The largest snake in the history of the planet. A huge ancient snake may reappear on earth. Titanoboa in art and popular culture
Snakes, like other reptiles, have lived on Earth for tens of millions of years, but tracing their evolutionary origins has become a huge challenge for paleontologists. In the following 11 paragraphs of the article, you will find photographs and descriptions of various ancient snakes, ranging from dinylysium to the largest prehistoric snake in the world - the titanoboa.
1. Dinilisia
Habitat: woodlands of South America;
historical period: late Cretaceous period (90-85 million years ago);
Size and weight: about 1.80-3m long and 5-10kg;
diet: small animals;
Distinctive characteristics: moderate size; dull skull.
The makers of BBC: Walking with Dinosaurs were pretty knowledgeable about prehistoric reptiles, so it's unforgivable that the last episode of Death of a Dynasty (1999) featured a huge bug involving the dinylysia snake.
This prehistoric snake has been shown to be a threat to young tyrannosaurs, despite the fact that: firstly, dinylysia lived 10 million years earlier than Tyrannosaurus Rex, and secondly, this snake was native to South America, while T -Rex lived in North America.
2. Epodophis (Eupodophis descouensi)
Habitat
historical period
Size and weight: about 1m in length;
diet: small animals;
Distinctive characteristics: small size; tiny hind legs.
Epodophis is a classic transitional form between lizards and legless snakes. These Cretaceous reptiles had tiny (about 2 cm) hind legs, with a distinctive femur and tibia. Ironically, the epodophis and two other genera (chaasiophis and pachyrahis) of fossil snakes equipped with rudimentary legs were discovered in the Near East, a clear breeding ground for snakes, 100 million years ago.
3. Gigantophis
Habitat: woodlands of North Africa and South Asia;
historical period: at the end of the Eocene (40-35 million years ago);
Size and weight: up to 10 m in length and up to 500 kg;
diet: small animals;
Distinctive characteristics: big size; capacious jaws.
Approximately 10 meters long and weighing about half a ton, the prehistoric Gigantophis snake was until recently considered the largest snake ever living in the world, until the remains of the ancient titanoboa snake, much larger (15 m in length and weighing about a ton).
4. Haasiofis
Habitat: woodlands of the Middle East;
historical period: late Cretaceous period (100-90 million years ago);
Size and weight: about 1m in length;
diet: small marine animals;
Distinctive characteristics: moderate size; tiny hind limbs.
Some paleontologists believe that the haasiophis was related to the older snakes of the genus Pachyrachis, but most of the evidence (mainly related to the shape of the skull and structure of the teeth) places these snakes in a separate genus.
Habitat: woodlands of South America, Western Europe, Africa and Madagascar;
historical period: Late Cretaceous-Pleistocene (90-2 Ma)
Size and weight: 3-9 m in length and weighing 2-20 kg;
diet: small animals;
Distinctive characteristics: moderate to large size; the structure of the vertebrae.
As you can guess from the unusually wide geographic and temporal range of snakes in the genus madtsoia (various species of madtsoia span a span of 90 million years), paleontologists are far from sorting out the evolutionary relationships of these prehistoric snakes.
6. Nyash (Najash rionegrina)
Habitat: woodlands of South America;
historical period: Late Cretaceous (90 million years ago);
Size and weight: about 1m in length;
diet: small animals;
Distinctive characteristics: moderate size; small hind limbs.
Unlike other genera of basal snakes: epodophis, pachyrahis and haasiophis, which spent most of their lives in the water, snakes of the genus Nayash led an exclusively terrestrial lifestyle.
7. Pachyrahis
Habitat: rivers and lakes of the Middle East;
historical period: Early Cretaceous period (130-120 million years ago);
Size and weight: up to 1 m in length and weighing about 1 kg;
diet: fish;
Distinctive characteristics: long serpentine body; small hind legs.
Pachyrahis is an ideal intermediate form between lizards and snakes: these ancient reptiles possessed an exclusively serpentine body, complete with scales, a python-like head, and a pair of vestigial hind limbs located a few centimeters from the end of the tail.
