Reservoir protection message for children. Presentation on the topic "The importance and protection of fresh water". The largest fresh lake

22.10.2019

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Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes are an important part of the water cycle in nature.

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On the other hand, this important environment life on the planet with unique complex living organisms.

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Large rivers and lakes are a kind of heat trap, since water has a high heat capacity. On cold days, the temperature is higher near water bodies, as the water gives off stored heat, and on hot days, the air over lakes and rivers is cooler due to the fact that the water accumulates excess heat in itself. In spring, lakes and rivers become a resting place for migratory waterfowl, which migrate further north, into the tundra, to nesting sites.

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Rivers and lakes are the only available source of fresh water on our planet. Currently, many rivers are blocked by hydroelectric dams, so the water in the rivers plays the role of a source of energy.

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The picturesque banks of rivers and lakes allow a person to enjoy the beauty of nature. That is why one of the most important values of land reservoirs is a source of beauty.

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In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to listed functions rivers play the role of transport routes through which various goods are transported.

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Previously, mole rafting of wood was carried out along the Onega, the Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method a large number of logs during the spring flood independently rafted downstream. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from logging areas to large sawmills Arkhangelsk. With this method of alloying trees, irreparable damage was caused to nature. The bottom of the rivers on which mole rafting was carried out was heavily littered with rotting logs. Such rivers became non-navigable during the summer period. As a result of rotting wood, a reduced oxygen content was noted in the water.

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Consequences of a mole alloy.

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Despite the high economic efficiency, this method of transporting wood brought nature great harm. Therefore, it has now been abandoned. Now the wood is transported along the rivers in the form of large rafts. In this case, there is no loss of logs, and therefore, rivers and the sea are not polluted.

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Rafting timber on the Northern Dvina.

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The northern rivers are famous for the abundance of various fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, herring. In the rivers flowing into the Beloe and Barents Sea, in the spring a valuable commercial fish northern salmon, or salmon. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. In order to save the salmon, the state regulates the catching rates for special fishing brigades. But sometimes residents themselves, without the permission of fish protection organizations, catch salmon with nets, in connection with this, the problem of poaching in northern rivers is particularly acute.

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SALMON is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg. After feeding in the sea, it migrates to rivers to breed. Two races of salmon are known in the White Sea: autumn and summer. The course of the salmon of the Northern Dvina begins in the spring and continues until the freeze-up.

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The main negative human impact on the state of rivers and lakes is their pollution with waste from chemical industries. The most polluted is the Northern Dvina. On this river are the largest pulp and paper mills in Europe. One of them is located near Kotlas, in the city of Koryazhma, and the other two are located in Novodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

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The total pollution of the Northern Dvina is so high that in the summer it is not recommended to swim in the river within the city of Arkhangelsk. The problem of water pollution in Arkhangelsk is particularly acute, since in this city the river is the only source of drinking water. For quality control fresh water The state has developed the Water Code. In law Russian Federation"On environmental protection natural environment there is a separate article on the protection of fresh waters. In Russia, maximum allowable concentrations and maximum allowable norms for discharges of harmful substances from industrial enterprises have been developed. For the implementation of these laws and for quality control Wastewater Responsible for the Head Office natural resources and protection environment.

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Another source of pollution of rivers and lakes is domestic sewage. Majority major cities in the Arkhangelsk region stands on the banks major rivers. Therefore, a large amount of insufficiently treated wastewater can enter rivers and further into the sea. To maintain high water quality in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region and to preserve the diverse flora and fauna industrial enterprises must comply with the standards for the emission of pollutants, and the population must comply with environmental laws and take care of the riches that nature has awarded.

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Literature
Ecology of the Arkhangelsk region: Tutorial for students in grades 9-11 secondary school/ Under. Ed. Batalova A. E., Morozovoy L. V. - M .: Publishing house - in Moscow State University, 2004. Geography of the Arkhangelsk region ( Physiography) 8th grade. Textbook for students. / Under the editorship of Byzova N. M. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of the Pomor International Pedagogical University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 1995. Regional component general education. Biology. - Department of Education and Science of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region, 2006. PSU, 2006. JSC IPPK RO, 2006

Family competition " living water» Theoretical tour.

Completed by: Larina T.I.

Lazovsky nature reserve named after L.G. Kaplanova

Vladivostok

As we found out when considering the first and second questions, the main cause of the ecological disaster of our water bodies is one or another human activity. Now let's turn to the question of how the same person can contribute, if not to the elimination, then at least to the reduction of the harm caused to them, as well as the restoration of the natural communities of water bodies. In our opinion, all measures for the protection of rivers and reservoirs from pollution, clogging and depletion and for their integrated use:

1. Security.

2. Reclamation.

3. Household.

Now let's try to consider each of these events in more detail.

