Ivanova Serafima

Abstract - a study containing questions of the national language, literary language, the concept of speech culture.

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Municipal educational institution

basic comprehensive school №3 Kameshkovo

Vladimir region

ESSAY
discipline: "Russian language"
on the topic: "Modern Russian literary language as the basis of the culture of speech of the Russian people"

Performed:

9B class student
Ivanova S.A.
Lecturer: Petrova S.E.

Kameshkovo 2011

1. Introduction. Relevance of the choice of topic.

2. The position of the Russian language in the modern world.

3. Russian language is the national language of the Russian people

4. The concept of the Russian literary language

5. Culture of speech. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of speech culture

6. Conclusion.

7. List of used literature.

Introduction

Without a doubt, Russian is the national language of the Russian people. It is the language of science and culture. In the arrangement of words, their meanings, the sense of their combinations, that information about the world and people was originally laid down, which introduces one to the spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky wrote: "Each word of the language, each of its forms is the result of a person's thoughts and feelings, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people are reflected in the word." The history of the Russian language, according to V. Küchelbecker, "will reveal ... the character of the people who speak it." Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol once said about the Russian language: “There is no word that would be so bold, smart, so bursting out from under the very heart, so seething and vibrant, like a well-spoken Russian word.” Many more phrases and quotes can be cited as an example.
I believe that all means of language help to most accurately, clearly, figuratively and clearly express the most complex, important and necessary thoughts and feelings of people, all the diversity of the world around us. Therefore, today, in the 21st century, it is relevant to talk about the features of the Russian national language, which includes not only the standardized literary language, but also folk dialects, colloquial forms of the language. The formation and development of a national language is a complex and very lengthy process that takes place over a long period of time.

Literary language- the national language of writing, the language of official and business documents, schooling, written communication, the science of journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form (written and oral). Literary language is the language of literature in the broadest sense. It forms the basis of the national language and is obliged to maintain its internal unity despite the difference in the means of expression used. The norm of the language is the generally accepted use of language means, the rules that determine the exemplary use. I am close to the problem of protecting the literary language and its norms, which is directly one of the main tasks of the culture of speech.

The culture of speech can be interpreted from the standpoint of the general culture of a person, which, in my opinion, manifests itself and is revealed in “speech behavior”, in the knowledge of linguistic artistic wealth, in the ability to use them. On the other hand, the culture of speech can also be comprehended in an ecological aspect - as part of our healthy "linguistic environment", our "speech existence", freed from gross errors, from annoying inaccuracies, and from everything that clogs, coarsens, stylistically reduces our speech.

Therefore, I believe that the modern Russian language is not only the national language of the Russian people, but also the basis of the speech culture of every person.

Thus, the goal writing this work is to study the actual problems of the culture of speech, to try to determine the place of the Russian language in the modern multinational world.

In the course of my work, I came up with the following tasks:

1. consider the position of the Russian language in the modern world;

2. define Russian as a national language;

3. define the concept of the Russian literary language;

4. to study the normative, communicative, ethical aspects of the culture of speech.

Object of study are problems of formation of personality speech culture.

Subject of study:modern Russian literary language as the basis of the speech culture of the Russian people.

Methods used when writing an abstract:

1. study, processing and analysis of scientific sources on the research problem;

2. analysis of scientific literature, textbooks and manuals on the Russian language, the basics of the culture of speech, linguistics, linguistics, the culture of language communication.

Theoretical base.

The work uses the works of famous scientists dealing with the problems of the literary Russian language, the norms and etiquette of communication, in particular, such authors as Skvortsov L.I., Golovin B.N., Barlas, L.G. Gorbachevich, K.S. Kovtunova, I. I., Kokhtev, N. N. Shansky, N. M. Sergeev, V. N.

Structurally, the work consists of four chapters, introduction, conclusion, bibliography.

Chapter 1. The position of the Russian language in the modern world

To determine the position of the Russian language in the modern world and the attitude of the peoples of other countries towards it, it is necessary to comprehend the social, political, economic phenomena that took place in our country.

In the 20th century, Russia experienced two major upheavals: a revolutionary upheaval in 1917 and perestroika in the 1990s. As a result of the revolution, a powerful totalitarian state of the USSR was created with all the attributes characteristic of it. Perestroika led to the collapse of the USSR, the restoration of the Russian Federation as an independent state, the democratization of society, the establishment of publicity, openness of interstate ties and relations.

In the first period, the interest in the Russian language grew unusually throughout the world. It began to be perceived as the language of a great power, centuries-old culture and the richest literature, as one of the most informative languages ​​(60-70% of world information is published in English and Russian).

The Soviet state did a lot to strengthen the role of the Russian language as one of the world's languages. In all the republics of the USSR there were quite a few schools in which all teaching was conducted in Russian. Since 1938, the Russian language has been studied as a compulsory subject in all national schools. As a result, the number of people of non-Russian nationality who speak Russian has increased every year. In 1989, there were 87.5 million non-Russians who were fluent in Russian.

A huge attraction to the study of the Russian language throughout the world contributed to the creation in 1967 of the International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL). The task of this organization is to unite Russian language teachers abroad, provide them with methodological assistance, and promote the publication of textbooks, various educational materials, and dictionaries. Since 1967, the journal "Russian language abroad" began to appear. In 1973, the Institute of the Russian Language named after V.I. A.S. Pushkin. It is an educational and research center. It develops the latest methods of teaching the Russian language to foreigners, creates textbooks, dictionaries, films and other manuals on the Russian language for foreigners; are admitted to graduate school, doctoral studies, to advanced training courses for foreign specialists in Russian studies, to internships for foreign students.

An important role in the propaganda of the Russian language is played by the Russky Yazyk publishing house, founded in 1974, which mainly specializes in publishing various educational literature, especially dictionaries for those who study Russian as a foreign language.

Starting from the 1960s, foreigners began to come to many universities of the country in order to acquire one or another specialty and master the Russian language. The number of visitors increased every year.

After the collapse of the USSR, when the union republics became independent states, there was a reassessment of many former values, which led to a noticeable decrease in interest in the Russian language in these states.

A negative attitude towards the Russian language was shown in the Baltic countries: in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, only the corresponding national language becomes the state language. Teaching in Russian and the study of the Russian language itself are sharply reduced in schools and universities. They cease to publish scientific and socio-political literature in Russian, to use it in the preparation of production, economic and official documentation.

