Features of the distribution of representatives of the organic world of the Arctic Ocean. Kara Sea. Brief information about the Arctic Ocean

The severity of climatic conditions, the wide distribution of ice, limited connections with other oceans led to: relative poverty of species, the absence or poor development of certain groups of living organisms, the limited biomass and its uneven distribution within the basin, and this is also a relatively large number in the composition of the fauna (the main way of mammals, both aquatic and terrestrial) the so-called cryophiles. This is currently almost exterminated bowhead whale, walrus, some species of seals and a representative of the terrestrial fauna, the polar bear. In total, there are 17 species of large mammals in the ocean fauna. Also, as a sign of adaptation to existence in cold waters, gigantism of some living organisms is noted, for example: the largest jellyfish cyanide, a giant spider, etc.
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Along with this, the process of development in cold water in living organisms stretches for a longer time than in warmer waters. This increases the lifespan of some fish, mollusks and other animals, sometimes by several times, compared with the inhabitants of warmer water bodies.

Arctic Ocean Compliant Arctic Biogeographic an area that also includes the most severe part of the Atlantic Ocean in terms of natural conditions: the Baffin Sea and areas adjacent to Greenland and Labrador.

The highest species richness is typical for North European Basin: in the Barents, White and Kara Seas. This concerns both the species composition and the amount of biomass and its general commercial value. Also, this is a wealth of phyto- and zooplankton; commercial fish (ocean herring, sea bass, haddock, cod, halibut), as well as fish that are not of great commercial importance, but serve as food for seals, beluga whales and other aquatic mammals, predominate in the composition of nekton.

Favorable conditions are characteristic for the development of a relatively rich organic world on the shelf and in the littoral zone. Those parts of the ocean that wash the shores of Eastern Siberia, Alaska and Canada are characterized by an increase in the severity of natural conditions and a general impoverishment of the organic world. The only exception is the Chukchi Sea, where relatively warmer waters from the Pacific Ocean penetrate through the Bering Strait, and in connection with this, there is a certain enrichment of the species composition of zooplankton. The organic world of the central part of the Arctic Ocean is especially poor, including the Beaufort Sea, which is covered with ice all year round. Phytoplankton (70 species), zooplankton (80 species). Poor species composition of fish. The density of biomass as a whole from the Atlantic to the pole decreases by 5-10 times. But on the outskirts of the Arctic Basin, among the perennial ice, there are walruses, harp seals and some other representatives of aquatic mammals, the fishing of which is prohibited or strictly regulated by international agreements. biological resources. More than 150 species of fish live in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, some of which are of commercial importance. Cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass, herring, and saury inhabit the Barents Sea. At the same time, there are 5 species of freshwater ichthyofauna here: grayling, pike, roach, pied minnow and sculpin. Fish living in the Kara Sea are represented by both European and Siberian species. Here is the eastern border of the range of salmon, pike; western border of the Siberian vendace, char. There are no endemics here. Pink salmon lives in the Laptev Sea. In the East Siberian Sea, golden carp and burbot are caught. For the seas, straits and bays of the American sector of the ocean, 17 freshwater species are characteristic, identical to Siberian and Pacific Ocean species: Siberian sturgeon, lamprey, salmon salmon, Asiatic smelt and others. Many species live in the salty waters of the seas and spawn in the fresh waters of the rivers. Of the mammals living in the waters of the ocean, pinnipeds are most widely represented: seals, seals, walruses. Of the other mammals living in the waters of the Arctic seas, one can name: a whale, a unicorn, in the Greenland Sea - a bowhead whale. Off the coast of Alaska, gray whales, a polar bear. inhabitants of rocks - bird markets, where huge populations of fish-eating birds - gulls, guillemots, eider puffins have formed.

