The Piri Reis map dates from the early 1500s. Antarctica without ice. The mystery of the ancient map of Piri Reis. Universe and man

06.11.2019

This spring marks the 500th anniversary of the Piri Reis map, which was painted on the skin of a gazelle in the 16th century. Its compiler, Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed, went down in history as Piri Reis (Admiral Piri), as he commanded the ships of the Turkish fleet. It depicts America for the first time in the history of the Old World, just 21 years after Columbus's first voyage. For some, however, this is not enough - they claim that the map is incredibly accurate for those years and that it depicts the outlines of Antarctica hidden under the ice!

The map drawn by the admiral in the month of Muharrem 919 (between March 9 and April 7, 1513 of our calendar) was accidentally found in 1929 among the manuscripts of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. Part of the map depicting the Nordic countries and Greenland has been lost; apparently, the same thing happened with its eastern part (a small piece remained of Africa and Europe). Fortunately, the author's own handwritten explanation remained on the surviving part:

"In our century, no one else has such a map ... It was compiled by me from 20 maps and a map of the universe, starting with those drawn under the ruler Alexander the Two-horned [Macedonian], and show the inhabited part of the world. The Arabs call such maps" Jaferiyeh." I took eight such maps and another Hindu map in Arabic, as well as maps recently drawn by four Portuguese, in which the countries of Hind, Sind and China are geometrically accurately shown. Also from the map of Colombo [Christopher Columbus] I took the inscriptions of the western countries and , reducing all the maps to the same scale, came to the final result.

In 1956, an amateur archaeologist, retired Captain Arlington Humphrey Mallery was the first to claim that the map depicted the coast of Antarctica long before the discovery of the continent by Russian sailors. Several US Navy Hydrographic Bureau officers supported the hypothesis. Then Mallery said that the map does not show the current Antarctica, bound by ice, but a continent without ice cover. Charles Hapgood added to this that the map was drawn in azimuthal projection centered on Egypt near Cairo (where the pyramid of Cheops stands). Fantasies about Egyptians and space aliens were not slow to blossom.

“The Piri Reis map is based on aerial photographs taken from a very high altitude,” wrote Erich von Däniken in the book “Chariots of the Gods,” also known as “Memories of the Future.” “How can this be explained? Only by the presence of a spaceship hanging high above Cairo and pointing his cameras down."

In the 60s, when Mallery, Hapgood and Daniken shocked scientists, Antarctica had not yet been properly explored. More detailed studies have shown that the accuracy of the coincidence of its coastline with the Piri Reis map is exaggerated. Three fans of hypotheses did not take into account: the continent is under the pressure of billions of tons of ice, and if it is removed, the tectonic plate will rise by tens, if not hundreds of meters. All the outlines of the coast will immediately change, and the mainland would have a completely different coast. In addition, the last time Antarctica lost its ice cap was more than 14 million years ago - too long even for paleocontacts. What alien in their right mind would give earthlings a map that has long since been untrue?!

Imaginary "Antarctica" with a certain six-horned animal.

A lot was said about the "azimuth projection from space", but as soon as the Piri Reis map was properly superimposed on the globe, it turned out that Cairo had nothing to do with it - the center of the projection falls somewhere in the area of the Cape Verde Islands. And to be even more precise, we have to admit that the admiral did not draw a classic map, but a portolan, where the main thing is compass measurements and the distances between the places marked on it. The fact that the result turned out to be similar to the azimuth projection, scientists consider a coincidence: portolans were drawn without correction for the spherical shape of the Earth.

What is drawn instead of Antarctica? It's just a distorted outline of South America. We do not see the Drake Strait and the Strait of Magellan. The inscriptions made by the admiral in Turkish in Arabic letters show that this is a country where there is no ice at all.

"In this country, apparently, there are white-haired monsters, as well as six-horned cattle. The Portuguese pagans wrote it down in their maps. This country is a desert. Everything is in ruins, and they say that large snakes were found there. That is why the Portuguese pagans did not land on these shores, where, as is also said, it is very hot."

"Antarctica" is just South America drawn with errors.

Map of the world from "Bahriye" (1520).