Unfortunately, the tendency to reduce the influence of the Russian language, its study and functioning as a language of interethnic communication is also observed in other former union and autonomous republics. In their media, the Russian language is beginning to be called the "imperial language", "the language of totalitarianism", "the language of the occupiers".

However, as you know, life makes its own adjustments. In the post-perestroika period, it becomes obvious that the Russian language is necessary for the peoples of both Russia and the Union of Independent States. The well-known Abkhazian writer Fazil Iskander wrote in the Arguments and Facts newspaper: “The Russian language historically united us all, through it we understood each other. Now there is a transition of republics, peoples to communication by means of their national language. This puts obstacles in the development of culture, art, economy, in the communication of people with each other. And ultimately leads to the tragic results that we have today.

A sober attitude to the Russian language, an understanding of its significance for the peoples of sovereign states, for the development of their culture, economy, trade and industrial relations determine the language policy in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. “We are all Kazakhs,” says President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, “they know Russian very well, and we, Kazakhs, should never lose this advantage. Honored Scientist of Yakutia, Professor N.G. Samsonov in the book “The Russian Language on the Threshold of the 20th Century” (Yakutsk, 1998) speaks about the importance of the Russian language for the existence and further development of the languages ​​of other peoples: “The presence of an intermediary language does not mean the curtailment of the functions of national languages. On the contrary, the all-round economic and cultural cooperation of nations, the exchange of scientific, political and economic knowledge leads to the mutual enrichment of national languages, brings them into line with the modern level of social progress. The dignity of a people lies not in ethnic self-isolation, but in spiritual looseness, in the mutual cooperation of peoples, in joint equal creativity.”

The Russian language continues to play an important historical role in language development and is of great interest in the modern world. According to publications in the Russian press, the number of citizens of the United States, France, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Austria, and Korea who have begun to study the Russian language and literature has recently increased several times. Along with English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian is one of the official international languages ​​of the UN and many political, economic and scientific organizations.

Language features

The question of the functions of language is closely connected with the problem of the origin of language. What reasons, what living conditions of people contributed to its origin, its formation? What is the purpose of language in the life of society? These questions were answered not only by linguists, but also by philosophers, logicians, and psychologists.

The appearance of language is closely connected with the formation of man as a thinking being. Language arose naturally and is a system that is necessary both for an individual (individual) and society (collective). As a result, the language is inherently multifunctional.

I believe that, first of all, it serves as a means of communication, allowing the speaker to express his thoughts, and the other individual to perceive them and, in turn, respond accordingly (take note, agree, object). Thus, the language helps people to share experiences, transfer their knowledge, organize any work, build and discuss plans for joint activities.

Language also serves as a means of consciousness, promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its result. Language is involved in the formation of the thinking of the individual (individual consciousness) and the thinking of society (public consciousness). This is a cognitive function.

The development of language and thinking is an interdependent process. The development of thinking contributes to the enrichment of the language, new concepts require new names; the improvement of the language entails the improvement of thinking.

Language, moreover, helps to preserve and transmit information, which is important both for the individual and for the whole society. In written monuments (chronicles, documents, memoirs, fiction, newspapers), in oral folk art, the life of the nation, the history of native speakers of a given language is recorded. In this regard, there are three main functions of the language:

- communicative;

– cognitive (cognitive, epistemological);

- accumulative (epistemic).

Additional functions are manifested in speech and are determined by the structure of the speech act, i.e. the presence of the addresser, the addressee (participants of communication) and the subject of the conversation. Let's name two such functions: emotional (expresses the internal state of the speaker, his feelings) and volitional (the function of influencing listeners).

The magical function of language has been known since ancient times. This is due to the idea that some words, expressions have magical powers, are able to change the course of events, influence a person’s behavior, his fate. In the religious and mythological consciousness, formulas of prayers, incantations, conspiracies, divination, and curses primarily possess such power.

Since language serves as a material and form of artistic creation, it is legitimate to speak of the poetic function of language. Thus, the language performs a wide variety of functions, which is explained by its use in all spheres of life and activity of a person and society.

Chapter 2. Russian language - the national language of the Russian people

Language is created by the people and serves them from generation to generation. In its development, the language goes through several stages and depends on the degree of development of the ethnos (Greek ethnos - people). At an early stage, a tribal language is formed, then the language of the people and, finally, the national one.

The national language is formed on the basis of the national language, which ensures its relative stability. It is the result of the process of the formation of a nation and at the same time a prerequisite and condition for its formation.

By its nature, the national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnos itself as a community of people. First of all, people unite on a territorial basis, place of residence. As a means of communication, rural residents use a dialect - one of the varieties of the national language. A dialect, as a rule, is a collection of smaller units - dialects that have common linguistic features and serve as a means of communication for residents of nearby villages and farms. Territorial dialects have their own characteristics, which are found at all levels of the language: in the sound system, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, word formation. The dialect exists only in oral form.

The presence of dialects is the result of feudal fragmentation during the formation of Ancient Russia, then the Russian state. In the era of capitalism, despite the expansion of contacts between speakers of different dialects, and the formation of a national language, territorial dialects remain, although they undergo some changes. In the 20th century, especially in the second half, in connection with the development of the mass media (press, radio, cinema, television, intervision), the process of degradation of dialects, their disappearance, is underway. The study of dialects is of interest:

- from a historical point of view: dialects retain archaic features that are not reflected in the literary language;

- from the point of view of the formation of the literary language: on the basis of what main dialect and then the national language did the literary language develop; what features of other dialects it borrows; how the literary language influences the dialects in the future and how the dialects influence the literary language.

Secondly, social causes contribute to the unification of people: common profession, occupation, interests, social status. For such societies, the social dialect serves as a means of communication. Since the social dialect has many varieties, in the scientific literature, the terms are also used to name them. jargon, slang.

Jargon is the speech of social and professional groups of people. It is used by sailors, electronics engineers, computer scientists, athletes, actors, students. Unlike territorial dialects, jargon does not have phonetic and grammatical features peculiar only to it. Jargon is characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology.

