The liberal model of social States: advantages and disadvantages. Liberal model of the welfare state The most characteristic features of the model

20.06.2020

There are several models of the welfare state.

One of them is the liberal model, which is based on an individual principle that provides for the personal responsibility of each member of society for his own destiny and the destiny of his family. The role of the state in this model is insignificant. Funding for social programs comes primarily from private savings and private insurance. At the same time, the task of the state is to stimulate the growth of personal incomes of citizens. This model is used in the USA, England and other countries.

Peculiaritiescorporatemodelssocialstates

This model assumes the development of a system of social insurance benefits differentiated by types of labor activity. Social insurance services, funded primarily by contributions, vary by occupational group.

In contrast to the social-democratic model, the corporate model is based on the principle of personal responsibility of each member of society for their own destiny and the position of their loved ones. Therefore, here self-defense, self-sufficiency play a significant role. Self-defense is based on labor activity and mechanisms of solidarity self-defense - social insurance. The system establishes a strong link between the level of social protection and the success and duration of employment.

Therefore, a higher level of social protection (within the framework of social insurance) can be seen as a reward for work and consciousness.

The country where the principles of the corporate model are most fully implemented is Germany, which was the first in the world to introduce a social insurance system back in the 80s of the XIX century. The merit in the formation of insurance legislation belongs to Chancellor Bismarck. He succeeded in passing the three laws that formed the system of social insurance: the Law on Insurance for Sickness of Persons in the Field Labor, the Law on Insurance against Industrial Accidents, and the Law on Disability and Old Age Insurance (1891). These laws had features that are characteristic of today's social insurance system (including in Moldova): linking the size of insurance premiums not with risks, but with earnings; sharing the cost of contributions between employees and employers; public law form of insurance organization.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of social insurance led to a reduction in the retirement age to 65 years (the norm that is still in force today), but due to economic instability, pensions were very small. The optimal ratio between pensions and the growth of incomes of working people was established in the 1950s, which increased the well-being of pensioners. Old-age pensions are usually assigned at the age of 65 with 35 years of insurance experience. Early retirement pension (from the age of 60) exists for miners with many years of underground work experience.

In Germany, the most typical forms of social protection are insurance benefits for old age, sickness, disability or unemployment. There are three main actors involved in social protection at the regional and local levels: national or local business associations, trade unions and the state. The state provides mainly social assistance, as well as social services for needy families and children.

So, the corporate model is built on mutual obligations of employees and employers, on the principle of labor participation (the one who works more and earns more is better off) and on the preference for rehabilitation over retirement in order to prevent early retirement due to disability .

Corporate model - it involves the mechanism of responsibility of enterprises and organizations (corporations) for the financial situation and the fate of their employees. The employee is provided by the corporation with social guarantees, including pensions, partial payment for medical, educational and other services. Social security is based on the insurance premiums of corporations and the activities of employers' organizations.

. Public(social democratic)modelsocialstates: problems and solutions

The main feature of this model is the universality (universalization) of social protection of the population, as a guaranteed right of all citizens, provided by the state. The model is distinguished by the high role of the state in the socialization of incomes and nationwide social management mechanisms. The state ensures a high level of quality and general accessibility of social services (including free medical care, education, etc.).

The directions and ways of implementing social policy in the Scandinavian countries are determined by the political alliance of the workers' parties of the left wing and parties representing the interests of small farmers. Their goal is to provide the state with a wide range of social services for the entire population with its full employment.

The social democratic model of social policy is based on the concept of "solidarity" (social protection is the business of the whole society, not individual individuals) and "social citizenship" (the demand for equality in social protection is higher than the liberal demand like "let everyone take care of their own well-being and security").

The economic basis of this model is efficient production, full employment, strong associations of employers and trade unions and contractual relations between them, which are controlled by the state, a high level of redistribution of the social product. Social policy is financed by the state from budgetary funds (through the taxation system). The state ensures the implementation of the guaranteed rights and actions of social protection and is responsible for the active functioning of various non-state social services. This is possible with strong and decentralized governance.

