Description, geographical location. Mackenzie (river). Description, geographical location Which river system does the Mackenzie River belong to

Expeditions and finds

A. Mackenzie spent 1791 in Scotland, where he studied topography and geography, and prepared for a new big journey in order to find river routes leading from Athabasca to the Pacific Ocean. Returning to Canada in 1792, he passed from the river. St. Lawrence, using dry and river routes, to Lake Athabasca.

He chose for research a large river (Peace River), which flows from the west into the Slave at its exit from the lake (at 59 ° N). He hoped that by ascending this river, he could come close to the Pacific Ocean. But the valley turned southwest, then straight south. So he sailed up the river until he reached 56 ° N. sh. It was late in the year, and Mackenzie stopped for the winter near the mouth of the Smoky River (Smoky River).

In early May 1793, when the river opened up, A. Mackenzie with nine companions, including the "English Leader", continued sailing up the Peace River on a large but very light Indian canoe. He walked about another 250 km and, having bypassed a canyon 20 km long, got back into the canoe. Climbing up the river to another canyon, cut by it in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, and dragging the boat through the canyon, the travelers reached at 56 ° N. latitude, 124° W e. two rivers flowing in opposite directions - northern (Finley) and southern (Parsnip); they constituted the Peace River here. Where to go - north or south?

After consulting with the local Indians, A. Mackenzie chose a southerly direction and climbed the river. Parsnip to the source near 54 ° 30 "N and 122 ° W. After reconnaissance, it turned out that in the south, behind a short and convenient portage, some river flows to the west, which brought it to another large and navigable river (Frazer), flowing south behind the mountain range. He hoped to go down it to the Pacific Ocean and began rafting, overcoming the rapids. But after a few tens of kilometers, the Indians warned him that further navigation was impossible because of the rapids. Then A. Mackenzie returned to the mouth of the West Road (100 km upstream) and, accompanied by local Indians, followed it to its source, on rafts he crossed the Dean River, and then turned south and, passing through a small valley surrounded by snow-capped mountains, the tops of which were hidden in the clouds, reached a new short river (Bella Kula). On Indian canoes, the detachment descended to its mouth (at 52 ° 30 "N), it flowed into a short branch of the fjord. In order to dispel all doubts, A. Mackenzie moved further to the southwest, two days later he went to the Pacific Ocean, to Queen Charlotte Bay, and made an inscription on the rock: “Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada, by land, July 22, 1793.”

When he first crossed North America, he traced the entire river. Peace River (1923 km), crossed the Front and Coast Ranges of the Rocky Mountains, opening between them the Inner Plateau and the upper section of the river. Fraser. In the same way, in September 1793, A. Mackenzie returned to Lake Athabasca, and after wintering, arrived in 1794 on the river. St. Lawrence, having made the second crossing of the mainland and passing in both directions more than 10 thousand km.

Discovery of the Mackenzie River

Scotsman Alexander Mackenzie moved to Montreal as a young man and joined the fur company, which was soon absorbed by the North West Company. In 1787, already an experienced agent, he was sent to Lake Athabasca to replace P. Pond. They spent the winter together, and A. Mackenzie, with the participation of P. Pond, drew up a plan for further exploration of the "Cook River".

In 1788, on behalf of A. Mackenzie, his cousin Roderick Mackenzie built near the mouth of the river. Athabaskan Fort Chipewyan (relocated to the mouth in 1804), where they both wintered. On June 3, 1789, leaving Roderick as the temporary head of the fort, A. Mackenzie set out with 12 companions on a river trip on canoes made of birch bark.

The expedition was led by a Chipewaian Indian, nicknamed "The English Leader", who took part in S. Herne's campaign to the Arctic Ocean. On June 9, they reached the Great Slave Lake, almost entirely covered with ice, only a narrow strip of clear water was visible near the shore. Soon, in the rain and strong wind, the ice began to break, but so slowly that it took about two weeks to cross in canoes. A. Mackenzie spent another six days looking for a further path: the northern shore of the Great Slave Lake is very dissected, especially in the northwest, where the river. The Marian flows into the long and narrow bay of North Arm. Only on June 29 did he find a mighty stream flowing from the western corner of the lake at the latitude of the "Cook River" and carrying its waters to the west. After a few days of sailing, A. Mackenzie met three groups of Indians who told him terrible stories about the enormous length of the river, the inability to find food in the lower reaches - and he barely managed to persuade his guides not to leave him.

