Fine-tuning of tungsten concentrates on an electromagnetic separator. Selection, justification and calculation of technology for processing tungsten-molybdenum ore. the growing need of various sectors of the national economy in almost all mineral components,

25.11.2019

The chemical element is tungsten.

Before describing the production of tungsten, it is necessary to make a short digression into history. The name of this metal is translated from German as “wolf cream”, the origin of the term goes back to the late Middle Ages.

When obtaining tin from various ores, it was noticed that in some cases it was lost, passing into a foamy slag, "like a wolf devouring its prey."

The metaphor took root, giving the name to the later received metal, it is currently used in many languages of the world. But in English, French and some other languages, tungsten is called differently, from the metaphor "heavy stone" (tungsten in Swedish). The Swedish origin of the word is associated with the experiments of the famous Swedish chemist Scheele, who first obtained tungsten oxide from an ore later named after him (scheelite).

Swedish chemist Scheele, who discovered tungsten.

The industrial production of tungsten metal can be divided into 3 stages:

ore beneficiation and production of tungsten anhydrite;
reduction to powder metal;
obtaining a monolithic metal.

Ore enrichment

Tungsten is not found in the free state in nature, it is present only in the composition of various compounds.

wolframites
scheelites

These ores often contain small amounts of other substances (gold, silver, tin, mercury, etc.), despite the very low content of additional minerals, sometimes their extraction during enrichment is economically feasible.

Enrichment begins with crushing and grinding of rock. Then the material goes to further processing, the methods of which depend on the type of ore. Enrichment of wolframite ores is usually carried out by the gravitational method, the essence of which is the use of the combined forces of earth's gravity and centrifugal force, the minerals are separated by chemical and physical properties - density, particle size, wettability. This is how the waste rock is separated, and the concentrate is brought to the required purity using magnetic separation. The content of wolframite in the resulting concentrate ranges from 52 to 85%.
Scheelite, unlike wolframite, is not a magnetic mineral, so magnetic separation is not applied to it. For scheelite ores, the enrichment algorithm is different. The main method is flotation (the process of separating particles in an aqueous suspension) followed by the use of electrostatic separation. The concentration of scheelite can be up to 90% at the outlet. Ores are also complex, containing wolframites and scheelites at the same time. For their enrichment, methods are used that combine gravity and flotation schemes.

If further purification of the concentrate to established standards is required, different procedures are used depending on the type of impurities. To reduce phosphorus impurities, scheelite concentrates are treated in the cold with hydrochloric acid, while calcite and dolomite are removed. To remove copper, arsenic, bismuth, roasting is used, followed by treatment with acids. There are other cleaning methods as well.

In order to convert tungsten from a concentrate to a soluble compound, several different methods are used.

For example, a concentrate is sintered with an excess of soda, thus obtaining sodium wolframite.
Another method can also be used - leaching: tungsten is extracted with a soda solution under pressure at high temperature, followed by neutralization and precipitation.
Another way is to treat the concentrate with gaseous chlorine. In this process, tungsten chloride is formed, which is then separated from the chlorides of other metals by sublimation. The resulting product can be converted into tungsten oxide or directly processed into elemental metal.

The main result of various enrichment methods is the production of tungsten trioxide. Further, it is he who goes to the production of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide is also obtained from it, which is the main component of many hard alloys. There is another product of direct processing of tungsten ore concentrates - ferrotungsten. It is usually smelted for the needs of ferrous metallurgy.

Recovery of tungsten

The resulting tungsten trioxide (tungsten anhydrite) at the next stage must be reduced to the state of the metal. Restoration is most often carried out by the widely used hydrogen method. A moving container (boat) with tungsten trioxide is fed into the furnace, the temperature rises along the way, hydrogen is supplied towards it. As the metal is reduced, the bulk density of the material increases, the volume of container loading decreases by more than half, therefore, in practice, a run in 2 stages is used, through different types of furnaces.

At the first stage, dioxide is formed from tungsten trioxide, at the second stage, pure tungsten powder is obtained from dioxide.
Then the powder is sieved through a mesh, large particles are additionally ground to obtain a powder with a given grain size.

Sometimes carbon is used to reduce tungsten. This method somewhat simplifies production, but requires higher temperatures. In addition, coal and its impurities react with tungsten, forming various compounds that lead to metal contamination. There are a number of other methods used in production around the world, but in terms of parameters, hydrogen reduction has the highest applicability.

Obtaining monolithic metal

If the first two stages of industrial production of tungsten are well known to metallurgists and have been used for a very long time, then the development of a special technology was required to obtain a monolith from powder. Most metals are obtained by simple melting and then cast into molds, with tungsten due to its main property - infusibility - such a procedure is impossible. The method for obtaining compact tungsten from powder, proposed at the beginning of the 20th century by the American Coolidge, is still used with various variations in our time. The essence of the method is that the powder turns into a monolithic metal under the influence of an electric current. Instead of the usual melting, to obtain metallic tungsten, several stages have to be passed. At the first of them, the powder is pressed into special bars-rods. Then these rods are subjected to a sintering procedure, and this is done in two stages:

1. First, at temperatures up to 1300ºС, the rod is pre-sintered to increase its strength. The procedure is carried out in a special sealed furnace with a continuous supply of hydrogen. Hydrogen is used for additional reduction, it penetrates into the porous structure of the material, and with additional exposure to high temperature, a purely metallic contact is created between the crystals of the sintered bar. The shtabik after this stage is significantly hardened, losing up to 5% in size.
2. Then proceed to the main stage - welding. This process is carried out at temperatures up to 3 thousandºC. The post is fixed with clamping contacts, and an electric current is passed through it. Hydrogen is also used at this stage - it is needed to prevent oxidation. The current used is very high, for rods with a cross section of 10x10 mm, a current of about 2500 A is required, and for a cross section of 25x25 mm - about 9000 A. The voltage used is relatively small, from 10 to 20 V. For each batch of monolithic metal, a test rod is first welded, it is used to calibrate the welding mode. The duration of welding depends on the size of the rod and usually ranges from 15 minutes to an hour. This stage, like the first one, also leads to a reduction in the size of the rod.

The density and grain size of the resulting metal depend on the initial grain size of the rod and on the maximum welding temperature. The loss of dimensions after two sintering steps is up to 18% in length. The final density is 17–18.5 g/cm².

To obtain high-purity tungsten, various additives are used that evaporate during welding, for example, oxides of silicon and alkali metals. As they heat up, these additives evaporate, taking other impurities with them. This process contributes to additional purification. When using the correct temperature regime and the absence of traces of moisture in the hydrogen atmosphere during sintering, with the help of such additives, the degree of purification of tungsten can be increased to 99.995%.