Seven years later, Piri Reis corrected his mistakes. In the atlas "Bahriye" ("Book of the Seas"), South America almost does not differ from modern maps. The Strait of Magellan was promptly mapped. The hypothetical "Southern Continent" is also there, but it is merged with Australia. This once again proves that the admiral did not have accurate maps of Antarctica, and his map does not go beyond the knowledge and hypotheses of the beginning of the 16th century.

Lit.: Fanthorpe, Lionel & Patricia. The worla greatest unsolved mysteries. Toronto, 1997, p. 1-6; Afetinan, A. The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis. Ankara, 1954; Hapgood, Charles. Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age. NY, 1966 (Russian translation in the collection "Book of Secrets-5", M., 1994, pp. 3-132); Van de Waal, E. Manuscript Maps in the Topkapi Saray Library, Istanbul // Imago Mundi, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1969, p. 81-95; Davies, Paul. The Piri-Reis map: fact and fiction // Flying Saucer Review, 1972, Vol. 18, no. 2; Hess, Andrew. Piri Reis and the Ottoman Response to the Voyages of Discovery // Terrae Incognitae, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1974, p. 19-37; Heinrich, Paul. Fingerprints of the Gods [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.intersurf.com/~chalcedony/FOG9.html; Steven Dutch [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/pseudosc/piriries.htm; Bad Archeology [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.badarchaeology.com/?page_id=969; Piri Reis map // Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis_map; Piri Reis. Kitab-i-Bahriye Archeology [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://books.tr200.ru/v.php?id=2511117; Lobanov V., Chernikov D. The riddle of the Piri Reis maps // Tekhnika-molodezhi, 1961, No. 2, pp. 37-40; Tompkins P. Piri Reis and his modern interpreters // Tekhnika-molodezhi, 1968, No. 4, pp. 34-36; Eremin G., Grigoriev V. Piri Reis, Orontsy Finey and Co. // Technique-Youth, 1968, No. 5, pp. 28-30; Kamaletdinov Ahmed. Strokes to the portrait of Piri Reis - the great navigator and cartographer // Golden Spring, May-June 2008, pp. 12-15; Krupko Viktor. Why were they silent about the Piri Reis maps? // Anomaly (M.), July-September 1992; Ilyin Vadim. Riddles of ancient geographical maps // NLO (St. Petersburg), 2005, No. 6, p. 6.

When Antarctica wasn't covered in ice!

The conclusion caused the effect of an exploding bomb. It turned out that Antarctica could have looked like this many millions of years ago. The accuracy of determining the longitudinal coordinates indicated that the map used spheroidal trigonometry, officially unknown until the middle of the 18th century. The Piri Reis map is drawn using planar geometry where latitudes and longitudes are at right angles.

But it was copied from a map with spherical trigonometry! Ancient cartographers not only knew that the Earth is a sphere, but also calculated the length of the equator with an accuracy of about 100 km! Who were those ancient cartographers who were able to map the mainland with such accuracy, which would be discovered much later than the map itself?

The very fact of their existence is amazing, and for some reason is not commented on by official historical science, and in general, practically no one knows, except for meticulous researchers. And of course, such things are rarely shown on TV.

If Piri Reis were the only cartographer with access to such anomalous information, it would be wrong to give too much importance to his map. However, the Turkish admiral was by no means the only one who possessed this seemingly incredible and inexplicable geographical knowledge.

Regardless of how this knowledge was passed down through the centuries, it is undeniable that other cartographers had access to the same curious secrets. Gallery of ancient maps

Quote from the article - Map of Piri Reis - an ancient map of Antarctica without ice:

But this cannot be, since these people should have lived millions of years ago!

Navigators who lived many years ago and compiled maps, according to which (as in the Piri Reis map) modern ones were updated? Incredible…”

Information about Antarctica obtained through the Piri Reis map contradicts modern scientific opinion. But then other cartographers of the past also come into conflict with him - Oronteus Fiiius, Gerard, Mercator, Philip Buache. They, like Piri Reis, used earlier sources in compiling their maps. Their maps have something that they could not see for themselves. And they could only copy, redraw from their knowledgeable predecessors.

