What is the highest peak of the Ural Mountains? What is the highest peak of the Ural Mountains

For those who like to travel around the world, as well as across the vast Russian expanses, I would like to tell you about most high mountain Ural c, it would seem, with a simple name Folk. Why would it seem? Yes, because disputes about how to properly emphasize in its name folk or folk are still ongoing. The discoverer of the peak himself kindly kept silent about why he called it that. Although a little to the side runs, winding, the River of the People.

Situated the highest peak of the Urals at the turn of the KhMAO and the Komi Republic, in the Subpolar Urals, its height above sea level is 1895 meters. This peak was opened to the world by an expedition led by A.N. Aleshkova. It was a complex expedition equipped and sent to explore the Urals in 1927. I must say that Mount Narodnaya is not as beautiful as the one towering nearby Mount Manaraga, and it does not differ much from other peaks, except for its height. However, she is...

Even here, however, there were some surprises. The fact is that the terrain here is such that it is impossible to easily determine the height of the mountains. Therefore, for a long time it was considered the highest mountain of the Urals. vertex Manaragi, at least that's what it looked like visually. And only with the development of technology it became possible to measure the height of the peaks and it was possible to establish that Mount Narodnaya is more than two hundred meters higher than Monarga. In this area, as in principle, on all the subpolar Ural mountains, there are glaciers.

Speaking of climate, Narodnaya district, then he is quite severe here. It is characterized by very cold long winters and short cold summers. in winter average temperature in this region it is kept at -19 degrees, while strong winds and snow storms are very frequent here. And in the summer here the average temperature does not rise above 12 degrees. Therefore, tourists wishing to visit this area should take into account its rather cool climate.

Also, travelers should be aware that for a more comfortable climb Peak Narodnaya, it is better to use the western slope, it is more gentle, but you should not be too self-confident and conquer the summit on your own. It would be better if you resort to the services of conductors.

"The stone belt of the Russian Land" - this is how the Ural Mountains were called in the old days. Indeed, they seem to gird Russia, separating the European part from the Asian. Mountain ranges stretching for more than 2000 kilometers do not end on the coast of the Northern Arctic Ocean. They just submerge into the water for a short time, in order to “emerge” later - first on the island of Vaygach. And then on the archipelago New Earth. Thus, the Ural stretches to the pole for another 800 kilometers.

The "stone belt" of the Urals is relatively narrow: it does not exceed 200 kilometers, narrowing in places to 50 kilometers or less. These are ancient mountains that arose several hundred million years ago, when fragments of the earth's crust were soldered together with a long uneven "seam". Since then, although the ridges have been renewed by ascending movements, they have been more destroyed. The highest point of the Urals is Mount Narodnaya - it rises only 1895 meters. Peaks over 1000 meters are excluded even in the most elevated parts.

Very diverse in height, relief and landscapes, the Ural Mountains are usually divided into several parts. The northernmost, wedged into the waters of the Arctic Ocean, is the Pai-Khoi ridge, low (300-500 meters) ridges of which are partially submerged in glacial and marine sediments of the surrounding plains.

The Polar Urals are noticeably higher (up to 1300 meters or more). In its relief there are traces of ancient glacial activity: narrow ridges with sharp peaks (carlings); between them lie wide deep valleys (troughs), including through ones. According to one of them, the Polar Urals is crossed by a railway going to the city of Labytnangi (on the Ob). In the Subpolar Urals, which is very similar in appearance, the mountains reach their maximum heights.

In the Northern Urals, separate massifs - "stones" stand out, noticeably rising above the surrounding low mountains - Denezhkin Kamen (1492 meters), Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 meters). Longitudinal ridges and depressions separating them are clearly expressed here. The rivers are forced to follow them for a long time before they gain strength to escape from the mountainous country along a narrow gorge. The peaks, unlike the polar ones, are rounded or flat, decorated with steps - upland terraces. Both peaks and slopes are covered with collapses of large boulders; in some places, remnants in the form of truncated pyramids (locally tumpy) rise above them.

In the north, you can meet the inhabitants of the tundra - reindeer in the forests are found bears, wolves, foxes, sables, ermines, lynxes, as well as ungulates (moose, deer, etc.).

Random photos of mountains

Scientists are not always able to establish when people settled in a particular area. Ural is one such example. Traces of the activities of people who lived here 25-40 thousand years ago are preserved only in deep caves. Found several parking lots ancient man. The northern ("Basic") was 175 kilometers from the Arctic Circle.

Middle Ural mountains can be attributed with a high degree of conventionality: in this place of the "belt" a noticeable dip formed. There are only a few isolated gentle hills no higher than 800 meters. The plateaus of the Cis-Urals, belonging to the Russian Plain, freely "overflow" through the main watershed and pass into the Trans-Ural Plateau - already within Western Siberia.

In the Southern Urals, which has a mountainous appearance, parallel ridges reach their maximum width. Peaks rarely overcome the thousand-meter barrier (the highest point is Mount Yamantau - 1640 meters); their outlines are soft, the slopes are gentle.

Random photos of mountains

The mountains of the Southern Urals, largely composed of easily soluble rocks, have a karst relief form - blind valleys, funnels, caves and failures formed during the destruction of arches.

The nature of the Southern Urals differs sharply from the nature of the Northern Urals. In summer, in the dry steppes of the Mugodzhary ridge, the earth warms up to 30-40`C. Even a weak wind raises whirlwinds of dust. The Ural River flows at the foot of the mountains along a long depression of the meridional direction. The valley of this river is almost treeless, the current is calm, although there are also rapids.

Ground squirrels, shrews, snakes and lizards are found in the Southern steppes. Rodents (hamsters, field mice) spread on the plowed lands.

Random photos of mountains

The landscapes of the Urals are diverse, because the chain crosses as far as natural areas- from the tundra to the steppes. Altitudinal belts are weakly expressed; only the largest peaks are noticeably different in their bareness from the foothills overgrown with forests. Rather, you can catch the difference between the slopes. Western, still "European", are relatively warm and humid. Oaks, maples and other broad-leaved trees grow on them, which no longer penetrate the eastern slopes: Siberian, North Asian landscapes dominate here.

Nature, as it were, confirms the decision of man to draw a border between parts of the world along the Urals.

In the foothills and mountains of the Urals, the subsoil is full of untold riches: copper, iron, nickel, gold, diamonds, platinum, precious stones and gems, coal and rock salt... This is one of the few areas on the planet where mining originated five thousand years ago and will continue to exist for a very long time.

GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF THE URALS

The Ural Mountains formed in the region of the Hercynian folding. They are separated from the Russian Platform by the Cis-Ural marginal foredeep, filled with Paleogene sedimentary strata: clays, sands, gypsum, limestones.