Already before the First World War, Sweden had two social insurance systems: for the elderly and disabled (old-age and disability pension insurance) and against unemployment. This made it possible to break the obligatory connection between old age and poverty, and led to the emergence of the concept of “provided old age”. In the 1930s, in Sweden and Norway, a division of the pension into a “people's” (social) pension, paid to each resident of the country upon reaching 65 years of age from the state budget, and labor, depending on the length of service, nature of activity, etc., and proportional to the amount of insurance payments. If the "national" pension does not exceed the minimum established by the state, the same for everyone, then the labor pension depends on the employee himself. Thus, it turns out that the minimum is guaranteed, but the interest in one's own efforts remains. At the same time, subsidies for each child for each parent were introduced for the first time. The child has become an object of social protection, and without any stipulating conditions in the form of large families, incomplete families, etc.

It is possible to define a number of principles of social protection characteristic of the social democratic model:

1. All people have the same value, regardless of age and performance; society cannot refuse weak elements and must give them the opportunity to satisfy their needs.

2. Social services and services are provided on a voluntary basis. If clients are not able to take responsibility for themselves, they can be forced.

3. Social protection must be continuous, comprehensive, adequate to social risks, covering all spheres of human life.

4. Social protection must be flexible, accessible and able to equalize social conditions for all groups of the population. This approach helps to bridge the gap in physical and social capabilities of both "weak" groups and the whole society. In particular, everyone should have an equal opportunity to receive education, qualifications and paid work, that is, to become normal, self-supporting members of society.

5. By implementing the basic idea of the Swedish model - national solidarity, the government not only ensures equal protection of the interests of all members of society, but also achieves a relative decline in the well-being of certain groups of the population.

One of the models of the welfare state is the liberal model, which is based on the principle that personal responsibility of each member of society for their own destiny and the fate of his family. The role of the state in this model is insignificant. Funding for social programs comes primarily from private savings and private insurance. At the same time, the task of the state is to stimulate the growth of personal incomes of citizens.

The liberal model is based on dominance of market mechanisms. Social help It turns out, based on the minimum social needs, to the poor and low-income sections of the population who are not able to independently obtain a means of subsistence. Financial assistance is provided only on the basis of a means test. Thus, the state bears, albeit limited, but nevertheless universal responsibility for the social security of all citizens who are incapable of an effective independent economic existence.

In relation to people with disabilities, they mainly develop anti-discrimination measures aimed at creating equal conditions and rights for disabled people with other citizens.

Also, you cannot create additional requirements for a job that deliberately infringe on the opportunities of people with disabilities, unless this is a necessary component of job duties (for example, having a driver's license or the ability to quickly move around the city using public transport).

In general, such measures, such as anti-discrimination legislation for persons with disabilities, have proven effective. But it must be taken into account that these measures can operate only in the conditions of a developed legal and judicial system.

In the field of industrial relations created maximum conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity. The owners of enterprises are not limited in any way in making independent decisions regarding the development and restructuring of production, including the dismissal of employees who turned out to be unnecessary. The destiny of trade unions is to defend the interests of workers with the greatest experience in the event of the threat of mass layoffs, which, however, they do not always succeed.

This model is quite effective in conditions of economic stability or growth, but in a recession and a forced reduction in production, accompanied by the inevitable cuts in social programs, many social groups, especially women, youth, and the elderly, find themselves in a vulnerable position.

Like the other two models (corporate and social democratic), liberal is nowhere to be found in its pure form. In the US, there are many benefits paid outside of Social Security. There are at least 100 financial assistance programs (many of them short-term; upon expiration they are replaced by others), varying in scope, electoral criteria, sources of funding and goals. Moreover, numerous programs operate in isolation, without constituting a balanced and organized system, as a result of which they do not cover fairly large groups of people in need of financial assistance, including the unemployed who want to work, for whom a very modest amount of benefits and compensations has been established. However, such programs are to some extent encourage social dependency among Afro-Asian and Hispanic people: there were whole groups that practically did not work for society for a day for two or three generations. Another significant drawback of these programs lies in the negative impact on family relations: they often provoke divorces, separation of parents, since the receipt of financial assistance depends on marital status.

The liberal model has a number of negative features.

First, it promotes division of society into rich and poor those who are forced to be content with a minimum level of state social services and those who can afford to purchase high quality services on the market.

Secondly, such a model excludes a large part of the population from the provision of public social services which makes it unpopular and unsustainable in the long run (poor quality services are provided to poor and politically marginalized groups). The strengths of this model include a policy of differentiation of services depending on income, less sensitivity to demographic changes, and the ability to maintain a fairly low level of taxation.