21. Atlantic Ocean: general information, history of research, islands and coasts.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean. His square is 91.66 million km², water volume- 329.66 million km³. It extends from the subarctic latitudes to Antarctica itself. Border with the Indian Ocean passes along the meridian of Cape Agulhas (20 ° E to the coast of Antarctica (Queen Maud Land). The border with the Pacific Ocean is drawn from Cape Horn along the meridian 68 ° 04 'W or the shortest distance from South America to Antarctic Peninsula through the Drake Strait, from Ost Island to Cape Sternek.The border with the Arctic Ocean passes through the eastern entrance of the Hudson Strait, then through the Davis Strait and along the coast of Greenland to Cape Brewster, through the Denmark Strait to Cape Reidinupyr on the island of Iceland, along its coast to Cape Gerpyr, then to the Faroe Islands, then to the Shetland Islands and along 61 ° north latitude to the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Long before the era of great geographical discoveries, numerous ships plied the Atlantic. As early as 4000 BC, the peoples of Phoenicia were engaged in maritime trade with the inhabitants of the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. By the 6th century BC era Ancient Greece(England and Scandinavia, in the Baltic Sea and the western coast of Africa), in the X-XI centuries. - Vikings (shores of America, discovered Greenland and Labrador). VGO - XV century. - Spaniards and Portuguese(Columbus 1492ᴦ., Da Gama - 1497 to India, Magelan-1520, circumnavigation), from America - gold, silver, precious stones, cocoa, spices, sugar; to America - weapons, fabrics, alcohol, food + pirates, cat. made a certain contribution - John Hawkins, Francis Drake and Henry Morgan. Lazarev and Belingshausen in 1819-1821 they discovered Antarctica (shores). In 1803-1806, the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Ivan Kruzenshtern. From 1872 to 1876, the first scientific oceanic expedition took place on an English sail-steam corvette ʼʼChallengerʼʼ, work in different directions: physical, chemical, geol and bio ocean. In 1877 Amer.
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ship "Blake" using a metal cable, the depth was measured in the Puerto Rico trench, the depth is 9207 m. Updated data from the Vima ships (USA) and "Academician Kurchatov": gutter depth 8742 m. In 1886 ship "Vityaz" Makarov conducted research on the waters of the Atlantic: temperature, density, specific gravity, and the role of rivers in the distribution of ocean waters were determined. In the 2nd half of XX in the study of the ocean and seas. Difficulties of research: work on climate direction, accumulation of standard data; comprehensive research in understudied regions; work on studying the dynamics of ocean waters and, finally, work related to the maintenance of the economy, the maintenance of ships. From 1951 to 1956, the Anglo-Am expedition carried out large-scale surveys of the structure and dynamics of waters in the mind and tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere, depth measurements were carried out, led by a worker oceanographer G. Dietrich.

The area of ​​the seas, bays and straits of the Atlantic Ocean is 14.69 million km² (16% of the total ocean area), the volume is 29.47 million km³ (8.9%). Seas and main bays (clockwise): Irish Sea, Bristol Bay, North Sea, Baltic Sea (Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga), Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, etc.

The largest islands and archipelagos of the Atlantic Ocean: the British Isles (Great Britain, Ireland, the Hebrides, Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands), the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Huventud), Newfoundland, Iceland, the Tierra del Fuego archipelago (Fire Land, Oste, Navarino), Marajo, Sicily, Sardinia, Lesser Antilles (Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Curaçao, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, Tobago), Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (East Falkland (Soledad), West Falkland (Gran Malvina)), Bahamas (Andros, Grand Inagua, Grand Bahama), Cape Breton, Cyprus, Corsica, Disco, Crete, Anticosti, Canary Islands, etc.

The characteristic features of the organic world of the Arctic Ocean are explained by the peculiarity of its formation in harsh natural conditions. These features are in the relative poverty of the species composition of flora and fauna, which increases from west to east in the Eurasian sector, in the presence of common species with the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent water areas and in a small number of endemics (only 18% of species).

The flora and fauna of the ocean is represented by a little over 3,000 species, of which only 540 are endemic. Qualitative diversity and biological productivity are very different: the highest - in the Atlantic waters, the lowest - in the center of the Arctic basin. The depletion of flora and fauna in the Eurasian seas is observed from west to east from the Norwegian and Barents seas to the Chukchi. In the Beaufort Sea, species diversity is increasing due to the introduction of Pacific species into it.

