The history of the formation of the official business style. The history of the formation of the official business style of speech in Russia

Formal business style stood out before other writing styles due to the fact that it served three the most important areas of public life:

Foreign relations, consolidation of private property, trade.

The documents arose along with writing, initially as a means of securing property relations. Written documents that have come down to our time, data obtained by archaeologists and linguists show that already in the 10th century. in the ancient Russian state culture writing documents. These are treaties with Byzantium in 911 and 945. Notably, both treaties mention drafting practices. In the first case - written wills, in the second - travel letters for merchant ships. After the formation of the Old Russian state, writing became necessary for correspondence with other countries, as well as for concluding interstate agreements.

The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus(IX - the middle of the XII century), received its further development.

It is curious to note that during the XI century. created first option Russian feudal law - Russian Truth - rulings of criminal and procedural law. It developed on the basis of ancient Slavic customs. The most ancient Pravda - Yaroslav's Pravda (30s of the XI century) - the first written collection of Russian laws that determined single system punishments for crimes, had “charters” as a possible prototype and belonged to the XI-XII centuries. They are private letters from Novgorodians and testify that “writing in this period was used both as a means of recording and as a means of exchanging correspondence (correspondence)” [Ilyushenko MP, 1993].

At the end of the XV century. the first orders- central authorities state power who are in charge individual industries princely government, and order huts- organs government controlled in places. In the course of the activities of these bodies, work with documents was born, which was called writ of office work. A characteristic feature of the documents of this period is the immeasurable exaltation of those in power by listing all kinds of titles, ranks and powers.

Instead of the obsolete system of orders in 1720, Peter I gave a complete documentation norm system in the "General Regulations" of the Colleges (in 1802 they were replaced by ministries) - charter public service , published and consisting of 56 chapters. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it. (province, act, run for office, appeal, etc.) and terms.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language is basically completed, its functional varieties begin to actively form - styles. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They wrote in office forms, included a certain set details.

Adoption in 1811" General institution ministries” establishes as a state form the process of unifying the language of business papers. Actively formed character traits stationery style:

 formal-logical text organization,

 impersonal nature of the utterance,

 syntactical cumbersomeness,

 nominal character of speech,

 morphological and lexical uniformity (predominance of nominative and genitive cases),

 standardization.

As a result of the reform office work(documentation rules) there was a need to reform stationery style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new business writing standards; screen texts. A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

In recent decades, Russian business style actively transformed under the influence of socio-political and economic changes in the country, followed by restructuring in the legislative system of the state. Changes in the system of law (in international, criminal, labor, arbitration, banking, civil and other types of law) affected the genres legislative and jurisdictional substyles. For example: new types of legislative acts have appeared, as well as documents that fix new legislative practice (new types of protocols and decisions with an updated set of details), and the form of genres traditional for this area has changed.

HISTORY OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE AND GENRES OF BUSINESS SPEECH 1. Characteristics of official business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features

In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. For each of these areas public life fixed its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinguishing features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations, which are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.) ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. This requirement can only be met written language prepared and edited. AT oral speech it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality surrounding us, with which this linguistic unit), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thoughts in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.

Pursuant to order no.

Standardizing the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that gives the document legal force. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, one has to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor shall have the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.

The details of the presentation in the official business style combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions“and”, “yes”, “same”, as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are the most widely used.

Russkaya Pravda already uses terms that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), listen (witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno screaming something (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After the Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is considered to be the “Charter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”. The initial formula of this letter “Se az” ... (“Here I am”) becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters.

The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.

In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details.

Since 1811, after the adoption of the “General Establishment of Ministries”, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization . As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. 20th century work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

3.1. History of official business style.

3.2. The concept of a document.

3.3. Purpose and classification of documents.

Z.4 Structural elements document. Text formatting rules.

3.5. Requirements for the language of business papers.

Official business style is the style of the language of business papers: orders, resolutions, programs, decrees, acts, laws, orders, questionnaires, receipts, etc. The main function of the official business style is informative (message). The scope of its application predetermines the branching of the genre. Most genres of business speech reflect social communication. Another function of this style is that it gives the utterance the character of a document, and those reflected in it human relations- official-business character.

History of official business style

The embryos of the official business style, some of its elements, the researchers found in the monuments of the period of Kievan Rus. Interesting is the code of laws "Russian Truth", the work of Nestor the Chronicler "The Tale of Bygone Years", excerpts from which reveal their proximity to a business letter, it is also felt in the lists of tribes led by Oleg (885) and conquered by Igor (944, ), and in the description of quitrents, taxes, traps, churchyards established by Olga.

The exact fixation of plots, objects, property, movable and immovable, geographical points is the defining feature of the act of writing.

For the history of our people during the princely era (the times of Kievan Rus X-XIII centuries and the Galicia-Volyn principality of the XIII - XIV centuries), the main sources are chronicles preserved in the form of chronicle lists (Ipatiev list of 1425, Lavrentiev list of 1377). ), acts (international treaties, in particular with Byzantium), princely reports, legal codes("Russian Truth", church charters, etc.).