At 350 km from the lake, the river turned sharply to the north and entered the mountainous region. On the left side, heights approached it (Mackenzie Mountains), on the right - other heights (Franklin Mountains), which are 65 ° N. sh. interrupted by a wide valley of a full-flowing eastern tributary. A. Mackenzie did not investigate this stream, which led him away from the main goal. At 67° N. sh. the main river went low, but mountains were visible to the west, extending in a meridional direction (Richardson Mountains).

On July 10, A. Mackenzie wrote: "It is quite clear that this river flows into the Great North Sea." For three more days, he descended along the river flowing in the low banks, from which numerous branches departed on both sides. Instead of the Indian settlements, previously occasionally found on its shores, here and there the dwellings of the Eskimos were visible. On July 13, at 69 ° 30 "N from the hill of one of the islands of the delta, the traveler saw in the west a strip of open sea - Mackenzie Bay of the Beaufort Sea, and in the east - a bay clogged with ice (maybe Eskimo Lake). At night, with the setting sun, he observed the tide, in the morning saw whales playing in the water in the western bay. Undoubtedly, he reached the Arctic Ocean. But, since he did not follow the adjacent sections of the sea coast in both directions, the veracity of his message was doubted for a long time. A. Mackenzie himself he justified himself by saying that he was running out of provisions. On July 16, he turned back; the rise along the river, naturally, took much more strength, and the detachment moved twice as slowly. Six days later, from the oncoming Indians, A. Mackenzie learned that eight nine years ago, far to the west, the Eskimos had contact with white people who came on large ships and exchanged iron for skins.It is possible, according to Canadian historical geographer Roy Daniells, that these were Russian industrial c, and the meeting occurred presumably in the vicinity of Cape Barrow, the northernmost tip of the Alaska Peninsula (71 ° 23 "N. latitude, 156 ° 12 "W). In our historical and geographical literature, there is no information or just mention of this outstanding achievement of domestic sailors.

A. Mackenzie completed his trip to the Arctic Ocean on September 12, 1789 at Fort Chipewyan, covering almost 5,000 km in 102 days. The great stream flowing from the Great Slave Lake and flowing into the Beaufort Sea was called the river. Mackenzie.

- Coordinates

- Coordinates

 /   / 69.1977; -135.022 (Mackenzie, mouth)Coordinates :

It is a navigable river, the length of the navigable routes of the entire river system Mackenzie 2200 km - from Waterways on the Athabasca River to the port of Taktoyaktuk on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The largest settlements: Aklavik, Inuvik, Fort Norman, Fort Providence and the Norman Wells oilfield center.

Story

It was discovered and first passed by A. Mackenzie from June 29 to July 14, 1789. Originally called the river Disappointment(English) Disappointment, "Disappointment" or "Discontent" ).

tributaries

• R. Carcaju
• R. Ruth
• R. mountain
• R. Hare Indian

Hydrography

The beginning of the Mackenzie River is considered to be the source from the Great Slave Lake, large Canadian lakes also belong to the river basin. Mackenzie's relatively low water content is due to the blocking effect of the Rocky Mountains to the west, which reduce the influence of the Pacific Ocean in the lower part of its catchment.

The Mackenzie, like more than half of Canada's rivers, belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. The food of the Arctic rivers is mainly snow and rain. In the central and northern regions of the country, rivers and lakes are covered with ice for 5 to 9 months. Mackenzie freezes in September - October, opens in May, in the lower reaches - in early June; snow and rain food; spring-summer flood.

The river valley is formed by strata of alluvial and water-glacial deposits, heavily swamped, covered with spruce forest.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Mackenzie (river)

(If someone is interested in the details of the real fate of Radomir, Magdalene, Cathars and the Templars, please see the Additions after the chapters of Isidora or a separate (but still in preparation) book "Children of the Sun" when it is posted on the website www.levashov.info for free copying).