Slang vocabulary is rethought, abbreviated, phonetically modified words of the Russian language and borrowed from other languages, especially English. For example: storehouse - "shop", cigarette butt - "electric train", pricha - "hairstyle", deflection - "toady", abita - "applicant", aiz - "eye", alkonaut - "alcoholic", Amerissa - "America".

Some slang words and set expressions are becoming widespread and are used to give expressiveness and expressiveness to speech. For example:bum, homeless person, breaker, green, grandmas, biker, party, lawlessness, reach the handle, take on the gun.Separate words and phrases are not currently perceived as jargon, since they have long entered the literary language and are colloquial or neutral. For example:cheat sheet, mood, rocker, snickers, be on a roll.

Sometimes as a synonym for the word jargon the word is used slang. So, for example, they talk about student, school slang, meaning jargon.

The main purpose of slang is to make speech incomprehensible to strangers. The lower classes of society are primarily interested in this: thieves, swindlers, cheaters. There was also professional slang. It helped artisans (tailors, tinsmiths, saddlers ...), as well as walkers (peddlers who sold small goods peddling and carting in small towns:villages, villages) when talking with their own, hide from outsiders the secrets of the craft, the secrets of their business.

IN AND. Dahl in the first volume of the "Explanatory Dictionary" in an article with the title word afenya, afenya gives an example of the argot speech of merchants:Ropa kimat, twilight, loosely screeching voryhans. This ismeans: It's time to sleep, midnight, soon the roosters will crow.

In addition to territorial and social dialects, the national language includes vernacular.

Vernacular is one of the forms of the national Russian language, which does not have its own signs of a systemic organization and is characterized by a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. The carriers of vernacular (citizens with a low level of education) do not realize such a violation of the norms, they do not catch, do not understand the difference between non-literary and literary forms.

Spacious are:

- in phonetics: driver, put, sentence; ridiculitis, kolidor, rezetka, drushlag;

– in morphology: my callus, with jam, doing, on the beach, a driver, without a coat, run, lie down, lay down;

– in the lexicon: a frame instead of pedestal, semi-clinic instead of a clinic.

Common speech, like territorial and social dialects, has only an oral form.

Chapter 3. The concept of the Russian literary language

The highest form of the national language is the literary language. It is presented in oral and written form. It is characterized by the presence of norms that cover all levels of the language (phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, syntax). The literary language serves all spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, everyday communication.

The norms of the literary language are reflected in the dictionaries: orthoepic, spelling, explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, phrases.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. They differ in four ways:

1 Implementation form. Titles oral - writtenindicate that the first is a sounding speech, and the second is a graphic design. This is their main difference. The oral form is original. For the appearance of a written form, it was necessary to create graphic signs that would convey the elements of sounding speech. Both oral and written forms are implemented taking into account the norms characteristic of each of them: oral - orthoepic, written - spelling and punctuation.

2. Relation to the addressee. Written speech is usually addressed to an absent person. The writer does not see his reader, he can only mentally imagine him. Written speech is not affected by the reaction of those who read it. On the contrary, oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor, a listener. The speaker and the listener not only hear, but also see each other. Therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the audience's remarks, their smiles and laughter - all this can affect the nature of the speech, change it depending on the reaction, or even stop.

3. Generation of a form. The speaker creates, creates his speech at once. He simultaneously works on content and form. Therefore, often giving a lecture, taking part in a conversation on television, answering questions from a journalist, pause, thinking about what to say, mentally select words, build sentences. Such pauses are called pauses. hesitations. The writer, unlike the speaker, has the opportunity to improve the written text, return to it several times, add, shorten, change, correct.

4. The nature of the perception of oral and written speech. Written language is designed for visual perception. While reading, there is always the opportunity to reread an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meaning of individual words, and check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are needed. Therefore, oral speech should be constructed and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners.

When implementing each of the forms of the literary language, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. This also distinguishes the literary language as the highest form of the national language from its other varieties. Let's compare the proverbs for example:Desire is stronger than compulsion and Hunting is worse than captivity.The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns are used on- nie (desire, coercion),giving speech a bookish character, in the second - words hunting, giving a touch of conversation. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article, diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech.

Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete, logically related to each other. In book speech, abrupt transitions from one thought that is not brought to its logical conclusion to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.

Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such speech is dominated by common vocabulary, colloquial; preference is given to simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are avoided.

So, the functioning of the literary language in the most important areas of human activity; the various means for transmitting information embedded in it; availability of oral and written forms; the distinction and opposition of bookish and colloquial speech - all this gives reason to consider the literary language as the highest form of the national language.

I want to draw your attention to the features that characterize the functioning of the literary language at the beginning of the 21st century.

First, the composition of participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and diverse (by age, education, official position, political, religious, social views, party orientation).

Secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared, so people express their thoughts more freely, their speech becomes more open, confidential, and relaxed.

Thirdly, speech begins to dominate spontaneous, spontaneous, not prepared in advance.

Fourth, the diversity of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It is freed from rigid formality, it becomes more relaxed.

New conditions for the functioning of the language, the emergence of a large number of unprepared public speeches lead not only to the democratization of speech, but also to a sharp decline in its culture.

In what way does this manifest itself?

Firstly, in violation of the orthoepic (pronunciation), grammatical norms of the Russian language. Scientists, journalists, poets, ordinary citizens write about it. Especially a lot of criticism is caused by the speech of deputies, television and radio workers.

Secondly, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the democratization of the language reached such proportions that it would be more correct to call the process liberalization, or, more precisely, vulgarization.

On the pages of the periodical press, in the speech of educated people, jargon, colloquial elements and other non-literary means poured in a stream:grandmas, thing, piece, stolnik, baldezh, pump out, launder, unfasten, scrolland many others. Common even in official speech are the wordsparty, disassembly, mayhemthe last word in the sense of "unlimited lawlessness" gained particular popularity.

For speakers, public speakers, the measure of admissibility has changed, if not completely absent. Cursing, "obscene language", "unprintable word" today can be found on the pages of independent newspapers, free publications, in the texts of works of art. Stores, book fairsdictionaries are sold containing not only jargon, thieves, but also obscene words.