Security, as the name implies, should include all activities related to the security of existing communities and their preservation at least in the state in which they currently exist. These measures include the fight against poaching, a special place is given to the protection of nesting sites for waterfowl and near-water birds, the protection of mass spawning sites for fish. No less important is the issue of fighting fires and illegal logging along the banks of water bodies, with pollution of water bodies by poisonous and toxic substances as well as heavy metals. It should be noted here that most water bodies have not yet lost their ability to self-heal, and if measures are taken to prevent further pollution of water bodies and damage to their inhabitants, then after a certain period of time, which can stretch for more than one decade, the ecosystem of water bodies will self-repair and possibly up to such state as they were before human intervention. At the same time, we understand that no matter how much we would like, a person will not be able to completely refuse to interfere in the life of water bodies (for example, abandon navigation, use water for irrigation of agricultural land, etc.) That is why the use of protective measures alone insufficient to restore the biocenosis of water bodies, it is necessary to use the other two types of measures.

The ongoing measures for the rehabilitation and improvement of ponds, rivers, streams bring water bodies into a state of ecological balance, which positively affects the flora and fauna of reservoirs and coastal areas.

Environmental rehabilitation of water bodies includes:

implementation of design and survey works (description of the object: field surveys of adjacent territories, mapping, reporting; laboratory research: sampling and analysis; recommendations on the technical and biological stages of rehabilitation of water bodies)

cleaning the bed of the reservoir from contaminated sediments;

pond waterproofing project, dredging;

accumulation and purification of drainage and storm waters that feed reservoirs

reclamation of watershed areas;

bank protection project, anti-landslide and anti-erosion measures

settlement of reservoirs with hydrobionts, planting of aquatic vegetation;

ecological rehabilitation and improvement of floodplain territories;

landscaping, landscaping, landscape design coastal and recreational areas.

Environmental rehabilitation consists of several stages:

1. Stage of preparatory work;

The study of the hydrogeological characteristics of the reservoir, its morphological parameters (depth, bottom topography), sampling of water and silt deposits for laboratory analysis for chemical pollution is being carried out.

2. Stage of technical rehabilitation of the reservoir;

Depending on the size of the reservoir, the presence of hydraulic structures, the hydrogeological characteristics of the area and a number of other circumstances, the need for mechanical cleaning bed of the reservoir from silt deposits.

3. Stage of biological rehabilitation;

A natural reservoir is a balanced ecosystem in which self-purification mechanisms operate.

The settlement of water by living organisms-hydrobionts is carried out according to the results of biotesting of the reservoir. A species community of such microorganisms, invertebrates, mollusks is selected for settlement, which allows restoring the hydroecosystem of the reservoir.

4. Creation (restoration) of the coastal ecosystem;

Properly located and formed coastal zones largely determine in the future qualitative composition water. Help shape natural landscape provide a food base for the biota of the reservoir. Recovery in the coastal zone a certain kind green spaces and various living organisms have a positive effect on the ecosystem of water bodies.

5. comprehensive improvement of the adjacent territory;

From surrounding area The qualitative composition of the water in the pond also largely depends. During ecological rehabilitation necessary condition is the correct planning of the territory, providing convenient approaches to the water, viewing platforms, distribution of recreational load. Exclusion of sewage ingress into the water area.

Reclamation measures also include artificial breeding and subsequent release into the habitat of fry, primarily of those fish species that have suffered the most damage and whose populations have either already reached or are at the limit of the number at which its self-recovery becomes impossible.

The next type of activities under consideration is economic activities, one of which is the rational use of natural resources. Nature management in any industry is based on the following principles: systems approach, the principle of optimization of nature management, the principle of advancing, the principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production, the principle integrated use.

Let's briefly review these principles.

The principle of a systematic approach provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses. For example, the rational use of irrigation increases soil fertility, at the same time leads to the depletion of water resources. Discharges of pollutants into water bodies are assessed not only by the impact on biota, but also determine the life cycle of water bodies.

The principle of environmental management optimization is to make appropriate decisions on the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous ecological and economic approach, development forecast various industries and geographic regions. The development of minerals has an advantage over mine production in terms of the degree of use of raw materials, but leads to the loss of soil fertility. In this case, the combination of open pit mining with land reclamation and restoration is optimal.

The principle of advancing the rate of extraction of raw materials by the rate of processing is based on reducing the amount of waste in the production process. It assumes an increase in production due to a more complete use of raw materials, resource saving and improvement of technology.