Manufacture of products from tungsten

Obtained from the original ore after the described three stages of production, monolithic tungsten has a unique set of properties. In addition to refractoriness, it has a very high dimensional stability, strength retention at high temperatures and the absence of internal stress. Tungsten also has good ductility and ductility. Further production most often consists in drawing the wire. These are technologically relatively simple processes.

The blanks enter the rotary forging machine, where the material is reduced.
Then, by drawing, a wire of various diameters is obtained (drawing is pulling a rod on special equipment through tapering holes). So you can get the thinnest tungsten wire with a total degree of deformation of 99.9995%, while its strength can reach 600 kg / mm².

Tungsten began to be used for the filaments of electric lamps even before the development of a method for the production of malleable tungsten. The Russian scientist Lodygin, who had previously patented the principle of using a filament for a lamp, in the 1890s proposed using a tungsten wire twisted into a spiral as such a filament. How was tungsten obtained for such wires? First, a mixture of tungsten powder with some plasticizer (for example, paraffin) was prepared, then a thin thread was pressed out of this mixture through a hole of a given diameter, dried, and calcined in hydrogen. A rather brittle wire was obtained, the rectilinear segments of which were attached to the lamp electrodes. There were attempts to obtain a compact metal by other methods, however, in all cases, the fragility of the threads remained critically high. After the work of Coolidge and Fink, the manufacture of tungsten wire gained a solid technological base, and the industrial use of tungsten began to grow rapidly.

An incandescent lamp invented by the Russian scientist Lodygin.

World tungsten market

Tungsten production volumes are about 50 thousand tons per year. The leader in production, as well as in consumption, is China, this country produces about 41 thousand tons per year (Russia, for comparison, produces 3.5 thousand tons). An important factor at present is the processing of secondary raw materials, usually scrap tungsten carbide, shavings, sawdust and powdered tungsten residues, such processing provides about 30% of the world's consumption of tungsten.

Filaments from burned-out incandescent lamps are practically not recycled.

The global tungsten market has recently shown a decline in demand for tungsten filaments. This is due to the development of alternative technologies in the field of lighting - fluorescent and LED lamps are aggressively replacing conventional incandescent lamps both in everyday life and in industry. Experts predict that the use of tungsten in this sector will decrease by 5% per year in the coming years. Demand for tungsten as a whole is not decreasing, the drop in applicability in one sector is offset by growth in others, including innovative industries.

Magnetic methods are widely used in the enrichment of ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals and in other areas of industry, including food. They are used for beneficiation of iron, manganese, copper-nickel tungsten ores, as well as for finishing concentrates of rare metal ores, regeneration of ferromagnetic weighting agents in plants for separation in heavy suspensions, for removing iron impurities from quartz sands, pyrite from coal, etc.

All minerals are different in specific magnetic susceptibility, and for the extraction of weakly magnetic minerals, fields with high magnetic characteristics are required in the working zone of the separator.

In ores of rare metals, in particular tungsten and niobium and tantalum, the main minerals in the form of wolframite and columbite-tantalite have magnetic properties and it is possible to use high-gradient magnetic separation with extraction of ore minerals into the magnetic fraction.

In the laboratory of magnetic enrichment methods NPO ERGA, tests were carried out on tungsten and niobium-tantalum ore of the Spoykoininsky and Orlovsky deposits. For dry magnetic separation, a roller separator SMVI manufactured by NPO ERGA was used.

The separation of tungsten and niobium-tantalum ore was carried out according to scheme No. 1. The results are presented in the table.

Based on the results of the work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The content of useful components in the separation tails is: WO3 according to the first separation scheme - 0.031±0.011%, according to the second - 0.048±0.013%; Ta 2 O 5 and Nb 2 O 5 -0.005±0.003%. This suggests that the induction in the working zone of the separator is sufficient to extract weakly magnetic minerals into the magnetic fraction, and the magnetic separator of the SMVI type is suitable for obtaining tailings.

Tests of the SMVI magnetic separator were also carried out on baddeleyite ore in order to extract weakly magnetic iron minerals (hematite) into tailings and purify zirconium concentrate.

The separation resulted in a reduction in the iron content in the non-magnetic product from 5.39% to 0.63% with a recovery of 93%. The content of zirconium in the concentrate increased by 12%.

The separator operation scheme is shown in Fig. one

The use of the SMVI magnetic separator has found wide application in the enrichment of various ores. SMVI can serve both as the main enrichment equipment and as a refinement of concentrates. This is confirmed by successful semi-industrial tests of this equipment.

Tungsten is the most refractory metal with a melting point of 3380°C. And this determines its scope. It is also impossible to build electronics without tungsten, even the filament in a light bulb is tungsten.

And, of course, the properties of the metal determine the difficulties in obtaining it ...

First, you need to find the ore. These are just two minerals - scheelite (calcium tungstate CaWO 4) and wolframite (iron and manganese tungstate - FeWO 4 or MnWO 4). The latter has been known since the 16th century under the name "wolf foam" - "Spuma lupi" in Latin, or "Wolf Rahm" in German. This mineral accompanies tin ores and interferes with the smelting of tin, converting it into slag. Therefore, it is possible to find it already in antiquity. Rich tungsten ores usually contain 0.2 - 2% tungsten. In reality, tungsten was discovered in 1781.

However, finding this is the simplest thing in tungsten mining.
Next - the ore needs to be enriched. There are a bunch of methods and they are all quite complex. First, of course. Then - magnetic separation (if we have wolframite with iron tungstate). Next is gravity separation, because the metal is very heavy and the ore can be washed, much like when mining gold. Now they still use electrostatic separation, but it is unlikely that the method will be useful to a hitman.

So, we have separated the ore from the waste rock. If we have scheelite (CaWO 4), then the next step can be skipped, and if wolframite, then we need to turn it into scheelite. To do this, tungsten is extracted with a soda solution under pressure and at elevated temperature (the process takes place in an autoclave), followed by neutralization and precipitation in the form of artificial scheelite, i.e. calcium tungstate.
It is also possible to sinter wolframite with an excess of soda, then we get not calcium tungstate, but sodium, which is not so significant for our purposes (4FeWO 4 + 4Na 2 CO 3 + O 2 = 4Na 2 WO 4 + 2Fe 2 O 3 + 4CO 2).

The next two steps are water leaching of CaWO 4 -> H 2 WO 4 and hot acid decomposition.
You can take different acids - hydrochloric (Na 2 WO 4 + 2HCl \u003d H 2 WO 4 + 2NaCl) or nitric.
As a result, tungsten acid is isolated. The latter is calcined or dissolved in an aqueous solution of NH 3, from which paratungstate is crystallized by evaporation.
As a result, it is possible to obtain the main raw material for the production of tungsten - WO 3 trioxide with good purity.

