What is imperative and conditional. Verb mood as one of the main categories of this part of speech in modern Russian

Verb performs important function designations for various activities. In Russian, as in any other language, it is extremely difficult to do without it. What are its main forms, how are they formed and what are they used for?

About the verb

They can be static or dynamic, but they all express some kind of action. Of course, we are talking about verbs, which are an important part of the language. As a rule, they have a large number various forms denoting different time periods, activity or passivity, the subject and some other features. There are many such variants in Russian, although Europeans, as a rule, do not lag behind, but their grammatical constructions are built somewhat more logically. In addition, modality or linking verbs play a much smaller role for us, their use is not always clear and regulated.

Forms

Conjugation, that is, a change in persons and numbers, as well as an indication of the period of time when an action is performed, is what most think about when it comes to metamorphoses of verbs. But these are not the only options. In addition, there are still active and as well as infinitive, participle and participle, and the last two are sometimes distinguished into separate parts of speech, but more often they consider special forms verbs expressing side effects.

And, of course, we should not forget that there is such a category as indicative, imperative, subjunctive mood. Thus, they divide the entire set of verbs into three large groups and have significant differences. They will be discussed further.

About inclinations

One of the most important grammatical categories or classifications has its special property as a criterion. It's just about inclination. The subjunctive is when talking about events that may or could happen. This form is used as we are talking, for example, about dreams. In another way, it is called conditional. The indicative, or indicative, is used simply to describe what is happening or what has been and will be, it is to it that most forms apply, including those obtained by conjugation. It is the most neutral. Finally, the imperative, or imperative, is used in incentive sentences, when giving orders, formulating requests, and for other similar purposes.

Thus, each of the moods has its own function and role, which are extremely difficult to transfer to other constructions, that is, to express the same thing, but in other ways. They all have their own characteristics, but the most interesting is the subjunctive. After all, it is with its help that unrealized events are expressed.

Signs of the subjunctive

First of all, it is the particle "by", which in this case is an integral part of the verb form. Sometimes it can join other words, forming a slightly different construction, for example, "to sing", "to be", etc. Both of these forms are complex compared to the others, which consist of only one grammatical unit.

In addition, the subjunctive mood is a construction that is easy to determine by meaning, because it denotes events that did not come true, that is, which are in the realm of unrealizable. Thus, it is not difficult to single out this form in the text.

Also, the subjunctive (or conditional), like the imperative, is an impersonal form of the verb. This means that it has only one form with minor changes in endings. What else is characteristic about it?

Peculiarities

The subjunctive mood is, although not a unique construction for the Russian language, but it has some interesting features and ways of using.

It seems rather strange that even if the subjunctive mood of the verb is used in relation to events in any tense, the form still expresses the past, although historically it had a slightly different meaning. On the other hand, this is quite logical, because we are talking about a situation that did not take place in the past and, perhaps, will not take place either in the present or in the future, that is, it has not been implemented. From this perspective, the subjunctive form of the verb in dependent sentences like "I want him to sing" also looks appropriate, since the action expressed with its help has not yet happened. All this should be remembered when compiling sentences, as well as when translating conditional constructions from foreign languages into Russian.

Unlike other languages, it is this verb form that is used in both parts of a complex conditional sentence - both in the main and in the dependent.

There are other interesting constructions, and philologists argue about whether they can be attributed to the subjunctive mood. An example might be:

Oh, I wish I had more money!

He would marry.

In the first example, there is not even a verb, although its residual presence is obvious. However, such a construction still belongs to the boundary and cannot be unambiguously determined. The second refers more explicitly to the conditional mood, although the infinitive is used instead of the past tense. There are many such constructions, and this only confirms the richness and variety of techniques in the Russian language.

In the past time

Whatever events are discussed, the same form is used in conditional sentences - the subjunctive mood. A table in this case would be inconvenient, so it's easier to explain it with examples.

If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have gone to the cinema.

He would call if he knew your phone number.

Here, as you can see, the situation can illustrate both a completely unrealizable event due to the fact that there were no suitable conditions in the past, and something that can still be realized, but this has not yet happened.