So, on the map of Oronteus Finius, compiled in 1531, the ice-free coasts of Antarctica occupy an even larger area than that of Piri Reis. This, in addition to Queen Maud Land, is also Endbury Land, Wilkes Land, Victoria Land, Mary Byrd Land. The results of seismic exploration again indicated the similarity of the contours of the area under the ice and the terrain on the map. In addition, the researchers drilled wells at the bottom of the Ross Sea. Sediment samples were taken from the wells. Their age was determined using radiocarbon analysis. Scientists came to the conclusion that the source of these deposits were the Antarctic rivers. The ones that are on the map. Once upon a time, they really flowed into the Ross Sea - where the Scott and Bradmore glaciers slide into it today.

Mercator, considered the most famous cartographer of the 16th century, produced several maps of Antarctica. The mainland, undiscovered by that time, is depicted by him in great detail. Cape Dart and Cape Ger-lacher on Mary Byrd Land, Prince Harald Coast, Padda Island in the Lützow-Holm Bay and much more are even more recognizable than on the map of Oronteus Finius.

Of particular interest are the maps of Buache, who lived in the 18th century. He apparently used even more ancient sources. On his 1737 map, Antarctica is completely free of ice. It looks like an archipelago separated by a strait. Such an image seemed fantastic for a long time. But in 1958, seismographic studies confirmed what was reproduced on the map. Antarctica was not a mainland. Under the ice shell is an archipelago, divided by a strait into two parts.

The study of maps suggests that the cartographic sources of Piri Reis and Mercator could have been created in an era close to 4000 BC. The source used by Oronteus Phinius was an earlier one, dating back to a time when the glacier covered only the center of Antarctica. And, finally, the sources on the basis of which Buache made his maps must be even earlier. They could have been produced when there was no glaciation yet, that is, 13,000 years before our era. There is one hypothesis, according to which Antarctica was not always located in the place familiar to us, inside the Arctic Circle. Previously, it was located about 3,000 kilometers to the north. But there was a displacement of the earth's crust - Antarctica moved and took the place of the South Pole. The climate has changed, it has become colder. The glacial "cap" began to grow and gradually spread.

It can be assumed that before the glaciation, that is, 13,000 years before our era, Antarctica was inhabited by people. It was a highly developed civilization that existed until the last strip of land was covered with ice. However, direct evidence confirming the existence of this civilization has not yet been found. They could well be prototype maps used by cartographers of the Middle Ages. But they, apparently, by our time were lost.

There are other accurate maps of Antarctica, drawn long before its official discovery in 1818, which, in fact, only adds fuel to the fire and makes the existence of the Piri Reis map even more reliable. The very fact of their existence is amazing, and for some reason is not commented on by official historical science, and in general, practically no one knows, except for meticulous researchers. And of course, such things are rarely shown on TV.

Ancient map of Antarctica. Map of Orontius Phineus.

This amazing ancient map of the world was compiled in 1531 by the French geographer Orontius Fineus, also on the basis of some very ancient maps, even older than the original maps of Piri Reis.

This is evidenced by the fact that on it the entire Antarctic continent, with the exception of its central part, is shown free of ice, and only in the very center of the continent is there an ice cap. This map depicts mountain ranges, rivers, and valleys, as well as the coastline of the continent.

The attention of scientists on this map was attracted by a large river flowing into the Ross Sea. Close interest in the map of Orontius Fineus arose only in the second half of the 20th century, when scientists were able to find original methods by which they were able to transfer fragments of the maps of Orontius Fineus and Piri Reis to modern maps. The result surprised even experts: ancient maps, in general, corresponded to modern ones.

The coastline corresponded quite accurately to modern maps. On the map of Orontius Phineus, Mary Bird Land, Victoria Land, Enderby Land, and Wilkes Land depicted as ice-free are easily identified. And some mismatch of the coastline is easily explained by the fact that under the colossal weight of many kilometers of ice, Antarctica is now gradually sinking into the ocean.

Moreover, the results of seismic surveys carried out in Antarctica by scientific expeditions of the USSR, the USA, England, France and a number of other countries showed that on these maps, on the whole, the mountain ranges, capes, rivers and bays, now hidden under many kilometers of ice, are correctly marked.

And deep drilling in the Ross Sea, carried out by the US Antarctic Expedition, made it possible to establish the presence of a thick layer of bottom sediments, typical for the flow of large rivers into the ocean, i.e. the river depicted on the Orontius Phineus map as flowing into the Ross Sea did indeed exist.