The vertical distribution of organisms on the shelf of the Siberian and European seas in the Arctic basin itself and in the estuarine-Arctic waters is not the same. In the upper part of the shelf, up to a depth of 2-5 m, the biomass is 2-3 times greater than at a depth of 10-20 m. The inaccessibility, the severity of the climate, the presence of ice, the complexity of the organization of work still do not allow a complete description of the organic world of the Arctic Ocean, since the conditions for the existence of living organisms in the central parts differ sharply from the marginal seas (especially the shelf), where they are more or less well studied.

Phytoplankton consists of more than 240 species. In the waters of the Arctic Ocean, only 18 species of algae are purely arctic. The largest number of algae is in the Greenland Sea (in the west - 153 species, in the east - 143), the smallest - in the Laptev Sea (16 in total). The most widely represented are dystomea, kelp and fucus.

The predominant species of zooplankton are crustaceans (copepods). There are several types of molluscs and crustaceans in the Barents and White Seas. More than 150 species of fish live in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, some of which are of commercial importance.

Cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass, herring, saury live in the Barents Sea. In addition, there are 5 species of freshwater ichthyofauna: grayling, pike, roach, pied minnow and sculpin. The ichthyofauna of the White Sea is similar to the adjacent sections of the rivers (Northern Dvina, Mezen, Onega). Fish living in the Kara Sea are represented by both European and Siberian species. Here is the eastern border of the range of salmon, Arctic whitefish, pike, the western border of the Siberian vendace, grayling and char. There are no endemics here. Pink salmon, East Siberian grayling live in the Laptev Sea. In the East Siberian Sea, ide, golden carp, and burbot are caught. Endemics are Chersky char and Yukagir whitefish. The ichthyofauna of the Chukchi Sea is poorly studied; Chinook salmon, Siberian vendace and black fish (dallia) are known. The seas, straits and bays of the American sector of the ocean are characterized by 17 freshwater species, identical to Siberian and Pacific Ocean species: Siberian sturgeon, lamprey, chum salmon, pink salmon, Asian smelt, etc. Many species live in the salt waters of the seas and spawn in the fresh waters of rivers.

Of the mammals living in the waters of the ocean, the most widely represented are pinnipeds: seals (larga, common European, ringed seal), walruses.

All living species prefer cold water, their life is connected with sea ice. The seals are believed to be native to the North Atlantic, but it is possible that some species came along the rivers. It is believed that all pinnipeds, as originally Arctic species, are cold-resistant animals.

Other mammals of the Arctic seas: in the Chukchi Sea - the narwhal (unicorn) whale, in the Greenland Sea - the bowhead whale. Off the coast of Alaska, there is one of the richest "pastures" for gray whales (in the area of ​​Long Strait and Cape Barrow). California gray whales (the Chukchi population) constantly make many kilometers of transitions to the summer "pastures" of the Arctic Ocean. Polar beluga dolphins are widespread. The largest predator of the Northern Hemisphere lives on the islands and ice floes - the "eternal wanderer" polar bear. The coastal waters of the ocean are closely connected with the life of the inhabitants of the rocks - bird colonies, where huge populations of fish-eating birds - gulls, guillemots, puffins ("northern parrots"), eiders have formed.

Living organisms living in the Arctic have a hard time. A very cold climate, eternal ice, snow and polar night for 5-6 months of the year are the main signs of a harsh situation in the polar and subarctic zone. The organic world of the Arctic Ocean was formed in these most difficult conditions. In many respects, the ecosystem of high latitudes differs from the temperate and tropical regions of the World Ocean (MO). Let us highlight and briefly characterize these features.

The harsh natural conditions of the Arctic

Snow and frost dominate for the organic world adapts to these features of nature. A significant part of the Arctic region of our planet is occupied by cold expanses of water, chained in ice. In different countries, the following toponyms are used: the Arctic, the Polar or the Arctic Ocean. Summers in high latitudes are short and cool, winters are severe and long. Precipitation falls in the form of snow, their total amount is small - only about 200 ml.

The organic world of the Arctic Ocean is living creatures that inhabit the bottom, coast and numerous islands of the Arctic seas. Many animals and some small plants have adapted to the low temperatures on snow and ice. What do these hardy inhabitants of such a harsh land look like? Birds and mammals living in high latitudes are usually white.