Of course, there is also a method for obtaining WO 3 using chlorides, when a tungsten concentrate is treated with chlorine at an elevated temperature, but this method will not be simple for a hitman.

Tungsten oxides can be used in metallurgy as an alloying additive.

So, we have tungsten trioxide and one stage remains - reduction to metal.
There are two methods here - hydrogen reduction and carbon reduction. In the second case, coal and the impurities it always contains react with tungsten to form carbides and other compounds. Therefore, tungsten comes out “dirty”, brittle, and for electronics it is very desirable clean, because having only 0.1% iron, tungsten becomes brittle and it is impossible to pull out the thinnest wire for filaments from it.
The technical process with coal has another drawback - a high temperature: 1300 - 1400 ° C.

However, production with hydrogen reduction is also not a gift.
The reduction process takes place in special tube furnaces, heated in such a way that, as it moves along the pipe, the “boat” with WO3 passes through several temperature zones. A stream of dry hydrogen flows towards it. Recovery occurs both in "cold" (450...600°C) and in "hot" (750...1100°C) zones; in the "cold" - to the lowest oxide WO 2, then - to the elemental metal. Depending on the temperature and duration of the reaction in the "hot" zone, the purity and size of the grains of powdered tungsten released on the walls of the "boat" change.

So, we got pure metal tungsten in the form of the smallest powder.
But this is not yet an ingot of metal from which something can be made. The metal is obtained by powder metallurgy. That is, it is first pressed, sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 1200-1300 ° C, then an electric current is passed through it. The metal is heated to 3000 °C, and sintering into a monolithic material occurs.

However, we rather need not ingots or even rods, but thin tungsten wire.
As you understand, here again, not everything is so simple.
Wire drawing is carried out at a temperature of 1000°C at the beginning of the process and 400-600°C at the end. In this case, not only the wire is heated, but also the die. Heating is carried out by a gas burner flame or an electric heater.
At the same time, after drawing, the tungsten wire is coated with graphite grease. The surface of the wire must be cleaned. Cleaning is carried out by annealing, chemical or electrolytic etching, electrolytic polishing.

As you can see, the task of obtaining a simple tungsten filament is not as simple as it seems. And here only the main methods are described, for sure there are a lot of pitfalls.
And, of course, even now tungsten is an expensive metal. Now one kilogram of tungsten costs more than $50, the same molybdenum is almost two times cheaper.

Actually, there are several uses for tungsten.
Of course, the main ones are radio and electrical engineering, where tungsten wire goes.

The next one is the manufacture of alloy steels, which are distinguished by their special hardness, elasticity and strength. Added together with chromium to iron, it gives the so-called high-speed steels, which retain their hardness and sharpness even when heated. They are used to make cutters, drills, milling cutters, as well as other cutting and drilling tools (in general, there is a lot of tungsten in a drilling tool).
Interesting alloys of tungsten with rhenium - high-temperature thermocouples are made from it, operating at temperatures above 2000 ° C, although only in an inert atmosphere.

Well, another interesting application is tungsten welding electrodes for electric welding. Such electrodes are non-consumable and it is necessary to supply another metal wire to the welding site to provide a weld pool. Tungsten electrodes are used in argon-arc welding - for welding non-ferrous metals such as molybdenum, titanium, nickel, as well as high-alloy steels.

As you can see, the production of tungsten is not for ancient times.
And why is there tungsten?
Tungsten can only be obtained with the construction of electrical engineering - with the help of electrical engineering and for electrical engineering.
No electricity - no tungsten, but you don't need it either.

Tungsten ores in our country were processed at large GOKs (Orlovsky, Lermontovsky, Tyrnauzsky, Primorsky, Dzhidinsky VMK) according to the now classic technological schemes with multi-stage grinding and enrichment of material divided into narrow size classes, as a rule, in two cycles: primary gravitational enrichment and fine-tuning of rough concentrates by various methods. This is due to the low content of tungsten in the processed ores (0.1-0.8% WO3) and high quality requirements for concentrates. Primary enrichment for coarsely disseminated ores (minus 12+6 mm) was carried out by jigging, and for medium-, fine- and finely disseminated ores (minus 2+0.04 mm) screw apparatuses of various modifications and sizes were used.

In 2001, the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant (Buryatia, Zakamensk) ceased its activity, having accumulated after it the Barun-Naryn technogenic tungsten deposit, multimillion in terms of sand volume. Since 2011, Zakamensk CJSC has been processing this deposit at a modular processing plant.

The technological scheme was based on enrichment in two stages on Knelson centrifugal concentrators (CVD-42 for the main operation and CVD-20 for cleaning), middlings regrinding and flotation of the bulk gravity concentrate to obtain a KVGF grade concentrate. During operation, a number of factors were noted in the operation of Knelson concentrators that negatively affect the economic performance of sand processing, namely:

High operating costs, incl. energy costs and the cost of spare parts, which, given the remoteness of production from generating capacities and the increased cost of electricity, this factor is of particular importance;

Low degree of extraction of tungsten minerals into gravity concentrate (about 60% of the operation);

The complexity of this equipment in operation: with fluctuations in the material composition of the enriched raw materials, centrifugal concentrators require intervention in the process and operational settings (changes in the pressure of the fluidizing water, the speed of rotation of the enrichment bowl), which leads to fluctuations in the quality characteristics of the obtained gravity concentrates;

Significant remoteness of the manufacturer and, as a result, a long waiting time for spare parts.

In search of an alternative method of gravitational concentration, Spirit conducted laboratory tests of the technology screw separation using industrial screw separators SVM-750 and SVSH-750 manufactured by LLC PK Spirit. Enrichment took place in two operations: main and control with the receipt of three enrichment products - concentrate, middlings and tailings. All enrichment products obtained as a result of the experiment were analyzed in the laboratory of ZAO Zakamensk. The best results are presented in table. one.

Table 1. Results of screw separation in laboratory conditions

The data obtained showed the possibility of using screw separators instead of Knelson concentrators in the primary enrichment operation.

The next step was to conduct semi-industrial tests on the existing enrichment scheme. A pilot semi-industrial plant was assembled with screw devices SVSH-2-750, which were installed in parallel with Knelson CVD-42 concentrators. Enrichment was carried out in one operation, the resulting products were sent further according to the scheme of the operating enrichment plant, and sampling was carried out directly from the enrichment process without stopping the operation of the equipment. Indicators of semi-industrial tests are presented in table. 2.

