What are the communicative qualities of a good speech. Communicative qualities of speech. Communicative qualities of speech are those properties of speech that help organize communication and make it effective. The figures are

People around us largely judge us by the way we speak. According to our speech, our interlocutors conclude who we are, since speech, regardless of the will of the speaker, creates his portrait, reveals the personality of a person. Therefore, the culture of speech is inseparable from the general culture. A person’s speech is a kind of passport that accurately indicates in what environment the speaker grew up and communicates, what his cultural level is, without a culture of speech one cannot speak of either intelligence or spirituality. The well-known teacher Sukhomlinsky believed that "the speech culture of a person is a mirror of his spiritual life." Indeed, our speech is our calling card. A person's speech can tell a lot about him.

Often the speaker cannot competently and clearly express his thought, explain something, have such an impact on his listeners that he himself aspires to. In this case, everyone understands that this person simply does not own the norms of speech and is not familiar with its communicative qualities.

The communicative qualities of good speech are a system of guidelines that helps to correct speech, make it better. These qualities are called communicative, as they should improve communication. The following communicative qualities of speech are distinguished: correctness, accessibility, accuracy, purity, consistency, relevance, richness, expressiveness.

22. Communicative qualities of speech: relevance of speech.

The relevance of speech is the correspondence of the content of speech, its language means to the goals and conditions of communication.

Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational and aesthetic tasks of a written or oral presentation.

The relevance of speech covers different levels of language, and, in this regard, the relevance is distinguished:

style,

contextual,

situational,

personal-psychological

Stylistic relevance consists in the use of a separate word, turnover, syntactic construction in accordance with the goals of a particular style (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic). For example, speech stamps, clerical expressions are typical for official business style. They are not appropriate either in the scientific style or in colloquial speech, and if they fall into these styles, they destroy the system and lead to speech errors.

The criterion of relevance is also violated in the case when, in artistic speech, the writer is fond of technical terminology, clichés of business speech:

Victor understood that the drilling itself gave the team much more benefits than pumping. The bulk of the money went for moldings, although less time was spent on drilling than on installing plumbing equipment. So it turned out that everything depended on the conscience of the master.

Victor wanted to suggest to his father a new drilling rig, received by SMU on the order. The machine was fundamentally new, drilling on it was carried out using compressed air without clay flushing fluid.

What is the need to introduce into artistic speech an abundance of technical, professional terms, the meaning of which is incomprehensible without special dictionaries and which do not perform any aesthetic function? They are functionally inappropriate here, and therefore irrelevant.

Contextual relevance is the appropriateness of using a word in context, taking into account the speech environment.

For example, colloquial speech is characterized by stereotype constructions: "Where was the string bag here?", "Moscow railway station, how can I get through?", "Talent is when you believe in yourself." The use of such constructions outside of colloquial speech is a violation of the modern grammatical norm.

However, in artistic style, in poetry, such constructions are found:

Sadness is when

The water will become fresh

Apples are bitter

Tobacco smoke is like a fumes.

(L. Martynov)

Situational relevance is the appropriateness of using speech means in certain speech situations.

Say, at a bus stop, instead of "Here is finally our bus" is it appropriate to use encyclopedic information and build the following phrase: "Here is finally our multi-seat car with a wagon-type body, at a speed of 60-100 km/h"?!

In such cases, one should consider the appropriateness in certain speech systems, in situations of speech, in the style of a work of art as a whole.

Relevance personal-psychological - this is the appropriateness of the use of speech means by an individual in accordance with the culture of his thinking, with his sensitive, benevolent and respectful attitude towards people, in accordance with his ideological position and conviction.

Speaking with an interlocutor, speaking to an audience, we not only communicate information, but also voluntarily or involuntarily convey our attitude to reality, to the people around us. Therefore, it is important to take care of how our speech will affect the interlocutor - whether it will injure with rudeness, whether it will humiliate his dignity.

The appropriateness of speech is a very important quality in the social aspect, since it regulates all our speech behavior.

The ability to find the right words, intonation in a particular communication situation is the key to a successful relationship between interlocutors, the emergence of feedback, the key to the moral and even physical health of people.

For example, the words "thank you, please excuse me" have power over our mood. Everyone is pleased to receive signs of attention, for "thank you" many of us are ready to work perfectly. There are no such signs of attention - and the mood deteriorates, resentment arises.

The following letter was sent to the editorial office of one of the newspapers:

"Today I received a passport - it seems to be a solemn day in my life, and I have tears of resentment in my eyes. It's hard for me to write about it, but this day will be remembered for a long time, unfortunately, not from the best side. Of course, I hoped that the person who will hand over the passport, say: "Congratulations! Now you are a citizen of Russia!", and feel a strong handshake. And I heard: "Give me 80 rubles, here's your passport and go."

An inappropriately harsh word, an inappropriately thrown remark; metallic intonations and categorical judgments can cause severe mental trauma to a person.

Violation of the criterion of relevance is always acutely felt in both oral and written speech. How to get rid of mistakes? It is not given to a person from birth; the ability to change the nature of speech in relation to the content, conditions and tasks of communication is brought up and becomes a solid skill if a person understands the need and achieves this.

23. Communicative qualities of speech: richness of speech.

Richness of speech

communicative quality of speech, which arises on the basis of the ratio of speech-language. B. r. can be defined as the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repeating means of the language, to the extent that this is necessary for the implementation of the communicative intention. The more diverse the speech, the more information it contains, the more personal assessments, the author's attitude to the subject of speech. In the general concept of speech wealth, some of its varieties can be distinguished. Lexical B. r. manifested in the fact that words that do not carry a special communicative intention are used as rarely as possible. This can be achieved only if the speaker-writer has a large vocabulary.

24. Communicative qualities of speech: purity of speech.

Purity of speech - the absence in the speech of words-weeds, alien to the literary language (in short, this is the same thing, here, well, etc.). Self-control, attention to one's speech is the most important condition for mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener. This means that the speaker must, in the process of speaking, take care that each phrase and the entire message is correctly understood by the listener. Such an understanding can and should be controlled, organized: repetitions, paraphrasing what was said, pauses, slowing down the pace of speech, raising the voice, etc. are important here. Finally, non-verbal means (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime) play an important role in the perception of oral speech. Then the listener will understand what is said adequately.

Numerous unjustified borrowings of foreign words and expressions, passion for informal vocabulary, free handling of literary and grammatical norms of the language - all this leads to ambiguity, confusion, and illogical statements.

25. Communicative qualities of speech: accuracy of speech.

The accuracy of speech is very closely related to logic. Accuracy and consistency reflect the connection between thinking and speech. Accuracy manifests itself at the level of operating with individual words, their connections and sentences, and consistency - at the level of the connection of sentences in the text.

It is impossible, having named an object, not to prove it, or, having proved, not to name it.

Accuracy is a truly communicative quality of speech, because it is designed to help understand the interlocutor. We must strive to ensure that we cannot be misunderstood.

The difference between accuracy and accessibility of speech is that accuracy focuses on the subject of speech and information about it, while accessibility focuses on the image and character of the addressee. Speech becomes accurate when the author knows what he wants to say and what he wants to achieve with his speech, and selects from all language means those that will help achieve the set speech task. "He who thinks clearly, speaks clearly."

Speech accuracy is:

· Conceptual (and close to it terminological). It is distinguished by the ratio of speech-thinking. Clearly manifested in a scientific style.

· Subject (and close to it actual). It stands out by the ratio of speech-reality. It is clearly shown in conversational style.

The variety and significance of language means of speech accuracy is best shown by errors:

Violation of accuracy associated with the vocabulary of different layers and groups (single-root words, synonyms, paronyms, generic and specific concepts, etc.)

o They were only doing their job.

o Let's go to the long expanses of the Arctic.

o Finally, the remains of the royal family were discovered.

o I read both fiction and contemporary detectives and science fiction.

o I am not in Copenhagen (instead of: not competent)

Violation of the degree of detail and accuracy of speech

The accuracy of comparisons and analogies is important.