In the XIV century. literacy arose as a special genre, which differs from other written monuments of its time in its social purpose and conditions of creation. Scientists note that along with the term "letter", the term "letter" was also used, but the first was used more often. According to the legal purpose, more than a TEN varieties of letters are known.

Deeds of gift - letters, according to which government officials, as a reward for good service, made out the transfer of villages, money and property to their subjects with the corresponding rights and obligations.

The serfs and sales letters certify the purchase or sale, mainly of real estate.

Mortgage deeds issued loans of money against certain real estate.

Separate certificates were issued by officials in case of misunderstandings between neighbors when using adjacent lands, forests, tracts, etc.

Confirming letters ensured the right of children to inherit the property of their parents.

Sworn letters certified the oath of local princes to faithfully serve the Grand Duke of Lithuania or the Polish King.

The handrails of the letter were given by relatives or close people of the one who lost confidence in the Grand Duke of Lithuania or the Polish King.

Treaty letters, or agreements concluded between two or more principalities after the end of hostilities.

Since the time of the Khmelnitsky region, the differentiation of documentary sources has been growing, their total. In the first half of the XVIII century. an important role in the formation of the official business style was played by letters of commendation, universals, letters from hetmans, acts of the General Military Chancellery, the General Military Court, the General Treasure, the General Artillery, regimental administration and court, hundreds of governments, city self-government, acts and documents of church and cultural and educational institutions, international treaties, constitutions. Subsequently, under the influence of the Russian legal authorities, the decree becomes the leading administrative document. The order as an administrative document first appears in everyday life, and subsequently begins to be used in the socio-political sphere. In the same century, procedural-legal and clerical documentation appeared and developed.

Sources are important during this period. foreign origin: documents of an international legal nature, Moscow, Polish, Turkish-Tatar annals, memoirs of Western European travelers, letters, diaries, descriptions ("Diary" by Brich Lassoty von Steblau, "Description of Ukraine" by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan).

Scientists note that the modern official business style originated in late XIX, and especially actively developed at the beginning of the XX century. At this time, the number of documentary materials, handwritten and printed, increases significantly, a process of further differentiation and specialization of life takes place, as a result of which documents are classified. Foreign materials of this period are losing their significance, however, as before, documentary materials of state, public institutions and organizations, and private archives play an important role.

Several groups of documents of this era can be defined:

1. Diaries, letters, memoirs of Ukrainian figures of the XIX - XX centuries. (Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Mikhail Drahomanov, Vladimir Antonovich, etc.).

2. Acts and documents of institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian state Hetman Skoropadsky and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1921)

3. Documentary materials of political emigration.

4. Documents of institutions of the Ukrainian SSR.

5. Business papers of independent Ukraine.

In linguistic works of the 50-60s of the XX century. business style is sometimes called "official-documentary", defining the following sub-styles in it: the style of decrees, official orders or orders, legislative documents, business speech.

The very concept of "business language" correlates with the development of official business style. recent history business communication in Ukrainian begins in the 20s of the XX century. against the background of socio-political shifts in Ukraine. It covers three periods:

1) 20-30s;

2) 40-80s;

3) from the 90s to today.

In the 1920s, dictionaries "Russian-Ukrainian phrasebook. Phraseology of business speech". Pidmo-gilny and Est. Pluzhnik; "Practical Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of business speech (clerical and rakhivnichoї)"; "Dictionary of business language (terminology and phraseology)" by M. Doroshenko, M. Stanislavsky, V. Strashkevich. These publications served as language advisers.

In the 40-70s business Ukrainian was used only in some political and ideological literature, legislative acts, that is, it was implemented as a written form of official business style. Compulsory study of the rules for writing business documents was also introduced into the curricula of secondary schools.

For a long time, business language practice was influenced by the Russian language, so the question of dictionaries and reference books that would provide comprehensive information about the word and terminology was not raised.

As a style, official business speech was formed in the 50s and 60s. Some archaic forms of terms ("announcement" instead of "announcement") are recognized as non-standards, Russianisms are assessed very negatively (event, dear, match, compare, conclude an agreement, travel certificate).

At this time the dictionary business man full of such words: party organizer, trade union organizer, planner, financial agent, cultural fund, planning, standard, goods, distribution list, progression, public reception, party worker (functionary), chief financial officer, illiquid, people's assessor, etc. The names of officials compiled as terms are fixed: acting, manager of the trust, head of the department (after 1990 - acting, head of the trust, head of the department).

In the 1970s and 1980s, scientists actively explored this style, determining its constructive features, the foundations of the culture of the Ukrainian business language. The main function of the official business style is defined as instructive and informative, the following main features of the business sphere of communication are presented:

o unambiguity, accuracy, logical completeness of the statement, which is achieved by using infinitive, adverbial, participial phrases;

o the predominance of complex long sentences, syntactic constructions of the same type, "stringing" homogeneous members suggestions;

o Conservatism (the existing stamps, clichés), which contributes to a uniform understanding and interpretation of the document by different people;

o lack of figurative expressions, emotionally colored words and syntactic constructions, synonymous terms;

o the constancy and uniformity of the forms of a particular document, which makes it possible to standardize its production;

o active functioning of book elements, use foreign words, especially in the diplomatic sphere (approval - ratification, probable - authentic, rescission - denunciation).