Organic world of the Arctic Ocean (briefly)

All the diversity of life at the bottom is represented by benthos. These are algae, mollusks, coelenterates, attached to the substrate of the shelf and the continental slope, crawling crustaceans. Algae are dominated by kelp and fucus. The flowering plant Zostera is found in the White Sea. Bottom animals are mainly invertebrates (worms, sponges, sea anemones and stars, bivalves, crabs). They can withstand the harsh conditions of the cold and dark sea depths.

Of the nearly 200 species of phytoplankton, most belong to
The sparse flora on the coasts and numerous archipelagos is represented by gymnosperms, flowering plants and lichens. Food chains include zooplankton, marine invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. The last two groups inhabit mainly the coast and islands, food for themselves is more often found in ice-free water. The feathered world of the Arctic is characterized by a richness of species, and noisy "bird markets" diversify the organic world of the Arctic Ocean.

List of animals of the Arctic

Invertebrates: cyanide jellyfish, ophiura "Gorgon's head", mussels, crustaceans.
Among the large fish, the Greenland polar shark stands out. Other representatives of the ichthyofauna: salmon, herring, cod, perch, flatfish (including halibut). Birds: murre, tern, bald eagle.

Mammals:

• toothed whales (beluga whale, killer whale, narwhal);
• seals (harp seal, striped seal, ringed seal, hooded seal);
• walruses,
• white or polar bear;
• reindeer (caribou),
• arctic wolf;
• musk ox;
• arctic hare;
• lemming.

Adaptations of plants and animals of the Arctic

The organic world of the Arctic Ocean in terms of phytoplankton diversity is almost as good as the northern regions of the Atlantic and the Pacific basin. Interestingly, some microscopic algae retain the ability to photosynthesize even on ice floes. As a result, the white surface is covered with a greenish-brown film, and the ice melts faster. Moderately cold waters are rich in dissolved oxygen and nitrogen; when the heavy upper layer is lowered, microelements necessary for phytoplankton rise from the depth. These features create favorable conditions for the rapid development of microscopic organisms.

A peculiar emblem, a symbol by which the organic world of the Arctic Ocean is recognized, is a polar bear. This is one of the largest land predators - the body of an adult male reaches a length of 2-3 meters. It feeds mainly on seals and fish. The polar bear and other animals of the Arctic have the ability to lower their metabolism at low temperatures. They grow more slowly, but can reach enormous sizes and advanced age. Thus, the tropical sea urchin rarely lives 10 years, the polar species can exist for more than 60 years.

Climatic conditions are slightly milder in the seas of the European Arctic, so the flora and fauna are richer here. The most populated is the shallow continental shelf. But in general, the plant and organic world is poor in species. Among the main reasons are the harsh climatic conditions, the lack of sunlight and heat for plants, and the lack of food for animals.

Brief information about the Arctic Ocean

The smallest and coldest part of the World Ocean occupies only 4% of its total area. The Arctic Ocean lies almost in the center of the Arctic. The boundary of the region is a conditional line - the Arctic Circle (parallel 66 ° N). The Arctic includes not only expanses of water, but also islands, coasts of the continents. The rivers of the Arctic Ocean are among the most full-flowing on Earth. They flow into the Arctic seas: Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Pechora, Yana, Kolyma, Indigirka. A narrow one separates the polar waters from the Pacific. The border with the Atlantic runs along the Scandinavian Peninsula and south of the island of Greenland. The geographic North Pole is located in the Arctic.

Posted Thu, 23/04/2015 - 08:32 by Cap

In ancient times, navigation in the Kara Sea was equal to a deadly feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer no more than +16.
The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time by the polar day. In winter, storm winds often blow, blizzards and snowstorms rage.
In the summer, fogs roll in, and the north wind brings snowballs. Most of the year the sea is completely covered with ice. Even modern nuclear-powered icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.
The Kara Sea can be safely called the most extreme sea in Russia!