However, as already mentioned, the most surprising thing was that ancient maps were in some cases more accurate than modern ones.

For example, quite recently, on modern maps of the twentieth century, Queen Maud Land in Antarctica did not have clearly defined contours, and covered with a thick ice shell, was depicted as part of the mainland, due to the fact that only its mountain peaks currently rise above the ice surface. .

Meanwhile, on the Piri Reis map, these mountain peaks are located at the same points, but are islands separated from the mainland. Recently, drilling through the ice and deep seismic exploration have made it possible to establish that the bases of the mountains of Queen Maud Land are indeed surrounded by the sea and are islands.

The US Marine Hydrographic Office, which took part in the study of these charts, acknowledged their high degree of accuracy in their official report.

Scientists suggest that the Orontius Phineus map, similar to the Piri Reis map, is a compilation from several ancient maps.

Apparently, this is true, because in order to manually make a detailed cartographic survey of even such a relatively small continent as Antarctica, it would take more than a dozen expeditions and long months of work.

Sources: worldchild.ucoz.ru, www.youtube.com, antarctida.printdirect.ru, strangeworlds.at.ua, otvet.mail.ru

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In 1929, in the Imperial Library of Constantinople, an ancient map of the world was found, which belonged to the admiral of the military fleet of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, Piri Reis. In 1959, Professor Charles H. Hapgood of Keene College drew attention to this map. He noticed the outlines of Antarctica on it and decided to send it for examination. The conclusion caused the effect of an exploding bomb.
It turned out that Antarctica could have looked like this many millions of years ago. The accuracy of the longitudinal coordinates indicated that the map used spheroid trigonometry, officially unknown until the middle of the 18th century. The Piri Reis map is drawn using planar geometry where latitudes and longitudes are at right angles. But it was copied from a map with spherical trigonometry! Ancient cartographers not only knew that the Earth is a sphere, but also calculated the length of the equator with an accuracy of about 100 km! Who were those ancient cartographers who were able to map the mainland with such accuracy, which would be discovered much later than the map itself?
There are other accurate maps of Antarctica, drawn long before its official discovery in 1818, which, in fact, only adds fuel to the fire and makes the existence of the Piri Reis map even more reliable. The very fact of their existence is amazing, and for some reason is not commented on by official historical science, and in general, practically no one knows, except for meticulous researchers. And of course, such things are rarely shown on TV.
If Piri Reis were the only cartographer with access to such anomalous information, it would be wrong to give too much importance to his map. However, the Turkish admiral was by no means the only one who possessed this seemingly incredible and inexplicable geographical knowledge. Regardless of how this knowledge was passed down through the centuries, it is undeniable that other cartographers had access to the same curious secrets.

Quote from the article - Map of Piri Reis - an ancient map of Antarctica without ice:

“But the fact that the Piri Reis map shows the coast of Antarctica, which is not yet covered with ice, is difficult to comprehend! After all, the modern appearance of the coastline of the southern continent is set by a powerful ice cover that goes far beyond the real land. It turns out that Piri Reis used sources compiled by people who saw Antarctica before the glaciation?But this cannot be, since these people should have lived millions of years ago!
Navigators who lived many years ago and compiled maps, according to which (as in the Piri Reis map) modern ones were updated? Incredible..."

In the figure, copies of both found maps of Piri Reis are docked. The main map is shown in the center, ending in the north with approximately the latitude of modern France, at the top - the map where the outlines of Greenland and other northern lands are guessed.

Having become interested in the problem of the Piri Reis maps, one should begin with ascertaining the identity of A. X. Malleri. He is one of the ardent supporters of the point of view that in pre-glacial times there was a high civilization on Earth, which then died as a result of a catastrophe.

In the formations of the Tertiary era, a regular steel parallelepiped was found. Steel nails were unexpectedly found in blocks of limestone from the Cretaceous period. Ruins of Phoenician cities were suddenly found in the Amazon River basin.

There is already a long list of finds - mysteries. Today, in addition to the above, it contains round forts of Scotland and Ireland, ruins on Ponape Island in the Pacific Ocean, stone fortifications in the Rocky Mountains (USA) and much more.