Table 2. Results of comparative semi-industrial tests of screw apparatuses and centrifugal concentratorsknelson

Indicators	Source nutrition	Concentrate
Indicators	Source nutrition


Recovery, %

The results show that the enrichment of sands is more efficient on screw apparatus than on centrifugal concentrators. This translates into a lower concentrate yield (16.87% versus 32.26%) with an increase in recovery (83.13% versus 67.74%) into tungsten mineral concentrate. This results in a higher quality WO3 concentrate (0.9% versus 0.42%),

IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

As a manuscript

Artemova Olesya Stanislavovna

DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNOLOGY FOR THE EXTRACTION OF TUNGSTEN FROM THE OLD TAILINGS OF THE DZHIDA VMK

Specialty 25.00.13 - Enrichment of minerals

dissertations for the degree of candidate of technical sciences

Irkutsk 2004

The work was carried out at the Irkutsk State Technical University.

Scientific adviser: Doctor of Technical Sciences,

Professor K. V. Fedotov

Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences,

Professor Yu.P. Morozov

Candidate of Technical Sciences A.Ya. Mashovich

Lead organization: St. Petersburg State

Mining Institute (Technical University)

The defense will take place on December 22, 2004 at /O* hours at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.073.02 of the Irkutsk State Technical University at the address: 664074, Irkutsk, st. Lermontov, 83, room. K-301

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council Professor

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The relevance of the work. Tungsten alloys are widely used in mechanical engineering, mining, metalworking industry, and in the production of electric lighting equipment. The main consumer of tungsten is metallurgy.

Increasing the production of tungsten is possible due to the involvement in the processing of complex in composition, refractory, poor in content of valuable components and off-balance ores, through the widespread use of gravity enrichment methods.

Involvement in the processing of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMK will solve the urgent problem of the raw material base, increase the production of demanded tungsten concentrate and improve the environmental situation in the Trans-Baikal region.

The purpose of the work: to scientifically substantiate, develop and test rational technological methods and modes of enrichment of stale tungsten-containing tailings of the Dzhida VMK.

Idea of the work: study of the relationship between the structural, material and phase compositions of the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK with their technological properties, which makes it possible to create a technology for processing technogenic raw materials.

The following tasks were solved in the work: to estimate the distribution of tungsten throughout the space of the main technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMK; to study the material composition of the stale tailings of the Dzhizhinsky VMK; to investigate the contrast of stale tailings in the original size according to the content of W and 8 (II); to investigate the gravitational washability of the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK in various sizes; determine the feasibility of using magnetic enrichment to improve the quality of crude tungsten-containing concentrates; to optimize the technological scheme for the enrichment of technogenic raw materials from the OTO of the Dzhida VMK; to carry out semi-industrial tests of the developed scheme for extracting W from stale tailings of the FESCO.

Research methods: spectral, optical, optical-geometric, chemical, mineralogical, phase, gravitational and magnetic methods for analyzing the material composition and technological properties of the original mineral raw materials and enrichment products.

The reliability and validity of scientific provisions, conclusions are provided by a representative volume of laboratory research; confirmed by the satisfactory convergence of the calculated and experimentally obtained enrichment results, the correspondence of the results of laboratory and pilot tests.

NATIONAL LIBRARY I Spec glyle!

Scientific novelty:

1. It has been established that technogenic tungsten-containing raw materials of the Dzhida VMK in any size are effectively enriched by the gravitational method.

2. With the help of generalized curves of gravitational dressing, the limiting technological parameters for processing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK of various sizes by the gravitational method were determined and the conditions for obtaining dump tailings with minimal losses of tungsten were identified.

3. New patterns of separation processes have been established, which determine the gravitational washing of tungsten-containing technogenic raw materials with a particle size of +0.1 mm.

4. For the old tailings of the Dzhida VMK, a reliable and significant correlation was found between the contents of WO3 and S(II).

Practical significance: a technology for the enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK has been developed, which ensures the effective extraction of tungsten, which makes it possible to obtain a conditioned tungsten concentrate.

Approbation of the work: the main content of the dissertation work and its individual provisions were reported at the annual scientific and technical conferences of the Irkutsk State Technical University (Irkutsk, 2001-2004), the All-Russian School-Seminar for Young Scientists "Leon Readings - 2004" (Irkutsk , 2004), scientific symposium "Miner's Week - 2001" (Moscow, 2001), All-Russian scientific and practical conference "New technologies in metallurgy, chemistry, enrichment and ecology" (St. Petersburg, 2004 .), Plaksinsky Readings - 2004. In full, the dissertation work was presented at the Department of Mineral Processing and Engineering Ecology at ISTU, 2004 and at the Department of Mineral Processing, SPGGI (TU), 2004.

Publications. On the topic of the dissertation, 8 printed publications have been published.

Structure and scope of work. The dissertation work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, 104 bibliographic sources and contains 139 pages, including 14 figures, 27 tables and 3 appendices.

The author expresses his deep gratitude to the scientific adviser, Doctor of Technical Sciences, prof. K.V. Fedotov for professional and friendly guidance; prof. IS HE. Belkova for valuable advice and useful critical remarks made during the discussion of the dissertation work; G.A. Badenikova - for consulting on the calculation of the technological scheme. The author sincerely thanks the staff of the department for the comprehensive assistance and support provided in the preparation of the dissertation.

The objective prerequisites for the involvement of technogenic formations in the production turnover are:

The inevitability of preserving the natural resource potential. It is ensured by a reduction in the extraction of primary mineral resources and a decrease in the amount of damage caused to the environment;

The need to replace primary resources with secondary ones. Due to the needs of production in material and raw materials, including those industries whose natural resource base is practically exhausted;

The possibility of using industrial waste is ensured by the introduction of scientific and technological progress.

Ore beneficiation waste storage facilities are objects of increased environmental hazard due to their negative impact on the air basin, underground and surface waters, and soil cover over vast areas.

Pollution payments are a form of compensation for economic damage from emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, as well as for waste disposal on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The Dzhida ore field belongs to the high-temperature deep hydrothermal quartz-wolframite (or quartz-hubnerite) type of deposits, which play a major role in the extraction of tungsten. The main ore mineral is wolframite, whose composition ranges from ferberite to pobnerite with all intermediate members of the series. Scheelite is a less common tungstate.

Ores with wolframite are enriched mainly according to the gravity scheme; usually gravitational methods of wet enrichment are used on jigging machines, hydrocyclones and concentration tables. Magnetic separation is used to obtain conditioned concentrates.

Until 1976, ores at the Dzhida VMK plant were processed according to a two-stage gravity scheme, including heavy-medium enrichment in hydrocyclones, a two-stage concentration of narrowly classified ore materials on three-deck tables of the SK-22 type, regrinding and enrichment of industrial products in a separate cycle. The sludge was enriched according to a separate gravity scheme using domestic and foreign concentration sludge tables.