To achieve accuracy in the text of any form, the following conditions must be met:

Always know the subject of speech

Know the language, the system, the possibilities that this language provides

Be able to correlate knowledge of the subject with knowledge of the language system and its capabilities in a particular act of communication

Accurate word usage is achieved through the development of certain language skills:

・Choose the right word

Avoid speech inaccuracy due to inattention to the form of expression

Distinguish between single-root words, synonyms, paronyms, obsolete and foreign words.

Accuracy is a multifaceted quality. It is limited by the desire for the expediency of using language means.

26. Communicative qualities of speech: logic of speech.

The logicality of speech is the consistency, consistency of the statement. Violation of logic - violation of the order of words in a sentence, the connection of parts of a sentence, intraphrasal and interphrasal communication - leads to a possible inaccuracy in understanding what was said.

27. Communicative qualities of speech: the availability of speech.

The effectiveness and accessibility of speech are associated with taking into account the "human factor" in communication. They involve taking into account the interests of the listeners, age, level of education, social status of the communicants, their readiness to perceive information. The main task of the speaker is to provide conditions for understanding to another person, otherwise it is impossible to talk about the implementation of such communicative qualities of speech as effectiveness and accessibility, and therefore, about the effectiveness of speech.

28. Communicative qualities of speech: expressiveness of speech.

The expressiveness (beauty) of speech is a very multifaceted concept, it is a set of speech features that maintain the attention and interest of listeners. Expressiveness is based on richness, it is achieved by using expressions in speech that avoid routine, unexpected turns.

We can say that expressive speech is emotional speech. The speaker must influence not only the mind, but also the feelings, the imagination of the listeners. The imagery and emotionality of speech enhance its effectiveness, contribute to its better perception, understanding and memorization, and provide aesthetic pleasure. But this statement can be refuted - unemotional speech can also be expressive, and a speaker who speaks in an even voice, without betraying his emotions in any way, can make a greater impression than a joker and joker.

The expressiveness of speech, as well as its richness, is the fruit of great labor. Gustave Flaubert ensured that he did not repeat the same word even on adjacent pages, for this he rewrote each page 5-7 times. Successful is only that impromptu, which is carefully prepared.

The expressiveness of speech is supported by special language and speech means of expressiveness, which include tropes and rhetorical figures. The purpose of these linguistic means is to make the thought more vivid, accurate, memorable. It is known that a catchy phrase affects the listener more than a deep thought. For example, the words of the poet N.A. Nekrasov: “Follow the rule stubbornly: so that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious.” Beautifully said, but if you think about it carefully, this advice will seem strange: it is crowded when there is too much of something, and it is spacious when there is too little of something, i.e. it is recommended to write in such a way that there are fewer thoughts and more words.

A trope is an unusual use of one word, a figurative use of it, which serves to decorate; a word or expression used in a figurative (indirect) sense.

A rhetorical figure is an unusual turn of speech designed to decorate it and enhance the emotional impact on listeners; special ways of constructing sentences and texts that enhance their expressiveness. If tropes are verbal figurativeness, then figures are syntactic figurativeness.

expressiveness of public speech. It enhances the performance. Vivid speech arouses additional interest among listeners, maintains attention to the subject of conversation, has an impact not only on the mind, but also on the feelings and imagination of the listeners.

To make speech figurative, emotional, the speaker is helped by specific artistic techniques, visual and expressive means of language. These traditionally include tropes, figures, as well as proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions, winged words.

For example, tropes are turns of speech and words that retain expressiveness and figurativeness in a figurative sense. Usually the first meaning of the word gives the additional some unusual coloring.

Skillful operation with proverbs and sayings gives the performance a deeper meaning. An accurately noticed moment can successfully mark your own thought.

In addition, the proverbs contain the wisdom of the people, and if they are chosen correctly, this will once again confirm your correctness.

Also, your performance can be decorated with popular expressions. These are most often well-known sayings of wise people.

Like proverbs, these expressions can confirm your thought, they can be an epithet for your entire report.

But do not forget that all these means should be appropriate.

You should not abuse metaphors and comparisons in a strict scientific report, just as you should not use catchy Latin expressions or just words in a foreign language in an audience that obviously will not understand them. These are only auxiliary means, and if you are poorly prepared, then you should not engage in excessive embellishment, as this will not save things, but will look like shaking the air. Such people are usually called demagogues.

29. Communicative qualities of speech: the correctness of speech.

Correctness is considered the main communicative quality of speech, since it underlies other qualities, is their necessary condition. As B.N. Golovin, "there is no correctness - other communicative qualities cannot" work - accuracy, logicality, relevance, etc. ".

The correctness of speech can be defined as the correspondence of its linguistic structure to the currently accepted literary norms. It is based on a solid foundation of norms, which are sufficiently fully and consistently reflected in grammars, reference books, dictionaries, and teaching aids.

The correctness of speech consists in observing the currently accepted literary norms, reflected in dictionaries, grammar references, spelling and punctuation rules.

spelling correctness. Spelling correctness is necessary for easier and faster perception of the written text and is ensured by a solid knowledge of the relevant rules.

Newspaper practice in recent years is characterized by two typical spelling errors:

Incorrect use of capital letters

inappropriate use of quotation marks.

The capital letter is used much more widely than it is provided by the current rules. Write with a capital letter all the words in the name of the party, institution, company. According to the rules, it is enough to capitalize the first word in the title. The titles of positions of various levels are sometimes written with a capital letter, although the rule applies only to higher government positions.

Quotes are also widely used. Sometimes you can see the names of settlements (usually villages), city districts enclosed in quotation marks, which is unacceptable from the point of view of modern spelling standards.

orthoepic correctness. Orthoepic correctness consists in observing:

rules of pronunciation and stress;

intonation rules.

Mistakes in the placement of stress are found in the speech of party activists and deputies, they can be easily avoided by referring to dictionaries. Stresses are indicated not only in special orthoepic dictionaries and stress reference books, but also in many other types of dictionaries.

Typical intonation errors are incorrect logical stress (singling out words that are not main in meaning in a phrase), interrogative intonation in a narrative phrase, pauses that violate the syntactic structure of the phrase.

Intonation errors are prevented by preparing for public speech (preliminary reading of the text aloud) and by controlling the sound of one's own speech.

grammatical correctness. The grammatical correctness of speech consists of observing the norms of morphology and syntax of the modern Russian literary language and consists in the correct choice of morphological forms of the word and the correct construction of phrases and sentences.

New social and economic relations led to a change in the meanings of some words, and thus to changes in the functioning of grammatical categories. Some words that previously did not have a plural form in modern speech have received the following form: administrations, budgets, economies, risks, strategies, priorities, approaches, structures. This form is associated with the need to name a number of objects, errors in these cases give rise to a change in the norm. At the same time, the word forms of reality and concern appear to be violations of the norm, as they distort the lexical meaning of the word.

In the field of word formation, modern newspaper speech is distinguished by the active use of some prefixes and suffixes. Although word production in a language is a natural and necessary process, not all neoplasms adorn our speech. Consider, for example, the use of the suffix -ization: informatization, humanitarianization, farming, regionalization, criminalization, and even storefrontization. In some cases, the reader will simply not be clear about the meaning of such a word, devoid of a specific image and created according to a template.

The main problem of modern word formation, however, is not in the abuse of individual suffixes, but in the mixing of word-formation means with different stylistic coloring. Within the framework of one newspaper article, one can come across special terms such as vexelization, and journalistic labels such as Gaidarization, Zyuganovshchina, and vulgar words such as chernukha, scam, bank transfer, compra.

The combination of the same suffix with different stems gives rise to words of different styles, depending on whether the derived word receives a special, strictly limited meaning, whether it acquires a vivid figurative meaning or an approximate meaning, which is typical for colloquial speech.

The foregoing leads us to the conclusion that the writer should pay attention to the coloring given to the word by word-building means and use them in accordance with the genre.

