommet of the left side valve (Fig. 21) and put the grommet on the cone.

Rice. 21

Insert an auxiliary pin into the cone hole (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22

Put the upper grommet of the right valve of the backpack onto the cone of the upper valve, remove the auxiliary pin from the hole in the cone and reinsert it into this hole over the right valve. Pass the first pin of the exhaust cable through the loop of the cable of the exhaust ring and insert it into the hole in the top valve cone, removing the auxiliary pin (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23

Insert the middle pin of the traction cable into the loop of the cord ring of the side valve of the backpack over the grommet, removing the auxiliary pin (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24

Put the fourth grommet of the right side valve on the cone of the left side valve (Fig. 25) and insert the auxiliary pin into the hole of the cone (Fig. 26).

Rice. 25

Rice. 26

Put the eyelet buckle on the cone (Fig. 27) and insert the third pin of the traction cable into the hole of the cone over the eyelet buckle, having previously removed the auxiliary pin.

Rice. 27

Then remove the auxiliary pin from the cone of the pilot slingless parachute (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28

After tightening the knapsack, the eyelet opening of the pilot ball slingless parachute must coincide with the eyelet hole of the right side valve of the knapsack, while the cone of the ball pilot slingless parachute must be visible through the eyelets.
Fill with a ruler lapels with pockets of the top and side valves. When filling the valves, be careful not to damage the fabric of the pilot slingless parachute, canopy cover and canopy with a packing ruler. Close the safety valve (Fig. 29). Tie the ends of the tie on the top flap into a bow.

Rice. 29

Then you should check whether the pendants of the knapsack rubber are sufficiently clamped in the wire loops on the valves, whether the knapsack rubber is threaded into the loops, and fasten the knapsack rubber.
Fasten the upper valve knapsack rubbers after all knapsack rubbers are fastened.

7. Attaching the retrieval rope to the retrieval cable and laying it under the knapsack rubber

At the end of the tightening of the knapsack, pass the end of the flexible hose with the exhaust cable under the right free ends of the suspension system. Thread the loop of the lanyard into the loop at the end of the lanyard, then pass the end of the rope with the carabiner into the loop of the rope and tighten the loop (Fig. 30).

Rice. thirty

Fill the end of the flexible hose into the satchel under the right side valve. Thread the pull rope under the upper and lower knapsack rubbers on the right side flap and lock it, for which we tie the loop of the pull rope with a safety thread in two additions to the ring attached to the right pack flap (Fig. 31). The bends of the pull rope should extend beyond the knapsack rubber by 40-60 mm. Insert the pull rope carabiner into the pocket on the right side flap.

Rice. 31

LAYING A PARACHUTE FOR A JUMP WITH MANUAL OPENING OF A Knapsack

Packing a parachute for a jump with manual opening of the knapsack includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
2. Preparing the parachute for packing.
3. Packing a parachute.
4. Mounting on the knapsack of the semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575.
5. Laying a pull rope under the knapsack rubber.

1. Inspection

a) Inspection of the parachute.

Inspection and preparation of a parachute for a jump with manual opening should be carried out in the same order as indicated in paragraph I of Section IV, with the exception of subparagraphs f, g, i. In addition, inspect the exhaust ring with three studs.

When inspecting the exhaust ring, check whether the braid and soldering of the cable studs are broken, whether there are any cracks on the ring body.

b) Inspection of the device PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575.

It is allowed to install a serviceable device on a parachute, on which the following work has been performed:

1) visual inspection with checking the position of the aneroid stop;

2) checking the “bleeding” of the clock mechanism and the jamming of the flexible pin when it is slowly withdrawn from the shutter;

3) checking the operation of clock and exhaust mechanisms;

4) checking the accuracy of the device operation on the scales of time and heights. The work is carried out in accordance with technical description and instructions for installation and operation of the device with the appropriate filling of the passport for it.

2. Preparing the parachute for packing

After examining all parts of the parachute, insert the cable with the pull ring pins into the flexible hose, and insert the pull ring body into the pull ring pocket on the harness.

Further preparation for packing the parachute with manual opening of the knapsack should be carried out as indicated in the section Packing for unchecking, paragraph 2, EXCEPT for the operation “Attach the loop of the safety cover with a loop-stranglehold to the loop of the traction cable” (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3

Attach the small loop of the halyard of the flexible stud to the flexible stud of the device with a choke-loop and place the clip in accordance with the technical description and instructions for installing and operating the device.