From 1974 to 1996 tailings of enrichment of only tungsten ores were stored. In 1985-86, ores were processed according to the gravity-flotation technological scheme. Therefore, the tailings of gravity enrichment and the sulphide product of flotation gravity were dumped into the main tailing dump. Since the mid-1980s, due to the increased flow of ore supplied from the Inkursky mine, the proportion of waste from large

classes, up to 1-3 mm. After the shutdown of the Dzhida Mining and Processing Plant in 1996, the settling pond self-destructed due to evaporation and filtration.

In 2000, the “Emergency Discharge Tailing Facility” (HAS) was singled out as an independent object due to its rather significant difference from the main tailing facility in terms of occurrence conditions, the scale of reserves, the quality and degree of preservation of technogenic sands. Another secondary tailing is alluvial technogenic deposits (ATO), which include redeposited flotation tailings of molybdenum ores in the area of the river valley. Modonkul.

The basic standards for payment for waste disposal within the established limits for the Dzhida VMK are 90,620,000 rubles. The annual environmental damage from land degradation due to the placement of stale ore tailings is estimated at 20,990,200 rubles.

Thus, the involvement in the processing of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK ore enrichment will allow: 1) to solve the problem of the enterprise's raw material base; 2) to increase the output of the demanded "-concentrate" and 3) to improve the ecological situation in the Trans-Baikal region.

The material composition and technological properties of the technogenic mineral formation of the Dzhida VMK

Geological testing of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK was carried out. When examining a side tailing dump (Emergency Discharge Tailing Facility (HAS)) 13 samples were taken. 5 samples were taken on the area of the ATO deposit. The area of sampling of the main tailing dump (MTF) was 1015 thousand m2 (101.5 ha), 385 partial samples were taken. The mass of the samples taken is 5 tons. All the samples taken were analyzed for the content of "03 and 8 (I).

OTO, CHAT and ATO were statistically compared in terms of the content of "03" using Student's t-test. With a confidence probability of 95%, it was established: 1) the absence of a significant statistical difference in the content of "03" between private samples of side tailings; 2) the average results of testing of the OTO in terms of the content of "03" in 1999 and 2000 refer to the same general population; 3) the average results of testing the main and secondary tailings in terms of the content of "03" significantly differ from each other and the mineral raw materials of all tailings cannot be processed according to the same technology.

The subject of our study is general relativity.

The material composition of the mineral raw materials of the OTO of the Dzhida VMK was established according to the analysis of ordinary and group technological samples, as well as the products of their processing. Random samples were analyzed for the content of "03 and 8(11). Group samples were used for mineralogical, chemical, phase and sieve analyses.

According to the spectral semi-quantitative analysis of a representative analytical sample, the main useful component - " and secondary - Pb, /u, Cu, Au and Content "03 in the form of scheelite

quite stable in all size classes of various sand differences and averages 0.042-0.044%. The content of WO3 in the form of hübnerite is not the same in different size classes. High contents of WO3 in the form of hübnerite are noted in particles of size +1 mm (from 0.067 to 0.145%) and especially in the -0.08+0 mm class (from 0.210 to 0.273%). This feature is typical for light and dark sands and is retained for the averaged sample.

The results of spectral, chemical, mineralogical and phase analyzes confirm that the properties of hubnerite, as the main mineral form \UO3, will determine the technology of enrichment of mineral raw materials by OTO Dzhida VMK.

The granulometric characteristics of raw materials OTO with the distribution of tungsten by size classes is shown in fig. 1.2.

It can be seen that the bulk of the OTO sample material (~58%) has a fineness of -1 + 0.25 mm, 17% each fall into large (-3 + 1 mm) and small (-0.25 + 0.1 mm) classes . The proportion of material with a particle size of -0.1 mm is about 8%, of which half (4.13%) falls on the sludge class -0.044 + 0 mm.

Tungsten is characterized by a slight fluctuation (0.04-0.05%) in the content in size classes from -3 +1 mm to -0.25 + 0.1 mm and a sharp increase (up to 0.38%) in the size class -0 .1+0.044 mm. In the slime class -0.044+0 mm, the tungsten content is reduced to 0.19%. That is, 25.28% of tungsten is concentrated in the -0.1 + 0.044 mm class with an output of this class of about 4% and 37.58% - in the -0.1 + 0 mm class with an output of this class of 8.37%.

As a result of the analysis of data on the impregnation of hubnerite and scheelite in the mineral raw materials OTO of the initial size and crushed to - 0.5 mm (see Table 1).

Table 1 - Distribution of grains and intergrowths of pobnerite and scheelite by size classes of the initial and crushed mineral raw materials _

Size classes, mm Distribution, %

Huebnerite Scheelite

Free grains | Splices grains | splices

OTO material in original size (- 5 +0 mm)

3+1 36,1 63,9 37,2 62,8

1+0,5 53,6 46,4 56,8 43,2

0,5+0,25 79,2 20,8 79,2 20,8

0,25+0,125 88,1 11,9 90,1 9,9

0,125+0,063 93,6 6,4 93,0 7,0

0,063+0 96,0 4,0 97,0 3,0

Amount 62.8 37.2 64.5 35.5

OTO material ground to - 0.5 +0 mm

0,5+0,25 71,5 28,5 67,1 32,9

0,25+0,125 75,3 24,7 77,9 22,1

0,125+0,063 89,8 10,2 86,1 13,9

0,063+0 90,4 9,6 99,3 6,7

Amount 80.1 19.9 78.5 21.5

It is concluded that it is necessary to classify deslimed mineral raw materials OTO by size of 0.1 mm and separate enrichment of the resulting classes. From the large class, it follows: 1) to separate free grains into a rough concentrate, 2) to subject the tailings containing intergrowths to regrinding, desliming, combining with the deslimed class -0.1 + 0 mm of the original mineral raw materials and gravity enrichment to extract fine grains of scheelite and pobnerite into a middling.

To assess the contrast of mineral raw materials OTO, a technological sample was used, which is a set of 385 individual samples. The results of fractionation of individual samples according to the content of WO3 and sulfide sulfur are shown in Fig.3,4.

0 S OS 0.2 "l M ol O 2 SS * _ " 8

S(kk|Jupytetr"oknsmm"fr**m.% Contain gulfkshoYa

Rice. Fig. 3 Conditional contrast curves of the initial Fig. 4 Conditional contrast curves of the initial

mineral raw materials OTO according to the content N / O) mineral raw materials OTO according to the content 8 (II)

It was found that the contrast ratios for the content of WO3 and S (II) are 0.44 and 0.48, respectively. Taking into account the classification of ores by contrast, the investigated mineral raw materials according to the content of WO3 and S (II) belong to the category of non-contrast ores. Radiometric enrichment is not

suitable for extracting tungsten from small-sized stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK.