Communicative qualities of speech- such properties of speech that help organize communication and make it effective. The main communicative qualities of speech are relevance, richness, purity, accuracy, consistency, accessibility and expressiveness. Each of these qualities is manifested in speech to varying degrees and in various proportions with other properties of speech. Let's consider them all sequentially.

Correctness of speech consists in observing the currently accepted literary norms, reflected in dictionaries, grammar references, spelling and punctuation rules. The grammatical correctness of speech consists of observing the norms of morphology and syntax of the modern Russian literary language and consists in the correct choice of morphological forms of the word and the correct construction of phrases and sentences.

Expressiveness (beauty) of speech- this is a very multifaceted concept, it is a set of features of speech that maintain the attention and interest of listeners. Expressiveness is based on richness, it is achieved by using expressions in speech that avoid routine, unexpected turns.

Accessibility of speech- communicative quality, which consists in the fact that the writer or speaker selects facts, arguments, speech means and builds the text (compositionally, graphically) with maximum consideration of the possibilities of speech perception in a particular audience. Accessibility of speech- this is clarity, intelligibility, unambiguity of speech.

Wealth (variety) of speech is determined by how many language units (words, phraseological units) are in the speaker's vocabulary, is created by using the maximum arsenal of means of influence, indicates the speaker's fluency in the capabilities of his native language.

The richness of speech, firstly, is determined by the number of words in the speaker's vocabulary. Ellochka Schukina managed with three dozen interjections, and in Pushkin's dictionary there are more than 21 thousand words. Not everyone can be Pushkin, but everyone should strive to be away from Ellochka. In Lenin's vocabulary there were more than 37 thousand words, 4 thousand words are considered the minimum, an intelligent person should have 7-10 thousand words.

But the richness of speech is not only a large vocabulary. Often we hear the speech of a person with a sufficient vocabulary and erudition, but this does not impress us, and, on the contrary, a person whose lexical arsenal is more than modest can make a great impression on listeners. The richness of speech is created largely through the appropriate use of aphorisms, quotations, proverbs, knowledge of the meanings of a polysemantic word. It is important to constantly take care of expanding your vocabulary, try to use the richness of your native language.

Appropriateness of speech- this is such a selection and organization of language tools that make speech meet the goals and conditions of communication; compliance of the structure of speech with the functional style, topic, communication situation, speech environment, composition of listeners.

Relevance determines the degree of obligation of other qualities of speech. For example, in a situation of friendly, unconstrained communication, a language game is quite natural, which is based on a deliberate and motivated violation of correctness by the goals of the speaker.

Logic of speech- this is the consistency, consistency of the statement. Violation of logic - violation of the order of words in a sentence, the connection of parts of a sentence, intraphrasal and interphrasal communication - leads to a possible inaccuracy in understanding what was said.

Purity of speech- this is the absence in it of superfluous words and words that are alien to the literary language according to moral and ethical criteria. Self-control, attention to one's speech is the most important condition for mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener. This means that the speaker must, in the process of speaking, take care that each phrase and the entire message is correctly understood by the listener. Such an understanding can and should be controlled, organized: repetitions, paraphrasing what was said, pauses, slowing down the pace of speech, raising the voice, etc. are important here. Finally, non-verbal means (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime) play an important role in the perception of oral speech. Then the listener will understand what is said adequately.

Speech Accuracy is, firstly, the use of each word in accordance with its meaning, and secondly, the observance of facts.

The accuracy and clarity of speech are interrelated: the accuracy of speech gives it clarity, clarity follows from accuracy, but the speaker must take care of the accuracy of the statement, and the listener evaluates clarity.

The accuracy of speech is one of the main requirements that is imposed primarily on a written text. It is no coincidence that there is a proverb: “what is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an ax.” If gestures, facial expressions, the very situation of communication help us in oral speech, then written speech is devoid of such important “helpers”. In oral speech, the requirement of accuracy is also important, and a careful selection of language means is also necessary. After all, "the word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you will not catch it."

Practical tasks

Exercise 1.

Read various aphorisms related to appropriateness and give examples of such inconsistencies between speech and one or another component of the communicative situation. Consider how irrelevance should be avoided in each case.

It is necessary to say today only what is appropriate today. Put everything else aside and say it at the right time (Horace). |

More often you weigh what and to whom you speak about everything (Horace).

It is easy for the happy to teach the unfortunate (Aeschylus).

A hint is enough from the smart (Terentsy).

Task 2.

Read the beginning of A.P. Chekhov's story "Angry Boy" and evaluate the young man's speech in terms of its stylistic relevance.

Ivan Ivanovich Lapkin, a young man of pleasant appearance, and Anna Semyonovna Zamblitskaya, a young girl with an upturned nose, went down the steep bank and sat down on a bench. The bench stood near the water, between the thick bushes of young willows. Wonderful place! You sat down here, and you are hidden from the whole world - only fish and clown spiders see you, running like lightning through the water. Young people were armed with fishing rods, nets, cans with worms and other fishing accessories. Once seated, they immediately set to fishing.

I am glad that we are finally alone, - began Lapkin, looking around. - I have a lot to tell you, Anna Semyonovna ... A lot ... When I saw you for the first time ... You are biting ... I understood then why I live, I understood where my idol, whom I I must devote my honest working life ... This must be a big peck ... Seeing you, I fell in love for the first time, fell in love passionately! Wait a tug... let it bite better... Tell me, my dear, I conjure you, can I count on - not on reciprocity, no! - I'm not worth it, I don't even dare to think about it - can I count on ... Drag!

Task 3.

Read the examples of folk wisdom given by K.V. Rozhdestvensky in The Theory of Rhetoric and determine what parameters of the communicative situation these proverbs refer to. In what situations can they be appropriately used in your speech? For what purpose?

A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak.

And stupid speech is out of place.

Excessive wisdom is worse than stupidity.

The water swept away the whole mill, and you ask where the chute is.

They drive him out of the village, and he asks to be a headman.

It is better to be silent than to speak badly.

It's better to cry at the right time than to laugh at the wrong time.

Teaching fish to swim.

Task 4.

Find inaccuracies in the following sentences. Determine their cause. Formulate the correct version of the statement.

I won't pour many words.

We have one millionaire in dollars here.

What kind of income do you earn?

With the end of the football match, the number of calls should be activated.

The picture is very clear and understandable. You can already see the end of it.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs put into action the "Interception" plan and armed themselves with ferocious faces.

Sentences are severe - up to mortal life.

Some of them were hunters and took guns with them. The Ukrainian Oke arrived with his relative.

Restrictions have been introduced for fishermen during the spawning season.

Task 5.

Complete the following statements by implementing the speech prediction mechanism.

a) Claudius (Rome, emperor): Do not always say what you know, but ...

b) John Blackie (England, writer): Don't read anything you don't want to remember, and don't memorize anything that...

c) Ya. B. Knyazhnin (playwright, poet, translator): It is read in three ways: the first is to read and not understand; the second is to read and understand what is written; the third is to read and understand...

Compare the statements with your options. What are the reasons for the discrepancies?

a) ... always know what you are saying.

b) ... don't mean to apply.

c) ... even what is not written.

Task 6.

What communicative quality of speech is mentioned in aphorisms?

He who gives advice to the stubborn needs advice himself (Saadi).

And stupid speech is out of place (Proverb).

When the language is not constrained by anything, everyone is constrained (J.-J. Rousseau).

If once you regret that you did not say, then you will regret a hundred times that you did not keep silent (L. N. Tolstoy).

Task 7. Read the interview with actor S. Yursky . What quality of speech does the actor Sergey Yursky talk about in an interview?