At the same time, over the past few years, there has been an obvious trend towards “cutting down” the volume of social benefits provided by the state to the population. And this policy finds significant support of the population. It can be concluded that the liberal model of social protection is strengthening its foundations and becoming even more liberal. Some researchers draw attention to the fact that the policy within the framework of the liberal model, aimed at the actual exclusion from society and the reduction of resources for the livelihood of the poor, has a negative expression in increase in the number of crimes in the United States committed by citizens from the poor, because others can do what they want. and no obligations to you, including moral and ethical ones.

There are several models of the welfare state. One of them is the liberal model, which is based on an individual principle that provides for the personal responsibility of each member of society for his own destiny and the destiny of his family. The role of the state in this model is insignificant. Funding for social programs comes primarily from private savings and private insurance. At the same time, the task of the state is to stimulate the growth of personal incomes of citizens. This model is used in the USA, England and other countries.

The formation of a liberal model, inherent in such countries as the USA, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, took place under the dominance of private property, the predominance of market relations and under the influence of a liberal work ethic. The main conditions for the functioning of this model are the minimum involvement of the state in market relations and the limited use of state regulation measures that do not go beyond the development of macroeconomic policy; in the gross domestic product (GDP), the state sector of the economy owns only a small share. Social support for citizens is carried out through developed insurance systems and with minimal intervention by the state, which is the regulator of certain guarantees. Insurance payments are usually small. Transfer payments are also insignificant, i.e. financial resources received from taxes transferred from the state budget accounts directly to various groups of the population in the form of benefits and subsidies. Financial assistance has a targeted focus and is provided only on the basis of a means test.

In the sphere of industrial relations, maximum conditions have been created for the development of entrepreneurial activity. The owners of enterprises are not limited in any way in making independent decisions regarding the development and restructuring of production, including the dismissal of employees who turned out to be unnecessary. In the most stringent form, this provision is typical for the United States, where since 1948 the law on labor agreements, or the “Wagner law”, has been in force, according to which the administration of an enterprise, in the event of a reduction or modernization of production, has the right to fire without warning or with two to three days notice, without taking into account the length of service and qualifications of employees. The destiny of the trade unions is to defend the interests of workers with the greatest experience in the event of the threat of mass layoffs, which, however, they do not always succeed. This model fully satisfies its main purpose in conditions of economic stability or growth, but with a recession and a forced reduction in production, accompanied by an inevitable cut in social programs, many social groups, primarily women, young people, and the elderly, find themselves in a vulnerable position.

The above three models are not found anywhere in the world in their pure form, representing the "ideal types" of the welfare state, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, one can usually observe a combination of elements of the liberal, corporate and social democratic models, with a clear predominance of the features of one of them. In Canada, for example, along with the insurance pension, there is a so-called "people's" pension. A similar pension has been introduced in Australia. In the US, there are many benefits paid outside of Social Security. There are at least 100 financial assistance programs (many of them short-term; upon expiration they are replaced by others), varying in scope, electoral criteria, sources of funding and goals. Most of these are carried out under the auspices of five federal departments (Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Labor, Housing and Urban Development, and the Interior), as well as the Committee on Economic Opportunity, the Veterans Administration, the Railroad Retirement Board, and the Civil services. Moreover, numerous programs operate in isolation, without constituting a balanced and organized system, as a result of which they do not cover fairly large groups of people in need of financial assistance, including the unemployed who want to work, for whom a very modest amount of benefits and compensations has been established. At the same time, such programs to some extent encourage social dependency among people from the Afro-Asian and Hispanic populations: whole groups have formed that have not worked for society for almost a single day for two or three generations. Another significant drawback of these programs lies in the negative impact on family relations: they often provoke divorces, separation of parents, since the receipt of financial assistance depends on marital status.

The liberal model is based on the dominance of market mechanisms. Social assistance is provided within the framework of certain minimum social needs on a residual basis to the poor and low-income strata of the population who are not able to earn their livelihood on their own. Thus, the state bears, albeit limited, but, nevertheless, universal responsibility for the social security of all citizens who are incapable of an effective independent economic existence. The United Kingdom and the United States are considered classical countries of the liberal model. In relation to people with disabilities, anti-discrimination measures are mainly being developed here, aimed at creating equal conditions and rights for people with disabilities with other citizens. Employers (except for government agencies acting as a “model” employer, obliged to employ people with disabilities in the first place, as well as companies receiving funds from the state budget) have no obligation to employ people with disabilities. But there is a prohibition to discriminate against people with disabilities when applying for