There are many islands in the sea area, which are included in the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve. It is the largest in Eurasia. One of the most famous islands in the Kara Sea, Vaigach Island, is a special place where the secrets of bloody rites and pagan cults of the ancient peoples who inhabited these lands in ancient times are kept. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island an anomalous mystery that cannot be solved for a long time. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood improves.

The Kara Sea is a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean.
Previously, the sea was called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - this is how it was named in a 1601 story about a trip to Mangazeya by a resident of Pinega, Leonty Shubin (Plekhan), and in a petition by Andrey Palitsyn from 1630 (the etymology of this name is unknown). And the name "Kara" belonged to Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the river Kara flowing into it. According to the version cited by V. Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare", meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Arctic, which echoes the Nenets word.
For the first time, the sea was named Kara on the map of V. M. Selifontov in 1736, compiled according to the results of the work of the Dvina-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

schooner Polar Odysseus in the Kara Sea

Geography
Location
The sea is limited by the northern coast of Eurasia and Geiberg. In the northern part of the sea is Vize Land, an island theoretically discovered in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the islands of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee.

The sea is located mainly on the shelf; many islands. Depths of 50-100 meters predominate, the greatest depth is 620 meters. Area 883,400 km².

Full-flowing rivers flow into the sea: the Ob, so salinity varies greatly. The Taz River also flows into the Kara Sea.

The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0 °C. Frequent fogs and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice.

Bottom relief
The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. Two trenches - St. Anna with a maximum depth of 620 meters (80 ° 26′ N 71 ° 18′ E) and Voronin with a depth of up to 420 meters - cut through the shelf from north to south. The East Novaya Zemlya Trench, with depths of 200–400 meters, runs along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The shallow (up to 50 meters) Central Kara Plateau is located between the trenches.

The bottom of shallow waters and uplands is covered with sands and sandy silt. Troughs and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown muds. Iron-manganese nodules are found at the bottom of the central part of the sea.

Kara Sea Sibiryakov Island

Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is formed under the influence of diverse climatic and hydrological conditions in the north and south. Neighboring basins also have a great influence, due to the penetration of some heat-loving forms (from the Barents Sea) and high arctic species (from the Laptev Sea) from them. The ecological boundary of their distribution is approximately the eightieth meridian. Freshwater elements also play a significant role in the life of the Kara Sea.

Qualitatively, the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. This can be seen from a comparison of their ichthyofauna. 114 species of fish are found, in the Kara - 54, and in the Laptev Sea - 37. Of commercial importance in the Kara Sea are: whitefish - omul, muksun and vendace; from smelt - smelt; from cod - saffron cod and saithe; from salmon - nelma. Fisheries are organized only in the bays, gulfs and lower reaches of the rivers. Pinnipeds of different species are found in the sea: seals, bearded seals, less often walruses. In the summer, the beluga whale comes here in large numbers - a herd animal that makes regular seasonal migrations. There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea.

COAST OF THE KARA SEA
The coastline of the Kara Sea is complex and winding. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are indented by numerous fjords. The mainland coast is significantly dissected, where the Baidaratskaya and Obskaya bays go deep into the land, between which large bays are located far to the east: Gydansky, Pyasinsky, starting from which the coastline outlines many small bays. Less winding is the western coast of Severnaya Zemlya.

Diverse in external forms and structure, the coast of the Kara Sea in different areas belongs to different morphological types of coasts (). The sea is framed mainly by abrasion, but there are accumulative and ice shores. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are steep and hilly. The mainland coast is low-lying and gently sloping in places, steep in places. Mostly low shores

Gydan Bay, Kara Sea

ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA AND WINDS
Located in the high latitudes of the Arctic and directly connected to the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate. The relative proximity of the Atlantic Ocean somewhat softens the climate of the sea, in the way of warm Atlantic air and waters, therefore the Kara Sea is climatically more severe,. The large extent of the Kara Sea from the southwest to the northeast creates noticeable differences in climatic indicators in its different areas in all seasons of the year.

