Map of the southern hemisphere of the earth with inscriptions. Land surface

12.10.2019

Physical map of the world allows you to see the relief earth's surface and location of major continents. The physical map gives general idea about the location of the seas, oceans, complex terrain and elevation changes in various parts of the planet. On the physical map the world, you can clearly see the mountains, plains and systems of ridges and highlands. Physical maps of the world are widely used in schools in the study of geography, as it is the basis for understanding the main natural features various parts of the world.

Physical map of the world in Russian - relief

PHYSICAL WORLD MAP displays the surface of the Earth. The space of the earth's surface contains everything Natural resources and wealth of mankind. The configuration of the earth's surface predetermines the entire course human history. Change the boundaries of the continents, stretch the direction of the main mountain ranges in a different way, change the direction of the rivers, remove this or that strait or bay, and the whole history of mankind will become different.

“What is the surface of the Earth? The concept of surface has the same meaning as the concept of geographic shell and the concept of biosphere proposed by geochemists... The earth's surface is voluminous - three-dimensional, and taking the geographical shell of an unambiguous biosphere, we emphasize the paramount importance of living matter for geography. Geographic envelope ends where living matter ends.

Physical map of the hemispheres of the Earth in Russian

Physical map of the world in English from National Geographic

Physical map of the world in Russian

Good physical map of the world in English

Physical map of the world in Ukrainian

Physical map of the Earth in English

Detailed physical map of the Earth with major currents

Physical world map with state borders - Wikiwand Physical world map with state borders

Map of the geological regions of the earth - Geological map of the world "s regions

Physical map of the world with the ice and clouds - A physical map of the world with the ice and clouds

Physical map of the Earth - Physical map of the Earth

Physical map of the world - A physical map of the world

The great importance of the structure of the continents for the fate of mankind is indisputable. The gulf between the eastern and western hemispheres disappeared only 500 years ago with the travels of the Spaniards and the Portuguese to America. Prior to this, ties between the peoples of both hemispheres existed mainly only in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Deep Injection northern continents to the Arctic for a long time made the routes around their northern shores inaccessible. The close convergence of the three main oceans in the area of three mediterranean seas created the possibility of their connection with each other naturally (Strait of Malacca) or artificially (Suez Canal, Panama Canal). Mountain chains and location predetermined the movement of peoples. Vast plains led to the unification of people under one state will, strongly dissected spaces contributed to the maintenance of state fragmentation.

The dismemberment of America by rivers, lakes and mountains led to the formation of Indian peoples, who, due to their isolation, could not resist the Europeans. Seas, continents, mountain ranges and rivers form natural boundaries between countries and peoples (F. Fatzel, 1909).

Some maps show separate relatively small territories, while others show entire continents or oceans. What is shown on the physical map of the hemispheres? What is its scale? And what information can be extracted from it? You will definitely find answers to all these questions in our article.

A few words about cards

Cartography was born at about the same time as writing. In ancient times, our ancestors drew primitive plans on the walls of caves and rocks, on which they indicated important features the area in which they lived. The first map of the world, according to scientists, was created in Babylon about 3 thousand years ago.

Cartography flourished during the so-called Age of Discovery. Numerous travelers and navigators created hundreds of fairly detailed and interesting cards. All the information received during wanderings to distant and unknown lands was applied to them.

Despite the passage of time, the map did not become archaic and retained its significance to this day. AT modern science even exists special method research - cartographic. Today maps are used in various industries National economy- urban planning, territory planning, agriculture, transport, meteorology, tourism, etc.

Maps are different: physical, economic, recreational, climatic, synoptic, geological, political, and many, many others. Physical maps show continents and oceans. You can also see hydrographic objects (rivers, seas, lakes), various forms and sometimes the largest cities.

Back in 150 BC, the ancient Greek scientist Crates of Mallus created the first 3D model Earth - globe. However, later it turned out that using this model in practice is not so convenient. You won’t take it on a long hiking expedition, and it definitely won’t fit in a travel backpack. Besides, when you look at the globe, you see only one half of it. This is also not always convenient.

Apparently, this is why maps of the hemispheres of the Earth were invented. Of course, distortion is inevitable here. But on the other hand, such cards make it possible to contemplate the whole picture of the world at once, because they show two halves of our world at once. huge planet. If we dissect the globe along the equator, we will get a map of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. If we divide the planet along the Zero (Greenwich) meridian, then we get, respectively, a map of the Western and Eastern hemispheres.

The scale of the physical map of the hemispheres

Scale is a purely mathematical concept. This is the ratio of the length of the segment to geographical map or plan to the actual length of the same segment on the ground. For example, we have before us topographic map with the following scale: 1:2000. This means that one centimeter on it corresponds to two thousand centimeters (or twenty meters) on the ground.