Since the 80s, the following sub-styles have been distinguished in the official business style:

o legislative (laws, decrees, charters, resolutions);

o diplomatic ( international agreements, conventions, communication - communiqué, appeal - notes, protocols);

o administrative and clerical (orders, instructions, orders, statements, reports).

After the declaration of independence of Ukraine, new stage development of style, polishing its norms. New dictionaries, reference books, manuals are published. There is increasing interest in publications from previous periods, such as "As We Say" By. Antonenko-Davidovich. There is a critical approach to the dissemination of some statements in the official business sphere, an orientation towards the language practice of the 20-30s, the selection of such vocabulary that would emphasize the specifics Ukrainian language, especially in comparison with Russian.

It was during this period that the following main features of this style were highlighted:

1. A high degree of standardization of the language expression,

2. Expressive logical presentation.

3. Complete lack of emotionality and imagery.

4. Widespread use of command and impersonal forms.

5. Vocabulary is mostly neutral, used in its direct meaning.

6. Own "clerical" vocabulary and phraseology, which is almost never used in other areas of communication due to the specific stylistic color.

7. Official business and legal terminology, borrowings, international vocabulary are used.

8. Use specific syntactic constructions, clichés.

9. For a clearer organization of the text, division into paragraphs, paragraphs, subparagraphs (headings) is used.

10. In the diplomatic, and now in the administrative spheres, titles are used (Mr., Mrs., Mr., Gentlemen).

11. Undefined form and imperative mood verbs.

12. Nominal predicate predominates over simple discourse.

13. Available characteristic descriptive descriptive nominal-nominal stamps and attributive phrases with a noun in the form of the genitive case in the definition function.

14. Sentences characteristic of this style are simple common ones (several subjects with one predicate, several adjectives with one subject, several applications with one of the main members of the sentence, etc.).

15. From different types complex sentences they use complex, with separate revolutions, with plug-in and plug-in structures.

16. A large proportion are split adjectives (to conduct research, recruit, give consent), as well as adjuncts expressed by verbs in the present tense with the meaning of timelessness (organizes, applies, considers),

17. Minor tracking of the author's linguistic identity.

18. Dividing a complex syntactic construction into paragraphs.

19. Stability of the form of presentation.

Since business written speech represents the official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.

The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After the Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is considered to be the “Charter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”.

The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.

From the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 17th-18th centuries. - obligatory requisite business letter. State-mandatory language of the 15th-17th centuries. for all the lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than a living Speaking. He introduces a number of command formulas into use, which become clichés and clericalism (take bail, this is given in that, give a confrontation, put on trial, inflict reprisals, etc.).

There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterhead, included a certain set of details,

The adoption in 1811 of the "General Establishment of Ministries" consolidates the process of unifying the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic bulkiness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization.

As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant out of several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technological progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain language tools for a typical situation. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil has the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

The process of creating template texts is to allocate texts of the same type for a group permanent parts containing in advance known information, and spaces to enter changing information.

“A form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper; when filled out, this is the standard that it strives for and achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of several interpretations, ”rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading experts in the field of documentary linguistics.

Document language standardization has developed special types text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.

The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence. The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the headings of the graph and sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.

These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentaries: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, memorandums, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts are often stenciled, business letters. Thus, stencilling causes a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including with the help of machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.

The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narrative, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmatively stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

Document typing allows you to model text of any kind according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of agreements, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the agreement, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the agreement.

These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on sale and purchase). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous replacements are allowed), the legal terms that define social roles contracting parties.

All features of the official business style, its iconic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.

The economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification from outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, today the practice of business communication is increasingly included in non-regulated business letters, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes from one side to the other.

Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation intimately connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to highlight a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written certificates, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized:

a) high degree terminating vocabulary:

Legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, privatization, ownership, redemption, personal file, etc.);

Economic terms (subsidy, costs, sale and purchase, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget expenditures, etc.);

Economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, product sale period, quality certificate, etc.);

b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

Loan repayment deferred payment in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to, in relation to, due to, in connection with, in accordance with, on account, in the course of, in order to, as far as, along the line, after expiration, due to, subject to, in relation to, according to, according to, respectively (what), etc.;

c) the development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles in the class of adjectives and pronouns:

The real rules are these rules

This agreement - this agreement (cf .: real guy, real terror) in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;

d) standardization lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:

Control is usually assigned, the deal is made, the price is set

Positions are constructive/non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc.;

e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but as a formula are reproduced in the text of a document that fixes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:

according to established order; in accordance with the agreement; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing;

f) the formal-logical principle of text organization, which is expressed in the division of the main topic into sub-themes considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:

I. Subject of the contract

1.1. The Contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.

1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

g) lack of manifestation of an idiolect, lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression.

Vinokur T.G. considers that in the business style “the speech action of one person has a quasi-individual linguistic content” due to the setting “speak (write) like everyone else” out of necessity;

h) maximum degree etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, presented in texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decrees, orders to requests, wishes, proposals expressed in petitions and business correspondence; function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, certificates).

Krasivova A.N. Business Russian language - M., 2001