The location, intensity and interaction of the main centers of atmospheric action largely determine the state of the weather and the magnitude of meteorological elements throughout the year. In autumn-winter, the Siberian anticyclone forms and sets, the Polar High intensifies, and the action of the Icelandic Low trough extends to the sea. At the beginning of the cold season in the northern part of the sea, the north wind prevails, and in the south - the winds are unstable in direction. The wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m/s. The winter baric situation determines the predominance of southern, southwestern and southeastern winds in most of the sea. Only in the northeast winds of the northern rhumbs are often observed. The average wind speed is 7-8 m/s, often it reaches storm force. The largest number of storms occurs in the western part of the sea. Off the coast of Novaya Zemlya, a local hurricane wind, the Novaya Zemlya bora, is often formed. It usually lasts several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. Winds of southern directions, as a rule, bring continental air strongly cooled over the mainland into the Kara Sea. The average monthly air temperature in March at Cape Chelyuskin is −28.6°, at Cape Zhelaniya −20°, and the minimum air temperature in the sea can reach −45–50°. However, with southerly winds, relatively warm polar sea air sometimes also enters the western part of the sea. It is brought by cyclones coming from the west and deviating to the south and southeast, as they meet the chain of Novaya Zemlya mountains on their way. The most frequent inflows of warm air occur in February. These intrusions and the Novaya Zemlya bora make the winter weather unstable in the western part of the sea, while in its northern and eastern regions the weather is relatively stable, cold and clear.

In the warm season, the Siberian High collapses, and the low-pressure trough disappears. The polar maximum is shifting to the north. In this regard, winds blow in the spring, which are unstable in direction, the speed of which usually does not exceed 5-6 m/s. The cyclonic activity is weakening. Spring warming occurs quite quickly, but does not lead to significant increases in air temperature. In May, the average monthly air temperature is around -7° in the west and around -9° in the east of the sea.

In summer, a local area of ​​high pressure forms over the sea, which leads to the predominance of northerly winds with speeds of 4–5 m/s. In the warmest month (July), the average air temperature is 5-6° in the western part of the sea and 1-2° in the east and northeast. In some areas of the mainland coast, the air temperature can rise to +18 and even +20°. There can be snowfall in any summer month. In general, summers are short and cold with overcast rainy weather. Strong winter cooling and weak summer heating, unstable weather during the cold season, and a relatively calm state of the atmosphere in summer are characteristic features of the climate of the Kara Sea.

Baydaratskaya Bay Kara Sea

DRAIN OF THE KARA SEA
This sea accounts for, on average, about 55% (1290 km3/year) of the total runoff to all seas of the Siberian Arctic. The Ob annually brings about 450 km3 of water, the Pyasina - 80 km3, the Pur and Taz together - about 86 km3, and other rivers - about 74 km3. With such a significant river runoff, it is distributed very unevenly in time and space of the sea. Approximately 80% of river water enters the sea in late summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter, water from only the largest rivers flows into the sea in very small quantities. Almost all continental runoff enters the Kara Sea from the south. Under the influence of mainly prevailing winds, river water spreads over the sea, its distribution is not the same from year to year. Based on the generalization of long-term observations for the Kara Sea, western, eastern and fan-shaped variants of the distribution of freshened waters in it have been established.
In general, almost 40% of the area of ​​this sea is under the influence of continental waters. They have a very diverse impact on the natural conditions of the sea. The heat they bring slightly increases the surface water temperature in the estuarine areas, which contributes to the breakup of fast ice in spring and somewhat slows down ice formation in autumn; river waters reduce the salinity of sea waters; mechanically, river runoff affects the direction of movement of sea waters, etc. Continental runoff is an important factor in the formation of the features of the Kara Sea.

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

Portnyagino, Kungasalakh, Labaz, Kokora.

Major bays:
Middendorf, Pyasinsky, Sims, Taimyr Bay, Teresa Clavenes, Thaddeus, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay.
Administratively, it is part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, forming in it a special Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets region.
The largest city is Norilsk.

NUMBER OF PEOPLES
The number of indigenous peoples of the North - as of 01.01.2008 - is 10,217 people or 27.0% of the total population, of which:
Dolgans - 5,517 people;
Nenets - 3,486 people;
Nganasans - 749 people;
Evenks - 270 people;
Enets - 168 people;
other nations - 27 people.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
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Features of the organic world. Severe climatic conditions determine the significant poverty of the organic world both in terms of species composition and biomass. According to the conditions of life in the ocean, the Arctic basin and the marginal seas differ sharply, especially those areas that include warm waters. These seas include the White, and, where the biomass is quite comparable with the biomass of the more southern seas.