work and further labor relations. These legal acts prohibit employers from refusing to hire people based on their prejudice and the distinctive characteristics of applicants, such as gender, nationality, skin color, religious affiliation, sexual orientation and disability. This means certain procedural restrictions for the employer, for example, when conducting an interview, specific questions regarding the health of the applicant cannot be asked if similar questions are not asked to other applicants. Also, you cannot create additional requirements for a job that deliberately infringe on the opportunities of people with disabilities compared to other citizens, unless this is a necessary component of job duties (for example, having a driver's license or the ability to quickly move around the city 14

by public transport). And, of course, during the interview, equal opportunities should be provided for access to all materials and elements of communication with the employer (invitation of a sign language interpreter, translation of materials into Braille, etc.). In general, measures such as anti-discrimination legislation for persons with disabilities have proven to be effective. But it must be taken into account that these measures can only operate in the conditions of a developed legal and judicial system, when the relevant state, public structures and citizens have the opportunity to control the implementation of laws. In case of violation of laws, it should be possible to appeal the existing disputable situations in administrative (in specially created commissions) and judicial procedures. At the same time, people with disabilities can claim not only a solution to the problem that has arisen, but also significant financial payments for moral damage and lost economic profit.

According to Esping-Anderson, the liberal welfare state provides equal social chances for citizens (corresponds to the "positive state of social protection") and proceeds from the residual principle of financing the low-income, stimulating their active search for work.

The liberal model is characterized by the receipt of a minimum set of social benefits through the provision of public services or insurance schemes and is mainly focused on low-income segments of the population. Within the framework of this approach, the state uses market mechanisms and involves market entities in the provision of services, thus, in fact, providing a choice - to receive a minimum set of services, often of low quality, or to receive similar services of a higher quality, but on market conditions. In states with a liberal model, the implementation of social reforms was strongly influenced by the ideas of liberalism and Protestant traditions, and led to the adoption of the postulate that everyone has the right to at least minimally decent living conditions. In other words, in this type of state, everything is subordinated to the market, and social functions are a forced concession dictated by the need to stimulate labor motivation and ensure the reproduction of the labor force.

This model is most pronounced in the United States and, to a lesser extent, other Anglo-Saxon countries (in the UK, it is customary to talk about the liberal Beveridge model, in which citizens are provided with more guarantees and benefits (for example, free access to the health care system for everyone). Partly this is due to cultural traditions and the role of market relations in the life of society.The answers of Europeans and Americans to the question of whether poor people are lazy are indicative.60% of Americans and 26% of Europeans answer this question in the affirmative.The distribution of answers indicates the values that lie at the heart of the social security system in European countries and America.

The liberal model has a number of negative features. First, it contributes to the division of society into the poor and the rich: those who are forced to be content with a minimum level of state social services and those who can afford to purchase high-quality services on the market. Secondly, such a model excludes a large part of the population from the provision of public social services, which makes it unpopular and unstable in the long term (poor quality services are provided for the poor and politically marginalized groups of the population). The strengths of this model include a policy of differentiation of services depending on income, less sensitivity to demographic changes, and the ability to maintain a fairly low level of taxation.

Speaking about the comparison of social protection models in different countries, it should be taken into account that researchers consider not only social and moral criteria for comparison, but also the economic indicators of countries. In particular, economic indicators are compared in the United States - a liberal model - and European countries - a conservative model. GDP per capita in the US in 2005 was $39,700, in France $32,900, and in Austria about $35,800, with an annual working time fund of 1,822 hours in the US, 1,431 hours in France, and 1,551 hours in Austria. It should also be noted that in the United States there is the greatest difference between the richest and poorest segments of the population. The share of the poor in the United States is three times higher than, for example, in Austria and is about 12% (Rifkin, 2004). At the same time, over the past few years, there has been an obvious trend towards “cutting down” the volume of social benefits provided by the state to the population. And this policy finds significant support of the population. It can be concluded that the liberal model of social protection is strengthening its foundations and becoming even more liberal. Some researchers draw attention to the fact that the policy within the liberal model, aimed at the actual exclusion from society and cutting resources for the livelihood of the poor, has a negative expression in the increase in the number of crimes committed by citizens from the poor in the United States. This caused the US prison population to rise from 380,000 in 1975 to 1,600,000 in 1995 and resulted in a significant increase in prison costs (308,486). This assumption - about the relationship between the existing model of social protection in the country - and the level of crime can be tested on the basis of data from the European Crime and Security Survey.