The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is based on the creation and operation of natural-technogenic ecological and economic systems, which are a set of industries that provide high production rates. This ensures that a favorable environmental situation, it is possible to preserve and reproduce natural resources. The system has a management service for timely detection harmful effects and adjustments to system components. For example, if a deterioration in the composition of the environment is detected due to production activities enterprise, the management service decides to suspend the process or reduce emissions and discharges. Such systems provide for the prediction of undesirable situations through monitoring. The information received is analyzed by the head of the enterprise, and the necessary technical measures are taken to eliminate or reduce environmental pollution.

The principle of the integrated use of natural resources provides for the creation of territorial production complexes based on the available raw materials and energy resources, which allow for a more complete use of these resources, while reducing the technogenic burden on the environment. They have a specialization, are concentrated in a certain territory, have a single production and social structure and jointly contribute to the protection of the natural environment, such as the Kansk-Achinsk Heat and Power Complex (KATEK). However, these complexes can also have a negative impact on the natural environment, but due to the integrated use of resources, this impact is significantly reduced.

The next activity is rational water use. Water use is the totality of all forms and types of use of water resources in common system nature management. Rational water use involves ensuring full reproduction water resources of the territory or water body in terms of quantity and quality. This is the main condition for the existence of water resources in life cycle. Improving water use is the main factor in modern economic development planning. Water industry is determined by the presence of two interacting blocks: natural and socio-economic. As resource-saving systems, river water intake should be considered as part of the earth's surface. River water intake is a functionally and territorially integral dynamic geosystem that develops in space and time with clearly defined natural boundaries. The organizing principle of this system is the hydrographic network. Water management is a complex organized territorial system that is formed as a result of the interaction of socio-economic societies and natural waters sources.

An important task of water economic activity consists in its ecological optimization. This is possible if the water use strategy includes the principle of minimizing the violation of the quality structure of a water body with a catchment area. Return waters after their use are different in composition from natural waters, therefore, for rational water use, maximum savings and minimal interference with the natural moisture cycle at any level are required. The reserves and quality of water resources are a function of regional conditions for the formation of runoff and the technogenic water cycle, man-made in the course of water use. The assessment of the water supply of the territory for the region can be presented as a complex of highly informative hydrogeological indicators corresponding to various cost options for the organization of water use. At the same time, at least three options must be presented - two extreme and one intermediate: natural conditions, which corresponds to a minimum of resources and zero costs for their extraction; conditions for expanded reproduction resulting from costly engineering measures; conditions of limiting water use that would take place when using the full annual runoff formed in a given territory, which corresponds not only to the maximum of resources, but also to the maximum of possible costs. Such conditions are unattainable, but in theoretical modeling and forecasting, their consideration is necessary to get an idea of the processes under study and as a comparative value for economic calculations. Equally important here is the construction of treatment facilities, or the modernization of existing ones, the use of which is the guarantor of the reproduction of "quality" water resources, which, after being used in human economic activity, are returned to water bodies.

An effective form of protection of the natural environment when industrial production is the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, and in agriculture - the transition to biological methods pest and weed control. The greening of industry should be developed in the following areas: technological processes and the development of new equipment that ensures a lower emission of pollutants into the natural environment, the large-scale introduction of environmental impact assessment of all types of production, the replacement of toxic waste with non-toxic and recyclable ones, wide application methods and means of environmental protection. It is necessary to use additional means of protection using treatment equipment such as wastewater treatment devices and systems, gas emissions, etc. Rational use of resources and protection of the environment from pollution is a common task, for which specialists from various branches of technology and fields of science should be involved. Environmental protection measures should determine the creation of natural-technogenic complexes that would ensure the efficient use of raw materials and the preservation of natural components. Environmental protection measures are divided into three groups: engineering, environmental, organizational.

Engineering measures are designed to improve existing and develop new technologies, machines, mechanisms and materials used in production, ensuring the exclusion or mitigation of technogenic pressures on the ecosystem. These activities are divided into organizational-technical and technological. Organizational and technical measures include a number of actions to comply with technological regulations, gas and wastewater treatment processes, control over the serviceability of instruments and equipment, timely technical re-equipment of production. The most progressive continuous and enlarged production facilities are provided for, ensuring the stability of the enterprise. They are also easily manageable and have the ability to constantly improve technologies to reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants.

Technological measures by improving production reduce the intensity of pollution sources. This will require additional costs for the modernization of production, however, with a decrease in emissions, there is practically no damage to the natural environment, so the payback of activities will be high.

It is necessary to pay attention to environmental measures aimed at self-purification of the environment or self-healing. They are divided into two subgroups:

abiotic;

Biotic.

The abiotic subgroup is based on the use of natural chemical and physical processes that occur in all components.