Physical maps of the hemispheres are of an overview nature and are used in educational purposes(usually on the wall). Therefore, they tend to be small scale. The scales of physical maps of the hemispheres most often vary from 1:15,000,000 to 1:80,000,000. That is, the distance between Kyiv and Moscow on them does not exceed 3-4 centimeters.

What is shown on the physical map of the hemispheres

On a physical map of any scale, various natural objects. What exactly? What is shown on the physical map of the hemispheres of the Earth specifically? Let's list all these objects.

Relief forms of hills, plateaus, mountain ranges).
Elements of the coastline (islands, peninsulas, bays, straits, bays, capes).
Hydrographic objects (seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, canals, large reservoirs, glaciers).
Elements of the underwater relief (hollows, oceanic ridges, trenches).
Capitals and largest cities.

The map of the Earth shows three continents (North and South America, Antarctica) and three oceans (Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic), on the map of the Eastern Hemisphere - four continents (Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica) and four oceans (Arctic, Atlantic , Pacific and Indian).

How to read a physical map

Any geographical map has its own specific language. Knowing this language, you can learn how to read it correctly. First of all, you should pay attention to the scale of the map. Most often it is placed in the upper left corner of the sheet. The scale is indicated not only in the numerical version, but also in the linear one, so that the process of determining distances on the map is as convenient as possible.

There are not too many symbols on the physical map of the hemispheres (as a rule, no more than two dozen). Thus, rivers are marked with dark blue lines, lakes and reservoirs are marked with spots. blue color. Continental ice and permanent snow are shown as rows of blue dots parallel to each other. This "pattern" is covered most of Antarctica and Greenland.

On physical maps you can find some other conventional signs(see photo below). The relief on them is displayed using various shades. This is worth talking about in more detail below.

Relief display on a physical map

Under each physical map, the so-called scale of heights and depths with numerical marks in meters is necessarily placed. The shapes of the earth's surface are denoted different colors, depending on the absolute height of the area. So, the lowlands are shown in green, hills - yellow, mountain systems and ridges in orange or dark brown.

The same - and with depths. Shallow water ocean floor marked in light blue. But the deep areas are shown in more saturated blue. Here the principle is as follows: the deeper - the darker the color.

marks absolute heights individual points on the land surface are indicated in black, and the depths of the seas and oceans are indicated in blue.

On one piece of card can fit the whole world, with all oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is a scale, a map legend. We will learn how to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.

Subject: The planet we live on

People started drawing maps even before they thought about whether the Earth is round or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark, cut out on wooden boards, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched cards with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became strong, with a clear image.

This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.

Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()

Rock paintings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.

Rice. 2. rock drawing terrain()

With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All the information received by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.

Rice. 3. ancient map peace on paper ()

Making a map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the cards were very expensive.

long period time only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before navigators discovered Australia and Antarctica.

When you look for any country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.

On the globe it is impossible to designate a large number of geographic objects without increasing its size. A globe big size not suitable for travel use.

Scale- this is the ratio of the length of the lines on the map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.

Rice. 7. Physical map of Russia ()

On the map you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If you divide the globe along the equator, you get map of the northern and southern hemispheres,

Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres

and if along the line of the zero meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.

Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres

On the mineral map special icons mark the places of mineral deposits.

Rice. 9. Map of minerals ()

On the animal habitat maps habitats indicated. various kinds birds and animals.

Rice. 10. Bird and animal habitat map ()

On the contour maps there are no color designations and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographical objects. They are convenient for laying routes.

Rice. 11. Contour map

On the political map of the world depict countries and their borders.

Rice. 12. political map Eurasia ()

On the synoptic maps conditional icons show observations of the weather.

Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()

Various cards are combined into atlases.

Rice. 14. Geographic atlas ()

The maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, maps of the hemispheres and world maps.

Conventions on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the map.

Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.

Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()

Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.

Here are some of the most big world swamps - Vasyugan. The lines represent rivers, borders and roads, the circles represent cities.

Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps

The seas and mountains have real outlines and are painted in different colors. Blue and light blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown - mountains.

At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with which you can see what height or depth means this or that shade of color on the map.

How deeper ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the North Arctic Ocean the darkest shade of blue in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5,527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the depth of the sea is 200 meters.

Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean

The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. So, Ural mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.

Rice. 19. Ural Mountains

Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.

Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains

In the Himalayas is located Chomolungma (Everest) - the highest peak in the world (8848 m).

Using the height scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.

Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains

Them Brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

Using the map, you can determine the exact location of any object. To do this, you need to know coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by the degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.

Rice. 26. Degree grid

The equator serves as a reference point - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, coordinate 60⁰ northern latitude means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.

Rice. 27. Latitude

Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.

Rice. 28. Longitude

St. Petersburg coordinates - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E

Moscow coordinates - 55⁰ N, 37⁰E

Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. M.: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
Pleshakov A.A. Surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.

Academician ().
survival().