3. Packing a parachute

Laying the canopy and checking the slings, putting on the cover on the canopy, laying the lines in the honeycomb of the canopy cover and tightening the knapsack should be carried out as indicated in paragraphs 3-6 of the section Laying for lashing, except that instead of the studs of the traction cable, use the studs of the traction ring, and tying the tie strap does not produce or fasten the backpack rubber.

After tightening the knapsack, pass the flexible hose for the exhaust cable of the forced opening of the knapsack under the right free ends and thread it into the side valve hose fastening tape.

4. Mounting on the backpack of a semi-automatic device

When jumping with manual opening of the parachute pack, use the semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575.

When installing the device, you must:

a) attach the halyard with a flexible hairpin to the end loop of the exhaust rope with a noose;

b) insert the flexible pin into the device. The flexible stud must be inserted into the instrument with some braking in the closure. In cases where the flexible pin, having passed the shutter, seems to encounter an obstacle, the device should be swung sharply in the plane of the time scale - the balance will take the desired position and the obstacle will be removed. After that, smoothly (without jerking) cock the device (power springs);

c) set the specified height and specified time according to the scales of the device and lock the flexible hairpin with a safety thread in one addition (Fig. 32);

Rice. 32

d) insert the pin of the bayonet nut into the hole in the head of the plate and turn the hose of the device so that it takes a position along the axis of the cones of the parachute pack (Fig. 33, A);

e) unscrew the screw with the loop from the special cable nut and remove the loop from the slot of the screw (Fig. 33, B);

f) put a loop on the nearest (first) to the hose of the device, the pin of the cable of the parachute exhaust ring.
It is impossible to put a loop on the cable of the exhaust ring, as this will lead to non-disclosure of the parachute bag;

g) put a screw on the hinge and screw a special nut onto it. Pay special attention to ensure that the screw is completely screwed into the special nut. If the screw is not completely screwed in, it is necessary to completely tighten the clamp in the special nut, and then screw the special nut onto the screw with a loop again (Fig. 33, B);

Rice. 33

h) insert the device into the pocket of the parachute pack and tie it with ribbons to the pack;

i) adjust the cable slack within 10-15 mm by rotating the hose relative to the bayonet nut;

j) fasten the device hose so that it fits snugly to the parachute bag along its entire length, and the hose tip is located on the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the plate.

Close the safety valve of the backpack. Then you should check whether the hooks-pendants of the knapsack elastics are sufficiently clamped in the metal loops on the valves, whether the knapsack rubbers are threaded into the loops, and fasten the knapsack rubbers.

Fasten the knapsack rubbers of the upper valve of the knapsack after all the knapsack rubbers are fastened.

Note. When setting the response height on the device, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric (barometric) pressure and the terrain in the area of possible landing. It is not recommended to use the 0.3 km mark on the PPK-U-575 device, since this height is within the range of atmospheric pressure even in areas at sea level.

The stowed parachute is shown in Fig. 34.

Rice. 34

5. Laying the pull rope under the knapsack rubber

For this you need:

a) thread the pull rope under the upper and lower knapsack rubbers on the right side flap and lock it, for which the middle loop of the pull rope is tied with a safety thread in two additions to the ring attached to the right pack flap (Fig. 35). The bends of the pull rope should extend beyond the knapsack rubber by 40-60 mm;

b) insert the pull rope carabiner into the pocket on the right side flap;

c) close the safety valve and fasten it with turnstiles.

Skydiving for beginners is carried out using a D-1-5U parachute. This is the most optimal choice in terms of price, as well as for those who do not like the fact that an instructor hangs behind their backs. Parachute D-1-5U is landing parachute round shape, specially designed for training jumps of beginner paratroopers, reserve parachute Z-6P. The descent speed is 5 meters per second, and the landing in terms of strength and sensations resembles a jump from a height of one and a half meters.

You need to understand that everything that the instructor tells you is the combined experience of hundreds of thousands of other skydivers, and everything that, theoretically, can happen to you in the sky has already happened somewhere, once, to someone before, somewhere, sometime, and someone has already verified it on their own, sometimes sad, experience.
And therefore, the first-time skydiver is obliged to learn only one rule: "In any incomprehensible situation, act according to the instructions."
The briefing is divided into two main parts: the actions of a parachutist in normal mode, and actions in special occasions, that is, in case of any unplanned situations during the jump.