Biotic measures are based on the use of living organisms that ensure the functioning of ecological systems in the zone of influence of production (biological fields for wastewater treatment, cultivation of microorganisms for the processing of pollutants, self-overgrowth of disturbed lands, etc.).

The group of organizational measures is determined by the structure of management of natural-technogenic systems and is subdivided into planned and operational ones. Planned ones are designed for a long-term perspective of the system functioning. Their basis is the rational arrangement of all structural units of the natural-technogenic complex.

Operational measures, as a rule, are used in extreme situations that occur at work or in the natural environment (explosions, fires, pipeline ruptures).

The above measures are the basis of human activity, creating environmentally friendly production, and should be aimed at reducing the technogenic load on ecosystems, and in case of its occurrence, contribute to the prompt elimination of the causes and consequences of accidents. The basis of the methodological approach to the choice environmental protection measures the principle of their environmental and techno-economic assessment should be laid down.

In addition to the above, I would like to note that for transboundary water bodies, of which the Amur is an example, the development of national and international legal documents that may be required to maintain the quality of water resources primarily for the following purposes:

Monitoring and control of pollution of national and transboundary waters and its consequences;

Controlling the transport of pollutants over long distances through the atmosphere;

Control of accidental and/or arbitrary discharges to national and/or transboundary water bodies;

Conducting environmental reviews, as well as compensation for damage caused by one of the parties, the user of the transboundary reservoir

Bibliography

Questions of geography of the Amur region: Lower Amur region, Nature. - Khabarovsk, 1970.

Changes in the natural environment of the Amur-Komsomolsk TPK under the influence of economic activity. - Vladivostok, 2004.

Use and protection of natural resources in the Khabarovsk Territory. - Vladivostok, 2004.

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources: Amursko-Komsomolsk TPK. - Vladivostok, 2006.

Nature management of the Russian Far East and Northeast Asia. - Khabarovsk, 2007.

Resource-environmental research in the Amur region. - Vladivostok, 2003.

Sokhina N.N., Schlotgauer S.D., Seledets V.P. Protected natural areas of the Far East. - Vladivostok, 2005.

Ecological and economic aspects of the development of new areas. - Vladivostok, 2000.

G. V. Stadnitsky, A. I. Rodionov. "Ecology".

Zhukov A.I., Mongait I.L., Rodziller I.D. Methods of industrial wastewater treatment. Moscow: Stroyizdat.

Methods for the protection of inland waters from pollution and depletion / Ed. I.K. Gavich. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

"Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia" / Ed. ed. Protasova V.F. - M. 1995

Vashchenko M.A., Zhadan P.M. Impact of pollution marine environment for reproduction

marine benthic invertebrates//Biol. seas. 1995. V. 21, No. 6. S. 369-377.

Ogorodnikova A.A., Veideman E.L., Silina E.I., Nigmatulina L.V. Impact

coastal sources of pollution on the bioresources of Peter the Great Bay

(Sea of Japan)//Ecology of nekton and plankton Far Eastern seas and

Dynamics of climatic and oceanological conditions: Ed. TINRO. 1997. T. 122. S. 430-

Long-term program of nature conservation and rational use natural resources of Primorsky Krai until 2005. Ecological program. Part 2. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 1992. 276s.

Environmental safety: domestic and Foreign experience in the activities of parliaments and regions (by the "government hour" of the 256th meeting of the Federation Council) Series: Development of Russia - No. 17 (384), 2009

Environmental risks of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation: from "brown" plans to "green" strategy. Study of the WWF Greening Markets and Investments Program / Ed. Evgeny Simonov, Evgeny Schwartz and Lada Progunova.

Moscow-Vladivostok-Harbin: WWF, 2010

Where does the Amur flow? Under the editorship of Ph.D. S. A. Podolsky. Moscow: World Fund wildlife(WWF) - Russia, 2006 - 72 p.

V.V. Bogatov Combined concept of the functioning of river ecosystems// Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1995 No. 3 st. 51-61

Note.

When compiling the list of references, I would like to note that it does not contain links to Internet resources. By this we do not claim that we did not use its capabilities and that the work was written by us exclusively on the processing of printed material. No, it’s just that most of the articles and books listed in the list of references were actually found by us on the Internet, and when writing this work, we simply used their electronic ones (often scanned copies), which had all the details of the printed edition. In this regard, we used the site most actively. World Fund wildlife – WWW.WWF.RU.

The protection of natural communities is the most important component in the interaction of man with wildlife. In Russia, for example, this issue important national importance. What are people doing to protect rivers, lakes, fields, forests and animals around the world? Appropriate measures are being taken, including at the state level.