Locate on the physical map of the world Pacific Ocean. Define it deepest place, specify its name and depth. Describe how you identified this place.
Make a short test (4 questions with three answers) on the topic "Geographic maps".
Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.

They are different in geographical location, size and shape, which affects the features of their nature.

Geographic location and size of the continents

Continents are placed on the surface of the Earth unevenly. In the Northern Hemisphere, they occupy 39% of the surface, and in the Southern - only 19%. For this reason, the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is called the continental, and the Southern - the oceanic.

According to the position relative to the equator, the continents are divided into a group of southern and a group of northern continents.

Since the continents are located at different latitudes, they receive an unequal amount of light and heat from the Sun. In shaping the nature of the continent, its area plays an important role: what larger mainland, the more territories on it that are remote from the oceans and do not experience their impact. big geographical importance It has mutual arrangement continents.

Geographic location and size of the oceans

The separating continents differ from each other in size, properties of waters, systems of currents, features of the organic world.

And they have similar geographical position: they stretch from the Arctic Circle to. almost entirely in the southern hemisphere. Special geographical position y - it is located around North Pole within the Arctic Circle, covered sea ice and isolated from other oceans.

The border of the continents with the oceans runs along the coastline. It can be straight or indented, that is, having many protrusions. The rugged coastlines have many seas and bays. Going deep into the land, they have a significant impact on the nature of the continents.

Interaction between continents and oceans

Land and water have different properties, while they are constantly in close interaction. The oceans strongly influence natural processes on the continents, but the continents also take part in the formation of the nature of the oceans.

The geographical map of the world is an overview map of the relief of the earth's surface. A coordinate grid is applied on the geographical map of the world. On the geographical map of the world are not displayed individual states and countries to generalize and simplify the display of surface topography above sea level (the darker the color, the higher the surface). The geographical map of the world clearly and concisely shows information about the main continents, seas and oceans and allows you to quickly create an image of the relief of the whole world. View geographical maps of the world online in Russian:

Detailed geographical map of the world in Russian:

Geographic map of the world close-up in Russian- opens in a new window in full screen. The geographical map of the world in high resolution shows all the continents with the names: Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Antarctica and Australia. The geographic map of the Earth shows the location of the oceans: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean. A large geographical map of the world allows you to see the seas, bays, deserts, plains and mountains. The geographical map of the world is a map the globe and looks like a map of continents, seas and oceans. The geographic map of the world can be downloaded for free at good quality.

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format:

Geographical map of the world with coordinates of latitude and longitude, indicating the currents of the world's oceans close-up:

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format opens in a new window in full screen. A high-resolution geographic map of the world shows a high-quality map of the world in Russian with parallels and meridians, with oceans and seas, with latitude and longitude, with seas and oceans. The geographical map of the world shows plains, mountains and rivers, continents and continents of the globe. If you enlarge the geographical map of the world, you can see separately the geographical map of each continent.

Outline map of the world

In geography lessons at school, it is often required contour map world:

The contour geographical map of the world opens in a new window in full screen.

What to see on the geographical map of the world:

First of all, on the geographical map of the world, mountains and plains marked with different colors are striking (the darker the color, the higher the mountains). Most high mountains on a geographical map they go with an indication of the height of the peak above sea level. Most major rivers are named on the map. On the geographical map of the world indicate the most big cities. On this map, you can immediately see where the oceans, seas, islands and lakes are located.

Continents and continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. Most big mainland- Eurasia.

oceans of the world: There are four oceans in the world - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian. The largest ocean in the world - Pacific Ocean.

Largest seas in the world in descending order of area: the largest sea in the world - Sargasso Sea followed by the Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Weddell Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Hudson Bay, Greenland Sea, Catfish Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Sea of Japan, Arafura Sea, East Siberian Sea.

The largest islands in the world in descending order of area: the largest island in the world - Greenland, followed by the islands: New Guinea, Kalimantan, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, UK, Honshu, Victoria, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, south island (New Zealand), Java, North Island (New Zealand), Luzon, Newfoundland, Cuba, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Haiti, Sakhalin, Banks, Sri Lanka.

Most long rivers peace: most big river in the world - Amazon, after it there are rivers: Nile, Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson, Yangtze, Huang He, Ob - Irtysh, Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider, Lena - Vitim, Amur - Argun - Mutnaya channel - Kerulen, Congo - Lualaba - Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi, Mekong, Mackenzie - Slave - Pis - Finlay, Niger, La Plata - Parana - Rio Grande, Volga - Kama.

The highest mountains with a height of more than 8 km: most big mountain in the world - Chomolungma, a little lower are the mountains: Chogori, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Nangaparbat, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Shishabangma.

Most large lakes by continent: in Africa, Lake Victoria, in Antarctica, the subglacial Lake Vostok, in Asia, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Baikal, in Australia, Lake Eyre, in Europe, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Ladoga, in North America- Lake Michigan-Huron, in South America - salt Lake Maracaibo and fresh lake Titicaca. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.