There are quite a few people who say that swearing and swearing are considered a characteristic, distinctive feature of the Russian people. If we turn to oral folk art, proverbs and sayings, it turns out that it is not entirely legitimate to say that the Russian people consider swearing an integral part of their lives. Yes, people are trying to somehow justify her, to emphasize that abuse is a common thing:Scolding is not a reserve, and without it not for an hour; Swearing is not smoke– the eye will not go out; Hard words break no bones.It seems to even help in the work, you can’t do without it:Do not swear, you will not do the job; Without swearing, you can't unlock the lock in the cage.

But I think something else is more important:Argue, argue, but scolding is a sin; Do not scold: what comes out of a person, then he will be filthy; Swearing is not resin, but akin to soot: it doesn’t cling, it stains like that; With abuse people dry, and with praise they get fat; You won’t take it with your throat, you won’t beg with abuse.

This is not only a warning, this is already a condemnation, this is a ban.

The Russian literary language is our wealth, our heritage. He embodied the cultural and historical traditions of the people. We are responsible for his condition, for his fate.

Chapter 4. Culture of speech.

Normative, communicative, ethical aspects.

The concept of culture of speech is closely connected with the literary language. The ability to express one’s thoughts clearly and clearly, to speak competently, the ability not only to attract attention with one’s speech, but also to influence listeners, possession of a culture of speech is a peculiar characteristic of professional suitability for people of various professions: diplomats, lawyers, politicians, teachers of schools and universities, radio and television workers, managers, journalists.

It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activity, is connected with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of their health, and provides various services to people.

What is the culture of speech? The culture of speech is understood as:

– observance of ethics of communication;

– knowledge of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written forms

- the ability to choose and organize language tools that, in a certain situation of communication, contribute to the achievement of the tasks of communication.

Thus, the culture of speech contains three components: normative, communicative and ethical.

The culture of speech implies, first of all, the correctness of speech, that is, the observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers (speaking and writing) as an “ideal”, a model. The language norm is the central concept of language culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important. “The ability to speak correctly is not yet a merit, and inability is already a shame,” wrote the famous Cicero, “because correct speech is not so much the dignity of a good speaker, but the property of every citizen.”

However, the culture of speech cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and definitions of “right or wrong”. The concept of "culture of speech" is associated with the laws and features of the functioning of the language, as well as with speech activity in all its diversity. It also includes the possibility provided by the language system to find an adequate language form for expressing specific content in each real situation of speech communication.

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of speech communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks. The choice of language means necessary for this purpose is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech culture.

A well-known philologist, a prominent specialist in the culture of speech Grigory Osipovich Vinokur wrote: “For each goal - its own means, this should be the slogan of a linguistically cultural society.”

Communicative expediency is considered one of the main categories of the theory of speech culture, therefore it is important to know the basic communicative qualities of speech and take them into account in the process of speech interaction.

In accordance with the requirements of the communicative aspect of the culture of speech, native speakers must know the functional varieties of the language, as well as focus on the pragmatic conditions of communication, which significantly affect the optimal choice and organization of speech means for this case.

The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations. Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette (speech formulas of greeting, request, question, gratitude, congratulations; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, formulas of address).

The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by extralinguistic factors: the age of the participants in the speech act (purposeful speech action), their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, informal, friendly, intimate), the time and place of speech interaction.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation in "raised tones".

Communicative qualities of speech

One of the meanings of the word communication is “the communication of information by one person to another or to a number of persons; communication". Since the addresser (creator of information) and the addressee / addressees (perceiving information) take part in the act of communication, it is important to determine what communicative qualities the speaker's speech should have in order for the addressee to correctly decode it, adequately perceive and be interested in receiving information.

The communicative qualities of speech that have the best impact on the addressee, taking into account the specific situation and in accordance with the goals and objectives set, include:accuracy, intelligibility, richness and variety of speech, its purity, expressiveness.

Accuracy is determined by the ability to think clearly and clearly, knowledge of the subject of conversation and the laws of the Russian language. Let's see what reasons make speech inaccurate? Let's name the most common: the use of words in an unusual meaning; ambiguity not eliminated by the context, generating ambiguity; mixture of paronyms, homonyms. Here are some examples of mixing paronyms cited by A.M. Gorky: he clicked ankle wicket instead of a latch. When B. Pilnyak writes that "daughter for three years age caught up with the mother, "you need to convince Pilnyak that age and height are not the same thing."

The intelligibility of speech is related to its effectiveness, efficiency and depends on the nature of the words used. In order for speech to be understandable, it is necessary to limit the use of words that are on the periphery of the vocabulary of the language and do not have the quality of communicative validity. These include: highly specialized terms; foreign words that are not widely used; professionalisms, that is, words and expressions used by people of the same profession.

The English educator, the greatest materialist philosopher John Locke believed that those who use words without a clear and unchanging meaning mislead themselves and others. And the one who does it deliberately is the enemy of truth and knowledge.

Wealth speech testifies to the erudition of the speaker, his high intelligence. The richness of an individual language makes it possible to diversify speech, give it accuracy and clarity, and avoid repetitions, both lexical and syntactic.

What determines the richness of a language, including the language of an individual?

The richness of any language lies in the richness of the vocabulary. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person does not exceed 7-8 thousand different words, according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. People in linguo-intensive professions, for example, teachers, politicians, lawyers, doctors, managers, need to have as much vocabulary as possible and constantly take care of replenishing it.

The richest source of replenishment of an individual vocabulary is synonymy. Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that, differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, they allow one to formulate an idea with the utmost accuracy, to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. For example, the word brave has the following synonyms: brave, courageous, courageous, daring, fearless, fearless, fearless, valiant, heroic; heroic(colloquial); bold, fearless(high); impudent (set high); decisive (in decision making); not timid (or not cowardly) ten, about two heads.

Words - "weeds" do not carry any semantic load, do not have information content. They not only clog speech, but also make it difficult to perceive, divert attention from the content of the statement. In addition, extra words psychologically affect the listeners, irritate them.

Expressiveness of speechenhances the effectiveness of the speech: a vivid speech arouses interest among listeners, maintains attention to the subject of conversation, has an impact on the mind, feelings, and imagination of listeners. To make speech figurative, emotional, the speaker is helped by special artistic techniques, visual and expressive means of the language, traditionally called paths (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, etc.) and figures (antithesis, inversion, repetition, etc.), as well as proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions, catchwords.