8. Sanayeh (Sanajeh indicus)
Habitat: woodlands of India;
historical period: late Cretaceous period (70-65 million years ago);
Size and weight: up to 3.5 m in length and weighing 10-20 kg;
diet: small dinosaurs;
Distinctive characteristics: moderate size; limited articulation of the jaws.
Sanaeh (Sanajeh indicus) significantly inferior in size to the world's largest prehistoric snake, but this is the only species that hunted dinosaurs with great confidence (mainly cubs and small dinosaur species up to 50 cm in length).
9. Tetrapodophis
Habitat: woodlands of South America;
historical period: Early Cretaceous (120 million years ago);
Size and weight: 30 cm long and weighing several hundred grams;
diet: insects;
Distinctive characteristics: small size; four vestigial limbs.
Tetrapodophis has a dubious origin - it was allegedly discovered in Brazil, but no one can say exactly where and by whom, as well as how the fossils got to Germany. Some paleontologists doubt that tetrapodophis is a real prehistoric snake.
10 Titanoboa
Habitat: woodlands of South America;
historical period: Paleogene period (60 million years ago);
Size and weight: up to 15 m in length and weighing about 1 t;
diet: animals;
Distinctive characteristics: giant size; camouflage color.
Titanoboa is the largest prehistoric snake in the world that has ever lived on our planet. She reached up to 15 m in length and weighed about 1 ton. The only reason why she did not hunt dinosaurs is that the titanoboa appeared several million years after their death. In the article "," you can get acquainted with a lot of interesting information about these giant snakes.
11. Wonambi
Habitat: plains of Australia;
historical period: Pleistocene epoch (2 million - 40 thousand years ago);
Size and weight: 5-6 m in length and weighing about 50 kg;
diet: animals;
Distinctive characteristics: big size; primitive head and jaws.
Although the Australian wonambi were not directly related to modern pythons and boas, these snakes had a similar hunting style: squeezing their muscular coils around unsuspecting animals and slowly choking them to death.
Millions of years after the disappearance of the dinosaurs, there was a species of snake that, with its gigantic size alone, excites the mind. 60-58 million years ago lived in the swampy jungles of Colombia Titanoboa. A snake like a boa constrictor reached a length of 15 meters and weighed up to a ton.
The size Titanoboa could be attributed to the climate in which he lived. Warmer climates usually mean more vegetation, which means more prey, which also outnumbered prey living in cooler conditions.
Canadian and American zoologists, having done a comparative analysis of the skeleton, came to the conclusion that the snake could reach up to 13 meters in length and weigh more than a ton. The largest snake that has survived to this day, the reticulated python, reaches 8.7 meters in length. The smallest snake, Leptotyphlops carlae, is only 10 centimeters long.
Vertebra of Titanoboa and modern medium snake
This colossal snake looked like a modern common boa constrictor, but acted more like today's anaconda living in the Amazon jungle. It was a slippery swamp dweller and a huge predator capable of eating any animal it hunted. The diameter of his body was close to the waist of a man of our time.
In the swampy jungle, the life of the titanoboa was surprisingly long due to the constant incessant rain, abundant vegetation and living creatures. Deep-water rivers allowed the snake to both go to the depths and crawl around palm trees and rolling jungles.
The river basin in which the titanoboa fed was teeming with giant tortoises and crocodiles of at least three different species. A giant fish also lived here, three times the size of the current inhabitants of the Amazon.
On March 22, 2012, a 14-meter reconstruction of the Titanoboa skeleton, created for the Smithsonian Channel's Titanoboa-themed non-fiction program Titanoboa: Monster Snake, was unveiled at New York's Grand Central Station.