- In our vocabulary, periodically replacing each other, there are such catchy words that reflect the state of society at the moment. Let me remind you that some time ago, the speech could not do without the turn “if it’s not a secret” ... “Today, what kind of performance do you have, if not a secret?” - let us suppose. And “What is your name, if not a secret?” - almost absurd. Then the "secret" disappeared, and the word "as if" came to replace it. It perfectly reflected what I, as a director, as a writer, as an actor, was most excited about. It seems to me that our life is very precisely defined by this word. I'll "seem" to visit you tomorrow. And I'll give you a "kind of" paper, we'll "sort of" agree. After all, this is how it is ... - And now there is a "litmus" word?

- Now in the course of "dakane" with a question mark. I read one book yesterday, didn't I? This is brand new, right? The idea is very interesting, right? Listen to the radio, listen to the speech of our communication, in the official speech - everyone “dances”. This interrogative "yes" means that, if you agree, we will continue... - So, the current state of mind with a question mark? - Of course, a person expresses a certain thought and immediately makes it clear that he is not very convinced of it, but wants to be somehow supported in it ...

Task 8. Make up phrases using the words in brackets in the correct case.

To be surprised (results), admiration (talent), pay (apartment), reproach (rudeness), confidence (victory), slow down (development), go (Caucasus, Crimea), get off (bus, trolleybus), pay (travel), manage (branch), manager (branch), pay attention (discipline), according to (order, order).

Task 9. Make up sentences with the words below that require different cases of the dependent word. Indicate semantic and stylistic differences between synonymous words.

Guarantee - guarantee, start - proceed, dress - put on, demand - need, worry - worry, reconcile - reconcile, advantage - superiority, faith - confidence, package - pack, slow down - hinder, justify - establish, rely - base, marvel - be surprised, warn - warn, appreciate - cherish.

Task 10. Correct the errors caused by the violation of the rules of management, record the corrected version

1. He was repeatedly convinced that in a dispute with classmates he was often wrong. 2. A review of the book has been published in the journal. 3. According to the order of the head, an exhibition of ancient books will be organized in the library. 4. At the end of the negotiations, the representatives of the delegations signed a joint statement. 5. The facts, which the author of the letter stated, were fully confirmed during the verification. 6. Students pay attention to notes during lectures. 7. It was his characteristic handwriting. 8. Upon completion of the experiment, scientists will publish an analytical report. 9. Due to its electrical properties, silicon, one of the most common elements in nature, is widely used in radio engineering. 10. The best teachers from all districts of the city were able to come to this evening.

PRACTICE 9.

Subject. Norms pronunciation, word usage and grammar

Lesson objectives: formation of knowledge about the norms of pronunciation, word usage, grammar, the ability to use them in practical activities.

Questions:

1. What language norms of the literary language exist?

2. What are the characteristic features of language norms?

The concept of the norm.

Language norms (norms of the literary language, literary norms)- these are the rules for using language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. The language norm is a model, it is how it is customary to speak and write in a given linguistic society in a given era. The norm determines what is right and what is not, it recommends certain language means and modes of expression and prohibits others. For example, you cannot speak l idor, follows - ko R idor , can't pronounce about nit - only ringing and t.

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

§ compliance with the structure of the language;

§ mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

§ public approval and recognition.

The main sources of the language norm are:

• works of classical writers;
• works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;
• media publications;
• common modern usage;
• linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

• relative stability;
• prevalence;
• general use;
• general obligation;
• conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon , vernacular . This allows the literary language perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

Norm types

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms written and oral forms of speech;

2) norms of written speech;

3) norms of oral speech.

To the standards common to oral and written speech, relate:

• lexical norms;
• grammatical norms;
• stylistic norms.

special rules writing are:

• spelling standards;
• punctuation rules.

Only to oral speech applicable:

• pronunciation standards;
• stress norms;
• intonation rules.

Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, of the literary language are associated with the correct use of words in speech. The word should be used in the meaning that is fixed in the dictionaries of the Russian language. The word as an individual unit, as well as a set of words (or vocabulary, vocabulary) is studied by the section of the science of language - lexicology. Lexicology studies all questions of the origin and formation of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, determines the place of the word in the lexical system of the language and in the system of functional styles.

Lexical errors include destruction of lexical compatibility. The possibility of combining words with each other is far from unlimited. The main condition for lexical compatibility is that the combination of words should not contradict the meaning of the concepts being connected, for example, one can say torrential rain, torrential rainfall but don't speak abundant snow, abundant hail; long, long period but not long, long, long-term; deep autumn, deep night, but not deep spring, deep morning; cause grief, but not joy, pleasure.

Synonyms- these are words that are close or identical in meaning (semantics). For example: red - crimson - scarlet(difference in shades of meaning); ordinary, trivial, habitual(the same meanings, differing in stylistic coloring).

Depending on what features synonyms differ from each other, they are divided into three main groups: 1) ideographic, 2) stylistic, 3) emotionally expressive.

Ideographic synonyms differ in shades of meaning. For example, protector - protector, raw - wet, burn - blaze.

Stylistic synonyms differ in their use in various functional styles of speech. For example, in a pair forbid - forbid the first word is stylistically neutral, the second is bookish. In a synonymous pair spin - spin a stylistically neutral word is opposed to a colloquial one.

Emotionally expressive synonyms express an additional positive or negative assessment of the named phenomena, exaggerating their characteristic features. For example, bad - disgusting, linger - get stuck, clean - white, border - frontier.

Homonyms(from Greek. homonyma- same name) - words that completely or partially coincide in sound and spelling, but completely different in meaning. For example, marriage in the meaning of marriage and marriage - spoiled products.

According to their structure, homonyms are root and derivative. For example, words world (no war, agreement) – world (Universe), Wednesday (day of the week) – Wednesday (environment) are root homonyms; adjective combatant formed from a noun system, and combatant, derived from the verb build, are derived homonyms.

Homonymy should be distinguished from polysemy. With ambiguity, one word has several meanings related to each other. The meanings of homonymous words are not related to each other, therefore such words are considered as different.

Along with homonyms, close to them are usually distinguished homophones, homographs and homoforms.

homophones call words different in meaning and spelling, but coinciding in sound. For example, raft - fruit, meadow - bow, brother - brother.

homographs differ in meaning and sound, but are the same in spelling. For example, carnations - carnations, road - road, protein - protein.

homoforms- words that coincide in sound and spelling only in separate grammatical forms. In homoform words related to different parts of speech, there is a single coincidence of two different forms. For example, braid(genitive from noun braid) – braid(short adjective) saw(noun) - saw(verb), my(pronoun) - my(verb).

The phenomenon of paronymy . The greatest difficulty in word usage based on precise knowledge of the lexical meaning is paronyms. They are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning: quorum - forum, inert - bone, face - personality, dress - put on, courtier - yard, long - long and others. Paronymous words are based on a root sign, they have the same morphological root. With paronymy, the discrepancy in the meaning of consonant words is usually so significant that it is impossible to replace one word with another.

Pleonasm, tautology- semantic redundancy of a combination of words, the repetition of the same in other words that do not clarify the meaning. For example, huge colossus, mutually to each other, dimensions.

Passive vocabulary of the Russian language

Language norms, including lexical ones, are a historical phenomenon. Every language is in the process of gradual change, so vocabulary can be active or passive. Belonging to an active or passive stock has a significant impact on its stylistic coloring, and, consequently, on its use in speech. Words that have ceased to be actively used in speech are moving into a group of obsolete words.

historicisms(chain mail, hussar, tax in kind) denote concepts associated with distant epochs, and archaisms (comedian - actor , gold - gold , know - know) call modern things and phenomena, but displaced by other words.

Neologisms- new words or combinations of words that appeared in a certain period in the language and have not yet entered the active vocabulary. Neologisms appear as a result of the need to give a name to new objects and phenomena associated with the development of society. For example, abstractionism, cybernetics, transistor,privatization.

Neologisms are often formed as a result of a new combination of bases already existing in the language with prefixes and suffixes. For example, retraining, pre-election, phone, metro builder.

professional words- these are words that are mainly used in a team united by some kind of production activity, profession. For example, sailors use the words galley, rhea, southwesterly, cockpit, in the speech of miners - slaughter, ledge, tamper and etc.

slang vocabulary is the basis of a special social variety of speech called jargon(from the French jargon) sometimes slang(from English. slang), are words and expressions used by people of certain professions or social strata.