Nature Conservation Law

The law on the protection and protection of rivers, farmlands, etc.) and the use of wildlife was adopted in the Soviet Union in 1980. According to him, all vegetable and animal world Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and other former Soviet republics are considered the property of the state and public property. This resolution requires humane treatment of flora and fauna.

The corresponding decree on nature protection obliges all people living in the territory covered by the law to strictly comply with all existing requirements and rules in their official and personal lives, try to protect the existing wealth native land. Special attention should be paid to the protection of such natural objects like rivers. The fact is that at present, water bodies around the world are heavily polluted by one or another human activity. For example, sewage, oil and other chemical wastes are drained into them.

What do people do to protect rivers?

Fortunately, humanity has realized the damage it causes to the environment. At present, people around the world have begun to implement a plan to protect water bodies, in particular rivers. It consists of several stages.

The first stage is the creation of various treatment facilities. The use of low-sulfur fuel is carried out, garbage and other waste is completely destroyed or qualitatively processed. People build with a height of 300 meters or more. Occurs Unfortunately, even the most modern and powerful treatment facilities cannot ensure complete protection of water bodies. For example, chimneys designed to reduce the concentration of harmful substances in certain rivers spread dust pollution and acid rain over great distances.
What else are people doing to protect rivers? The second stage is based on the development and application of fundamentally new production. There is a transition to low-waste or completely waste-free processes. For example, many already know the so-called direct-flow water supply: river - enterprise - river. In the near future, humanity wants to replace it or even with "dry" technology. At first, this will ensure a partial, and then a complete cessation of wastewater discharge into rivers and other water bodies. It is worth noting that this stage can be called the main one, because with the help of it, people will not only reduce it, but also prevent it. Unfortunately, this requires material costs, unbearable for many countries of the globe.
The third stage is a well-thought-out and most rational placement of "dirty" industries that adversely affect the environment. These are enterprises, for example, the petrochemical, pulp and paper and metallurgical industries, as well as the manufacture of various building materials and thermal energy.

How else can we solve the problem of river pollution?

If we talk in detail about what people are doing to protect rivers from pollution, then it is impossible not to note one more way to solve this problem. It consists in reuse raw materials. For example, in developed countries, its reserves are estimated at a fabulous amount. The central producers of recyclables are the old industrial regions of Europe, the United States of America, Japan and, of course, the European part of our country.

Conservation of nature by man

What do people do to protect rivers, forests, fields and animals at the legislative level? In order to preserve natural communities in Russia, the so-called sanctuaries and reserves began to be created back in the days of the USSR. As well as other protected areas. They partially or completely prohibit any interference from outside in certain natural communities. Such measures allow flora and fauna to be in the most favorable conditions.

Cleanliness of water bodies: pollution, self-purification, protection

Introduction

At all times, water was considered the priceless moisture of life. And although those years are far behind when it was necessary to take it in rivers, ponds, lakes and carry it several kilometers to the house on yokes, trying not to spill a single drop, a person still treats water with care, taking care of the cleanliness of natural reservoirs, of good condition of wells, columns, plumbing systems. In connection with the ever-growing needs of industry and agriculture in fresh water, the problem of preserving existing water resources is becoming increasingly acute. After all, water suitable for human needs, as statistics show, not so much on globe. It is known that more than 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. About 95% of it falls on the seas and oceans, 4% - on the ice of the Arctic and Antarctic, and only 1% is fresh water of rivers and lakes. Significant sources of water are underground, sometimes at great depths.

About 4.5 thousand km3 - a sea of water - this is the annual flow of our rivers. However, the distribution of water resources throughout the country is uneven. Consumers, using water, pollute it, this gradually leads to the depletion of clean fresh water and the need to take measures to protect it. Such water use, without affecting the amount of water, significantly affects its quality. The Party and the government pay great attention to questions of nature protection and the rational use of its resources, including water. This is evidenced by such laws on nature protection, adopted in the USSR, as "Fundamentals of Water Legislation USSR and Union Republics”, Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Council of Ministers of the USSR “On additional measures to ensure the rational use and conservation of the natural resources of the Baikal basin” (1971).

AT last years many powerful treatment facilities have been put into operation, the efficiency of cleaning wastewater discharged into water bodies has been increased, and the responsibility of economic bodies has increased. A difficult task, which required billions of dollars, was the protection of the river. Volga and Ural, lake. Baikal and our other reservoirs from industrial pollution. Water in our country is a nationwide property, and care for it should be nationwide and constant. Not only the development of industrial and agricultural production, but also the life and health of Soviet people today and in the future depend on the rational use of water resources, on a careful, economical attitude towards them. Our country - world leader in scale and the pace of water management construction, the creator of a comprehensive sanitary and epidemiological service and public health, its preventive direction. The most important property of water is its continuous circulation. There are two circles in it - horizontal and vertical. The exchange of water in the horizontal direction is carried out sea currents and rivers. The Gulf Stream alone transports thousands of kilometers from south to north 25 times in a year more water than all the rivers of land.