Reading the article will take: 3 min.As we well know, several tens of millions of years ago, the planet Earth, which we humans today consider exclusively ours, belonged to no mammals or even warm-blooded ones. It was inhabited by gigantic creatures in every way - dinosaurs alone are worth something! After the total extinction of dinosaurs (only birds survived, their distant relatives), no less huge creatures began to rule the Earth, which was facilitated by a warm climate and an abundance of food - giant reptiles. And among them was a snake of terrifying size and strength - a colossal boa constrictor, named Titanoboa cerrejonensis by the scientists who discovered it.
The largest snake in the history of the Earth
The remains of a group of eight giant boas were discovered in Colombia while developing a side road of a coal mine near the city of Serrejon in the province of Guajira. At the invitation of the Colombian government, international paleontologists were invited to the site in early 2009, led by Jonathan Bloch and paleobotanist Carlos Jaramillo from the Panamanian branch of the Smithsonian University.
The first thing that shocked paleontologists was the monstrous size of the vertebrae found in the remains of snakes. It was a completely new species of giant boa fossil whose size was so impressive that there was nothing to compare it to. According to preliminary estimates, the colossal boa constrictor that lived in South America was at least 13 meters long, the body weight of an adult was more than a ton!
The family of giant boas inhabited the Earth in the Paleocene, about 60 million years ago. And this fact refutes the theory that during the Paleocene the Earth's climate was cold, because at its beginning there was a complete extinction of dinosaurs - cold-blooded snakes of the genus Titanoboa cerrejonensis were guaranteed not to be able to survive at temperatures below 30 °C. And since they survived and reached such an impressive size, then in the Paleocene era in the equatorial zone of our planet it was warm and even hot. It took about three years to study in detail the fossil remains of snakes found in Columbia, and on March 22, 2012, a life-size model of a colossal boa constrictor was exhibited in the lobby of Grand Central Station in New York, now it is in the Museum of the Smithsonian University in Washington.
According to paleontologists, based on the size of bones and other fossilized remains of the colossus boa constrictor, the length of a living individual was over 15 meters, weight - about 1,500 kg. The body of the largest snake in the history of the Earth possessed the greatest power, developing a squeezing force of 30 kg per square centimeter of the victim's body. Since the numbers expressing the strength of a colossal boa constrictor are not very indicative, imagine that a mass equal to 30,000 tons fell on you - three Eiffel Towers at a time! Yes, the colossal fossil boa constrictor from the Paleocene and the silushka was truly colossal ...
Colossal boa constrictor (model) at lunch
What did this overgrown leather cord feed on? According to American scientists, the food of a reptile of monstrous size was in line with its physical capabilities - the largest snake on Earth ate ... 10-meter crocodiles, small ancestors of elephants and hippos, which abundantly inhabited swamps and lakes in the stuffy climate of the Paleocene! To make it easier for a colossal boa constrictor to swallow prey of non-weak sizes, the bones in its skull were not interconnected, as in modern boas and anacondas - the flexible tissues connecting them easily stretched, allowing swallowing whole, for example, a medium-sized elephant.
I present to your attention a short video in which experts from the Smithsonian University recreated the fight between a tyrannosaurus rex and a colossal boa constrictor, as if these monsters accidentally met nose to nose. Although this is impossible, because dinosaurs died out 10 million years before the appearance of the first reptiles of the genus Titanoboa cerrejonensis, the fight is still spectacular!
American scientists have established that a giant boa constrictor lived on Earth millions of years ago. This discovery allows not only to learn more about the past, but, perhaps, to look into the future.
Titanoboa model
About 58 million years ago, a snake of incredible size crawled out of the swampy South American jungle. This creature could terrify anyone.
The reptile weighed more than a ton, and its length was 14 meters. She could swallow a whole crocodile and not choke.
But a few years ago, scientists did not suspect the existence of this fossil animal.
"Even in our wildest dreams, it was impossible to imagine that we would find a 14-meter boa constrictor. The largest of modern snakes is half the size," says Carlos Jaramillo of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and one of the authors of the discovery.
The snake, which received the Latin name Titanoboa cerrejonensis (colossal boa from Kerrejon), is called a distant relative of the anaconda and the modern boa constrictor. She was not poisonous, but killed her victims with a huge squeezing force: more than 180 kg per 6.4 square meters. see Approximately such a load would be received by a person who fell under a load weighing one and a half Brooklyn Bridges.