The results of the correlation analysis, which revealed a mathematical relationship between the concentrations of \\O3 and S (II) (C3 = 0»0232+0.038C5(u) and r=0.827; the correlation is reliable and reliable), confirm the conclusions about the inexpediency of using radiometric separation.

The results of the analysis of the separation of OTO mineral grains in heavy liquids prepared on the basis of selenium bromide were used to calculate and plot gravity washability curves (Fig. 5), from the form of which, especially the curve, it follows that OTO of Dzhida VMK is suitable for any mineral gravitational enrichment method.

Taking into account the shortcomings in the use of gravitational enrichment curves, especially the curve for determining the metal content in the surfaced fractions with a given yield or recovery, generalized gravity enrichment curves were built (Fig. 6), the results of the analysis of which are given in Table. 2.

Table 2 - Forecast technological indicators of enrichment of different size classes of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK by the gravity method_

g Grade size, mm Maximum losses \Y with tailings, % Tailings yield, % XV content, %

in the tails in the end

3+1 0,0400 25 82,5 0,207 0,1

3+0,5 0,0400 25 84 0,19 0,18

3+0,25 0,0440 25 90 0,15 0,28

3+0,1 0,0416 25 84,5 0,07 0,175

3+0,044 0,0483 25 87 0,064 0,27

1+0,5 0,04 25 84,5 0,16 0,2

1+0,044 0,0500 25 87 0,038 0,29

0,5+0,25 0,05 25 92,5 0,04 0,45

0,5+0,044 0,0552 25 88 0,025 0,365

0,25+0,1 0,03 25 79 0,0108 0,1

0,25+0,044 0,0633 15 78 0,02 0,3

0,1+0,044 0,193 7 82,5 0,018 1,017

In terms of gravitational washability, classes -0.25+0.044 and -0.1+0.044 mm differ significantly from material of other sizes. The best technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of mineral raw materials are predicted for the size class -0.1+0.044 mm:

The results of electromagnetic fractionation of heavy fractions (HF), gravitational analysis using a universal Sochnev C-5 magnet and magnetic separation of HF showed that the total yield of strongly magnetic and non-magnetic fractions is 21.47% and the losses "in them are 4.5%. Minimum losses "with non-magnetic fraction and the maximum content" in the combined weakly magnetic product is predicted if the separation feed in a strong magnetic field has a particle size of -0.1 + 0 mm.

Rice. 5 Gravity washability curves for stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK

f) class -0.1+0.044 mm

Rice. 6 Generalized curves of gravitational washability of various size classes of mineral raw materials OTO

Development of a technological scheme for the enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VM K

The results of technological testing of various methods of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK are presented in Table. 3.

Table 3 - Results of testing gravity devices

Comparable technological indicators have been obtained for the extraction of WO3 into a rough concentrate during the enrichment of unclassified stale tailings both with screw separation and centrifugal separation. The minimum losses of WO3 with tailings were found during enrichment in a centrifugal concentrator of the -0.1+0 mm class.

In table. 4 shows the granulometric composition of the crude W-concentrate with a particle size of -0.1+0 mm.

Table 4 - Particle size distribution of crude W-concentrate

Size class, mm Yield of classes, % Content Distribution of AUOz

Absolute Relative, %

1+0,071 13,97 0,11 1,5345 2,046

0,071+0,044 33,64 0,13 4,332 5,831

0,044+0,020 29,26 2,14 62,6164 83,488

0,020+0 23,13 0,28 6,4764 8,635

Total 100.00 0.75 75.0005 100.0

In the concentrate, the main amount of WO3 is in the -0.044+0.020 mm class.

According to the data of mineralogical analysis, in comparison with the source material, the mass fraction of pobnerite (1.7%) and ore sulfide minerals, especially pyrite (16.33%), is higher in the concentrate. The content of rock-forming - 76.9%. The quality of the crude W-concentrate can be improved by successive application of magnetic and centrifugal separation.

The results of testing gravity apparatuses for extracting >UOz from the tailings of the primary gravitational enrichment of mineral raw materials OTO with a particle size of +0.1 mm (Table 5) proved that the most effective apparatus is the KKEL80N concentrator

Table 5 - Results of testing gravity apparatus

Product G,% ßwo>, % rßwo> st ">, %

screw separator

Concentrate 19.25 0.12 2.3345 29.55

Tailings 80.75 0.07 5.5656 70.45

Initial sample 100.00 0.079 7.9001 100.00

wing gateway

Concentrate 15.75 0.17 2.6750 33.90

Tailings 84.25 0.06 5.2880 66.10

Initial sample 100.00 0.08 7.9630 100.00

concentration table

Concentrate 23.73 0.15 3.56 44.50

Tailings 76.27 0.06 4.44 55.50

Initial sample 100.00 0.08 8.00 100.00

centrifugal concentrator KC-MD3

Concentrate 39.25 0.175 6.885 85.00

Tailings 60.75 0.020 1.215 15.00

Initial sample 100.00 0.081 8.100 100.00

When optimizing the technological scheme for the enrichment of mineral raw materials by the OTO of the Dzhida VMK, the following were taken into account: 1) technological schemes for the processing of finely disseminated wolframite ores of domestic and foreign enrichment plants; 2) technical characteristics of the modern equipment used and its dimensions; 3) the possibility of using the same equipment for the simultaneous implementation of two operations, for example, the separation of minerals by size and dehydration; 4) economic costs for hardware design of the technological scheme; 5) the results presented in Chapter 2; 6) GOST requirements for the quality of tungsten concentrates.

During semi-industrial testing of the developed technology (Fig. 7-8 and Table 6), 15 tons of initial mineral raw materials were processed in 24 hours.

The results of a spectral analysis of a representative sample of the obtained concentrate confirm that the W-concentrate of the III magnetic separation is conditioned and corresponds to the grade KVG (T) GOST 213-73.

Fig.8 The results of technological testing of the scheme for finishing rough concentrates and middlings from stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK

Table 6 - Results of testing the technological scheme

Product u

Conditioning concentrate 0.14 62.700 8.778 49.875

Dump tailings 99.86 0.088 8.822 50.125

Source ore 100.00 0.176 17.600 100.000

CONCLUSION

The paper gives a solution to an urgent scientific and production problem: scientifically substantiated, developed and, to a certain extent, implemented effective technological methods for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK ore concentration.

The main results of the research, development and their practical implementation are as follows

The main useful component is tungsten, according to the content of which stale tailings are a non-contrast ore, it is represented mainly by hubnerite, which determines the technological properties of technogenic raw materials. Tungsten is unevenly distributed over size classes and its main amount is concentrated in size

It has been proved that the only effective method of enrichment of W-containing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK is gravity. Based on the analysis of the generalized curves of the gravitational concentration of stale W-containing tailings, it has been established that dump tailings with minimal losses of tungsten are a hallmark of the enrichment of technogenic raw materials with a particle size of -0.1 + Omm. New patterns of separation processes have been established that determine the technological parameters of gravity enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK with a fineness of +0.1 mm.