Phraseologism– this is a turnover reproduced in speech, built on the model of coordinating and subordinating phrases, which has a holistic meaning.

Phraseological units are characterized by the phenomena of variance and synonymy. The variance of phraseological units is understood as phonetic, spelling, morphological and lexical modification of the components of the turnover, which does not lead to a violation of the semantics of a stable phrase (for example, to sit in a galosh - to sit in a galosh, to count off - to count off, hit on the pocket - hit on the pocket).

Grammatical norms are divided into morphological and syntactic.

Word-building norms determine the order of connecting parts of a word, the formation of new words. Word-building norms are the norms for the formation of words with the help of prefix suffixes. For example: journalism (not journalism), mockery (not mockery), slip (do not slip).

Morphology(from Greek. morphe- the form, logos- doctrine) is a grammatical doctrine of the word, which includes the doctrine of the structure of the word, forms of inflection, ways of expressing grammatical meanings, as well as the doctrine of parts of speech and their inherent ways of word formation.

Morphological norms These are the rules for using word forms of different parts of speech.

Beautiful, effective speech should have the following qualities: correctness (normativity), accuracy, logic, purity, richness (diversity), expressiveness and relevance.

The main communicative quality of speech is considered correctness (normativity): it underlies other qualities of speech.

lies in the correspondence of individual speech to modern literary norms. In order to speak correctly, it is necessary to have a good command of the norms of the Russian literary language, which are quite fully and consistently reflected in dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, and grammars.

The importance of accurate verbal communication was once emphasized by many writers: L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, K.I. Chukovsky, A.T. Tvardovsky and others. In their articles and works they propagated the exact word.

Accuracy associated with knowledge of the subject of speech, the meaning of words, i.e. with the culture of speech in general.

Speech Accuracy- This is mainly the correspondence of speech to reality. Accuracy is achieved through knowledge of the subject of speech and the ability to verbally state it.

Accuracy how the quality of speech is associated primarily with the lexical level in the language system.

There are two types of accuracy: subject and conceptual.

Subject Accuracy constitutes knowledge of the subject of speech and is based on an extralinguistic connection between speech and reality. That is, all objects, phenomena, events of reality must be clearly represented in speech.

Conceptual Accuracy is achieved by the ability to accurately select words to define the subject and is based on the connection speech - thinking. Conceptual accuracy of speech expressed in the use of words in accordance with their linguistic meanings.

Cicero said: "He who thinks clearly, expresses clearly." V.G. Belinsky noted: "A person expresses himself clearly when he has a thought, but even more clearly when he owns a thought."

To be accurate, the speaker must know the subject of speech, the language, its system and capabilities, and be able to correlate knowledge of the subject with knowledge of the language system and its capabilities in a specific act of communication.

Associated with the accuracy of speech consistency: imprecise speech cannot be logical. Logic characterizes speech in terms of its content, the ratio of parts and components, the sequence of presentation. We can say that consistency is expressed in the construction of the composition.

Like accuracy, logic happens subject and conceptual.

Subject Consistency implies the correspondence of semantic connections and relations of language units in speech to the connections and relations of objects and events of reality.

Conceptual Consistency reflects the structure of logical thought and its logical development in the semantic connections of language elements in speech.

Purity of speech- this is freedom of speech from any polluting elements. Pure speech does not contain words and phrases alien to the literary language, as well as everything that is rejected by the norms of morality and ethics. Thus, the purity of speech is based on two relationships: speech - literary language; speech is consciousness.

Elements that can clog speech:

1) dialect words (words characteristic not of the common language of the people, but of local dialects);

2) professional words;

3) speech stamps, clericalisms (words, phrases and sentences used in business (“clerical”) documents);

4) jargon, i.e. words and phrases that arose and are used in jargons - narrow group "offshoots" from the national language;

6) linguistic elements that are rejected by the norms of morality (vulgarisms - words, roughly, denoting any objects, phenomena).

7) foreign words, in this case, foreign words should be divided into:

a) necessary words that do not have equivalents in Russian;

b)“weeds” are words that can be replaced by Russian equivalents without changing the meaning.

Richness of speech determined by the active vocabulary of each person. The lexical richness of speech is manifested in the ability to use different language means to determine the same objects of speech, phenomena, events.

Expressiveness of speech- these are features that help maintain the attention and interest of the listener: features of pronunciation, intonation, accents, etc.

Depending on the techniques that are used to attract the attention of listeners, there are pronunciation, accentological, lexical, intonational and stylistic (or stylistic) expressiveness.

Expressiveness of speech depends on the independence of the speaker's thinking, his interest in what he says. An important role in the expressiveness of speech is played by knowledge of the language; properties and features of language styles: artistic, scientific, business, journalistic, colloquial; possession of the expressive possibilities of the language, the speech skills of the speaker.

It is very important to create expressiveness intonation. Intonation allows you to express the logical meaning of the statement, to focus on more important points, which helps the listeners to correctly perceive the text.

Equally important is the quality of communication speeches like her relevance. The speech should be “appropriate”: correspond to the topic of conversation and the chosen audience. The relevance of speech is expressed in the target setting of the statement, in the adequacy of the language means used.

There are several types of relevance: stylistic, contextual, situational, personal-psychological.

The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.

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site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

* the sign is directed to the value;

* a sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of the given sign in the system.

The main functions of the language are:

* communicative (communication function);

* thought-forming (function of embodiment and expression of thought);

* expressive (function of expressing the internal state of the speaker);

*aesthetic (the function of creating beauty by means of language).

The modern Russian literary language is the highest, processed part of the national language, which has written norms.

Russian is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, one of the 6 official languages ​​of the UN. More than 250 million people use it, including about 140 million people in Russia, according to the 1989 All-Union Census. The Russian language is among the top ten most widely spoken languages ​​on the planet. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, Russian belongs to the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. You can find the similarity of the words of Russian and other Indo-European languages.

Language is a tool, a means of communication. This is a system of signs, means and rules of speaking, common to all members of a given society. This phenomenon is constant for a given period of time.

Speech is the manifestation and functioning of language, the process of communication itself; it is unique for every native speaker. This phenomenon is variable depending on the speaker.

Language and speech are two sides of the same phenomenon. Language is inherent in any person, and speech is inherent in a particular person. Speech and language can be compared to a pen and text. Language is a pen, and speech is the text that is written with this pen.

Types of speech activity: speaking, listening, writing, reading.

*Speech is the sending of speech acoustic signals that carry information.

*Listening (or listening) is the perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding.

*Letter - encryption of speech signals using graphic symbols.

* Reading - deciphering graphic signs and understanding their meanings.

* Oral speech is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds resulting from the activity of the human pronunciation organs. Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation).

*A letter is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix sound language and sound speech. At the same time, writing is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the scope of human communication. Reading books, historical documents of different times and peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, the Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, etc.

Communicative qualities of speech. Purity of speech.

People around us largely judge us by the way we speak. According to our speech, our interlocutors conclude who we are, since speech, regardless of the will of the speaker, creates his portrait, reveals the personality of a person. Therefore, the culture of speech is inseparable from the general culture. A person’s speech is a kind of passport that accurately indicates in what environment the speaker grew up and communicates, what his cultural level is, without a culture of speech one cannot speak of either intelligence or spirituality. Our speech is our calling card. A person's speech can tell a lot about him. Often the speaker cannot competently and clearly express his thought, explain something, have such an impact on his listeners that he himself aspires to. In this case, everyone understands that this person simply does not own the norms of speech and is not familiar with its communicative qualities. The communicative qualities of good speech are a system of guidelines that helps to correct speech, make it better. These qualities are called communicative, as they should improve communication. The following communicative qualities of speech are distinguished: correctness, accessibility, accuracy, purity, consistency, relevance, richness, expressiveness.