In the wake of an economic downturn and an increase in the number of unemployed, the governments of many states inevitably faced the question of reducing the amount of relevant benefits and the volume of services provided in the field of employment. In some countries, especially those with a liberal model of social protection, it is the reduction of unemployment benefits that is the least painful and “acceptable” from the point of view of politicians and society as a whole.

As world experience shows, two main models of the state with their various modifications are now possible. The first is the so-called liberal (monetarist) model. It is based on the denial of state property and, accordingly, the absolutization of private property, which implies a sharp reduction in the social function of the state. The liberal model is built on the principle of self-survival, the formation of an individual - independent, relying only on himself, with a certain system of moral concepts ("if you live in poverty, then you yourself are to blame").

The second model is socially oriented. It rests on the free coexistence of various forms of ownership and on the strong social function of the state. The socially oriented state assumes a number of nationwide functions, for example, in the field of education, healthcare, and pension provision. It is more protective of the person.

The state in the USA is closest to the first model. In Russia, this model has been persistently introduced over the past 10 years.

The second model is typical mainly for European and especially for the Scandinavian countries, as well as Israel, Canada. The same development paradigm was chosen by China, South Korea, the rapidly developing countries of Latin America and the Arab East. Although, strictly speaking, none of these models exists anywhere in its pure form.

liberal social insecure society

The most important features of the welfare state

1.Democratic organization of state power.

2. High moral level of citizens and, above all, state officials.

3. A powerful economic potential that allows for the implementation of measures for the redistribution of income without significantly infringing on the position of the owners.

4. Socially oriented structure of the economy, which is manifested in the existence of various forms of ownership with a significant share of state ownership in the necessary areas of the economy.

5. Legal development of the state, the presence of the qualities of a legal state.

6. The existence of a civil society, in whose hands the state acts as an instrument for carrying out a socially oriented policy.

7. A pronounced social orientation of the state policy, which is manifested in the development of various social programs and the priority of their implementation.

8. The state has such goals as the establishment of the common good, the establishment of social justice in society, the provision of every citizen:

a) decent living conditions;

b) social security;

c) equal starting opportunities for self-realization of the individual.

9. The presence of developed social legislation (legislation on social protection of the population, for example, the Code of Social Laws, as is the case in Germany).

10. Fixing the formula "welfare state" in the country's constitution (for the first time this was done in the Constitution of Germany in 1949).

Liberal model of the welfare state: advantages and disadvantages

There are several models of the welfare state.

One of them is the liberal model. The liberal model considers the market as the most effective sphere for organizing the interaction of people, based on private property and freedom of enterprise. A high standard of living is ensured mainly by two sources: labor income and income from property, which results in a rather significant differentiation of income in terms of their size. It is assumed that people can exist in society without social security. Benefits paid should not be high so as not to suppress the "inclination" to work. At the same time, governments are assigned a certain responsibility for the social security of citizens, which is implemented mainly in the form of social programs. This model is used in the USA, England and other countries.

The liberal model has its advantages. On the one hand, it forms a strong personality capable of withstanding life's difficulties. On the other hand, this model is ruthless: the beggar, for example, here is the victim of his own laziness and immorality.

Features of the corporate model of the social state

Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Austria

Therefore, a higher level of social protection (within the framework of social insurance) can be seen as a reward for work and consciousness.

Public (Social-Democratic) Model of the Welfare State: Problems and Solutions

It is possible to define a number of principles of social protection characteristic of the social democratic model:

1. All people have the same value, regardless of age and performance; society cannot refuse weak elements and must give them the opportunity to satisfy their needs.

2. Social services and services are provided on a voluntary basis. If clients are not able to take responsibility for themselves, they can be forced.

3. Social protection must be continuous, comprehensive, adequate to social risks, covering all spheres of human life.

Sweden, Norway, Finland

Liberal model of the welfare state: advantages and disadvantages

A liberal model based on social support for vulnerable sections of society, which is implemented through the institution of social assistance; state measures are reduced to the establishment of low uniform tariff rates in the field of pension insurance; the distribution of wealth is close to what the market provides. This kind of model of state social policy is typical for Great Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia;

The liberal model also considers the market as the most important area for the organization of human interaction, but differs from the conservative one, at least meta in two respects. In the liberal, firstly, social security of the residual type is provided, that is, people, as a rule, should be able to exist in society without social security. Second, the government currently has a limited, yet universal, responsibility for the welfare of all citizens. Accordingly, welfare is associated with deep stigma, thus leading to little payoff. Due to the residual nature of funding, the implementation of the model depends on the availability of a large amount of voluntary informal assistance.