The vertical circulation is made up of evaporation from the surface of the oceans, seas, lakes and atmospheric precipitation that falls both on the water surface and on land. The energy of the sun's rays makes the oceans release 355,000 km3 of water to the atmosphere per year. Only 1/10 of this amount falls over land in the form of rain or snow, the rest returns to the oceans. But the whole life of the continents is largely due to these precipitations. Huge volumes of water pass living organisms, using it for life processes. Not a single life process in the human or animal body can take place without water, and not a single cell is able to do without an aquatic environment. With the participation of water, almost all functions of the body proceed. So, evaporating from the surface of the skin and respiratory organs, water takes part in the processes of thermoregulation.

But you need water of course, not only for drinking: it also helps to keep a person's dwelling and habitat clean. Water is the best hygienic agent for facial skin care. When washing, the cells of the stratum corneum of the skin swell and are rejected along with the dust, dirt, fat, and sweat residues that have settled on them. Patting and stroking the face while washing enhances the cleansing effect of the water. At the same time, blood circulation increases, metabolism increases, nutrition and skin tone improve. Water in the human body is both a medium and a direct participant in physiological and biochemical reactions. Various substances formed as a result of the metabolism of substances are excreted from the body with water. Imagine that such polluted water directly from a river or lake is used for drinking. The causative agents of diseases, getting into the human intestine, find favorable conditions for reproduction there, as a result of which an acute intestinal disease occurs. Since a large number of people usually use one source of water supply, the way the disease spreads through water is the most massive, and therefore the most dangerous.

Self-purification of reservoirs

The most interesting phenomena of nature are the ability of water bodies to self-cleanse and the establishment of the so-called biological balance in them. It is provided by the combined activity of the organisms inhabiting them: bacteria, algae and higher aquatic plants, various invertebrates. Therefore, one of the most important conservation tasks is to maintain this ability.

Each reservoir is complex living system, where plants live, specific organisms, including microorganisms, which constantly multiply and die. If bacteria or chemical impurities get into the reservoir, then in the conditions of virgin nature, the process of self-purification proceeds quickly and the water restores its original purity. The factors of self-purification of water bodies are numerous and diverse. Conventionally, they can be divided into three groups: physical, chemical and biological. An important physical factor in the self-purification of water bodies is the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Under the influence of this radiation, water is disinfected. The disinfection effect is based on the direct destructive effect of ultraviolet rays on protein colloids and enzymes of the protoplasm of microbial cells. Ultraviolet radiation can affect not only ordinary bacteria, but also spore organisms and viruses.

Of the chemical factors of self-purification of water bodies, oxidation of organic and inorganic substances should be noted. The self-purification of a water body is often assessed in relation to easily oxidized organic matter (determined by biochemical oxygen demand - BOD) or by total organic matter (determined by chemical oxygen demand - COD).
Algae, molds and yeasts are involved in the process of self-purification of the reservoir. bivalves- permanent inhabitants of water bodies - are orderlies rec. Passing water through themselves, they filter out suspended particles. The smallest animals and plants, as well as organic residues, enter the digestive system, inedible substances settle on a layer of mucus covering the surface of the mantle of bivalves. Mucus, as it gets dirty, moves to the end of the shell and is thrown into the water. Its lumps are a complex concentrate for the nutrition of microorganisms. They complete the chain of biological water treatment.

Sources of pollution

The main cause of pollution of water sources is the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies by industrial enterprises, as well as municipal and agricultural enterprises. Irrational agriculture also contributes to the pollution of water sources: the remains of fertilizers and pesticides washed out of the soil enter water bodies and pollute them. Although the loss of water in many industrial processes (due to evaporation and leakage) is small, in total, industrial enterprises consume a huge amount of water, and some of it is lost forever or is not subjected to any treatment.

With the ability of rivers to cleanse themselves thanks to the biological processes taking place in them, it made it possible to cope with waste. The fact that most cities, and with them large enterprises, were built on watersheds and in the upper reaches of rivers, was previously perceived only as a historical landmark. Cities grow like people, only more slowly. And a person in his life does not always have time to assess how the needs of the city in water have changed. And there are changes, and sometimes quite significant ones. After all, reservoirs in the current conditions are a place not only for water intake (withdrawal of water for industrial, drinking and other needs), but also for receiving wastewater. Modern agricultural production, like industry, can be a source of pollution. Mineral salts washed out from irrigated lands pollute water bodies, pesticides, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers are often used uncontrollably. Excess chemicals poison the animal and plant world of reservoirs. In addition, chemicals can accumulate in products, thereby posing a considerable threat to human health.