I stood completely shocked, as it was almost always after the next story of the North ...
Was that tiny, newly born boy really the famous Jacques de Molay?! How many different bizarre legends I heard about this mysterious man!.. How many miracles were connected with his life in the stories I once loved!
(Unfortunately, the wonderful legends about this mysterious man have not survived to this day... He, like Radomir, was made a weak, cowardly and spineless master who "failed" to save his great Order...)
– Can you tell us a little more about him, Sever? Was he such a powerful prophet and miracle worker as my father once told me? ..
Smiling at my impatience, Sever nodded in the affirmative.
– Yes, I will tell you about him, Isidora... I have known him for many years. And I talked to him many times. I loved this man very much ... And I missed him very much.
I did not ask why he did not help him during the execution? It didn't make sense, since I already knew his answer.
– What are you?! Have you spoken to him? Please, will you tell me about this, Sever?!. I exclaimed.
I know I was like a child in my excitement... But it didn't matter. Sever understood how important his story was for me, and patiently helped me.
“Only I would like to know first what became of his mother and the Cathars. I know that they died, but I would like to see it with my own eyes... Help me, please, Sever.
And again, reality disappeared, returning me to Montsegur, where wonderful brave people lived their last hours - students and followers of Magdalene ...

Cathars.
Esclarmonde lay quietly on the bed. Her eyes were closed, she seemed to be sleeping, exhausted by losses ... But I felt - it was just protection. She just wanted to be alone with her sadness... Her heart suffered endlessly. The body refused to obey... Just a few moments ago, her hands were holding a newborn son... Embracing her husband... Now they are gone into the unknown. And no one could say with certainty whether they would be able to get away from the hatred of the "hunters" who filled the foot of Montsegur. Yes, and the whole valley, as far as the eye covered ... The fortress was the last stronghold of the Cathars, after it there was nothing left. They suffered a complete defeat ... Exhausted by hunger and winter cold, they were helpless against the stone "rain" of catapults that rained down on Montsegur from morning to night.

“Tell me, Sever, why didn’t the Perfect Ones defend themselves?” After all, as far as I know, no one was better than them in "movement" (I think they mean telekinesis), "breath" and much more. Why did they give up?!
“There are reasons for this, Isidora. In the very first attacks of the crusaders, the Cathars did not yet give up. But after the complete destruction of the cities of Albi, Beziers, Minerva and Lavour, in which thousands of civilians died, the church came up with a move that simply could not work. Before they attacked, they announced to the Perfects that if they surrendered, not a single person would be harmed. And, of course, the Cathars surrendered... From that day on, the fires of the Perfect Ones began to blaze all over Occitania. People who devoted their whole lives to Knowledge, Light and Good were burned like garbage, turning the beautiful Occitania into a desert scorched by bonfires.

The Mackenzie River is the largest in Canada. Her length is 4241 km. In fact, the water stream, which is called "Mackenzie", begins its journey from Great Slave Lake. It is considered the deepest in North America. The maximum depth of the reservoir reaches 614 meters, and the area is 28.4 thousand square meters. km. In spring, autumn and summer the lake is covered with an ice crust. It is released from it only in the summer months.

From the lake, the water stream flows to the northwest and ends up in beaufort sea. Its length is 1738 km. The very same water system of the river begins river finlay in central British Columbia. The source is in a small lake Tutade. These are the Omineka Mountains. The river flows south along the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Williston Reservoir. The total length of Finlay is 420 km.

Mackenzie River on the map

The Peace River flows out of the reservoir. This is a large water stream, the length of which is 1521 km. It flows into the Slave River, which flows out of Lake Athabasca. It is the latter that flows into the Great Slave Lake. And the Mackenzie River already flows out of it and carries its waters to the Arctic Ocean. Hence the figure of 4241 km is obtained.

