Document - the main unit of official business style

HISTORY OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE AND GENRE OF BUSINESS SPEECH 1. Characteristics formal business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features

In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. For each of these areas public life fixed its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features in all language levels- lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations, which are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.) ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. This requirement can only be met written speech prepared and edited. AT oral speech it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given language unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thought in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.

Pursuant to order no.

Standardizing the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that gives the document legal force. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, one has to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor shall have the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.

The detail of the presentation in the official business style is combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the union if - if) are most widely used:

In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (murdered), golovnik (murderer), posluh (witness), vira (fine), mined (property), veno vopi koe (bride price ), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps on Lovat ... "(from" Letter of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137 ").

Letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.

In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details.

Since 1811, after the adoption of " General institution ministries", actively formed character traits clerical style: formal and logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (predominance of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. 20th century work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

Krasivova A. Business Russian

Business Russian is a discipline that studies the norms of modern business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax and style.
Business speech is a normative literary speech, the features of its manifestation are associated with the official business style.
Word official(from lat. officialis- "official" has the following meanings:
1) “established by the government, administration, official, emanating from them”;
2) "with observance of all rules, formalities".
In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels: lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is fixed, as already mentioned, for the sphere of social and legal relations that are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in management and diplomatic activity. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech. Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech, the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. Only a written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement.
High degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, high degree Termination of vocabulary, consistency, unemotionality, information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are typical for the language of documents.

The purpose of this manual is to show lexico-phraseological and grammatical features official business style; to acquaint with the norms of the business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, style; help to master the specific language means of the official business style; develop stylistic flair; develop the skills and abilities of editing texts of business papers; introduce samples of documents, options for their compositional structure; to teach the design and preparation of certain types of documents.

The history of the formation of business style

Since business written speech represents the official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.
The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life:
foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its basic distinctive features.
Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first code of laws appears Kievan Rus"Russkaya Pravda" is an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After the Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is considered to be the “Charter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”.
The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.
From the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 18th-18th centuries. - obligatory requisite business letter. State-mandatory language of the 15th-17th centuries. for all the lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than live colloquial speech. He introduces a number of command formulas into use, which become clichés and clericalism (to bail, this is given in that, to confront, put on trial, inflict reprisals, etc.).
There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, received its further development.
And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterhead, included a certain set of details,
The adoption in 1811 of the "General Establishment of Ministries" consolidates the process of unifying the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic bulkiness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization.
As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.
In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.
A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.
The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant out of several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technological progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain language tools for a typical situation. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil has the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.
The process of creating template texts is to allocate texts of the same type for a group permanent parts containing in advance known information, and spaces to enter changing information.
“A form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper; when filled out, this is the standard that it strives for and achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form nullifies all the possibilities of several interpretations,” P.V. Veselov, one of the leading experts in the field of documentary linguistics.
Document language standardization has developed special types text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence. The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the headings of the graph and sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.
These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentaries: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, memorandums, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Stencil are often contracts, business letters. Thus, stenciling causes a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including with the help of machine processing), deploying it in complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narrative, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmatively stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.
Document typing allows you to model text of any kind according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of agreements, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the agreement, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the agreement.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous replacements are allowed), the legal terms that define social roles contracting parties.
All the features of the official business style, its symbolic nature are determined by the action of the dominant and the function of obligation, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.
The economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification from outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, the practice of business communication unregulated business letters, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes from one side to the other.
Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation intimately connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to highlight a special functional variety of the literary language.
The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written certificates, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized:
a) a high degree of terminating vocabulary:
- legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, privatization, possession, redemption, personal file, etc.);
- economic terms(subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget expenditures, etc.);
- economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, the period of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);
b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:
- loan repayment deferred payment in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to, in relation to, due to, in connection with, in accordance with, on account, in the course of, in order to, as far as, along the line, after expiration, due to , provided, in relation to, according to, according to, respectively (what), etc.;
c) the development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles in the class of adjectives and pronouns:
- real rules - these rules
- this agreement - this agreement (cf .: real guy, real terror) in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;
d) standardization lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:
- control is usually assigned, the deal is concluded, the price is set
Positions are constructive/non-constructive; activity is successful; necessity is urgent; discounts - significant disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc.;
e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but as a formula are reproduced in the text of a document that fixes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:
according to established order; in accordance with the agreement; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;
The agreement comes into force from the date of signing;
f) the formal-logical principle of text organization, which is expressed in the division of the main topic into sub-themes considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:
I. Subject of the contract
1.1. The Contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.
1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

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ODS stood out earlier than other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, recording of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance contributed to the formation special language, which, despite many changes, has retained its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Russia after their appearance in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium, concluded after the campaigns of the Russian princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav to Constantinople.

Already in the XI century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" was compiled, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. Here is one of the articles in Russkaya Pravda.

“If a free person is killed 10 hryvnias of silver per head.” “If someone gives a merchant a merchant to buy kunas, then the merchant will not hear rumors of kuns, rumors to him in need. But go to his own company, if he starts locking up.

Translation: "If a free person is killed, the payment is 10 hryvnias of silver per head." “If the merchant Gives Money for trade, then to return the Debt, witnesses to the conclusion of the transaction are not needed, and To receive the Debt, if the Debtor begins to deny, It is enough to take an oath.”

Starting from the XIV century. in the making Russian state special departments appear - orders that were in charge of managing certain aspects of public life, and the first civil servants - clerks. By that time, the words and constructions that are used in our time go back: bail, be in disgrace, sue, etc.

From the end of the XV century. the so-called Sudebniks (codes of laws) appear: the Sudebnik of Ivan III, referring to 1497; Sudebnik of Ivan IV, created in 1550

In the Petrine era, business speech is undergoing Europeanization. Until that time, the imprint of Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian-Polish and German influence lay on business speech. In the XVIII century. Peter I reforms the system government controlled. He introduces a system of colleges, reminiscent of modern ministries, and in 1722 publishes the "Table of Ranks", which includes 14 ranks. Hence the naming of civil servants - officials. Vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from the living colloquial speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it: province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.

At this time, a system of norms for addressing the addressee is being developed, indicating the rank, title, rank; uniform norms for naming and self-naming: field marshal general, admiral general, chancellor, warrant officer, Fendrik, midshipman, collegiate registrar, state councilor, foreman, colonel, collegiate adviser. Engaged in office work separate division- office.

In the 19th century introduced a system of ministries and unity of command. Forms of institutions with a corner arrangement of details are being developed.

In the 20th century, under Soviet rule, standards for service letters were developed. In the 80s. 20th century the United state system documentation.

Beginning of the 21st century characterized by the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy and the adaptation of the standards adopted in Russia to the world ones; the principles of business speech and business etiquette, accepted in world practice, are mastered.