The oldest rocks of the Urals - Archean and Proterozoic crystalline schists and quartzites - make up its water-spreading ridge.

To the west of it are Paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks crumpled into folds: sandstones, shales, limestones and marbles.

In the eastern part of the Urals, among the Paleozoic sedimentary strata, igneous rocks of various compositions are widespread. This is the reason for the exceptional wealth of the eastern slope of the Urals and the Trans-Urals with a variety of ore minerals, precious and semi-precious stones.

CLIMATE OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS

The Ural lies in the depths. mainland far from the Atlantic Ocean. This determines the continentality of its climate. Climatic heterogeneity within the Urals is associated primarily with its large extent from north to south, from the shores of the Barents and Kara Seas to the dry steppes of Kazakhstan. As a result, the northern and southern regions of the Urals find themselves in unequal radiation and circulation conditions and fall into different climatic zones - subarctic (up to the polar slope) and temperate (the rest of the territory).

The belt of mountains is narrow, the heights of the ridges are relatively small, so there is no special mountain climate in the Urals. However, meridionally elongated mountains have a rather significant effect on circulation processes, playing the role of a barrier to the prevailing western transport of air masses. Therefore, although the climates of neighboring plains are repeated in the mountains, but in a slightly modified form. In particular, at any crossing of the Urals in the mountains, a climate of more northern regions is observed than on the adjacent plains of the foothills, i.e. climatic zones in the mountains, shifted to the south compared to the neighboring plains. Thus, within the Ural mountainous country, the change in climatic conditions is subject to the law latitudinal zonality and only somewhat complicated by altitudinal zonality. There is a change in climate from tundra to steppe.

Being an obstacle to the movement of air masses from west to east, the Urals is an example of a physiographic country where the effect of orography on climate is quite clearly manifested. This effect is primarily manifested in better moistening of the western slope, which is the first to encounter cyclones, and the Cis-Urals. At all crossings of the Urals, the amount of precipitation on the western slopes is 150 - 200 mm more than on the eastern ones.

The greatest amount of precipitation (over 1000 mm) falls on the western slopes of the Polar, Subpolar and partially Northern Urals. This is due to both the height of the mountains and their position on the main paths of the Atlantic cyclones. To the south, the amount of precipitation gradually decreases to 600 - 700 mm, again increasing to 850 mm in the most highly elevated part of the Southern Urals. In the southern and southeastern parts of the Urals, as well as in far north the annual amount of precipitation is less than 500 - 450 mm. The maximum precipitation occurs during the warm period.

In winter, in the Urals, it is installed snow cover. Its thickness in the Cis-Urals is 70 - 90 cm. In the mountains, the snow thickness increases with height, reaching 1.5 - 2 m on the western slopes of the Subpolar and Northern Urals. Snow is especially plentiful in the upper part of the forest belt. There is much less snow in the Trans-Urals. In the southern part of the Trans-Urals, its thickness does not exceed 30–40 cm.

In general, within the Ural mountain country, the climate varies from severe and cold in the north to continental and rather dry in the south. There are noticeable differences in the climate of mountainous regions, western and eastern foothills. The climate of the Cis-Urals and the western slopes of rop is close in a number of ways to the climate of the eastern regions of the Russian Plain, and the climate of the eastern slopes of rop and the Trans-Urals is close to continental climate Western Siberia.

The rugged relief of the mountains causes a significant variety of their local climates. Here there is a change in temperature with height, although not as significant as in the Caucasus. AT summer time temperatures go down. For example, in the foothills of the Subpolar Urals, the average July temperature is 12 C, and at altitudes of 1600 - 1800 m - only 3 - 4 "C. cold air and temperature inversions are observed. As a result, the degree of climate continentality in the basins is much higher than on the mountain ranges. Therefore, mountains of unequal height, slopes of different wind and solar exposure, mountain ranges and intermountain basins differ from each other in their climatic features.

Climatic features and orographic conditions contribute to the development in the Polar and Subpolar Urals, between 68 and 64 N, small forms of modern glaciation. There are 143 glaciers here, and their total area is just over 28 km2, which indicates a very small size of glaciers. Not without reason, when speaking about the modern glaciation of the Urals, the word "glaciers" is usually used. Their main types are steam (2/3 of the total number) and leaning (sloping). There are kirov-hanging and kirov-valley. The largest of them are the IGAN glaciers (area 1.25 km2, length 1.8 km) and MGU (area 1.16 km2, length 2.2 km).

The area of ​​distribution of modern glaciation is the highest part of the Urals with a wide development of ancient glacial cirques and cirques, with the presence of trough valleys and peaked peaks. Relative heights reach 800 - 1000 m. The Alpine type of relief is most characteristic of the ridges lying to the west of the watershed, but the cirques and cirques are located mainly on the eastern slopes of these ridges. On the same ridges falls and the largest number precipitation, but due to blizzard transport and avalanche snow coming from steep slopes, snow accumulates in negative forms of lee slopes, providing food for modern glaciers that exist due to this at altitudes of 800 - 1200 m, i.e. below the climatic limit.

WATER RESOURCES

The rivers of the Urals belong to the basins of the Pechora, Volga, Ural and Ob, i.e., respectively, the Barents, Caspian and Kara seas. The amount of river runoff in the Urals is much greater than in the adjacent Russian and West Siberian Plains. The mountainous relief, increased precipitation, lower temperatures in the mountains favor an increase in runoff, so most of the rivers and rivers of the Urals are born in the mountains and flow down their slopes to the west and east, to the plains of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. In the north, the mountains are the watershed between river systems Pechora and Ob, to the south - between the basins of the Tobol, which also belongs to the Ob and Kama systems - the largest tributary of the Volga. The extreme south of the territory belongs to the Ural River basin, and the watershed shifts to the plains of the Trans-Urals.

The rivers are fed by snow (up to 70% of the flow), rain (20 - 30%) and groundwater (usually no more than 20%). Significantly increased (up to 40%) participation groundwater in feeding rivers in karst regions. An important feature most of the rivers of the Urals is a relatively small variability of runoff from year to year. The ratio of the runoff of the most abundant year to the runoff of the least water usually ranges from 1.5 to 3.

Lakes in the Urals are very unevenly distributed. Their greatest number is concentrated in the eastern foothills of the Middle and Southern Urals, where tectonic lakes predominate, in the mountains of the Subpolar and Polar Urals, where tarns are numerous. On the Trans-Ural plateau, suffusion-subsidence lakes are common, and in the Cis-Urals there are karst lakes. In total, there are more than 6000 lakes in the Urals, each with an area of ​​​​more than 1 ra, their total area is over 2000 km2. Small lakes predominate, there are relatively few large lakes. Only some lakes in the eastern foothills have an area measured in tens of square kilometers: Argazi (101 km2), Uvildy (71 km2), Irtyash (70 km2), Turgoyak (27 km2), etc. In total, more than 60 large lakes are concentrated in the Iset river basin with total area about 800 km2. All large lakes are of tectonic origin.