General provisions for persons about to make the first parachute jump

Skydiving is allowed for persons not younger than 14 years old, who do not have health restrictions. Maximum
permissible weight category 90 kg.
Persons who have not been instructed, or who have not mastered it well, are not allowed to skydive.
To make a jump, you need: shoes - high, hard, boots with a dense low sole (as an example - army berets), sneakers with thick soles. Clothing should be made of dense material, covering the arms to the hands, and the legs to the ankles. Shorts, T-shirts and the like are excluded.
Persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs are not allowed to skydive. Also, people with abnormal blood pressure may not be allowed to jump.
Gathering point Ulyanovsk Aerodrome "Bely Klyuch".
Upon arrival at the airfield, everyone who is going to make a jump, after being told which “rise” he is going to, must undergo a medical examination.

On the territory of the airport it is strictly prohibited:

smoking in places not designated for this;
drink alcoholic beverages;
scatter garbage;
listen to music from portable mobile devices through headphones, when moving around the airfield during flights;
leave the location indicated by the instructor or jump leader to wait for their turn, and disperse around the airfield;
approach without a command to the starting inspection line, and to the parachute equipment located at the start;
located on the runway;
approach the aircraft from the propeller side.

Parachute control

The canopy of the D-1-5U parachute has structural slots in the rear part, three triangular cutouts and control lines that allow the canopy to be deployed.
To turn around, you need to use control lines at the ends of which there are red bosses, and so, to turn the parachute in the right direction, you need to pull the control line: to turn left, you need to pull the left boss, and right - the right boss. A 360 degree turn is made in 18 seconds.

Preparation at the start

At the command “Take off to dress”, recorded on this take-off and named by last name, go to the packing table laid out at the start where the parachutes are located and each stand near your parachute, which the instructor will point you to.
To every first-time skydiver, in without fail will be issued in addition to the main parachute D-1-5U, the kit includes:
reserve parachute Z-6P, soft / hard helmet and parachute bag that is placed under chest bridge and spare.

Starting inspection

After parachute system and ammunition fitted and dressed, you line up at the starting inspection line. The starting inspection line is a conditional line a few meters from the laying tables. You are placed by weight in the sequence in which they will leave the aircraft, so that the heavier skydiver would be the first, and the lighter one would be the last one. This is done in order to minimize the possibility of convergence of paratroopers in the air.
The instructor will indicate the REFERENCE in which direction it will be necessary to turn around in order to stand on the "small demolition".
After completing the inspection, at the command of the instructor, head to the aircraft in the same order as you were on the line of the starting inspection. Approach to the aircraft is allowed only from the tail side. When boarding an aircraft, it is necessary to follow the same sequence that was on the inspection line, so that lighter paratroopers are closer to the cockpit, and heavy paratroopers are closer to the doors of the aircraft. On the plane, paratroopers sit down, according to the instructions of the instructor, on the left and right sides, with their backs to the wall, half a turn towards the herringbone door. The commands of the issuing instructor are obligatory for unquestioning fulfillment by all paratroopers on board.

Takeoff and climb

At an altitude of 100 meters, the issuer opens the aircraft door and gives the command to look. You must memorize what the ground looks like at that height so that you can visually determine the height of 100 meters in preparation for landing.

branch

At the height of the drop, which is 600 meters for first-time skydivers, the releasing instructor opens the doors.
To perform a parachute jump, the following commands are given:

preliminary - "prepare";
executive - "went."

On command, the parachutist “went”, without delay, separates from the aircraft.
All commands issuing instructor duplicates hands.
The “Stand” command is accompanied by an upward movement of the outstretched arm, while the arm is directed towards the side that the paratroopers will leave first. The paratroopers located on the port side are the first to jump. At this command, several paratroopers sitting on the indicated side stand up and turn towards the door, while all the rest remain in their places. Separation without a release team is strictly prohibited.

Dome work

The sensation of a dynamic shock (jerk) is the main sign of the opening and filling of the parachute canopy. After feeling the dynamic jerk, you must do the following:

Inspect the dome to assess its integrity, proper filling, and performance.
Look around to avoid possible convergence with other skydivers.