Logic of speech.

Logic is the communicative quality of speech, which implies a clear, precise and consistent statement. The main definitions of the logic of speech emphasize that speech can be called logical when it complies with the laws of logic. Among the many logical laws, logic identifies four main ones that express the fundamental properties of logical thinking - its certainty, consistency, consistency and validity. These are the laws of identity, non-contradiction, excluded middle and sufficient reason. These laws operate primarily in reasoning, i.e. in the process of logical thinking. They need to be known also because these laws help to control the correctness of speech from the point of view of logic both in the process of presenting speech and in the process of its perception. Moreover, this corresponds to the very essence of logic as a tool for testing the truth or falsity of thinking.

* The Law of Identity says: every thought in the process of reasoning must be identical to itself, i.e. any thought in the process of reasoning must have a certain stable content, so that there is no substitution of the concept.

* The law of non-contradiction is as follows: two judgments incompatible with each other cannot be true at the same time; at least one of them must be false.

* The Law of the Excluded Middle (it works only with respect to judgments that contradict each other) assumes that: two contradictory judgments cannot be simultaneously false, one of them must be true. For example: Student Kuznetsov completed the term paper and Student Kuznetsov did not complete the term paper. If we are talking about the same person, then these judgments contradict each other, which means that, according to the law of the excluded middle, one of them is true.

* The Law of Sufficient Reason states that every thought is recognized as true if it has a sufficient reason. A sufficient basis for thoughts can be personal experience or another, already tested and established thought (fact, etc.), from which the truth of this thought necessarily follows.

speech accuracy.

Accuracy is usually understood as knowledge of the subject of the statement, the topic of speech (the so-called subject accuracy), and a clear correspondence between the words used in speech and the meanings that are assigned to them in the language (conceptual accuracy).

Speech accuracy disorders:

* Violations of subject accuracy (In the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Pushkin met Anna Akhmatova)

* Violations of conceptual accuracy (Often, parents face a dilemma: which book to buy for a child. The word "dilemma" suggests a global choice between two opposite possibilities)

* Mistakes in the use of paronyms-words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning (drizzle (rain) and frost (hoarfrost))

* Violation of the lexical compatibility of words (Only a walnut can be a walnut, and only eyes can be brown, and only a friend can be a bosom)

Appropriateness of speech

Relevance is a special communicative quality of speech, which, as it were, regulates the content of other communicative qualities in a particular language situation. In the conditions of communication, depending on the specific speech situation, the nature of the message, the purpose of the statement, one or another communicative quality can be evaluated differently - positively or negatively. The relevance of speech is understood as the strict correspondence of its structure to the conditions and tasks of communication, the content of the information expressed, the chosen genre and style of presentation, the individual characteristics of the author and the addressee. In the linguistic literature of recent years, it is customary to single out stylistic, contextual, situational and personal-psychological relevance, or relevance due to: extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors.

Richness of speech.

The level of speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the communication process. The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages ​​in the world. Its wealth lies in the incalculable stock of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, the less often the same language unit is repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally. The richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried a little, carelessly, carelessly, carelessly. The suffixes of subjective evaluation in Russian are diverse: they give words shades of endearment, pejorativeness, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc.

The main sources of richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense. These include:

1) variability of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese - a piece of cheese, to be on vacation - to be on vacation, bunkers - bunkers, five grams - five grams and others characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial - with another);

2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me - buy for me, bring to my brother - bring for my brother, did not open the window - did not open the windows, go through the forest - go through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy - the bear is clumsy, the young man is brave - the young man is brave, the street is narrow - the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower - lower, smarter - smarter, smartest - the smartest - smarter than everyone;

5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: library book - a book from the library, university building - university building, laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems - Yesenin's poems;

6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students - three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, anyone - everyone - anyone; something - something - something - something; someone - someone - someone; someone - someone; some - some - some - some - some - some);

8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun we in the meaning of you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying (we are used in the meaning of I).

Expressiveness of speech.

The expressiveness of speech is understood as such features of its structure that make it possible to enhance the impression of what is said (written), to arouse and maintain the attention and interest of the addressee, to influence not only his mind, but also feelings, imagination. One of the main conditions of expressiveness is the independence of thinking of the author of the speech, which implies a deep and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject of the message. Knowledge extracted from any sources must be mastered, processed, deeply comprehended. This gives the speaker (writer) confidence, makes his speech convincing, effective. If the author does not properly think over the content of his statement, does not comprehend the issues that he will present, his thinking cannot be independent, and his speech cannot be expressive. To a large extent, the expressiveness of speech also depends on the attitude of the author to the content of the statement. The inner conviction of the speaker (writer) in the significance of the statement, interest, indifference to its content gives speech (especially oral) emotional coloring. An indifferent attitude to the content of the statement leads to a dispassionate presentation of the truth, which cannot affect the feelings of the addressee. One of the prerequisites for speech expressiveness is skills that allow you to easily choose the language tools you need in a particular act of communication. Such skills are developed as a result of systematic and conscious training. The means of training speech skills is attentive reading of exemplary texts (fiction, journalistic, scientific), close interest in their language and style, attentive attitude to the speech of people who can speak expressively, as well as self-control (the ability to control and analyze one’s speech from the point of view of its expressiveness). ). The expressive means of language usually include tropes (figurative use of language units) and stylistic figures, calling them figurative and expressive means. However, the expressive possibilities of the language are not limited to this; in speech, any unit of the language of all its levels (even a single sound), as well as non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) can become a means of expressiveness.

orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries. Intonation norms are described in "Russian Grammar" and textbooks of the Russian language.

Morphological norms.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (the analyzed image, the reigning order, the victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.

syntactic rules.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the main syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include the rules of word agreement and syntactic control, correlating parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words in order for the sentence to be a competent and meaningful statement. There is a violation of syntactic norms in the following examples: when reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Formal business style.

Official business style - a functional style of speech, the environment of speech communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, jurisprudence, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, government activities.

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Peculiarities:

1) conciseness;

2) standard arrangement of material;

3) wide use of terminology;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, complex conjunctions, as well as various set phrases;

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

Journalistic style.

Journalistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally colored words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that needs clarification. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and the vocabulary related to these topics acquires a journalistic coloring. Among such topics, politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminalistics, and military topics should be singled out.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary, which has a strong emotional connotation.

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

Functions of journalistic style:

* Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

* Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

* influence the mass consciousness

*call to action

*report information

Vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary, characteristic of the journalistic style, can be used in other styles: in official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist's impressions of these events.

Oral public speech. speaker and his audience. Main types of arguments. Preparing and conducting a public speech.

SPEAKER AND HIS AUDIENCE

Orator (from Latin orator, orare - “to speak”) - the one who makes a speech, makes a speech, as well as the one who has the gift of making speeches, eloquence. Skillful construction of speech and its public pronunciation with the aim of achieving a certain result and the desired impact on the listeners is oratory. Human society is built on communication. Everyone can speak, but not everyone can speak beautifully, intelligibly, clearly, excitingly and interestingly, as well as confidently stand in front of an audience. Skillful command of the word, competent presentation of the material, the ability to stay in front of the public are only part of what a speaker should have. Being in the center of attention, the speaker must be able to attract attention both with his appearance, and with his natural data, and with his manner of speaking and holding on. As a rule, a professional speaker is an erudite, highly intelligent person, freely oriented both in literature and art, and in science and technology, as well as in politics and the modern structure of society. To count on the attention and respect of the listening audience, the speaker must have certain skills and abilities. We list some of them:

1) confident statement during any communication;

2) the ability to speak on any topic;

3) the ability to accurately express their thoughts;

4) the use of an active vocabulary, the ability to use various speech techniques;

5) the ability to argue and convince. Oratory is a dialogical connection, on the one hand of which the speaker directly speaks, and on the other hand, the listener, or audience.