The most extensive lakes in terms of the water surface are Uvildy, Irtyash.

The deepest are Uvildy, Kisegach, Turgoyak.

The most capacious are Uvildy and Turgoyak.

The cleanest water is in the lakes Turgoyak, Zyuratkul, Uvildy (a white disk is visible at a depth of 19.5 m).

In addition to natural reservoirs, there are several thousand reservoir ponds in the Urals, including more than 200 factory ponds, some of which have been preserved since Peter the Great.

great value water resources rivers and lakes of the Urals, primarily as a source of industrial and domestic water supply for numerous cities. A lot of water is consumed by the Ural industry, especially metallurgical and chemical industries, therefore, despite the seemingly sufficient amount of water, there is not enough water in the Urals. A particularly acute shortage of water is observed in the eastern foothills of the Middle and Southern Urals, where the water content of the rivers flowing down from the mountains is low.

Most of the rivers of the Urals are suitable for timber rafting, but very few are used for navigation. Partially navigable are Belaya, Ufa, Vishera, Tobol, and in high water - Tavda with Sosva and Lozva and Tura. The Ural rivers are of interest as a source of hydropower for the construction of small hydropower plants on mountain rivers, but so far they are little used. Rivers and lakes are wonderful places for recreation.

MINERALS OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS

Among the natural resources of the Urals, a prominent role belongs, of course, to the wealth of its bowels. Among the minerals, deposits of ore raw materials are of the greatest importance, however, many of them have been discovered for a long time and have been exploited for a long time, therefore they are largely depleted.

Ural ores are often complex. AT iron ores there are impurities of titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium; in copper - zinc, gold, silver. Most of the ore deposits are located on the eastern slope and in the Trans-Urals, where igneous rocks abound.

The Urals are primarily vast iron ore and copper provinces. More than a hundred deposits are known here: iron ore (Vysokoy, Blagodat, Magnitnaya mountains; Bakalskoye, Zigazinskoye, Avzyanskoye, Alapaevskoye, etc.) and titanium-magnetite (Kusinskoye, Pervouralskoye, Kachkanarskoye). There are numerous deposits of copper-pyrite and copper-zinc ores (Karabashskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye, Uchalinskoye, Blyava, etc.). Among other non-ferrous and rare metals, there are large deposits of chromium (Saranovskoye, Kempirsayskoye), nickel and cobalt (Verkhneufaleyskoye, Orsko-Khalilovskoye), bauxite (the Krasnaya Shapochka group of deposits), Polunochnoye deposit of manganese ores, etc.

Placer and primary deposits of precious metals are very numerous here: gold (Berezovskoye, Nevyanskoye, Kochkarskoye, etc.), platinum (Nizhniy Tagilskoye, Sysertskoye, Zaozernoye, etc.), silver. Gold deposits in the Urals have been developed since the 18th century.

Of the non-metallic minerals of the Urals, deposits of potassium, magnesium and table salts (Verkhnekamskoye, Solikamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye), coal (Vorkuta, Kizelovsky, Chelyabinsk, South Ural basins), oil (Ishimbayskoye) stand out. Deposits of asbestos, talc, magnesite, diamond placers are also known here. In the trough on the western slope Ural mountains concentrated minerals of sedimentary origin - oil (Bashkortostan, Perm region), natural gas(Orenburg region).

Mining is accompanied by fragmentation of rocks and pollution of the atmosphere. The rocks extracted from the depths, getting into the zone of oxidation, enter into various chemical reactions with atmospheric air and water. The products of chemical reactions enter the atmosphere and water bodies, polluting them. Your contribution to pollution atmospheric air and reservoirs contribute ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and other industries, so the state of the environment in the industrial regions of the Urals is of concern. The Urals is the undoubted "leader" among the regions of Russia in terms of environmental pollution.

GEMS

The term "gems" can be used extremely broadly, but specialists prefer a clear classification. The science of precious stones divides them into two types: organic and inorganic origin.

Organic: stones are created by animals or plants, for example, amber is a petrified tree resin and pearls mature in mollusk shells. Other examples include coral, jet and tortoiseshell. Bones and teeth of terrestrial and marine animals were processed and used as material for making brooches, necklaces and figurines.

Inorganic: Hard, naturally occurring minerals with a consistent chemical structure. Most gemstones are inorganic, but of the thousands of minerals extracted from the bowels of our planet, only about twenty are awarded the high title of "gem" - for their rarity, beauty, durability and strength.

Most gemstones are found in nature in the form of crystals or their fragments. To get to know the crystals better, just sprinkle a little salt or sugar on a piece of paper and look at them through a magnifying glass. Each grain of salt will look like a small cube, and a grain of sugar will look like a miniature tablet with sharp edges. If the crystals are perfect, all their faces are flat and sparkle with reflected light. These are typical crystalline forms of these substances, and salt is indeed a mineral, and sugar refers to substances of plant origin.

Facets of crystals form almost all minerals, if in nature they had the opportunity to grow in favorable conditions, and in many cases, acquiring precious stones in the form of raw materials, you can see these facets in part or in full. The edges of crystals are not a random game of nature. They appear only when the internal arrangement of atoms has a certain order, and give more information about the geometry of this arrangement.

Differences in the arrangement of atoms within crystals cause many differences in their properties, including such as color, hardness, ease of splitting and others, which the amateur must take into account when working stones.

According to the classification of A. E. Fersman and M. Bauer, groups of precious stones are divided into orders or classes (I, II, III) depending on the relative value of the stones combined in them.

Gemstones of the 1st order: diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, alexandrite, chrysoberyl, noble spinel, euclase. They also include pearls - a precious stone of organic origin. Pure, transparent, even dense tone stones are highly valued. Poorly colored, cloudy, with cracks and other imperfections, stones of this order can be valued lower than gems of the II order.

Gems of the II order: topaz, beryl (aquamarine, sparrowite, heliodor), pink tourmaline (rubellite), phenakite, demantoid (Ural chrysolite), amethyst, almandine, pyrope, uvarovite, chromium diopside, zircon (hyacinth, yellow and green zircon), noble opal. With exceptional beauty of tone, transparency and size, the listed stones are sometimes valued along with precious stones of the 1st order.

Gems of the III order: turquoise, green and polychrome tourmalines, cordierite, spodumene (kunzite), dioptase, epidote, rock crystal, smoky quartz (rauchtopaz), light amethyst, carnelian, heliotrope, chrysoprase, semi-opal, agate, feldspars (sun stone , moonstone), sodalite, prehnite, andalusite, diopside, hematite (bloodstone), pyrite, rutile, amber, jet. Only rare species and specimens are of high value. Many of them are so-called semi-precious in terms of application and value.