In order to inspect the dome, you need to raise your head up so that you can see the entire dome, from its front edge to the back. The dome must be of a regular round shape, without gusts, overlaps and breaks in the lines. The canopy of the D-1-5U parachute in normal working condition is a hemisphere well filled with air flow, made of a light beige (or white) material, from the edge of which to the free ends of the suspension system are stretched, in a strict order without intersecting with each other, 28 lines .
In the back of the dome (behind the back of the parachutist) there are three triangular slots. On the right and left on the rear risers are control lines, red, with red plastic bosses.
Sometimes, when trying to inspect the dome, the skydiver may experience difficulties expressed in the fact that he cannot raise his head for inspection. This can be caused by two reasons:
there was a twist of the lines behind the parachutist's back and this prevents him from raising his head;
this does not allow making a small distance between the right and left free ends, as a result of which the parachutist's helmet rests against the elements of the suspension system.
There are two ways to eliminate the twist of the lines:

holding the right and left free ends, try to press them against each other;
spreading your arms to try to spin the body, the parachute lines will unwind in both cases.

Inspection of the canopy is the first action that you must take immediately after the deployment of the parachute.
The next action of the skydiver is to look around to make sure that there is no threat of convergence (collision) with other skydivers.

Landing Rules

Landing is the final stage of the jump, requiring the skydiver to concentrate and strictly follow the established rules for a safe landing.
One of the ways to reduce the landing load is to reduce the landing speed by switching the canopy to a “small” drift, i.e. against the wind. At which the landing speed under the most favorable conditions can be reduced to a minimum.
Before landing, the skydiver must perform the following steps:

at an altitude of 150 - 100 m, the paratrooper must stand on a "small" demolition;
connect the legs at the knees and feet, then bend at the knees and, depending on the strength of the wind, bring forward;
keep your feet parallel to the ground.

You need to land on the full feet of both legs, the muscles of the legs should be tense, while you should not strive to stand on your feet, perform a roll (somersault). At the same time, press your head and arms to your chest. It is strictly forbidden to lean on the exposed straight arm, palm or elbow. And we are waiting for a small but tangible impact on the ground. The parachute starts to drag you along the ground, roll over to your left side and start pulling on a pair of lower parachute lines in order to extinguish the canopy.

Actions in special cases - landing on obstacles

In all cases where an obstacle is likely to be hit, the skydiver must use the control of the parachute to avoid hitting the obstacle.

When descending into the forest

The skydiver must deploy the parachute into the wind. Squeeze your legs tightly, bend at the knees and bring them forward, keeping them tense. Lower your chin to your chest. Grasp the front free ends of the suspension system with crossed arms so that the veins of the arms are facing the face, protecting the face and neck from hitting the trunks and branches of trees. When hovering on tall trees take measures for a safe descent to the ground, using for this purpose an open canopy and reserve parachute lines.

When hitting the wall of a building

Turn around facing the wall, bring your legs forward so that you hit the wall with your feet and slide along the wall to the ground.

When hit on the roof of a building

Bring your legs forward parallel to the roof.
When a skydiver hits the middle of the roof of a building, it is necessary to fall onto the surface of the roof and stay on the building using fixed parts (pipes, antennas). In case of hit on the edge of the roof, without allowing the dome to be extinguished, jump with a parachute to the area near the building.

In case of contact with telegraph wires or power lines

If possible, pulling up in the suspension system, pass over the wires. If this fails, try to push off the wires with your feet, while protecting your face and head from possible blows against the pole or wires. If the skydiver is blown along the line, he must turn sideways downwind so as to push off the wires to the side outside the line, avoiding getting between the wires and not allowing them to get between the legs.

Causes of injuries during landing can be:

insufficient psychological preparation(fear of jumping, fear of heights and landing, doubts about the correctness of one's actions);
violation of the landing technique (landing with rotation, meeting the ground sideways, with the legs apart or not on the whole foot, with the arm or elbow exposed, with an incorrectly performed somersault, an attempt to “find” the approaching ground with the feet, etc.);
landing on an obstacle or unfavorable underlying surface;
increased landing speed;
low general physical training of a parachutist;
neglect of security measures and overestimation of the skydiver's capabilities.

Typical mistakes of skydivers when landing, which, as a rule, lead to injuries:

spreading the legs when touching the ground, the desire to stand on their feet;
landing on one leg;
incorrect position of the feet (feet not parallel to the ground);
landing on straight legs not bent at the knees;
landing with a turn;
landing on leg relaxation;
large forward angle.