The sources of water pollution in rural areas also include large livestock complexes. The source of pollution of water bodies with harmful substances is the sewage of ships. In recent years, reservoirs and rivers have received many thousands of units of the so-called small size fleet: boats, various boats with outboard motors. With a roar, with a white surf trail, with circular turns, throwing out exhaust gases, they rush back and forth across the blue waters. It is known that 1 g of petroleum products spoils 100 liters of water. Wherein the content of oil products exceeds the permissible level. A wave raised by a rapidly rushing boat reaches the shore, destroys it, the shore is intensively eroded. There is still a very significant source of water pollution, which is practically uncontrollable. These are storm and snow runoff from the territory of the forest, agricultural land, etc. In terms of pollution, such waters flowing from vast territories are often comparable to city sewer waters.

Sanitary protection of the reservoir

In accordance with the Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics, which were adopted in December 1970 by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, schemes for the integrated use and protection of waters are being developed. All measures should ensure the most efficient use of water for the national economy (taking into account the priority satisfaction of the population's water needs) by regulating the flow of water, taking measures to conserve water and stop the discharge of untreated wastewater through improved production technology. -stva and schemes of water supply (use of waterless technological processes of air cooling, circulating water supply and other technical methods). The Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics states that all waters, water bodies are subject to protection from pollution, clogging and depletion that affect water quality in such a way that they can harm public health, lead to a decrease in fish stocks, worsen conditions of water supply and cause other unfavorable consequences as a result of changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties of water, a decrease in the ability to naturally purify, a violation of the hydrological and hydrogeological regimes. The definition of the concept of “water pollution” in the legislation requires all water users to comply with the necessary requirements, which are set out in the “Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters from Wastewater Pollution” (1974).

the most important integral part modern Soviet water and health legislation are hygienic standards - the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs. Compliance with these MPCs creates safety for public health and favorable conditions for sanitary and household water use. They are a criterion for the effectiveness of various measures to protect water bodies from pollution, stimulate progress in the field of industrial technology for the most complete compliance with regulatory requirements corresponding to the favorable sanitary condition of water bodies. The role of hygienic MPCs in the implementation of the examination of projects and in determining the conditions for the discharge of wastewater into a reservoir in order to predict its sanitary condition is enormous. Hygiene standards are an important part of “ Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters from sewage pollution. Hygienic MPCs provide safe and normal conditions for the use of water by the population (drinking and cultural and domestic). MPCs of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs as hygienic standards make it possible to distinguish between levels of pollution that directly or indirectly affect the sanitary conditions of water use and public health, from levels of pollution that affect not so much the interests of health as other national economic interests of the population.

Developed in the late 1940s by Prof. S. N. Cherkinsky, the methodological scheme for the hygienic study of the possible influence of industrial effluents entering water bodies and the harmful substances contained in them has become generally recognized. Such a study should be multifaceted and complex. It should characterize regulated substances according to the main three indicators of harmfulness - the impact on the general sanitary regime of water bodies, on the health of the population and the organoleptic properties of water, when taste, color, smell are determined using the senses. The hygienic criterion of harmfulness is based on the degree of restriction on water use caused by pollution that poses a danger to health or worsens the sanitary living conditions of the population.

According to the "Rules for the Protection of Surface Water from Pollution by Sewage", water bodies and watercourses (water bodies) are considered polluted if the indicators of the composition and properties of water in them have changed under the direct or indirect influence of production activities and household use by the population and have become partially or completely unsuitable for one of the types of water use. The criterion of water pollution is the deterioration of its quality due to changes in its organoleptic properties and the appearance of harmful substances for humans, animals, birds, and fish. An increase in water temperature changes the conditions for the normal life of aquatic organisms. The suitability of the composition and properties of surface waters used for domestic and drinking water supply and cultural and household needs of the population, for fishery purposes, is determined by their compliance with the requirements and standards set out in the document mentioned above.

There are two categories of water use. First category- use of a water body as a source of centralized or non-centralized domestic and drinking water supply and for water supply of food industry enterprises; the second category is the use of a water body for swimming, sports and recreation of the population, the use of water bodies within the boundaries of populated areas. The water use points of the first and second categories closest to the place of wastewater discharge are determined by the bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service with the obligatory consideration of official data and prospects for the use of a water body for drinking water supply and cultural and domestic needs of the population.