Present

The subjunctive mood can also be used to express the current situation. The examples below have a slight shade of past tense, but this is more likely due to the fact that a different situation was once realized, which led to circumstances that were not expected in the present.

If I had a dog now, I would play with it.

If I had not been injured then, I would be a famous football player now.

Thus, the subjunctive mood can also be used to denote possible development events in case something had not happened, or vice versa - happened in the past.

In future

In relation to events that have yet to be realized, but it is not known whether this will happen, the subjunctive mood is not directly used. It may be present, but then the attitude towards the future will be clear only from the context. In the usual case, instead, a simple conditional sentence is obtained, in which there are no difficulties or features:

If it's sunny tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.

If in next year we'll go to London, you'll have to learn English language.

There is no question of the subjunctive mood here, although it is possible that the events in question will never be realized. This is the disadvantage - the inability to accurately express the certainty or doubt about whether this or that will take place.

Analogues in other languages

In English, there is no strict concept of inclination, but there are constructions expressing convention, that is, having the same function. They are called conditional or if clauses and are divided into several types. The first two varieties do not carry the same meaning as the subjunctive mood in Russian, but the rest are a complete analogue. In this sense, English is somewhat richer.

"Zero" and first types, in fact, reflect the events that can be and probably will be implemented. Here they belong to the subjunctive mood, but they will be translated through ordinary conditional sentences.

The second type expresses an action that seems unlikely, but still real. But the third - no, because it falls on the past. This is also the difference from the Russian language, because in English degree certainty that the event will take place is present. We don't have. Both of these varieties are translated into Russian, and the subjunctive mood of the verb is used for this. In others European languages similar designs are also present and actively used in speech. Moreover, the variety of verb forms in them, as a rule, is higher than in Russian.

There are also adverbs in which there are no moods at all or there are more than a dozen of them. Russian cannot be called a rich language in this respect, but for the needs of a fairly accurate expression of one's thoughts, this set is still quite enough. In the future, new forms may arise for even more suitable formulations, but for now the subjunctive mood is a somewhat reduced form of what can be.

The verbs of the Russian language are characterized by the category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by this part of speech with reality. So, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) mood of the verb. At the same time, the first two are opposed to the third on the basis of the reality / unreality of the action. Each mood has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.

Indicative mood of the verb

Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually takes place in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Therefore, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), and gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of the verb is personal endings.

Imperative verb

This inclination is a language way to express an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the form of the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their formal indicators and semantic features:

the 2nd person form of both numbers is produced with the suffix -i- / without suffix and with the postfix -te. It denotes an impulse to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;

the form of the 3rd person is an inducement to the action of third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the form of the 3rd person of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;

the form of the 1st person is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's not perfect look or to form 1 of the person of the future perfect tense) and denotes an incentive to action, of which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.

Conditional verb

Verbs in the form of this mood denote an action that is unrealistic - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would definitely do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood tend to change in gender and number.

The use of one mood as another

Often there are speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect one mood of a verb in Russian is used in the meaning of another, for example:

indicative as imperative: You're going to bed right now!

imperative in the meaning of the conditional: If I were a little clearer...

conditional as imperative: You should listen to the opinion of the experts.

Conditional mood (English) reflects not real facts, but desired or hypothetical. It can also be used to express a requirement, doubt or condition, the fulfillment of which is associated with the possibility of translating certain events into reality.

The use and formation of such ones is more complex than in Russian, in which only the particle “by” is used before the main verb.

Often this mood is confused with the subjunctive, but they are phenomena that are different in meaning. (in English Conditional Mood), in contrast to the subjunctive, is used to refer to such actions that have not occurred or are not occurring, since there are no necessary conditions for this or they are impracticable, unrealistic in this situation. The subjunctive denotes unrealized conditions and simply expresses wishes or regrets.

There are two temporary forms of the conditional mood: past and present.

Conditional present tense Conditionalpresent formed with the would/should auxiliary forms and the infinitive of the main verb without "to". In other words, this mood is identical in form to Future-in-the-Past.

Example: We wouldwork. - We would work. In this case, the action expressed by the verb can occur in the present tense or the future. Example: But for the bad weather we would work outdoors. - If not bad weather we would work outside.