Tropes perform the following functions: they give speech emotionality (reflect a person’s personal view of the world, express assessments, feelings when comprehending the world); visibility (contribute to a visual reflection of the picture of the outside world, the inner world of a person); contribute to the original reflection of reality (show objects and phenomena from a new, unexpected side); allow you to better understand the internal state of the speaker (writer); make speech attractive.

In order for the paths to perform these functions, improve the quality of speech, enhancing its influencing effect, it is necessary to take into account a number of requirements: 1) paths should not be far-fetched, unnatural (when the path is based on signs or concepts that do not combine in life, nature); 2) when comparing objects, it is necessary to preserve the “unity of the attribute”, it is impossible to switch from one attribute to another; 3) the features by which the comparison is carried out must be essential, characteristic; 4) trails must comply with the laws of the language.

If trails are used in an utterance in violation of these rules, the effectiveness of the message is reduced. So, for example, in a fragment of an advertising message"A bouquet of subtle scents, stimulating the effect of healing hair, domestic shampoos" Lavender "," Natalie "," Tenderness "...a metaphor was used to name the main property of the advertised shampoosa bouquet of subtle scents.The used metaphor does not clarify the real, significant features of the object, but displaces them, since the main thing in the shampoo is not the smell, but its quality, especially since further in the message it is said about the effect of healing the hair. In addition, the phrase “A bouquet of ... smells, a stimulating effect of healing ...” raises questions: do you need a healing effect or healing itself? can smell heal hair? can a bouquet heal hair? In this phrase, the compatibility of words is broken, which led to the absurdity of the statement.

Tropes are more common in artistic and journalistic speech, to a lesser extent they are characteristic of scientific speech. In official business speech, the use of tropes is unacceptable. In colloquial speech, common language tropes are more often used; the use of original, author's tropes depends on the personality of the speaker, the topic of conversation, the situation of communication.

Figures of speech are special forms of syntactic constructions that enhance the impact of speech on the addressee. Specialists distinguish three groups of figures: 1. Figures based on the ratio of the meanings of words: antithesis (turn in which the meanings of words are sharply opposed:"Where the table was food, there is a coffin"(G. Derzhavin), gradation (arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one contains an increase or decrease in meanings:I do not regret, do not call, do not cry.(S. Yesenin), inversion (arrangement of words that violates the usual order:Our amazing people(I. Ehrenburg), ellipsis (omission of any implied term:Everyone said later: Borya did not enter because the anti-Semites, and Misha did not enter because he was a fool. (A. Bondar). 2. Figures based on the repetition of identical elements: anaphora (repetition of identical words at the beginning of a sentence), epiphora (repetition of individual words or phrases at the end of a sentence), parallelism (the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences), period (rhythmomelodic construction, thought and intonation in which gradually increase, reach the top, the theme gets its resolution, after which the intonational tension decreases). 3. Figures based on the expression of rhetorical address to the reader or listener: appeal, question, exclamation.

However, in my opinion, they do not exhaust the whole variety of expressive means of native speech. Resorting to them, one should not forget that all these “flowers of eloquence”, as the prominent master of Russian judicial eloquence P.S. Porokhovshchikov are good only when they seem unexpected to the listener. They cannot, and do not need to be memorized, they can only be absorbed into oneself along with folk speech, developing and improving speech culture, speech taste and flair.

L.N. spoke well about the need to monitor the accuracy of expressing one's thoughts. Tolstoy: “The only means of mental communication of people is the word, and in order for this communication to be possible, it is necessary to use words in such a way that with each word, corresponding and exact concepts will undoubtedly be evoked by everyone.”

Speech intelligibility

Intelligibility of speech is intelligibility, the availability of speech for those to whom it is addressed. This is one of the requirements for the speech of the speaker and writer, the most important communicative quality of speech. It is necessary to comply with this requirement because it is associated with the effectiveness, efficiency of the spoken word. It is not clear to write or speak, M.M. Speransky, Russian statesman, author of the book "Rules of Higher Eloquence", "there is an absurdity that surpasses all measures of absurdity."

According to researchers, the intelligibility of speech is determined primarily by the selection of speech means, the use of words known to listeners.

The huge vocabulary of the Russian language, in terms of the scope of use, linguists divide into two large groups - the vocabulary of unlimited use (common words that are understandable to all native speakers of this language in all cases:bread, family, city, garden, sun, moon, tableetc.) and vocabulary of limited use (words used in a certain area - professional, territorial, social, therefore understandable to a limited circle of native speakers; these include professionalism, dialectisms, jargon, terms).

Vocabulary of a limited scope of use requires thoughtful handling. It is not necessary to completely exclude it from your speech. If you have to communicate in a highly professional environment, then you can freely use the special words and professionalisms adopted there. But if there is no certainty that all listeners are familiar with special vocabulary, terms, then each non-common word should be explained.

Dialect words, and even more jargon, as a rule, are unacceptable in speech. These elements of a limited scope of use can only be introduced into speech for a specific purpose, for example, as means of expression. But this should be done carefully, with an understanding of the appropriateness and appropriateness of such an application in each specific case.

Comprehensibility, clarity of speech also depends on the correct use of foreign words in it. Often the question arises whether it is possible to use foreign words or is it better to do without them. It should be borne in mind that borrowing is a normal, natural phenomenon for any language. Borrowings according to the degree of their penetration into the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into three groups.

The first of them are foreign words that have firmly entered the Russian language. They have been borrowed for a long time, assimilated by all the people and are not perceived as foreign languages. These words are the only names for vital concepts:bed, sugar, factory, classroom, pencil and etc.

The second group is made up of words that are widespread in the Russian language and are also the only names for the designated concepts, but are recognized as foreign:pavement, service, radio, trolleybus, liner and etc.

The third group includes foreign language vocabulary, which is not widely used. It also includes words that have Russian parallels, but differ from them in volume, shade of meaning or scope of use.(revise - check, contract - contract, conservative - inert, constant - stable).

It is advisable to avoid the use of foreign words if the language has Russian words with the same meaning. When using foreign words, one must be sure that they are understandable to the listeners. Therefore, it is important to skillfully introduce a foreign word into your speech. It is necessary to give appropriate explanations of the used foreign words.

Agree, constant work with dictionaries can be of great help in mastering the words of a limited sphere of use.