The strength of the above is in the macroeconomic and political ways of assessing the nature of social policy; weak - in a certain conventionality of the methods of assessment used. It seems that some of their abstractness could be leveled by the use of indicators of the distribution of the produced national product and the institutional approach.

The liberal (US-British) model also considers the market as the most important area for the organization of human interaction. However, it has a number of features. Firstly, it provides for social security of the residual type, i.e. citizens must be able to exist in society without social security. Secondly, the state bears a limited, yet universal responsibility for the welfare of all citizens. Due to the residual nature of funding, the implementation of the model depends on the availability of a large amount of voluntary and informal assistance. A similar model of the welfare state is typical for the USA, Great Britain, England and Ireland.

****The liberal model of the welfare state: advantages and disadvantages

There are several models of the welfare state.

***** The formation of the liberal model inherent in such countries as the USA, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, took place under the dominance of private property, the predominance of market relations and under the influence of a liberal work ethic. The main conditions for the functioning of this model are the minimum involvement of the state in market relations and the limited use of state regulation measures that do not go beyond the development of macroeconomic policy; in the gross domestic product (GDP), the state sector of the economy owns only a small share. Social support for citizens is carried out through developed insurance systems and with minimal intervention by the state, which is the regulator of certain guarantees. Insurance payments are usually small. Transfer payments are also insignificant, i.e. financial resources received from taxes transferred from the state budget accounts directly to various groups of the population in the form of benefits and subsidies. Financial assistance has a targeted focus and is provided only on the basis of a means test.

In the sphere of industrial relations, maximum conditions have been created for the development of entrepreneurial activity. The owners of enterprises are not limited in any way in making independent decisions regarding the development and restructuring of production, including the dismissal of employees who turned out to be unnecessary. In the most stringent form, this provision is typical for the United States, where since 1948 the law on labor agreements, or the “Wagner law”, has been in force, according to which the administration of an enterprise, in the event of a reduction or modernization of production, has the right to fire without warning or with two to three days notice, without taking into account the length of service and qualifications of employees. The destiny of trade unions is to defend the interests of workers with the greatest experience in the event of the threat of mass layoffs, which, however, they do not always succeed.

This model fully satisfies its main purpose in conditions of economic stability or growth, but with a recession and a forced reduction in production, accompanied by an inevitable cut in social programs, many social groups, primarily women, young people, and the elderly, find themselves in a vulnerable position.

******* The above three models are not found anywhere in the world in their pure form, representing the "ideal types" of the welfare state, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, one can usually observe a combination of elements of the liberal, corporate and social democratic models, with a clear predominance of the features of one of them. In Canada, for example, along with the insurance pension, there is a so-called "people's" pension. A similar pension has been introduced in Australia. In the US, there are many benefits paid outside of Social Security. There are at least 100 financial assistance programs (many of them short-term; upon expiration they are replaced by others), varying in scope, electoral criteria, sources of funding and goals. Most of these are carried out under the auspices of five federal departments (Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Labor, Housing and Urban Development, and the Interior), as well as the Committee on Economic Opportunity, the Veterans Administration, the Railroad Retirement Board, and the Civil services. Moreover, numerous programs operate in isolation, without constituting a balanced and organized system, as a result of which they do not cover fairly large groups of people in need of financial assistance, including the unemployed who want to work, for whom a very modest amount of benefits and compensations has been established. At the same time, such programs to some extent encourage social dependency among people from the Afro-Asian and Hispanic populations: whole groups have formed that have not worked for society for almost a single day for two or three generations. Another significant drawback of these programs lies in the negative impact on family relations: they often provoke divorces, separation of parents, since the receipt of financial assistance depends on marital status.

****** One of them is the liberal model, which is based on an individual principle that provides for the personal responsibility of each member of society for his own destiny and the destiny of his family. The role of the state in this model is insignificant. Funding for social programs comes primarily from private savings and private insurance. At the same time, the task of the state is to stimulate the growth of personal incomes of citizens. This model is used in the USA, England and other countries.