Conditional past tense Conditional Past expresses an action that, under certain conditions, could have taken place in the past, but did not take place due to the absence of these conditions. Formed with should have and would have and the main verb in the third form (identical to Future Perfect-in-the-Past).

Example:She would have purchased a dress but the store was closed. - She would have bought the dress if the shop hadn't been closed.

Usually, conditional mood used in complex subordinates less common in simple ones. In the subordinate complex sentence the condition is called, and in the main - the consequence (result) is expressed. Both of these parts can refer to the present, the past or the future. Most often, the parts are connected by an alliance if( if). Separate sentences with a comma only if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

There are three types of conditional sentences. They express different degrees of probability of the described facts. The choice is determined by the attitude of the speaker to what is being said.

TypeI- eventsreal

If in such sentences we are talking about real events, then the conditional mood is not used, it is quite successfully replaced by the indicative.

Example: If I have more money, I willby an expensive car. - If I have more money, I will buy expensive car.

Grammatically, the tense is used in the main sentence Simple future - Future Simple, and in the subordinate clause - simple present - present simple.

The first type can also express unlikely events, the reality of which is much lower than in the previous case.

Example: If I shouldhave more money, I willpurchase a car. - If I had more money, I would buy a car. (It is understood that the money in given time not enough to buy a car, but you can save up and get what you want).

In the main clause, the Future Simple is used, in the subordinate clause, should + the infinitive.

TypeII- unlikely, almost real events

The speaker does not consider what he is talking about real event, but simply suggests what could be under a certain set of circumstances.

Example: If he had money, he wouldpurchase a car. - If he suddenly had enough money, he would buy a car. (There was no money to buy, but if a random inheritance fell on your head, you could buy a car.)

In the main part, would + infinitive is used, in the subordinate - past simple.

TypeIII- completely, completely unrealistic events

Expresses wishes (often regrets) about the past, in which nothing can be changed.

Example: If he had had money, he wouldhavepurchase a car 2 years ago. If he had had money then, he would have bought a car two years ago. (But I didn’t buy it because I didn’t have money).

In the main clause would + perfect infinitive is used, in the subordinate clause - forms that have verbs (English) in the Past Perfect tense.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, to permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

In contact with

What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of the verb, which helps to change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.

.

Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on features and features lexical meaning verbs.

In modern times, there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, use certain time, for example, the future or the present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If used in plural, then the ending those is already respectfully added to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verb word form can be used in oral and writing not only in direct meaning but also in a portable way. Usually figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.

indicative

The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed with the help of the word "to be", which is added to the verb in indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and a simple form is. For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).

The indicative mood can be found in various types speech, and therefore in many speech situations these verb forms are the most common.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form, indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn't keep me. There would be no trouble!

imperative

Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!

Conditional mood

Conditional mood(conditional(is), lat. modus conditionalis) - inclination, denotes actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.

In Slavic languages

the inclination was historically formed in two ways - with the help of the l-participle and a special conjugated form with the stem *bi- (for example, in Old Church Slavonic walked beam; probably etymologically related to the Indo-European optative) and with the help of the l-participle and the form auxiliary verb, coinciding with the aorist stem of the verb be (walked by). In most of the ancient Slavic dialects, only the second form was represented, the coexistence of the two forms, their mutual influence and contamination are characteristic mainly of the southern dialects. There is a hypothesis according to which the form with the aorist of the auxiliary verb historically represents one of the forms of the Slavic pluperfect.

The form of the auxiliary verb, conjugated like an aorist, has been preserved in modern Czech (čítal bych), Upper Lusatian (čitał bych), Serbo-Croatian (čitao bih), Bulgarian (bih chel). In Croatian Chakavian dialects, a conjugated form has been preserved, going back to *bimь: citao bin. In many languages, the form of the auxiliary verb has become an invariable particle: Rus. would/b, Belarusian b / b, Ukrainian bi, lower service by, kashub. bы/b, made. bi . This particle can be combined with the present tense form (Slovak čítal by som, some dialects of Macedonian - bi sum people; type forms would have let in Russian monuments of the XIV-XV centuries) or its end (Polish. czytal-by-m).

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