Fossils of a giant snake were found during excavations in an open coal mine in the town of Cerrejon in Colombia. In 2002, scientists discovered fossils of the Paleocene tropical jungle at this site - perhaps even the very first such forest on the planet.
In addition to fossilized plants, many reptiles were found, the size of which was amazing.
"We have discovered a lost world of giant reptiles: kitchen table-sized turtles and the largest crocodile fossils in the history of research," says Jonathan Bloch, an expert in vertebrate evolution at the University of Florida.
Among the finds was a giant snake.
"After the extinction of the dinosaurs, this animal, the Titanoboa, was the largest carnivore on Earth, and it continued for about 10 million years," explains Bloch. "It was a very large animal - no matter how you look at it."
Looking for fossil skulls
However, in order to get a complete picture of what the prehistoric snake looked like, what it ate and how it relates to the modern animal world, scientists needed to study the remains of the reptile's skull.
"After the dinosaurs died out 60 million years ago, it was much hotter at the equator than today. We believe that is why the reptiles have grown to very large sizes" (Jonathan Bloch.)
Last year, a special research team was sent to Colombia to search for the skull of Titanoboa, which, however, had little hope of success. The fact is that the bones of the snake skull are very fragile, and a very small number of fossil skulls have survived to this day.
"Unlike our skulls, the bones in a snake's skull are not held together. They are connected by tissues," says Jason Head, a serpentologist at the University of Nebraska, US.
“When an animal dies, the connective tissues decompose and the individual bones usually dissipate,” the scientist continues. “In addition, they are very thin and fragile and often break down. snakes known to us from fossils."
To the amazement of the group, they managed to find the remains of three skulls, with which they were able to completely reconstruct the skull of a giant reptile for the first time.
Thus, it was possible to better learn about how the Titanoboa lived and looked like. Now in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in the United States, a life-size model of a snake is on display. In 2013, the exhibit will go on a tour of America.
The discovery of a new species of huge fossil snake helps scientists not only learn about the ancient animal world, but also gain new information about the history of the earth's climate. And this means that fossils can tell us about the consequences of the current global warming.
Snakes are unable to regulate their temperature and depend on external heat to survive.
"Tropical plants and ecosystems can cope with high temperatures and high levels of carbon dioxide. And this is another serious problem that the current global warming trend is associated with" (Carlos Jaramillo).
"We think the Titanoboa got so big because, after the dinosaurs died out 60 million years ago, it was much hotter at the equator than it is today. We think that's why the reptiles grew so big."
Bloch notes that the ability of animals to survive in conditions of high temperatures may again become relevant if climatologists' predictions regarding global warming come true.
The ability to thrive in warm climates could play an important role if global temperatures rise, as climatologists predict, Bloch added.
"This is evidence that ecosystems can develop at temperatures that are expected for the next hundred or two hundred years," he said.
Return of the Titanoboa?
However, the climatic changes that led to the emergence of Titanoboa took place over millions of years. Scientists speak with less certainty about the effects of sudden temperature changes.
“Biology is surprisingly adaptable. Changes in climate and living conditions on the continents are an incentive for evolution. But what happens very quickly can lead to changes that can hardly be assessed positively,” Bloch believes.
During the existence of the Kerrekhon tropical forests, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 50% higher than the current one.
"The Querrejon fossils taught us an important lesson: we learned that tropical plants and ecosystems can cope with high temperatures and high levels of carbon dioxide. And this is another serious problem that the current global warming trend is associated with," says Carlos Jaramillo.
"Perhaps the plants and animals of the tropics already have the genetic ability to cope with global warming," the researcher believes.
Does this mean the giant snake Titanoboa could be back?
“When the temperature rises, there is a possibility that they will return,” says Jaramillo. - It takes a geological time of the order of a million years for the appearance of a new animal species. But they might come back!"
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