Composition and properties of water and water bodies must comply with the standards in the site (a certain section of the reservoir) located on water currents 1 km upstream of the nearest water use point (water intake for domestic and drinking water supply, bathing places, organized recreation, territory locality etc.), and on stagnant reservoirs and reservoirs - 1 km on both sides of the water use point. When wastewater is discharged within the city (or any settlement), the first point of water use is this city (or settlement). In these cases, the established requirements for the composition and properties of the water of a reservoir or watercourse should apply to the wastewater itself. The composition and properties of a water body at points of domestic drinking and cultural and domestic water use, or according to one of the indicators, should not exceed the MPC of harmful substances in water objects of domestic drinking and cultural and domestic water use. MPCs are currently set for bolt 800 substances.

One of the essential structures for the protection of water bodies is sewerage, which is a complex of sanitary and engineering structures that ensure the collection and rapid removal of polluted wastewater from populated areas and industrial enterprises, their purification, disinfection and neutralization. Domestic wastewater treatment methods are divided into mechanical and biological. For mechanical cleaning wastewater is the separation of the liquid and solid phases of wastewater. For this purpose, the following structures are used: gratings, sand traps, settling tanks (horizontal and vertical), septic tanks, two-tiered settling tanks. The liquid part of the wastewater undergoes biological treatment, which can be natural or artificial. Natural biological wastewater treatment is carried out in filtration fields, irrigation fields, biological ponds, etc. For artificial biological treatment, special facilities are used - biological filters, aerotanks. Sludge treatment. produced in sludge beds or digesters.

The regulation provides that state control over the use and protection of waters must ensure that all ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens comply with the established procedure for the use of waters, fulfill their obligations to protect them from pollution, clogging and depletion. It is necessary to comply with the rules for accounting for the use of water established by the Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics. work on sanitary protection reservoirs, the epidemiological service conducts in accordance with the "Regulations on State Sanitary Supervision in the USSR" of 1973. The bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the USSR Ministry of Health are responsible for the protection of reservoirs - an aspect that affects the interests of health and sanitary living conditions of the population. The healthcare system has 4260 sanitary and epidemiological stations. By the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve health care and the development of medical science in the country" (1968), a wide network of sanitary laboratories was created at enterprises to study the composition of wastewater and the quality of water in reservoirs. Each laboratory conducts tens of thousands of analyzes of water and water of reservoirs a year.

The sanitary laboratory and its branches at the treatment facilities work according to a single plan approved by the management of the enterprise after detailed coordination with the sanitary and epidemiological service. The objects of sanitary observations are reservoirs that are used for household, drinking and cultural needs of the population. At the same time, the observation sites are timed to the points of sanitary and household water use. Sanitary condition of reservoirs, having a fishery significance, and the implementation of measures for their protection is controlled by the fish protection authorities of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries. Control over the use and protection of underground waters, as well as the study of their condition, is carried out by the Ministry of Geology of the USSR. When conducting sanitary observations of the state of water bodies, it is necessary to collect information about the main sources of pollution. At the same time, the issues of sanitary improvement of the settlement, the conditions for the disposal of its wastewater, data on other sources of pollution, in particular on industrial and other facilities that discharge wastewater, the quality and composition of discharged wastewater, the nature of treatment and disinfection, etc. d.

Materials on the quality of water in reservoirs are linked with data on their hydrogeological regime, which makes it possible to evaluate the results of sanitary laboratory studies and use them in predicting the quality of water in reservoirs. In conditions of water pollution, it is necessary to find more effective means of monitoring water quality. Created automated system water quality control of the entire Moscow water basin - ANKOS - V (automatic monitoring of environmental control - water). It provides automatic measurement and data transmission to the information processing center from an electronic computer, and from there through the control room directly to consumers. ANKOS-V will allow not only to quickly fix the level of water pollution, but also to regulate the quality of water when docked with an automated wastewater control system, to quickly evaluate the effectiveness of measures to protect the aquatic environment. ANKOS - V will serve as a prototype of similar systems throughout the country.

Posts on the banks of the rivers

In every Union republic there are nature protection societies, numbering about 35 million members, which help government bodies in the implementation and control of the use of legislation, as well as in planning measures for nature protection.
Concern for the purity of water opens up a wide field of activity for the public, members of the Society for the Protection of Nature.
Concerns about nature are rewarded with its generosity, the growing economy, and the joy of people. An example of this is the complex transformation of the Desna basin, which is organically linked with the program for the renewal of the Non-Chernozem Region, with five-year and long-term plans for the region.
Over the past decade, detachments of "green" and "blue" patrols, school forestries, detachments to combat soil erosion have become widespread. Only in the Russian Federation there are 7 thousand school forestries, about 100 thousand "green" patrols and 17 thousand "blue ones".

Bibliography:

Yu. V. Novikov. "Keep waterways clean"