So, the correctness of our speech, the accuracy of the language, the clarity of the wording, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of figurative and expressive means of the language, proverbs and sayings, catchwords, phraseological expressions, the richness of the individual dictionary increase the effectiveness of communication, enhance the effectiveness of the spoken word.

The use of phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, popular expressions in speech

The phraseology of the Russian language is unusually diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words, since they define not only the subject, but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complexity of the semantics of phraseological units distinguishes them from one-word synonyms. Yes, a solid combination. wide leg means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in means”. Phraseologism cover their tracks means not just "destroy, eliminate something", but "eliminate, destroy what can serve as evidence in something."

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to positively or negatively evaluate the phenomenon, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude towards it. This is especially evident in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics. For example:a man with a capital letter, milk on his lips has not dried up, a telegraph pole, a jack of all trades, an absolute zero, a wind in his head, a bright personality, a mind chamber, a white crow, a prodigal son, not a timid ten, a dog in the hay, a berry of one field.

The richness of the dictionary and phraseology of the Russian language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same words, phrases in oral and written speech, to diversify speech, to make it richer.

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence in it of proverbs, sayings, winged words and expressions. Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, proven by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “The proverb is not in vain said,” says folk wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They summarize various phenomena of the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings acquire a special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, win their respect and favor.

The success of using proverbs in speech depends on how well they are chosen. No wonder it is said: "A good proverb is in harmony and in suit."

Along with proverbs and sayings, winged words testify to the richness of speech. These are well-aimed, figurative expressions that have become widespread, have become commonly used. They have been known since antiquity. For example, Homer called "winged" words that quickly break from the speaker's mouth and fly to the listener's ear. As a rule, winged words and expressions are of book origin. These include famous quotes from fiction, scientific, journalistic literature, statements of famous people of the past and present:his example to others is science(Pushkin); there is something to despair(Griboyedov); de darling Golovlev (Saltykov-Shchedrin);no matter what happens(Chekhov); like a squirrel in a wheel(Krylov); the best is the enemy of the good (Voltaire); science nourishes young men, gives joy to old men(Lomonosov); oh times! oh manners!(Cicero); choose the lesser of two evils(Aristotle).

Speech etiquette: factors determining its formation

Etiquette is a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity. The degree of proficiency in speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. This primarily applies to civil servants, politicians, teachers, lawyers, doctors, managers, entrepreneurs, journalists, service workers, that is, to those who, by the nature of their activities, constantly communicate with people. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. I believe that knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?

1. Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into a relationship, leading a conversation.

2. Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. In addition, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns in it - you and you which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official / informal situation.

An interesting fact: according to the etiquette adopted in Russia, the pronoun You should be used: 1) when referring to an unfamiliar addressee; 2) in a formal setting of communication; 3) with an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the senior (by position, age) addressee. Pronoun you used: 1) when talking with a well-known person with whom friendly, friendly relations have been established; 2) in an informal setting of communication; 3) with a friendly, familiar, intimate attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the youngest (by position, age) addressee.

So, taking into account the factors that form and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and observance of the norms of speech etiquette, creates a favorable climate for relationships, contributes to the effectiveness and efficiency of relationships.

Conclusion

Thus, the problem of the Russian literary language as the basis of the culture of speech of the Russian people remains open. It will be resolved only when everyone learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes a person, when it does not matter what position he holds, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation.

Improving the culture of oral and written speech, taking care of the correctness and purity of speech should be mandatory for a person speaking in public. Particular attention should be paid to the culture of speech communication in everyday life. It is important to always speak correctly, accurately, clearly and understandably, to be able to clearly articulate thoughts, figuratively and emotionally express your attitude to the subject of speech.

If a person, for example, is used to incorrectly stressing a word in everyday speech, then he will most likely pronounce it incorrectly on the podium out of habit, even if the text of the speech contains an accent mark in this word.

I recommend that all people (and you can and should learn at any age) actively participate in business conversations, conversations, discussions of various problems among friends, colleagues, relatives, speak more often in classes, seminars and practical classes, take the floor in debates, discussions, write letters, articles...

Thus, having studied the actual problems of the culture of speech, having determined the place of the Russian language in the modern multinational world, having studied the normative, communicative, ethical aspects of the culture of speech, I came to the conclusion thatRussian literary language is the basis of the culture of speech of every person.

List of used literature

1. Barlas, L. G. Russian language: Stylistics / L. G. Barlas. – M.: Enlightenment, 1978.
2. Golovin, B. N. Fundamentals of speech culture / B. N. Golovin. – M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
3. Gorbachevich, K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language / K. S. Gorbachevich. – M.: Enlightenment, 1990.
4. Kovtunova, I. I. Modern Russian language: word order and actual sentence change / I. I. Kovtunova. – M.: Enlightenment, 1976.
5. Kokhtev, N. N. Rhetoric / N. N. Kokhtev. – M.: Enlightenment, 1996.
6. Shansky, N. M. In the world of words / N. M. Shansky. – M.: Nauka, 1971.
7. Sergeev, V. N. Dictionaries are our friends and helpers / V. N. Sergeev. – M.: Enlightenment, 1984.
8. Skvortsov "Ecology of the word or let's talk about the culture of Russian speech" - M .; Enlightenment, 2007.

Russian language and culture of speech: a course of lectures Trofimova Galina Konstantinovna

Lecture 1 Literary language is the basis of speech culture. Functional styles, areas of their application

Literary language is the basis of the culture of speech. Functional styles, areas of their application

1. The concept of speech culture.

2. Forms of existence of the national language. Literary language, its features and properties.

3. Non-literary varieties of the language.

4. Functional styles, their characteristics, areas of application and interaction.

“The true essence and meaning of culture is in an organic disgust for everything that is dirty, vile, deceitful, rude, which humiliates a person and makes him suffer” (M. Gorky. “Untimely Thoughts”).

The culture of speech as part of the general culture of a person involves mastering the rules and norms of the Russian language and is associated with the norms of ethics and aesthetics.

The culture of speech is a set of such qualities that have the best impact on the addressee, taking into account the specific task and specific situation. The qualities of speech culture include: content, accuracy, clarity, purity of speech, correctness, logic, expressiveness, its richness.