The Urals have long amazed researchers with an abundance of minerals and its main wealth - minerals. What is there in the underground pantries of the Urals! Extraordinarily large hexagonal crystals of rock crystal, amazing amethysts, rubies, sapphires, topazes, wonderful jaspers, red tourmaline, the beauty and pride of the Urals is a green emerald, which is valued several times more expensive than gold.

The most "mineral" place in the region is Ilmeny, where more than 260 minerals and 70 rocks. About 20 minerals were discovered here for the first time in the world. The Ilmensky mountains are a real mineralogical museum. There are such precious stones as: sapphire, ruby, diamond, etc., semi-precious stones: amazonite, hyacinth, amethyst, opal, topaz, granite, malachite, corundum, jasper, sun, moon and Arabic stone, rock crystal, etc. .d.

Rock crystal, colorless, transparent, usually chemically pure, almost without impurities, a kind of low-temperature modification of quartz - SiO2, crystallizing in a trigonal system with a hardness of 7 and a density of 2.65 g / cm3. The word "crystal" itself comes from the Greek word "crystalloss", which means "ice". Scientists of antiquity, starting with Aristotle and including the famous Pliny, were convinced that "in the fierce Alpine winter, ice turns into stone. The sun is not able to melt such a stone later ...". And not only the appearance, but also the ability to always remain cool contributed to the fact that this opinion lasted in science until the end of the 18th century, when the physicist Robert Boyle proved that ice and crystal are completely different substances by measuring the specific gravity of both. Internal structure ROCK CRYSTAL is often complicated by twin intergrowths, which significantly impair its piezoelectric uniformity. Large pure single crystals are rare, mainly in the voids and cracks of metamorphic shales, in the voids of hydrothermal veins. various types, as well as in chamber pegmatites. Homogeneous transparent single crystals are the most valuable technical raw material for optical instruments(spectrograph prisms, lenses for ultraviolet optics, etc.) and piezoelectric products in electrical and radio engineering.

Rock crystal is also used for the manufacture of quartz glass (raw materials of lower grades), in artistic stone-cutting art and for jewelry. Rock crystal deposits in Russia are concentrated mainly in the Urals. The name emerald comes from the Greek smaragdos or green stone. AT ancient Russia known as smaragd. The emerald occupies a privileged place among precious stones, it has been known since ancient times and has been used both as an adornment and in religious ceremonies.

Emerald is a variety of beryl, a silicate of aluminum and beryllium. Emerald crystals belong to the hexagonal syngony. His in green the emerald is obliged to chromium ions, which replaced part of the aluminum ions in the crystal lattice. This gemstone is rarely found in flawless crystals, as a rule, emerald crystals are badly damaged. Known and valued since antiquity, it is used for inserts into the most expensive jewelry, usually processed with a step cut, one of the varieties of which is called emerald.

Quite a few very large emeralds are known that have received individual names and have been preserved in their original form, although the largest known weighing 28200 g, or 141,000 carats, found in Brazil in 1974, as well as found in South Africa weighing 4800 g "or 24,000 carats, were sawn and faceted for jewelry inserts.

In ancient times, emeralds were mined mainly in Egypt, in the mines of Cleopatra. Precious stones from this mine settled in the treasuries of the richest rulers of the ancient world. Emeralds are believed to have been adored by the Queen of Sheba. There is also a legend that the emperor Nero watched the battles of gladiators through emerald lenses.

Emeralds of much better quality than stones from Egypt have been found in dark mica schists, along with other beryllium minerals - chrysoberyl and phenakite, on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains near the Tokovaya River, about 80 km east of Yekaterinburg. The deposit was accidentally found by a peasant in 1830, noticing several green stones among the roots of a fallen tree. Emerald is one of the stones associated with the Supreme Spirit. It is believed that it brings happiness only to a pure, but illiterate person. The ancient Arabs believed that a person who wears an emerald does not see terrible dreams. In addition, the stone strengthens the heart, eliminates troubles, has a beneficial effect on vision, protects against seizures and evil spirits.

In ancient times, the emerald was considered a powerful talisman of mothers and sailors. If you look at a stone for a long time, then in it, like in a mirror, you can see everything secret and discover the future. This stone is credited with a connection with the subconscious, the ability to turn dreams into reality, to penetrate secret thoughts, it was used as a remedy for the bites of poisonous snakes. It was called the "stone of the mysterious Isis" - the goddess of life and health, the patroness of fertility and motherhood. He acted as a symbol of the beauty of nature. The special protective properties of the emerald are an active struggle against the deceit and infidelity of its owner. If the stone cannot resist bad qualities, it can crack.

DIAMOND - a mineral, a native element, occurs in the form of eight and dodecahedral crystals (often with rounded edges) and their parts. Diamond is found not only in the form of crystals, it forms intergrowths and aggregates, among which there are: bead - fine-grained intergrowths, ballas - spherical aggregates, carbonado - very fine-grained black aggregates. The name of the diamond comes from the Greek "adamas" or irresistible, indestructible. The unusual properties of this stone gave rise to a lot of legends. The ability to bring good luck is just one of the countless properties attributed to the diamond. Diamond has always been considered the stone of winners, it was the talisman of Julius Caesar, Louis IV and Napoleon. Diamonds first came to Europe in the 5th-6th centuries BC. At the same time, diamond gained its popularity as a precious stone relatively recently, only five hundred and a half years ago, when people learned how to cut it. The first similarity of a diamond was possessed by Charles the Bold, who simply adored diamonds.

Today, the classic brilliant cut has 57 facets, and provides the famous "play" of the diamond. Usually colorless or pale shades of yellow, brown, gray, green, color pink, extremely rare black. Brightly colored transparent crystals are considered unique, given individual names and described in great detail. Diamond is similar to many colorless minerals - quartz, topaz, zircon, which are often used as its imitations. Differs in hardness - it is the hardest of natural materials(on the Mohs scale), optical properties, transparency for x-rays, luminosity in x-ray, cathode, ultraviolet rays.

The ruby ​​got its name from the Latin rubeus, meaning red. The ancient Russian names for the stone are yahont and carbuncle. The color of rubies varies from deep pink to deep red with a purple hue. Among the rubies, the most highly valued stones are the color of "pigeon blood".

Ruby is a transparent variety of the mineral corundum, aluminum oxide. Ruby color is red, bright red, dark red or purple red. Ruby hardness 9, glass luster.

The first information about these beautiful stones dates back to the 4th century BC and is found in Indian and Burmese chronicles. In the Roman Empire, the ruby ​​was extremely revered, and was valued much higher than the diamond. In different centuries, Cleopatra, Messalina and Mary Stuart became connoisseurs of rubies, and the ruby ​​collections of Cardinal Richelieu and Marie Medici were once famous throughout Europe.