The audience is a community of people, which acts as a single socio-psychological group. The audience is characterized by the following characteristics:

1) homogeneity (heterogeneity), i.e. the difference in gender, age, level of education, interests of listeners;

2) the quantitative composition of those present;

3) a sense of community (a sign that manifests itself with a certain emotional state of the audience, when the audience applauds or, on the contrary, expresses dissatisfaction);

4) the motive of the listeners' actions. People attend lectures for various reasons. According to psychologists, three groups of moments can be distinguished:

a) intellectual-cognitive plan (when people come because the topic itself is of interest);

b) moral plan (requires the presence of a person);

c) emotional and aesthetic plan (when people come because they are interested in the speaker, his speeches, his demeanor, etc.).

That is why the audience can be noted a different attitude to the perception of performance.

MAIN TYPES OF ARGUMENTS

The goal of the speaker is to influence, to one degree or another, the interlocutor, the opponent. He must be able to convince of his innocence. To do this, it is necessary to use such words and expressions that can evoke certain feelings and thoughts. Emotional speech, expressive reasoning, illustrative examples in themselves can convince. You have to be able to prove and defend your point of view. To do this, you must be sure of the veracity of a particular judgment, thesis. To be able to prove, you must be able to argue your arguments. Evidence is either direct or indirect. With direct evidence, arguments are given to support or refute certain statements.

Argument - this is a theoretical or factual position, with the help of which the thesis is substantiated.

The evidence can be:

1) previously proven laws of sciences (chemistry, physics, biology, theorems of mathematics, etc.);

2) obvious provisions that do not require proof (axioms and postulates);

3) factual material, in which approximate information is unacceptable (statistical data on the population of the state, testimonies, signatures of a person on a document, scientific facts).

It should be noted the role of facts (including scientific ones), which is very important in proving and substantiating certain positions. There are various classifications of arguments. The main classification is the one in which the arguments are divided into logical and psychological.

Logical arguments are arguments addressed to the mind of the audience, the listener. The consistency and logic of reasoning depend on how carefully the source material is selected and analyzed, how clearly the arguments are presented. Each thesis of the speech must be carefully argued, insufficiently strong, dubious arguments are excluded as destructive evidence.

Often the speaker uses arguments that appeal to the feelings of the listeners, using the tactics of psychological influence. Such arguments are called psychological.

Psychological arguments are arguments addressed to the feelings of the audience, listeners. The speaker's speech is replete with emotional comparisons and colorful examples. When referring to psychological arguments, one should not speculate on the feelings and emotions of people, this can cause conflict between the parties.

Ways to influence the audience do not exist in isolation from each other. They are complementary to each other. Logical reflections, for example, can be reinforced by techniques that affect feelings, desires, etc. Both types of arguments are used consciously by a skilled speaker.

SPEECH PREPARATION: TOPIC CHOICE, SPEECH PURPOSE, MATERIAL SEARCH, SPEECH BEGINNING, DEVELOPMENT AND END

The speech for the speech must be prepared in advance. It is important for the author to think over the content, it is necessary to evaluate his possibilities of presenting the material to the public. When preparing a speech, it is necessary to take into account certain points, namely:

1) type of speech;

2) topics of speech;

3) the goals and objectives that the speaker, the speaker sets for himself;

4) listening audience.

In rhetoric, the following stages of preparation for a speech are considered:

1) choice of topic;

2) specifying the goals of the statement;

3) study of material on the topic;

4) preparing a speech in expanded form;

5) completion of the speech (summing up);

6) full possession of the material.

The initial stage of choosing a topic is one of the most important stages in preparing a speech. The speaker can choose a topic himself, or he can use the proposals of the organizers of the meeting. You should choose a topic that will be interesting and exciting, relevant. The speaker should highlight the problem in such a way that both he and the audience can learn something new from a particular speech.

It is necessary to specify the goal both for yourself and for the whole audience. It is important that the topic corresponds to the level of training and education of a particular audience. It is important not only and not so much to present the material, but also to show one’s attitude to the problem, formulate one’s own conclusions and arguments, try to evoke a response from the audience, perhaps not yet in the form of a speech or dialogue at the meeting, but at least in the form of readiness and the desire to be active and independent.

The collection and study of material is the next step in preparing for a speech. Scientific and fiction literature, reference books and encyclopedias, newspapers and magazines can be sources of material. But you should not equate the collection of material and the collection of information. After all, studying the material is not so much reading various books as determining your own thoughts and ideas on a specific issue. It is also very important to draw up a plan-outline, writing out interesting points, etc. It should be remembered that a speech consists of an introduction (beginning), main (main) part and conclusion (end of speech).

In the main part of the speech, the speaker sets out the main provisions on the problem, highlighting various points of view, revealing his own vision of the issue.

In conclusion, the speaker draws certain conclusions, answers questions that arose during the speech.

Speech technique.

The voice of a person makes a certain impression on others, serves as an instrument of influence. By the nature of speech sounding, we judge the temperament, attitude of the speaker. The sound design of a speech makes up the emotional background of a speech, a conversation, which can be positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant). Disadvantages of pronunciation (noisyness, shortness of breath, hoarseness, harshness, larynx, nasality, odd articulation) are "barriers" to communication exchange, "cut the ear". In addition, a good-sounding voice tones the nervous system of the speaker, gives confidence, creates a mood.

Speech defects are very stable. From everyday speech, they often "migrate" to public, to business communication. However, an official setting, unlike a relaxed one, requires voice control, possession of a full pronunciation style, that is, intelligible pronunciation at an average pace. For example, the phrases “hello”, “she says” in full style sound like this: [hello], [Ùna gÙvarit], and in incomplete style there is a strong reduction (reduction of vowels), sometimes even omission of syllables: [hello't'b] , [Ù on grit].

Thus, the technique of speech includes:

Phonation breathing, which gives strength to the voice

Diction - a clear pronunciation of each sound and combinations of sounds

Intonation - rhythmic-melodic and logical articulation of speech intonation:

Inside phase pauses

To master speech technique means to achieve intonational mobility and expressiveness, soft, free, clear sound; be able to use the nuances of timbre.

Intonation training includes:

Intonation scan of punctuation marks

Work on the pace and style of speech

Different types of pauses: physiological, grammatical, semantic, psycholinguistic, which allow you to express an emotional attitude to the text.

As well as phonetic culture:

Correct pronunciation of words

Correct stress in words

Let us characterize the human pronunciation apparatus, which consists of four parts: respiratory organs, vibrators, resonators, articulators. Respiratory organs (musculature) allow air to be drawn into the lungs and pushed out.

On the way of the passage of the air stream through the larynx there are vocal cords - vibrators. These are elastic formations located on the left and right sides of the larynx and stretched from front to back. The anterior ends of the ligaments are at an angle to each other. The voice is created as a result of periodic vibrations of these speech muscles, which approach and stretch. It is in the larynx that the sound wave is born. Then it enters the resonators (nasopharynx, nasal and oral cavity), which amplify and enrich the sound. Articulators complete the work: tongue, lips, lower jaw, soft palate. They turn the musical tone (voice) into the speech sounds of their native language.

All parts of the speech apparatus are involved in the creation of acoustic characteristics: tempo, volume, pitch, timbre, clarity and clarity of pronunciation.

Speech communication.

Speech communication is the process of establishing and maintaining purposeful, direct or indirect contact between people using language. Speech communication can be official and unofficial, public and non-public. Appeal to one or another type of verbal communication is determined by the situation and, of course, by the individual characteristics of the speakers and listeners.

Language as a sign system. The main functions of the language. Modern Russian literary language. Russian language among other languages ​​of the world. Language and speech. Types of speech activity. Oral and written form of speech.

The language that a person uses is a complex sign system. Understanding the sign properties of the language is necessary in order to better understand the structure of the language and the rules for its use. The words of the human language are signs of objects and concepts. Words are the most numerous and main characters in the language. Other units of the language are also signs. A sign is a substitute for an object for the purposes of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke in the mind of the interlocutor the image of an object or concept. The sign has the following properties:

* the sign must be material, accessible to perception;

* the sign is directed to the value;

In this article:

The word is the thing without which not a single day of a socially adapted person can do. It helps to briefly express this or that thought, to convey it to the interlocutor or the audience.