“The problem of speech culture comes down to mastering the principles of constructing various types and genres of speech within the framework of social tradition. Written and oral speech, oratorical and colloquial, clerical and poetic, meeting and parliamentary, memorandum and instructions - all these language tasks require their own means of implementation and their own technique, ”said the Russian philologist G.O. Distiller.

The foundations of the culture of speech are laid by the Russian literary language, which is part of the national language.

The national Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition, as it is used by people of different social status, cultural level, age and occupation. In each language, its varieties are distinguished - literary language, vernacular, dialects, jargons.

The highest form of the national language is the literary language. Literary language is a variety of the national language used in the press, science, government agencies, education, radio, television. It serves a variety of areas of human life and activity: politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, everyday communication, international communication. It is the language of the whole nation, it stands above other varieties of the national language.

Its main properties are: processing, stability, commitment, the presence of functional styles, norms.

Its main features are: it is the language of culture, the language of the educated part of the people, a consciously codified language. Codified norms are norms that all speakers of a literary language must follow. Codification is the fixation in various kinds of dictionaries and reference books, grammar of those norms and rules that must be observed when creating texts of codified functional varieties (for example, the correct stress: contract, marketing, provision, intention).

The literary language plays a leading role among other varieties of language. It includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions. While, for example, vernacular, jargons give them their own interpretation.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. Depending on the emerging speech situation, tasks in communication, the selected language material, oral and written speech acquire a bookish or colloquial character. Book speech serves the political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication. Colloquial speech is appropriate at semi-official meetings, meetings, anniversaries, personal conversations, in a family environment. Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language. In colloquial speech, common vocabulary can be used, there are options in the use of norms.

One of the forms of the national Russian language is vernacular, a set of linguistic means of vernacular violates the norms of the literary language. Vernacular includes linguistic phenomena (words, grammatical forms, turns of phrase, pronunciation features), which are used for a rude, reduced expression of thought. Vernacular has no attachment to any geographical place, social group. This is the speech of native speakers of the national language, who do not have enough knowledge of literary norms and are not aware of the difference between literary and non-literary norms. (In M.A. Bulgakov’s novel The Master and Margarita, one of the characters says: “But he simply lied. Congratulations, citizen, you lied,” or in Bulgakov’s other work, “The Heart of a Dog”: “The damned cat broke the lamp.”

Territorial dialects are varieties of a language that are used in a particular area. These are archaic and natural forms of language that exist only in oral speech. There are three dialects in the Russian language: South Russian, Central Russian, North Russian. Each of them has its own phonetic, lexical, grammatical features. The South Russian dialect is perfectly represented, for example, in the works of M. Sholokhov, fulfilling the task of recreating pictures of the life of the Don Cossacks.

Jargon (argo) is the speech of people united by a common profession or forming separate groups according to any sign: social, age, interests. There is youth jargon, criminal jargon, jargon of fans, collectors, etc. Jargon is the language of mystery, it is known only to a narrow circle of those involved.

For example, the magazine "Student" (2002) published the words of youth slang: "pass out", be in the "cut" - fall asleep, stop feeling reality; "hook" - buy, take, grab; "chestnut", "paraffin" - everything that you don't like. The newspaper "Arguments and Facts" (No. 3/37, 2002) gave its own examples: "cormorant" - a stupid, boring person; "loot" - money in any amount of any country; "green" - dollar; "score" - stop thinking about something or someone, stop doing something; "parallel" - all the same; "cross" - to meet; "python" - to have fun; "Chmyr" is a bad person. Words of criminal jargon have spread in our lives: boys, bros, throw, bazaar, shooter. Business slang appeared, for example: "kite" - a crime using a computer; "wild ducks" - people in the company, not infected by its culture and not subject to its bureaucracy; "gold bugs" - gold dealers; "yuppies" - young professional businessmen (from 18 to 34 years old); "cushion" - reserves, etc.

All these varieties of the national language cannot replace the literary language. Youth jargon cannot be used in educational or professional activities, social jargon is not suitable for business communication.

Since the national language is heterogeneous, its vocabulary, i.e. vocabulary, is also heterogeneous. It has three layers:

- stylistically neutral words that are used in all varieties of language and in all types of communication;

- stylistically colored words that are used in any kind of language or functional style of speech (book vocabulary);

- emotionally colored words expressing the speaker's emotions, his attitude to the subject of speech (colloquial vocabulary).

For example, in the novel by the English writer Palem Granville Wodehouse "Migratory Pigs": "Is your husband dead? Died? Ordered to live long? (neutral, book, colloquial).

In accordance with this, almost every word in the dictionaries contains dictionary marks indicating which layer of the vocabulary it belongs to. (“To die” is neutral, “to die” is colloquial, “to die” is jargon.)

Distinguish between active and passive vocabulary. Active is widely used in speech, passive includes words that are not commonly used - terms, obsolete words (historicisms, archaisms), neologisms. Each speech situation uses its own vocabulary, which also serves as the basis for the existence of functional styles.

All correct options are fixed by the literary language. It is the only possible means of communication in the most diverse areas of human life, therefore, knowledge of the basic rules for its use is a culture of speech and is necessary for every native speaker.

So, the culture of speech is the normativity and correctness of speech, compliance with the rules of communication and speech etiquette.

The culture of speech is such a choice and such an organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

In addition, the culture of speech involves the ability to use speech styles and create speech styles. After all, as you know, the language serves different spheres of communication and each sphere of communication makes its own demands on the language. For example, a scientific article requires accuracy in the designation of concepts, there are no emotionally colored words in the document, and journalism actively uses them.

Style (Greek stylo - wand, pen) is a kind of language that serves any aspect of social life. It is called functional, as it performs a certain function in society in each case.

The doctrine of styles goes back to the ideas of M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: “... the Russian language, through the use of church books, according to decency, has different degrees, high, everyday and low. This comes from 3 kinds of sayings of the Russian language.

Style is created by a combination of neutral language means and means used in this style.

Each functional style is implemented in genres. A genre is a specific type of texts that have specific features, as well as some commonality, since the texts belong to the same style. For example, in the official business style, the following genres are distinguished: certificate, letter of guarantee, statement, order; in journalistic - essay, reportage, feuilleton; in scientific - report, abstract, annotation.