Ruby is recommended for paralysis, anemia diseases, inflammation, fractures and pain in the joints and bone tissue, asthma, weakness of cardiac activity, rheumatic heart disease, inflammation of the pericardial sac, inflammation of the middle ear, chronic depression, insomnia, arthritis, diseases of the spine, chronic inflammation of the tonsils, rheumatism. Ruby lowers blood pressure and helps to cure psoriasis. Helps with exhaustion nervous system, relieves night terrors, helps with epilepsy. Has a tonic effect.

PLANT AND ANIMAL WORLD OF THE URALS

The flora and fauna of the Urals is diverse, but has much in common with the fauna of the neighboring plains. However mountainous relief increases this diversity, causing the appearance of altitudinal belts in the Urals and creating differences between the eastern and western slopes.

Glaciation had a great influence on the vegetation of the Urals. Before the glaciation, more heat-loving flora grew in the Urals: oak, beech, hornbeam, hazel. The remains of this flora are preserved only on the western slope of the Southern Urals. With the advancement to the south, the altitudinal zonality of the Urals becomes more complicated. Gradually, the boundaries of the belts rise higher and higher along the slopes, and in their lower part, when moving to a more southern zone, a new belt appears.

South of the Arctic Circle, the forests are dominated by larch. As it moves south, it gradually rises along the slopes of the mountains, forming the upper boundary of the forest belt. Spruce, cedar, birch join the larch. Near Mount Narodnaya, pine and fir are found in the forests. These forests are located mainly on podzolic soils. There are a lot of blueberries in the grassy cover of these forests.

The fauna of the Ural taiga is much richer than the fauna of the tundra. Elk, wolverine, sable, squirrel, chipmunk, weasel, flying squirrel, brown bear, reindeer, ermine, weasel live here. Otters and beavers are found along the river valleys. New valuable animals settled in the Urals. In the Ilmensky Reserve, the acclimatization of the sika deer was successfully carried out, the muskrat, beaver, deer, muskrat, raccoon dog, American mink, Barguzin sable.

In the Urals, according to the difference in heights, climatic conditions, there are several parts:

Polar Ural. The mountain tundra is a harsh picture of stone placers - kurums, rocks and remnants. Plants do not create a continuous cover. Lichens, perennial grasses, creeping shrubs grow on tundra-gley soils. The animal world is represented by arctic fox, lemming, snowy owl. Reindeer, white hare, white partridge, wolf, ermine, weasel live both in the tundra and in the forest zone.

The subpolar Urals are distinguished by the highest heights of the ridges. Traces of ancient glaciation are more clearly visible here than in the Polar Urals. On the crests of the mountains there are stone seas and mountain tundra, which is replaced by mountain taiga down the slopes. The southern border of the Subpolar Urals coincides with 640 N. A natural national park has been formed on the western slope of the Subpolar Urals and the adjacent regions of the Northern Urals.

Northern Ural has no modern glaciers; it is dominated by medium-altitude mountains, the slopes of the mountains are covered with taiga.

The Middle Urals is represented by dark coniferous taiga, which is replaced by mixed forests in the south, and linden massifs in the southwest. The Middle Urals is the kingdom of mountain taiga. It is covered with dark coniferous spruce and fir forests. Below 500 - 300 m they are replaced by larch and pine, in the undergrowth of which grow mountain ash, bird cherry, viburnum, elder, honeysuckle.

NATURAL UNICOMS OF THE URALS

Ilmensky ridge. Nai high altitude 748 meters, it is unique in the richness of its bowels. Among the almost 200 different minerals found here, there are rare and rare ones not found anywhere else in the world. For their protection, in 1920, a mineralogical reserve was created here. Since 1935 this reserve has become complex, now all nature is protected in the Ilmensky reserve.

The Kungur ice cave is a magnificent creation of nature. This is one of the largest caves in our country. It is located on the outskirts of the small industrial city of Kungur, on the right bank of the Sylva River, in the bowels of a stone mass - Ice Mountain. The cave has four tiers of passages. It was formed in the thickness of rocks as a result of the activity of groundwater, which dissolved and removed gypsum and anhydrite. The total length of all surveyed 58 grottoes and passages between them exceeds 5 km.

Ecological problems: 1) In terms of environmental pollution, the Urals are in the lead (48% - mercury emissions, 40% - chlorine compounds). 2) Of the 37 polluting cities in Russia, 11 are located in the Urals. 3) Technogenic deserts have formed around 20 cities. 4) 1/3 of the rivers are devoid of biological life. 5) 1 billion tons of rocks are extracted annually, of which 80% goes to the dump. 6) Special danger - radiation pollution (Chelyabinsk-65 - plutonium production).

CONCLUSION

Mountains are a mysterious and still little known world, uniquely beautiful and full of dangers. Where else can you get from the scorching summer of the desert into the harsh winter of snow in a few hours, hear the roar of a wildly roaring stream under the overhanging rocks in a gloomy gorge into which the sun never looks. Pictures flickering outside the window of a car or car will never let you fully feel this formidable splendor ...

Weekly tour, one-day hiking trips and excursions combined with comfort (trekking) in the mountain resort of Khadzhokh (Adygea, Krasnodar Territory). Tourists live at the camp site and visit numerous natural monuments. Rufabgo Waterfalls, Lago-Naki Plateau, Meshoko Gorge, Big Azish Cave, Belaya River Canyon, Guam Gorge.

The Ural Mountains are a mountain system located between the West Siberian and East European plains, and represent a kind of border separating Europe from Asia. They were formed by the collision of the African and Eurasian lithospheric plates, as a result of which one of them literally crushed the other under itself. From the point of view of geologists, these mountains arose in a complex way, as they are composed of rocks of different ages and types.

With a length of more than 2000 km, the Ural Mountains form the Southern, Northern, Subpolar, Polar and Middle Urals. Because of this length, they were called the Earth Belt in the first mentions of the 11th century. Everywhere you can see crystal clear mountain streams and rivers, which then pour into larger reservoirs. From big rivers the following flow there: Kama, Ural, Belaya, Chusovaya and Pechora.

The height of the Ural Mountains does not exceed 1895 meters. So, it is average in level (600-800 m) and the narrowest in width of the ridge. This part is characterized by peaked and sharp forms with steep slopes and deep valleys. The highest rise (1500 m) has the top of Pai-Er.

The subpolar zone expands slightly and is considered the highest part of the ridge. The following peaks are located here: Mount Narodnaya (1894 m), which is the highest, Karpinsky (1795 m), Saber (1425 m) and many other Ural Mountains, the average rise of which ranges from 1300 to 1400 meters.