It has been proved that among the gravity apparatuses used in the mining industry in the enrichment of W-containing ores, for the maximum extraction of tungsten from technogenic raw materials of the Dzhida VMK into rough W-concentrates, a screw separator and a KKEb80N tailings of primary enrichment of technogenic W-containing raw materials in size - 0.1 mm.

3. The optimized technological scheme for the extraction of tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK ore concentration made it possible to obtain a conditioned W-concentrate, solve the problem of depletion of the mineral resources of the Dzhida VMK and reduce the negative impact of the enterprise's production activities on the environment.

Preferred use of gravity equipment. During semi-industrial tests of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK, a conditioned "-concentrate with a content of" 03 62.7% was obtained with an extraction of 49.9%. The payback period for the enrichment plant for processing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK for the purpose of extracting tungsten was 0.55 years.

The main provisions of the dissertation work are published in the following works:

1. Fedotov K.V., Artemova O.S., Polinskina I.V. Assessment of the possibility of processing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK, Ore dressing: Sat. scientific works. - Irkutsk: Publishing house of ISTU, 2002. - 204 p., S. 74-78.

2. Fedotov K.V., Senchenko A.E., Artemova O.S., Polinkina I.V. The use of a centrifugal separator with continuous discharge of concentrate for the extraction of tungsten and gold from the tailings of the Dzhida VMK, Environmental problems and new technologies for the complex processing of mineral raw materials: Proceedings of the International Conference "Plaksinsky Readings - 2002". - M.: P99, Publishing House of the PCC "Altex", 2002 - 130 p., P. 96-97.

3. Zelinskaya E.V., Artemova O.S. The possibility of adjusting the selectivity of the action of the collector during the flotation of tungsten-containing ores from stale tailings, Directed changes in the physico-chemical properties of minerals in the processes of mineral processing (Plaksin Readings), materials of the international meeting. - M.: Alteks, 2003. -145 s, p.67-68.

4. Fedotov K.V., Artemova O.S. Problems of processing stale tungsten-containing products Modern methods of processing mineral raw materials: Conference proceedings. Irkutsk: Irk. State. Those. University, 2004 - 86 p.

5. Artemova O. S., Gaiduk A. A. Extraction of tungsten from stale tailings of the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant. Prospects for the development of technology, ecology and automation of chemical, food and metallurgical industries: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference. - Irkutsk: Publishing house of ISTU. - 2004 - 100 p.

6. Artemova O.S. Assessment of the uneven distribution of tungsten in the Dzhida tailing. Modern methods for assessing the technological properties of mineral raw materials of precious metals and diamonds and progressive technologies for their processing (Plaksin readings): Proceedings of the international meeting. Irkutsk, September 13-17, 2004 - M.: Alteks, 2004. - 232 p.

7. Artemova O.S., Fedotov K.V., Belkova O.N. Prospects for the use of the technogenic deposit of the Dzhida VMK. All-Russian scientific and practical conference "New technologies in metallurgy, chemistry, enrichment and ecology", St. Petersburg, 2004

Signed for printing 12. H 2004. Format 60x84 1/16. Printing paper. Offset printing. Conv. oven l. Uch.-ed.l. 125. Circulation 400 copies. Law 460.

ID No. 06506 dated December 26, 2001 Irkutsk State Technical University 664074, Irkutsk, st. Lermontova, 83

RNB Russian Fund

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF MAN-MADE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS

1.1. Mineral resources of the ore industry in the Russian Federation and the tungsten sub-industry

1.2. Technogenic mineral formations. Classification. The need to use

1.3. Technogenic mineral formation of the Dzhida VMK

1.4. Goals and objectives of the study. Research methods. Provisions for defense

2. INVESTIGATION OF THE MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OLD TAILINGS OF THE DZHIDA VMK

2.1. Geological sampling and evaluation of tungsten distribution

2.2. The material composition of mineral raw materials

2.3. Technological properties of mineral raw materials

2.3.1. Grading

2.3.2. Study of the possibility of radiometric separation of mineral raw materials in the initial size

2.3.3. Gravity Analysis

2.3.4. Magnetic analysis

3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME FOR THE EXTRACTION OF TUNGSTEN FROM THE OLD TAILINGS OF THE DZHIDA VMK

3.1. Technological testing of different gravity devices during the enrichment of stale tailings of various sizes

3.2. Optimization of the GR processing scheme

3.3. Semi-industrial testing of the developed technological scheme for the enrichment of general relativity and industrial plant

Introduction Dissertation in earth sciences, on the topic "Development of technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK"

Mineral enrichment sciences are primarily aimed at developing the theoretical foundations of mineral separation processes and creating enrichment apparatuses, at revealing the relationship between the distribution patterns of components and separation conditions in enrichment products in order to increase the selectivity and speed of separation, its efficiency and economy, and environmental safety.

Despite significant mineral reserves and a reduction in resource consumption in recent years, the depletion of mineral resources is one of the most important problems in Russia. Weak use of resource-saving technologies contributes to large losses of minerals during the extraction and enrichment of raw materials.

An analysis of the development of equipment and technology for mineral processing over the past 10-15 years indicates significant achievements of domestic fundamental science in the field of understanding the main phenomena and patterns in the separation of mineral complexes, which makes it possible to create highly efficient processes and technologies for the primary processing of ores of complex material composition and, as consequently, to provide the metallurgical industry with the necessary range and quality of concentrates. At the same time, in our country, in comparison with developed foreign countries, there is still a significant lag in the development of the machine-building base for the production of main and auxiliary enrichment equipment, in its quality, metal consumption, energy intensity and wear resistance.

In addition, due to the departmental affiliation of mining and processing enterprises, complex raw materials were processed only taking into account the necessary needs of the industry for a particular metal, which led to the irrational use of natural mineral resources and an increase in the cost of waste storage. Currently, more than 12 billion tons of waste have been accumulated, the content of valuable components in which in some cases exceeds their content in natural deposits.

In addition to the above negative trends, starting from the 90s, the environmental situation at mining and processing enterprises has sharply worsened (in a number of regions threatening the existence of not only biota, but also humans), there has been a progressive decline in the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, mining and chemical raw materials, deterioration in the quality of processed ores and, as a result, the involvement in processing of refractory ores of complex material composition, characterized by a low content of valuable components, fine dissemination and similar technological properties of minerals. Thus, over the past 20 years, the content of non-ferrous metals in ores has decreased by 1.3-1.5 times, iron by 1.25 times, gold by 1.2 times, the share of refractory ores and coal has increased from 15% to 40% of the total mass of raw materials supplied for enrichment.