In order for your communication to be as productive as possible, you need to know about the communicative qualities of speech.

What does "communication" and "communicative qualities of speech" mean?

Communication should be understood as an act of interaction between two or more people. This process is based on the transfer and acceptance of a certain kind of information in order to continue contact.

Communicative qualities are the set of characteristics that contribute to more effective interaction.

Communicative qualities are properties that are found both in the formal and in the content parts of the word form. These include: the correctness of expressions, accuracy, purity, consistency, richness, expressiveness and relevance.

These qualities must be distinguished based on speech relationships, as well as speech structures of sentences, which may include thinking, language, reality.

Availability

Availability must be attributed to public qualities. The point is that a person can choose those words, arguments, facts or arguments that are relevant to the audience.

The level of accessibility, a person must determine independently. In each case and moment of speech, relying on the audience for which he works at the moment.

This is done so that his speech itself is as accessible and understandable to one or another person as possible.

Therefore, it is so important for the speaker to take into account the level of education of the audience, its age, what social position it has in society, as well as their mental and physical state at the moment.

For example, a performance cannot be equally evaluated at school and college if a person often uses complex lexical forms in his sentences, as well as many terms and comparisons.

Logic

Consistency should be understood as the quality that implies accurate as well as consistent statements that must follow a set of rules.

After their observance, in the final version of the proposals there will be no incoherent blocks, illogically constructed sentences or appeals.

Effectiveness

Effectiveness can be referred to as a synonym for the word "expressiveness". These two concepts are so connected and similar to each other, so they can be attributed to a single whole.

It is precisely without the concepts of effectiveness and expressiveness that it is impossible to build a dialogue, as well as a speech by any speaker, after which, the audience will remember his words.

The effectiveness of speech is the main part of her communicative ability. A person must possess it in order to achieve the proper result. Since the response of the public in his direction should be positive.

Who cares or even understands what kind of prayers Pop reads in church, when all his sentences go in one, direct, inexpressive vocabulary diarrhea?

The expressiveness of a teacher will not be similar to the expressiveness of a journalist. The speech of a lawyer will differ from the speech of a politician. Do not forget that any expressive speech contributes to the level of education of a person in society. Absorption of information by a person.

So don't expect when you speak in a flat, low, hoarse voice that your words will in any way affect any audience at all.

Therefore, it is necessary to have elementary speech techniques for any person who considers himself, or wants to consider himself not a gray mass in society.

To achieve good diction helps to study, improve your ability to speak tongue twisters. You need to learn to do it clearly, quickly and loudly. Such exercises are a quick way to improve the quality of your speech.

Clarity

Comprehensibility is one of the important parts of speech communication. She is responsible for making your dialogue with society. The audience was very clear, simple for the listener.

Therefore, it is best to select in sentences the most familiar synonyms for people who are not so educated, or synonyms for professional terms, etc.

In the event that they cannot be dispensed with, then it is necessary to resort to a small disclosure of certain words. Concepts, etc.

However, this should be done in no more than 1-2 sentences. Otherwise, you will only clog up your sentences, take the reader away from their main idea in the other direction.

Purity

When we talk about “good” speech, the first thing that comes to mind is its purity. It represents the exclusion of those expressions that are alien to the native language.

Dialectisms negatively affect the quality of sentences. If we talk about whether they should be used at all in their expressions, then it is necessary to recall the words of Maxim Gorky “Write, friends, not Vyatka, not hoodie, write in Russian!”.

Dialects are fundamental factors that distort the purity of our speech. For example, in the language of the people of a particular region, there may be appropriate for people.

Since the folk language is an expressive, expressive speech that is characteristic of the people, since it expresses its spirit as well as historical culture.

People can give a clear, concise description of things, objects or events. For example, the dialects of the word "sluts" in the Tyumen region are such words as pentyukh, quietly, lemzya and others.

Wealth

If we talk about the culture of the word, then it is not only the ability to competently use all the norms of the language of literature, as well as strict rules for following them.

But also from the ability to own his wealth, the knowledge of how to use it in the process of dialogue, building your speech as a whole.

The Russian language occupies a leading place in the world in terms of its richness and development. These concepts are contained in a large number of phraseological units, lexical phrases, as well as in the richness of the Russian dictionary in the sense of words.

Russian phonetics has opportunities for communication, creation and word formation of complex lexical forms, as well as an infinite number of intonations and other syntactic constructions.

Therefore, wealth allows you to express the most subtle emotional and semantic shades of a particular word, object, action or event.

The speech richness of an individual person can also be determined in how well and accurately he owns clear and sharp statements that briefly and concisely reflect this or that essence in his speech.

The richness of the Russian language is considered to be the greater for a person, the more often and more diversely he can express various speech turns in his sentences, speeches and in everyday language.

Accuracy

Speaking of accuracy, it refers to communicative qualities that appear in the ratio of speech itself and its reality. The Russian language now has two types of such precision. This is subjective and conceptual accuracy.

Subject accuracy includes: an adequate and real designation of certain things, objects, events or life phenomena.

To conceptual accuracy: the correctness of the possession of terminological statements, both in writing and in the conversation of a particular person.

The prerequisites for accuracy are:

• Knowledge of spoken language.
• Understanding linguistic unity, as well as its consciousness.
• The ability to be able to make a correlation of knowledge of a particular subject to the concepts and rules of language speech.
• Correct use of these points in specific situations.

informative

Conciseness and brevity are primarily related to informational content.

When we talk about the violation of informativeness, then they include verbosity (vocabulary diarrhea), excessive tautology in sentences and pleonasms.

expressiveness

Expressiveness is the quality of the Russian language, which depends on many factors. Let's present them to your attention:

1. Intonation.
2. Richness of speech.
3. Accents.
4. Means of artistic expression.

In order for your sentences to be the most expressive, the speaker must follow the rules. The main ones include:

1. It is necessary to interest the reader in the topic you are talking about.
2. The speaker must have a wide vocabulary.
3. It is necessary, during the speech, to think over the topics of the messages, to give them an analysis and assessment of a personal nature.
4. A person must know the cultural norms of his language, as well as its history.

The more vividly and accurately you describe your proposals, the more likely it is that the public will be interested in your further speech.

Expressiveness can be compared with information, a reflection of the logic of your text narrative about any subject, situation, etc., and have their emotional components, influence the emotion of your audience.

Imagery

Imagery includes the ability to use a person to carry information to the audience not only through logical and understandable statements, but also the transfer of some sentences in a subject-sensual form of speech.

The more often imagery is used in sentences, the brighter and clearer it becomes to the people around the speaker. It ensures its quick memorization, and also makes it possible to easily understand complex technical and scientific terms if necessary.

Right

The correctness of speech is a quality that appears on the basis of the relationship between speech and language.

It must comply with the current structure of the language and its culture, as well as established norms, which include: the correct pronunciation of words, stress, the ability to form words and other syntactic, morphological and stylistic norms.

Clarity

Comprehensibility is a quality that is responsible for limiting the use of words that are the peripheral vocabulary of a particular language.

Speech becomes incomprehensible when words unfamiliar to a person, complex technical and scientific terms, concepts, etc. begin to be present in its composition.

Relevance

What is the appropriateness of speech? This is the quality that is responsible for regulating the situation of the language type and the content in it of the other qualities of communication.

Relevance depends on the conditions of communication in a particular situation of speech, what kind of communication it pursues, the statements used regarding the goal and other communicative qualities of speech.

For example, a person cannot create a "colour of a local type", cannot convey the speech peculiarity of a particular profession. Based on this, non-observance of speech purity and its subsequent violation begin to appear.

Relevance is strict observance and compliance with all normative structures of speech, in order to avoid the inappropriateness of transmitting information to one or another addressee.