They are also characterized by sharp landforms and large valleys. This part is also notable for the fact that there are several glaciers here, the largest of them stretches for almost 1 km in length.

In the northern part, the Ural Mountains, whose height does not exceed 600 meters, are characterized by smoothed and rounded shapes. Some of them, made of crystalline rocks, take on funny shapes under the influence of rain and wind. Closer to the south, they become even lower, and in the middle part they take the form of a gentle arc, where the Kachkanar peak occupies the most significant mark (886 m). The relief here is smoothed and more flat.

AT southern zone The Ural Mountains rise noticeably, forming many parallel ridges. Of the highest points, one can note (1638 m) Yamantau and (1586 m) Iremel, the rest are a little lower (Big Sholom, Nurgush, etc.).

In the Urals, in addition to beautiful mountains and caves, there is a very picturesque, diverse nature, as well as many other attractions. And that is why it is so attractive to many tourists. Here you can choose routes for people different levels training - both for beginners and for lovers of extreme travel. In addition to all other advantages, the Ural Mountains are a storehouse of minerals, which include the following: ores of copper, chromium, nickel, titanium; placers of gold, platinum, silver; deposits of coal, gas, oil; precious malachite, diamonds, yam, crystal, amethyst, etc.).

As they say, better than mountains can only be mountains. And this is true, because their indescribable atmosphere, beauty, harmony, grandeur and fresh air inspire and charge with positive, energy and vivid impressions for a long time.

The Ural Mountains, formed due to the collision of the Eurasian and African lithospheric plates, are a unique natural and geographical object for Russia. They are the only mountain range crossing the country and dividing the state to the European and Asian parts.

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Geographic location

In which country the Ural Mountains are located, any schoolchild knows. This massif is a chain that is located between the East European and West Siberian plains.

It is stretched so that it divides the largest one into 2 continents: Europe and Asia. Starting from the coast of the Arctic Ocean, ends in the Kazakh desert. It stretches from south to north, and in some places it reaches 2,600 km.

The geographical location of the Ural Mountains passes almost everywhere parallel to the 60th meridian.

If you look at the map, you can see the following: the central region is located strictly vertically, the northern one turns to the northeast, and the southern one turns to the southwest. Moreover, in this place the ridge merges with nearby hills.

Although the Urals is considered the border between the continents, there is no exact geological line. Therefore, it is considered that they belong to Europe, and the line dividing the mainland runs along the eastern foothills.

Important! The Urals are rich in their natural, historical, cultural and archaeological values.

The structure of the mountain system

In the annals of the 11th century, the Ural mountain system is mentioned as earth belt. This name is due to the length of the ridge. Conventionally, it is divided into 5 regions:

1. Polar.
2. Subpolar.
3. Northern.
4. Average.
5. South.

The mountain range partially captures the northern districts of Kazakhstan and 7 Russian regions:

1. Arkhangelsk region
2. Republic of Komi.
3. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
4. Perm region.
5. Sverdlovsk region.
6. Chelyabinsk region.
7. Orenburg region.

Attention! The widest part of the mountain range is located in the Southern Urals.

The location of the Ural mountains on the map.

Structure and relief

The first mention and description of the Ural Mountains comes from ancient times, but they were formed much earlier. This happened under the interaction of rocks of various configurations and ages. In some areas, and now preserved remnants of deep faults and elements of oceanic rocks. The system was formed almost at the same time as the Altai, but later it experienced smaller uplifts, resulting in a small "height" of the peaks.

Attention! The advantage over the high Altai is that there are no earthquakes in the Urals, so it is much safer to live in.

Minerals

The long-term resistance of volcanic structures to the force of the wind was the result of the formation of numerous attractions created by nature. These can be attributed caves, grottoes, rocks etc. In addition, in the mountains there are huge mineral reserves, primarily ore, from which the following chemical elements are obtained:

1. Iron.
2. Copper.
3. Nickel.
4. Aluminum.
5. Manganese.

Making a description of the Ural Mountains according to physical map, it can be concluded that most of mineral development is carried out in the southern part of the region, and more precisely in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. Almost all types of ores are mined here, and a deposit of emeralds, gold and platinum has been discovered not far from Alapaevsk and Nizhny Tagil in the Sverdlovsk region.

The region of the lower foredeep of the western slope abounds in oil and gas wells. The northern part of the region is somewhat inferior in deposits, but this is offset by the fact that precious metals and stones predominate here.

Ural mountains - mining leader, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industry. In addition, the region is in first place in Russia in terms of pollution level.

It should be taken into account, no matter how profitable the development of underground resources is, the harm to the environment is more significant. Raising rocks from the depths of the mine is carried out by crushing with the release of a large amount of dust particles into the atmosphere.

At the top, the fossils enter into a chemical reaction with the environment, the oxidation process takes place, and the chemical products thus obtained again enter the air and water.

Attention! The Ural Mountains are known for their deposits of precious, semi-precious stones and noble metals. Unfortunately, they are almost completely worked out, so the Ural gems and malachite can now only be found in the museum.

Peaks of the Urals

On the topographic map of Russia, the Ural Mountains are indicated in light brown. This means that they do not have large indicators relative to sea level. Among natural areas we can emphasize the highest area located in the Subpolar region. The table shows the coordinates of the heights of the Ural Mountains and the exact size of the peaks.

The location of the peaks of the Ural Mountains is created in such a way that there are unique sites in each region of the system. Therefore, all the listed heights are recognized tourist sites successfully used by people leading an active lifestyle.

It can be seen on the map that the Polar region is medium in height and narrow in width.

The nearby Subpolar region has the greatest height, it is characterized by a sharp relief.

Of particular interest arises from the fact that several glaciers are concentrated here, one of which is extended in length by almost 1 000 m.

The height of the Ural Mountains in the Northern region is insignificant. The exceptions are a few peaks that rise above the entire range. The remaining heights, where the vertices are smoothed, and they themselves have a rounded shape, do not exceed 700 m above sea level. Interestingly, closer to the south, they become even lower and practically turn into hills. The terrain is practically resembles a flat.

Attention! The map of the south of the Ural Mountains with peaks over one and a half kilometers again reminds us of the involvement of the ridge in the huge mountain system that separates Asia from Europe!

Big cities

The physical map of the Ural Mountains with the cities marked on it proves that this area is considered to be abundantly populated. An exception can only be called the Polar and Subpolar Urals. Here several cities with a population of one million and a large number of those with more than 100,000 inhabitants.

The population of the region is explained by the fact that at the beginning of the last century there was an urgent need for minerals in the country. This was the reason for the large migration of people to the region, where similar developments were carried out. In addition, in the early 60s and 70s, many young people left for the Urals and Siberia in the hope of radically changing their lives. This influenced the formation of new settlements under construction at the site of mining.