In all this, some people see traces of a lost civilization. Among them is the American engineer A. X. Mullery. He managed to find traces of metallurgical furnaces in the United States that existed 7 thousand years ago.

The mystery of the Piri Reis maps attracted him as part of his other hypothesis that the Earth was once inhabited by highly civilized, bearded people with white skin, then destroyed during a global catastrophe.

And here we are studying what the American engineer studied. We sought out the Bahriyeh book and marvelous color copies of both Piri Reis maps of 1513 and 1528. An employee of the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies Hanna Kowbaska worked hard to help us find them.

We were especially interested in the appearance of Piri Reis himself, and we began by reading the preface to the book in Turkish. The wonderful Turkish poet Naim Hikmet kindly helped us with this. A former sailor himself, he was particularly interested in the flamboyant figure of Piri Reis.

In the book and from the words of N. Hikmet we learn a lot of interesting things. In his youth, the future naval commander was a simple corsair. He sailed on the ship of his uncle Kemal Reis and trained in maritime and military affairs in pirate raids on merchant ships. Around 1490, Kemal Reis and his nephew entered the service of the Bey of Tunisia, but did not get along with him. The extreme cruelty of the bey pushed the former corsairs away from him, and in 1494 they went to the service of the Turkish sultan Yavus Selim.

The sultan bizarrely combined the features of a conqueror, a cruel ruler and a patron of the arts and sciences. He wrote great poetry. Next to Yavus Selim, a venerable old man - a sage - usually rode. They say that one day the old man’s horse “leaped” and splashed the ruler of the “faithful” with mud in front of the eyes of the whole people. Selim did not decapitate his adviser, as his predecessors would have done. He told the elder: "The mud from under the hooves of the sage's horse is a reward for the Sultan," and the incident was over.

In 1500, the young Piri won his first victory over the Spanish fleet. This brought him the mercy of the Sultan and the honorary naval title of "reisa", which means approximately "leader", "chief", but only among sailors.

Piri Reis had an irrepressible curiosity and was one of the most educated people of his time. He knew languages: Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian.

Sultan Suleymai 1 Kanuni (the Magnificent), who replaced Yavus Selim in 1520, also favored Piri Reis. During the reign of Suleiman, Piri Reis was appointed the so-called "Indian Commandant" - the commander-in-chief of the eastern Turkish fleet outside the Red Sea.

Piri Reis was 86 years old when he suffered his first - and last - defeat. His fleet was defeated by the Venetians. Sultan Suleymai did not like the vanquished, even if they did a lot to strengthen the power of the Ottoman Empire. Past accomplishments don't count. In addition, there are reports that the remnants of the Piri Reis fleet are plundering in Basra. The court of the Sultan is short and severe: the former corsair, who later became a scientist, is beheaded.

Piri Reis has long been the best cartographer of the East. But the decaying Ottoman Empire did not honor the memory of its scientists. Two hundred years later, the first copy of the Bahriye book was obtained by the Prussian ambassador in Istanbul from the harem, where the Sultan's wives amused themselves with painted maps. A hundred and fifty years later, the first part of the first map of the world was discovered. Then we found the second part. So how are both mysteries related to cards solved? How could a Turkish admiral, a contemporary of Columbus, compose such a complete sledge of the world? Did he know about the existence of Antarctica or did he not know?

The answer to the first question: until another convincing explanation is found, it should be assumed that Piri Reis simply skillfully and quickly used the cartographic material of his contemporaries and predecessors, who lived, in any case, in his historical era. There can be no talk of any "disappeared ancient civilizations".

The southern part of the map is not Antarctica. An interesting experience has been made. They took the main map of Piri Rais and, according to modern data, established the exact coordinates of some of its points. Taking into account the scale, a grid of coordinates was compiled. They were amazed to see that the "zero" - vertical - meridian fell just on Istanbul. And so, putting modern maps made on a new grid of coordinates on the map of Piri Reis, we were convinced that we got a very strong approximation to the truth without any Antarctica. Just look at the docked card to see this. It turns out that Piri Reis knew about the outlines of South America. In any case, whether this is true or not, it was still necessary to talk in detail about the maps of the ancient naval commander.

First, the riddle of their composition of the end is not yet solved; secondly, the history of these documents is too interesting and instructive.