Why such a strange name - "Slave"? The thing is that on the banks of the river and the lake lived a tribe of Slave Indians. Here is a lake with a river and called "Slave". Hence the confusion, since the English word "slave" means "slave". They wanted the best, but it turned out to be the Great Slave Lake and the Slave River. Now you can’t do anything, it’s historically so.

The mighty northern river was discovered by the Scottish traveler Alexander Mackenzie (1764-1820). In 1789, he moved along the waterway from Lake Athabasca towards the Arctic Ocean. In total, the traveler swam and walked 4.5 thousand km. People paid tribute to the courage of this man and immortalized his name in the name of the river.

It feeds on tributaries, lakes, rains and snows. The floodplain of the river is heavily swamped. Forests of black spruce, aspen and poplar grow around. To the north comes the kingdom of dwarf birches, willows and numerous peat bogs. And, of course, permafrost. In the delta area, its depth reaches 100 meters.

The largest lake, connected to the river through a channel, is called Big Bear. It is located on the Arctic Circle. The maximum depth is 413 meters. The area of ​​the reservoir is 31.15 thousand square meters. km, which is larger than the area of ​​the Great Slave Lake. The channel, or rather, the river, is called the Big Bear and reaches a length of 113 km. Its depth is 6 meters, and the width reaches 300 meters.

Mackenzie River in autumn

Mackenzie itself is a wide and slow river. The drop height from source to mouth is 156 meters. There are many shoals and side channels on the river. The width varies from 2 to 5 km. The depth is 8-9 meters. In some places, the mountainous terrain causes the stream to narrow, and its width reaches 0.5 km. Accordingly, the flow rate also increases.

This water river system covers 20% of the country's territory. In length, it ranks 13th in the world among all the great water systems and gives the Arctic Ocean 11% of the total drainage. The Mackenzie River begins to ice over in September. Ice drift begins in May, and in the lower reaches this period falls on the month of June.

The river basin is home to 397 thousand people, which is 1% of the population of Canada. The bulk of the population is concentrated in the province of Alberta. But in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, mostly indigenous peoples live. But there are many useful resources here: oil, gas, uranium, gold, tungsten, timber - the northern land is rich in all this. Navigation is well developed on the river. It covers 2200 km in summer. And in winter, ice roads, dog teams and snowmobiles are practiced.

In a word, this is a real harsh north, in no way inferior to Taimyr or Chukotka. Life in these places, though not seething, but securely settled in rare settlements. You can call the village of Fort Providence. It is inhabited mainly by the indigenous population of the northern lands. There are almost 800 inhabitants.

But in Inuvik, which is the administrative center of the Northwest Territories, about 4 thousand people live. This is the stronghold of the oil companies. It is from here that the management of geological studies of nearby lands is carried out. You can also mention the village of Aklavik, Fort Norman, Norman Wells.

The Mackenzie River is a navigable river during the summer.

Concerning delta the great northern river, then in the winter, and this is as much as 6 months, it is almost indistinguishable. Everything around comes to life after the beginning of the ice drift. The ice melts in a few days, and countless channels appear, separated by islands. The length of the delta is 160 km, and the width from edge to edge is 80 km.

There are many in the water pingo. These are earthen hills, the core of which consists of ice. This phenomenon is common in permafrost regions. Ice in the summer turns into water, but cannot escape to the surface. Then it freezes, expands and pushes the earth up. There are over 1,500 pingos in the delta region. This is the largest concentration of them in the world.

The mighty northern stream is rightfully considered the pride of Canada. It carries its waters into the Beaufort Sea slowly and solidly. But they feel the hidden strength and power. And this always causes respect and interest in the greatest creations of nature, one of which is the Mackenzie River.

Stanislav Lopatin

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Mackenzie Dunav River, Mackenzie Volga River
1738 km

Mackenzie(English and French Mackenzie, slave Deh Cho - “big river”) - the largest river in Canada and the entire American north with a length of 1738 km. Named after Alexander Mackenzie, who discovered it.

Mackenzie in winter

It is a navigable river, the length of the navigable routes of the entire Mackenzie river system is 2200 km - from Waterways on the Athabasca River to the port of Taktoyaktuk on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The largest settlements are Aklavik, Inuvik, Fort Norman, Fort Providence and the Norman Wells oilfield center.