Yekaterinburg

Capital of the Sverdlovsk region with population 1,428,262 people considered the capital of the region. The location of the metropolis is concentrated on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. The city is the largest cultural, scientific, educational and administrative center. Geographical position Ural Mountains was created in such a way that it is here that the natural path lies, connecting Central Russia and Siberia. This influenced the development of infrastructure and the economy of the former Sverdlovsk.

Chelyabinsk

The population of the city, which is located where the Ural Mountains, according to the geological map, border on Siberia: 1,150,354 people.

It was founded in 1736 on the eastern slope Southern Range. And with the advent of railway communication with Moscow, it began to develop dynamically and turned into one of the largest industrial centers of the country.

Over the past 20 years, the ecology of the region has deteriorated significantly, which has led to an outflow of the population.

Nevertheless, today the volume of local industry is more than 35% of gross municipal product.

Ufa

The capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan with a population of 1,105,657 people is considered 31st city in Europe by population. It is located to the west of the Southern Ural Mountains. The length of the metropolis from south to north is more than 50 km, and from east to west - 30 km. In terms of size, it is one of the five largest Russian cities. In the ratio of the number of population and the occupied area, each inhabitant accounts for about 700 m2 of urban area.

In addition to millionaires, there are cities with a population of less than the indicated number near the Ural Mountains. First of all, you need to name the capitals of administrative centers, which include the following: Orenburg - 564,445 people and Perm - 995,589. In addition to them, you can add some more cities:

1. Nizhny Tagil - 355,694.
2. Nizhnevartovsk - 270 865.
3. Surgut - 306 789.
4. Nefteyugansk - 123,567.
5. Magnitogorsk - 408 418.
6. Chrysostom - 174 572.
7. Miass - 151 397.

Important! Information on the number of population is presented as of the end of 2016!

Geology: Ural Mountains

Ural region. Geographical location, main features of nature

Conclusion

Although the height of the Ural Mountains is not great, they are the object of close attention from climbers, tourists and just people who lead an active lifestyle. Anyone, even the most sophisticated person, can find a hobby here to their liking.

Posted Sun, 08/01/2017 - 10:13 by Cap

Part of the Ural Mountains from the Kosvinsky Kamen massif in the south to the banks of the Shchugor River in the north is called the Northern Urals. In this place, the width of the Ural Range is 50-60 kilometers. As a result of the uplift of ancient mountains and the impact of subsequent glaciations and modern frosty weathering, the territory has a mid-mountain relief, with flat tops.
The Northern Urals is very popular with tourists. Of particular interest are the rocks and remains of the Man-Pupu-Nier, Torre-Porre-Iz, and Muning-Tump massifs. Away from the watershed ridge are the main peaks of this part of the Urals: Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 meters), Denezhkin Kamen (1492 meters), Chistop (1292), Otorten (1182), Kozhim-Iz (1195),

The northernmost peak of the Ural mountain system is Mount Telposiz in Komi. The object is located on the territory of the republic. Mount Telposis in Komi is composed of quartzite sandstones, schists and conglomerates. On the slopes of Mount Telposiz in Komi, a taiga forest grows - mountain tundra. Translated from the language of the local population, the oronym means ""Nest of the winds"".
The subpolar Urals is one of the most beautiful regions of our Motherland. Its ridges stretched in a wide arc from the sources of the Khulga River in the north to Mount Telposiz in the south. The area of ​​the mountainous part of the region is about 32,000 km2.
The unexplored harsh nature, the abundance of fish in rivers and lakes, berries and mushrooms in the taiga attract travelers here. good ways communications via the Northern Railway, on steamships and boats along the Pechora, Usa, Ob, Severnaya Sosva and Lyapin, as well as a network of airlines, make it possible to develop water, foot-water, foot and ski routes in the Subpolar Urals with the intersection of the Ural Range or along its western and eastern slopes.
A characteristic feature of the relief of the Subpolar Urals is the high height of the ridges with alpine landforms, the asymmetry of its slopes, the deep dissection of through transverse valleys and gorges, and the significant height of the passes. The highest peaks are located in the center of the Subpolar Urals.
The absolute height of the passes through the main watershed separating Europe from Asia, and through the ridges located to the west of it, is from 600 to 1500 m above sea level. The relative heights of the peaks near the passes are 300-1000 m. The passes on the Sablinsky and Unapproachable ridges are especially high and difficult to overcome, the slopes of which end in steep-walled cairns. The most easily passable passes through the Research Ridge (from 600 to 750 m above sea level) with relatively gentle, insignificant rises that make it easy to carry out portages are located in the southern part of the ridge between the upper reaches of the Puiva (the right tributary of the Shchekurya) and Torgovoi (the right tributary of the Shchugor), as well as between the upper reaches of the Shchekurya, Manya (Lyapin basin) and Bolshoi Patok (right tributary of the Shchugor).
In the area of ​​​​Mount Narodnaya and on the Narodno-Itinsky ridge, the height of the passes is 900-1200 m, but even here many of them pass through paths along which portages from the upper reaches of the Khulga (Lyapin), Khaimayu, Grubeya, Khalmeryu, Narody to the upper reaches of the tributaries of the Lemva are relatively easy , on Kozhim and Balbanyo (Usa basin).

The subpolar Urals is one of the most beautiful regions of our Motherland. Its ridges stretched in a wide arc from the sources of the Khulga River in the north to Mount Telposiz in the south. The area of ​​the mountainous part of the region is about 32,000 km2.

northern border
From the border Perm region to the east along the northern borders of blocks 1-5 of the forestry of the state industrial enterprise "Denezhkin Kamen" (Sverdlovsk region) to the northeast corner of block 5.

Eastern border
From the northeast corner of the 5 to the south along the eastern borders of blocks 5, 19, 33 to the southeast corner of the square. 33, further east along the northern border of the square. 56 to its southeast corner, further south along the eastern border of sq. 56 to its southeastern corner, further east along the northern border of the square. 73 to its northeastern corner, further south along the eastern border of quarters 73, 88, 103 to the B. Kosva river and further along the left bank of the river. B. Kosva to its confluence with the Shegultan River, then along the left bank of the river. Shegultan to the eastern border of the square. 172 and further south along the eastern borders of quarters 172, 187 to the southeast corner of the quarter. 187, further east along the northern border of the square. 204 to its northeast corner.
Further south along the eastern borders of blocks 204, 220, 237, 253, 270, 286, 303, 319 to the southeast corner of the block. 319, further east along the northern border of quarters 336, 337 to the northeast corner of the quarter. 337.
Further south along the eastern border of blocks 337, 349, 369, 381, 401, 414, 434, 446, 469, 491, 510 to the southeast corner of the block. 510.

southern border
From the southwest corner of the 447 to the east along the southern borders of blocks 447, 470, 471, 492, 493 to the Sosva River, further along the right bank of the river. Sosva to the southeast corner of the square. 510.