The phytobenthos of the seas of the Arctic Ocean is represented by kelp, anfeltia, fucus, and zoster, the development of which is extremely important for, since herring spawns on zoster thickets. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the yield of Zostera, which has had a negative impact on commercial fishing for herring.

Phytoplankton of the Arctic Ocean has only 200 species. It is based on diatoms (92 species).

Diatoms have adapted to local living conditions. They settle on the lower, submerged surfaces of ice floes, and some directly on the ice, giving it a peculiar yellowish-brown hue at the time of "blooming". In the deep part of the ocean, phytoplankton is very poor and is represented by 53 species of diatoms and peridiniums. The diatom flora gives 79, and in the Arctic basin 98% of the total biomass.

The dominant species of zooplankton are copepods (copepods).

Zoobenthos is represented very unevenly. The Barents Sea is the richest in benthic organisms: more than 1800 species, biomass 100-300 g/m. Only 600 species are known in the sea, and the average biomass does not exceed 25 g/m. Polychaetes, benthic foraminifers, are the most widespread among zoobenthos. The zoobenthos of the Arctic Basin is poorly studied, its species composition is poor, and its biomass is negligible.

At the periphery of the ocean, especially in warmer waters, more than 150 species of fish are distributed. Of the commercial fish, the most significant are cod, salmon, halibut, and haddock. The scorpion and herring families are represented by sea bass and ocean herring.

Fish such as saithe, eelpouts are not of great commercial importance, but they are the most important food resource for various animals, including commercial mammals - seals and beluga whales.

Of the mammals, the seal, walrus, and narwhal are also widespread. Walrus rookeries are located on the pebble beaches of the coasts of the mainland and islands. Seals feed on fish, walruses on benthic organisms. Whales used to live in large numbers in the marginal seas, but in the 18th-19th centuries they were mostly exterminated. There are very few bowhead whales left. Seals are hunted in many places.

With the abundance of marine life in, especially in the Subarctic, an exceptionally large number of birds are associated. Birds feed on fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and insects. Guillemots, hatchets, gulls, fulmars, puffins, eiders, little auks, guillemots, cormorants form massive nesting sites on inaccessible rocky shores, the so-called bird markets. Many birds penetrate in the summer to the highest latitudes - to the pole.

Large differences in the organic world between the Atlantic regions adjacent to and and the central ones make it possible to distinguish three sub-regions within a single Arctic biogeographic region covering the Arctic Ocean: Atlantic, Siberian-Canadian and Central Arctic.

The Atlantic subregion is distinguished by the highest species richness and maximum biomass. Nekton here is represented by huge concentrations of commercial fish: haddock, cod, herring, saury, sea bass, halibut. Until recently, this sub-region was famous for whaling. Now whales are rare here, but the species composition of pinnipeds, especially seals, is rich.

The Siberian-Canadian subregion is significantly inferior in species richness and biomass to the Atlantic one. In the waters of the seas, the influence of the Pacific fauna is felt. However, the shelf waters are relatively rich and have a commercial value.

The Central Arctic subregion is the poorest in terms of species and quantity. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by a small number of diatom species, zooplankton - by several species of crustaceans. A walrus and a polar bear live in the sub-area.

Despite the small wealth of organic life, the phenomenon of gigantism of some forms is characteristic of the Arctic Ocean. So, the largest jellyfish lives in the waters of the ocean - cyanide, which reaches 2 m in diameter, the length of its tentacles is several tens of meters. There is the largest ophiura - "the head of the Gorgon". Giant ones are also known: a single eight-point coral umbellula, a sea spider. Many marine organisms in the Arctic are long-lived. In the cold Arctic waters, all life processes are slow. Therefore, for example, mussels rarely live up to 5-6 years, and at their age can be 25 years. Many fish are long-lived, such as cod (up to 20 years), flounder (up to 30-40 years).