• 1. History
• 2 Tributaries
• 3 Hydrography
• 4 Notes

Story

It was discovered and first passed by A. Mackenzie from June 29 to July 14, 1789. It was originally called the Disappointment River (eng. Disappointment, "Disappointment" or "Discontent").

tributaries

• R. Drank
• R. Liard
• R. Big Bear
• R. Arctic Red River
• R. Carcaju
• R. Ruth
• R. mountain
• R. Hare Indian

Hydrography

Mackenzie river basin

The beginning of the Mackenzie River is considered to be the source from the Great Slave Lake, the large Canadian lakes Woollaston, Clare, Athabasca and Great Bear also belong to the river basin. The last lake is connected with the river through the Bolshaya Medvezhya tributary. The average flow of water at the mouth of the river is ≈10,700 m³/s, which puts the river in this indicator in second place among the rivers of North America after the Mississippi. Mackenzie's relatively low water content is due to the blocking effect of the Rocky Mountains to the west, which reduce the influence of the Pacific Ocean in the lower part of its catchment.

The Mackenzie, like more than half of Canada's rivers, belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. The food of the Arctic rivers is mainly snow and rain. central and northern regions of the country, rivers and lakes are covered with ice for 5 to 9 months. Mackenzie freezes in September - October, opens in May, in the lower reaches - in early June; snow and rain food; spring-summer flood.

The river valley is formed by strata of alluvial and water-glacial deposits, heavily swamped, covered with spruce forest.

Notes

1. 1 2 Atlas of Canada.
2. Mackenzie (river) - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

mackenzie amazon river, mackenzie volga river, mackenzie dunav river, mackenzie maritsa river

Mackenzie (river) Information About

The Mackenzie River is the great river of the American North. In terms of average water flow, it is second to none in North America except the Mississippi. Also, the river has found an unusual economic use: in addition to being a navigable channel in summer, its bed is also used as an ice road in winter.

River length: 4,240 km.

Watershed area: 1,800,000 sq. km. This includes the basins of the Slave, Peace, and Athabasca rivers flowing into the Great Slave Lake). In addition to the Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River basin also includes a number of large lakes in Canada: Wollaston, Clair, Athabasca, Big Bear.

Characteristics of the Mackenzie River

Where does it run: Mackenzie rises from the Great Slave Lake. Thanks to this, Mackenzie can be compared with the Neva River, its source is Lake Ladoga. The direction of the river flow is predominantly north-western. The river flows through a very swampy valley. Its banks are covered with dense spruce forest. By the nature of the flow, the Mackenzie is a flat river. It flows into the Gulf of the Botfort Sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, forming a delta with an area of ​​12,000 km. sq. In general, half of all rivers in Canada flow into the Arctic Ocean.

Nutrition: mixed, with a predominance of rain and snow feeding.

River mode: characterized by spring-summer floods caused by snowmelt. The average water discharge at the mouth is 10,700 m3/s. This figure could be higher, but the Rocky Mountains to the west greatly reduce the influence of the Pacific Ocean as a source of water.

Freezing: Freeze lasts from September, sometimes from October to May. In the lower reaches, the opening occurs a little later - in early June.

Cities: Aklavik, Inuvik, Fort Norman, Fort Providence and Norman Wells Oil Industry Center.

Main tributaries: Liard, Arctic Red River, Peel, Big Bear.

The river is navigable for 200 km, all the way to Waterways on the Athabasca River. Further upstream from its source, the Athabasca River flows into the Great Slave Lake.

Interesting facts:

1) The river was discovered and passed in 1789 by the Scottish traveler A. Mackenzie. The first name of the river was Disappointment, which means "Disappointment" in English. Probably, the river did not make a very good impression on the researcher.

2) In the river delta, not far from the northernmost settlement of Canada Tuktoyaktuk, there is a whole collection of hydrolaccolith or pingo. Pingos are cone-shaped mounds of gravel and other soil elements that have been literally squeezed to the surface under the pressure of the ice that lies below. These hills can be up to 40 meters high and 300 meters wide.