*****Liberal model

The liberal model is based on the dominance of market mechanisms. Social assistance is provided within the framework of certain minimum social needs for

residual principle to the poor and disadvantaged

people unable to raise funds on their own

existence. Thus, the state bears even

limited, but nonetheless universal responsibility for

social security of all citizens who find themselves

incapable of effective independent economic

existence. Classic liberal countries

models are considered UK and US. Relative to

to people with disabilities here, mainly develop

anti-discrimination measures aimed at creating

disabled people of equal conditions and rights with other citizens. At

employers (except for government agencies acting as

in the role of a "model" employer, obliged to employ

especially people with disabilities, as well as companies

receiving funds from the state budget) no

obligation to employ persons with disabilities. But there is a ban

discriminate against people with disabilities in admission to

work and further labor relations. These legal acts

prohibit employers from refusing to hire people,

guided by their prejudices and distinctive

characteristics of applicants, such as gender, nationality,

skin color, religious affiliation, sexuality

orientation and disability. This means certain

procedural restrictions for the employer, for example, when

during the interview, specific

questions regarding the health of the applicant, if such questions

will not be given to other applicants. You also can't create

additional job requirements that you knowingly

disadvantage people with disabilities compared to

other citizens, unless it is necessary

component of official duties (for example, having

driver's license or the ability to quickly move around the city 14

by public transport). And, of course, when carrying out

interviews should provide equal opportunities for

access to all materials and elements of communication with the employer

(invitation of a sign language interpreter, translation of materials into the language

Braille, etc.).

In general, measures such as anti-discrimination

disability legislation, have proven their

efficiency. However, it should be noted that these measures may

act only in conditions of developed legal and judicial

systems, when the relevant state, public

structures and citizens have the ability to control

implementation of laws. In the event of violation of laws,

the opportunity to appeal the existing disputes in

administrative (in specially created commissions)

and judicial order. However, people with disabilities can

pretend not only to solve the problem, but also

on significant financial payments for moral damages and

lost economic benefit.

******* According to Esping-Anderson, the liberal welfare state provides equal social chances for citizens (corresponds to the "positive state of social protection") and proceeds from the residual principle of financing the low-income, stimulating their active search for work.

liberal model. The liberal model is characterized by the receipt of a minimum set of social benefits through the provision of public services or insurance schemes and is mainly focused on low-income segments of the population. As part of this approach, the state uses market mechanisms and involves market entities in the provision of services, thus, in fact, providing a choice - to receive a minimum set of services, often of low quality, or to receive similar services of a higher quality, but on market conditions. In states with a liberal model, the implementation of social reforms was strongly influenced by the ideas of liberalism and Protestant traditions, and led to the adoption of the postulate that everyone has the right to at least minimally decent living conditions. In other words, in this type of state, everything is subordinated to the market, and social functions are a forced concession dictated by the need to stimulate labor motivation and ensure the reproduction of the labor force.

Speaking about the comparison of social protection models in different countries, it should be taken into account that researchers consider not only social and moral criteria for comparison, but also the economic indicators of countries. In particular, economic indicators are compared in the United States - a liberal model - and European countries - a conservative model. GDP per capita in the US in 2005 was $39,700, in France $32,900, and in Austria about $35,800, with an annual working time fund of 1,822 hours in the US, 1,431 hours in France, and 1,551 hours in Austria. It should also be noted that in the United States there is the greatest difference between the richest and poorest segments of the population. The share of the poor in the United States is three times higher than, for example, in Austria and is about 12% (Rifkin, 2004). At the same time, over the past few years, there has been an obvious trend towards “cutting down” the volume of social benefits provided by the state to the population. And this policy finds significant support of the population. It can be concluded that the liberal model of social protection is strengthening its foundations and becoming even more liberal. Some researchers draw attention to the fact that the policy within the liberal model, aimed at the actual exclusion from society and cutting resources for the livelihood of the poor, has a negative expression in the increase in the number of crimes committed by citizens from the poor in the United States. This caused the US prison population to rise from 380,000 in 1975 to 1,600,000 in 1995 and resulted in a significant increase in prison costs (308,486). This assumption – about the relationship between the existing model of social protection in the country – and the level of crime can be tested on the basis of data from the European Crime and Security Survey.

The liberal model of social States: advantages and disadvantages. Liberal model of the welfare state The most characteristic features of the model

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