Each specific case of speech activity requires its own means of expression. Communicators must remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, that the chosen language means belong to the same style. The use of vocabulary of different styles, the use of colloquial words and expressions in business communication leads to discrepancies and misunderstandings.

Thus, one of the main requirements of the culture of speech is the requirement to distinguish between functional varieties, imagining which of the varieties of the language should be chosen in accordance with the goals of communication.

Each style is characterized by the purpose of communication, a set of language tools, genres in which it exists.

The development of a particular style is associated with the development of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts.

Functional styles are subject to intra-style differentiation. For example, the scientific style is divided into sub-styles: proper scientific, scientific and technical, etc. This takes into account the subject - biology or medicine, economics or engineering graphics, as well as the genre and method of presentation - abstract, lecture, monograph.

All functional styles are manifested both in oral and written forms.

In practical application, there is often a mixture of styles that begin to interact with each other. This process is called "speech flow". To understand the stylistic affiliation of the text, it is necessary to highlight the main stylistic direction.

Stylistic richness makes the Russian language flexible and strong, emotionally expressive and strict.

A special place is occupied by the literary and artistic style. The main distinguishing feature of the language of fiction is its purpose: the entire organization of language means is subordinated not only to the transfer of content, but to the transfer by artistic means, the creation of an artistic image that reflects the world and the person in it. For this purpose, dialects, vernacular, and jargons can be used in a work of art. This is the language of feelings, emotional experiences, philosophical logical conclusions, it conveys the birth of the thought process, the “stream of consciousness” of a person. Russian literature has always been the bearer of the spiritual principles of the Russian people and is closely connected with its language.

The language of fiction has an impact on the development of the literary language. It is the writers who form the norms of the literary language in their works. Works of fiction use all the possibilities of the national language, so the language of fiction is exceptionally rich and flexible. “And the weather is great! The air is quiet, transparent and fresh. The night is dark, but you can see the whole village with its white roofs and wisps of smoke coming from the chimneys, trees silvered with frost, snowdrifts. The whole sky is strewn with merrily twinkling stars, and the Milky Way looms as clearly as if it had been washed and rubbed with snow before the holiday, ”A.P. wrote so surprisingly simply, accurately, poetically. Chekhov.

Conversational style is used not only in everyday life, but also in the professional sphere. In everyday life, it has oral and written forms, in the professional sphere - only oral.

Conversational speech is different in that its features are not fixed. Spoken language is non-codified speech. Its signs are unpreparedness, informality, participation of communicants. Also, this style does not require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by the emotionality of expressions, evaluative nature, some familiarity. For example, in the tale of V.M. Shukshin “Until the third roosters”: “No, no,” said the librarian, “I think it’s millet. He's a goat ... Let's go trample better, right? Then let's go to Vladik... I know that he is a sheep. But he has a "Grundik" - let's sit down ... Yes, I know that they are all goats, but you have to shoot time somehow! .. I don’t understand anything, - someone said quietly ... either Onegin, or Chatsky - to his neighbor, ... it looks like Oblomov. Oblomov smiled. "They're going to the zoo."

Colloquial speech uses neutral vocabulary, emotionally colored words, expressive vocabulary. It contains many references, diminutives, word order is free. The sentences are simpler in construction, sometimes incomplete, unfinished. (- Will you go to the test? - Well ...) They often contain subtext, irony, humor of the speaker. Colloquial speech is exceptionally rich and carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs and sayings. It gravitates towards constant updating and rethinking of language means. An important role is played by knowledge of speech etiquette, extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

At present, the scope of the scientific style is constantly expanding, because science is the most important factor in the development of society. In everyday life, in professional activities, a person encounters the results of scientific research, scientific and technological achievements.

Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, depending on the nature of the addressee and the goals of communication, the following substyles were formed:

proper-scientific, scientific-informational, scientific-reference, educational-scientific, popular-science.

They are all united by an accurate, logical and unambiguous expression of thoughts. They are characterized by the following features: abstract generalization, emphasized logical presentation, objectivity, accuracy.

Scientific style is a bookish style that uses special vocabulary and terminology. The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. He is not characterized by appraisal and emotionality. The texts provide definitions of concepts and phenomena. Scientific style texts contain formulas, graphs, tables, calculations, photographs.

For example: “An organizational decision is a choice that a leader must make in order to fulfill the responsibilities associated with his position. The purpose of an organizational decision is to ensure movement towards the tasks set for the organization. Therefore, the most effective organizational decision will be the choice that will actually be implemented and will make the greatest contribution to the achievement of the ultimate goal ”(“ Fundamentals of Management ”by M. Mescon, M. Albert, F. Hedouri.)

For the official business style, the main area of ​​​​functioning is administrative and legal activity. It is divided into sub-styles: diplomatic (convention, note, memorandum), legislative (law, constitution, charter, acts), managerial (actually official business) (statements, orders, powers of attorney, etc.). Its characteristic feature is standardization, a stamp, a sample. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording. Nothing should remain in the subtext.

This style uses neutral vocabulary and bookish. This style is characterized by the form of the text, which implies the presence of certain elements. Features of the official business style are enshrined in GOSTs and manuals, which ensures a high level of standardization and unification of business documentation texts.

Ladies and gentlemen!

Please accept our congratulations and best wishes on New Year's Eve. We take this opportunity to thank you for the pleasant cooperation. Best wishes

company president P.P. Petrov

The journalistic style is inherent in the periodical press, political and judicial speeches. It is used to highlight and discuss current problems and phenomena of the current life of society, to develop public opinion. Its peculiarity is the existence not only in verbal, but also in graphic, visual, photo, film, television forms. One of its main functions is informational. At the same time, the works of this style perform the function of influencing, influencing the masses. It is characterized by simplicity, accessibility of presentation, elements of declarativeness. He uses vocabulary, speech turns, syntax, giving expressiveness, unusualness, tension to speech. An important role is played by emotional means of expression - epithets, metaphors, repetitions, etc.

Journalistic style uses linguistic means inherent in scientific and official business style, colloquial speech and the language of fiction. He strives for figurativeness and at the same time for brevity. Samples of it can be seen by picking up a newspaper or magazine, as well as watching television or listening to the radio.

1. Does a modern person need to master the basics of speech culture? The main qualities of the culture of speech.

2. Functional styles and their correct use.

3. Answer the first question using different styles.