Western border
From the southwest corner of the 447 to the north along the border of the Perm region to the northwestern corner of the square. 1 forestry of the state industrial enterprise "Denezhkin Kamen".

Geographical coordinates
Center: lat - 60o30"29.71", lon - 59o29"35.60"
North: lat - 60o47"24.30", lon - 59o35"0.10"
East: lat - 60o26"51.17", lon - 59o42"32.68"
South: lat - 60o19"15.99", lon - 59o32"45.14"
West: lat - 60o22"56.30", lon - 59o12"6.02"

GEOLOGY
The Ilmenogorsk complex is located in the southern part of the Sysert-Ilmenogorsk anticlinorium of the East Ural uplift, has a folded-block structure and is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of various compositions. Of greatest interest here are numerous unique pegmat veins, in which topaz, aquamarine, phenakite, zircon, sapphire, tourmaline, amazonite, and various rare-metal minerals are found. Here, for the first time in the world, 16 minerals were discovered - ilmenite, ilmenorutil, potassium sadanagaite (potassium ferrisadanagaite), cancrinite, makarochkinite, monazite-(Ce), polyakovite-(Ce), samarskite-(Y), bindite, ushkovite, fergusonite-beta-(Ce ), fluoromagnesioarfvedsonite, fluororichterite, chiolite, chevkinite-(Ce), aeschinite-(Ce).

Ilmensky Reserve

GEOGRAPHY
The relief of the western part is low-mountainous. The average heights of the ridges (Ilmensky and Ishkulsky) are 400-450 m above sea level, the maximum elevation is 747 m. The eastern foothills are formed by low elevations. More than 80% of the area is occupied by forests, about 6% by meadows and steppes. The tops of the mountains are covered with larch-pine forests. Pine forests predominate in the south, while pine-birch and birch forests predominate in the north. On the western slopes of the Ilmensky mountains there is an array of old pine forests. There are areas of larch forests, stony, grass-forb and shrub steppes, moss swamps with cranberries and wild rosemary. More than 1200 species of plants, many endemic, relict and rare species. Ermine, forest ferret, Siberian weasel, wolf, lynx, flying squirrel, hares - hare and hare live, a brown bear comes in. Elk and roe deer are not numerous. Sika deer and beaver are acclimatized. Of the birds, grouse are common - capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge. Whooper swan and gray crane nest in the reserve, rare birds- white-tailed eagle, imperial eagle, peregrine falcon, osprey, saker falcon, little bustard.

Since 1930, there has been a mineralogical museum founded by A.E. Fersman, which presents more than 200 different minerals found in the Ilmensky Range, including topazes, corundums, amazonites, etc.

In 1991, a branch was organized - the historical and landscape archaeological monument "Arkaim" with an area of ​​3.8 thousand hectares. It is located in the steppe foothills of the eastern Urals, in the Karagan valley. More than 50 archaeological sites are preserved here: Mesolithic and Neolithic sites, burial grounds, Bronze Age settlements, etc. historical objects. Of particular importance is the fortified settlement of Arkaim in the 17th-16th centuries. BC e.

Location:

Gremyachinsky district of the Perm Territory.

Monument type: Geomorphological.

Brief description: Weathering remnants in the Lower Carboniferous quartzite sandstones.

Status: Landscape monument of nature of regional importance.

A city turned to stone.

The city is located on the main peak of the Rudyansky Spoy ridge, the absolute height of which is 526 m above sea level. He represents a powerful rock mass, composed of fine-grained quartz sandstones of the Lower Carboniferous, which are part of the coal-bearing strata formed in the delta of a large river.

The massif is cut by deep, up to 8-12 m, cracks from 1 to 8 m wide both in the meridional and latitudinal directions, which creates the illusion of deep and narrow perpendicularly intersecting streets, lanes and lanes of an ancient abandoned city.

The Urals is a mountainous country that stretches from north to south from the shores of the icy Kara Sea to the Central Asian steppes and semi-deserts. The Ural Mountains are the natural border between Europe and Asia.
In the north, the Urals ends with a low Pai-Khoi ridge, in the south - mountain range Mugodzhary. The total length of the Urals with Pai-Khoi and Mugodzhary is more than 2500 km.

In the east of the Orenburg Region, the Guberlinsky Mountains (the southern part of the Ural Mountains) rise - one of the most beautiful places Orenburg region. The Guberlinsky Mountains are located 30-40 kilometers west of the city of Orsk on the right bank of the Urals, where the Guberlya River flows into it.

The Guberlinskie mountains are a blurred edge of the high Orskaya steppe, strongly dissected and indented by the valley of the Guberli river, logs and gorges of its tributaries. Therefore, the mountains do not rise above the steppe, but lie below it.

They occupy a narrow strip along the valley of the Ural River, turning to the north into the high Orsk steppe, and to the west, on the right bank of the Guberli, they are replaced by a ridge low-mountain relief. The gentle eastern slope of the Guberlinsky Mountains imperceptibly passes into the plain, on which the city of Novotroitsk is located.

The territory occupied by the Guberlinsky mountains is about 400 square kilometers.

“From the open cracks of the clefts, an incessantly thin vapor rises, trembling against the sun, which is impossible to touch with a hand; the birch bark thrown there or dry chips in one minute ignited with a flame; in bad weather and dark nights it seems like a red flame or a fiery steam several arshins high, ”wrote academician and traveler Pyotr Simon Pallas more than 200 years ago about an unusual mountain in Bashkiria.

A long time ago, Mount Yangantau was called differently: Karagosh-Tau or Berkutova Mountain. According to the good old tradition, "what I see, I call it." In order for the mountain to be renamed, some exceptional event had to occur. They say that this event even has an exact date: 1758. Lightning struck the mountain, all the trees and bushes on the southern slope caught fire. Since then, the mountain has become known under the name of Yangantau (Yangan-tau), translated from the Bashkir as “burnt mountain”. The Russians changed the name slightly: Burnt Mountain. However, despite the wide popularity and absolute uniqueness of Yangantau, the locals still remember the old name, Karagosh-tau, and still use it.

Hiking on Iremel can be carried out from May to October from the village of Tyulyuk (Chelyabinsk region). It can be reached from the railway station Vyazovaya (70 km).

The road to Tyulyuk is covered with gravel, asphalt to Meseda. There is a bus.

Tyulyuk - view of the Zigalga ridge

The base camp can be set up both in Tyulyuk, there are special paid places for tents or houses to choose from, and on the road to Iremel near the Karagayka river.

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SOURCE OF MATERIALS AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads.
Encyclopedia of the Urals
List of mountains and ranges of the Urals.
Mountains and peaks of the Urals.

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