Human impact on the natural environment in the process of economic activity is now becoming global. In terms of the scale of extracted and transported rocks, the transformation of the relief, the impact on the redistribution and dynamics of surface and groundwater, the activation of geochemical transport, etc. this activity is comparable to geological processes.

The unprecedented scale of recoverable mineral resources leads to their rapid depletion, the accumulation of a large amount of waste on the Earth's surface, in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, the gradual degradation of natural landscapes, the reduction of biodiversity, the decrease in the natural potential of territories and their life-supporting functions.

Waste storage facilities for ore processing are objects of increased environmental hazard due to their negative impact on the air basin, underground and surface waters, and soil cover over vast areas. Along with this, tailings are poorly explored man-made deposits, the use of which will make it possible to obtain additional sources of ore and mineral raw materials with a significant reduction in the scale of disturbance of the geological environment in the region.

The production of products from technogenic deposits, as a rule, is several times cheaper than from raw materials specially mined for this purpose, and is characterized by a quick return on investment. However, the complex chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition of tailings, as well as a wide range of minerals contained in them (from the main and associated components to the simplest building materials) make it difficult to calculate the total economic effect of their processing and determine an individual approach to assessing each tailing.

Consequently, at the moment a number of insoluble contradictions have emerged between the change in the nature of the mineral resource base, i.e. the need to involve in the processing of refractory ores and man-made deposits, the environmentally aggravated situation in the mining regions and the state of technology, technology and organization of the primary processing of mineral raw materials.

The issues of using wastes from the enrichment of polymetallic, gold-bearing and rare metals have both economic and environmental aspects.

V.A. Chanturia, V.Z. Kozin, V.M. Avdokhin, S.B. Leonov, JI.A. Barsky, A.A. Abramov, V.I. Karmazin, S.I. Mitrofanov and others.

An important part of the overall strategy of the mining industry, incl. tungsten, is the growth in the use of ore processing waste as additional sources of ore and mineral raw materials, with a significant reduction in the extent of disturbance of the geological environment in the region and the negative impact on all components of the environment.

In the field of using ore processing waste, the most important is a detailed mineralogical and technological study of each specific, individual technogenic deposit, the results of which will allow the development of an effective and environmentally friendly technology for the industrial development of an additional source of ore and mineral raw materials.

The problems considered in the dissertation work were solved in accordance with the scientific direction of the Department of Mineral Processing and Engineering Ecology of the Irkutsk State Technical University on the topic “Fundamental and technological research in the field of processing of mineral and technogenic raw materials for the purpose of its integrated use, taking into account environmental problems in complex industrial systems ” and the film theme No. 118 “Research on the washability of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK”.

The purpose of the work is to scientifically substantiate, develop and test rational technological methods for the enrichment of stale tungsten-containing tailings of the Dzhida VMK.

The following tasks were solved in the work:

Assess the distribution of tungsten throughout the space of the main technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMK;

To study the material composition of the stale tailings of the Dzhizhinsky VMK;

Investigate the contrast of stale tailings in the original size by the content of W and S (II); to investigate the gravitational washability of the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK in various sizes;

Determine the feasibility of using magnetic enrichment to improve the quality of crude tungsten-containing concentrates;

Optimize the technological scheme for the enrichment of technogenic raw materials from the OTO of the Dzhida VMK; to conduct semi-industrial tests of the developed scheme for extracting W from stale tailings of the FESCO;

To develop a scheme of a chain of apparatus for the industrial processing of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK.

To perform the research, a representative technological sample of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK was used.

When solving the formulated problems, the following research methods were used: spectral, optical, chemical, mineralogical, phase, gravitational and magnetic methods for analyzing the material composition and technological properties of the initial mineral raw materials and enrichment products.

The following main scientific provisions are submitted for defense: Regularities of distribution of the initial technogenic mineral raw materials and tungsten by size classes are established. The necessity of primary (preliminary) classification by size 3 mm is proved.

Quantitative characteristics of stale tailings of ore-dressing of ores of the Dzhida VMK have been established in terms of the content of WO3 and sulfide sulfur. It is proved that the original mineral raw materials belong to the category of non-contrast ores. A significant and reliable correlation between the contents of WO3 and S (II) was revealed.

Quantitative patterns of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK have been established. It has been proven that for the source material of any size, an effective method for extracting W is gravity enrichment. The predictive technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of the initial mineral raw materials in various sizes are determined.

Quantitative regularities in the distribution of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK ore concentration by fractions of different specific magnetic susceptibility have been established. The successive use of magnetic and centrifugal separation has been proven to improve the quality of crude W-containing products. Technological modes of magnetic separation have been optimized.

Conclusion Dissertation on the topic "Enrichment of minerals", Artemova, Olesya Stanislavovna

The main results of the research, development and their practical implementation are as follows:

1. An analysis of the current situation in the Russian Federation with the mineral resources of the ore industry, in particular, the tungsten industry, was carried out. On the example of the Dzhida VMK, it is shown that the problem of involving in the processing of stale ore tailings is relevant, having technological, economic and environmental significance.

2. The material composition and technological properties of the main W-bearing technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMK have been established.

It has been proved that the only effective method of enrichment of W-containing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK is gravity. Based on the analysis of the generalized curves of the gravitational concentration of stale W-containing tailings, it has been established that dump tailings with minimal losses of tungsten are a hallmark of the enrichment of technogenic raw materials with a particle size of -0.1 + 0 mm. New patterns of separation processes have been established that determine the technological parameters of gravity enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK with a fineness of +0.1 mm.

It has been proved that among the gravity devices used in the mining industry in the enrichment of W-containing ores, a screw separator and a KNELSON centrifugal concentrator are suitable for maximum extraction of tungsten from technogenic raw materials of the Dzhida VMK into rough W-concentrates. The effectiveness of the use of the KNELSON concentrator has also been confirmed for the additional extraction of tungsten from the tailings of the primary enrichment of technogenic W-containing raw materials with a particle size of 0.1 mm.

3. The optimized technological scheme for the extraction of tungsten from stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK ore enrichment made it possible to obtain a conditioned W-concentrate, solve the problem of depletion of mineral resources of the Dzhida VMK and reduce the negative impact of the enterprise's production activities on the environment.

The essential features of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK are:

Narrow classification by feed size of primary processing operations;

Preferred use of gravity equipment.

During semi-industrial testing of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK, a conditioned W-concentrate with a WO3 content of 62.7% was obtained with an extraction of 49.9%. The payback period for the enrichment plant for processing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMK for the purpose of extracting tungsten was 0.55 years.

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