Derivative and non-derivative bases. Derivative and non-derivative, derivative and generating

27.09.2019

§one. What is word formation

The lexical composition of the language is constantly updated. And not only due to borrowings from other languages, as it may seem to someone.
For example, along with computers, the word computer came into the world, which was borrowed by Russian from English: computer. This word quickly became widely used and already in Russian, according to the rules of our word formation, other new words were formed from it:

computer→computer,
→computer,
→computerization

This means that the language has its own internal mechanisms for the formation of new words. They study word formation.

Do not be surprised: the term word formation is used in different meanings:
1) the process of word formation in the language;
2) a section of linguistics that studies these processes.

§2. Derivative and generating bases

derived word is a word whose stem is formed from another stem and is motivated by it. Motivated means that it is connected with it in meaning and is explained, interpreted by it.

The house is little house(connection by meaning)
small house←house(the word house is formed from the stem house using the suffix -ik, a derivative base: house)

Hence: word house derivative, and the word house no.

Derivative basis- the basis of a new word, for example: candy ← candy, spring ← spring.

Production base- the basis closest in form and meaning to the derivative basis: spring → spring , candy a→candy.
In the formation of complex and compound words they have two generating bases: waters(water) and WHO(carry)→water carrier or a combination of generating stems and words: yellow(yellow) and red th→yellow-red.

The derivative basis is formed from the generating one. If in modern language the word does not have a generating stem, then the word is non-derivative. These are words that are not formed from other words: spring, around.

§3. Means of word formation

word-formation tool It's what makes words. The nature of word-formation means is different. These include:

derivational morphemes
special operations with stem word

The nature of the means is different, but their purpose is similar: to serve to form one word from another.

Word-building morphemes are

prefixes, for example: for-, on-, do-, re- in words write down, write, add, rewrite
suffixes, for example: -tel-, -ik-, -onok- in the words writer, kindergarten, bear cub

Special operations with a generating stem or several stems are special actions that allow you to form words without the participation of prefixes and suffixes, for example, such operations are:

addition of foundations: chimney, plumbing
fusion of the basics: hard to reach, obscure
abbreviation of the basis: special, comp and some others.

When forming words, one or several means can be used at once. For example, in the formation of the words homeless, on the right, in our opinion, both prefixes and suffixes are used simultaneously.

§four. Ways of word formation

Attention:

The illustration shows that the non-suffix way of word formation differs from others. In many textbooks nothing is said about this method: the authors do not single it out. However, in KIMah USE this method is taken into account. Therefore, the non-suffixal method is included in our scheme, but its special place among others, unconditionally singled out by all authors of textbooks, is marked with a dotted line. And in the future, in other illustrations, such a line will show that the content element causes different interpretations.

Way of word formation- the very process of formation of a derivative base from a generating base. The method is determined depending on the means of word formation. A combination of different methods is possible.

Concepts: the means and method of word formation are different, these terms should be distinguished and used correctly. It is important to understand that the method of word formation is determined depending on the means used. For example, if the means is a suffix, then the method is suffixal, if a prefix, then prefixed, if the suffix and prefix are together, then prefixed-suffixal. The names of operational means and methods of word formation are the same. At the word pipeline the means of word formation is the addition of bases, the way of word formation is also the addition of bases. Don't be surprised by this. Thus, linguists emphasize the originality of operational means, their special nature.

The Russian language is characterized various ways word formation:

Prefixal: the formation of words with the help of prefixes: look ← look, suburb ← city, inexpensive ← expensive
suffixal: the formation of words with the help of suffixes: tuesday←second, inventor←invent (truncation of the base), fence←fence

prefix-suffix: the formation of words using prefixes and suffixes: window sill ← window, quietly ←quietly(warp truncation), shade←shadow
Non-suffix (non-suffix): exit ← exit, high ← high
Addition: connection of parts of the bases different words: forest-steppe, sofa bed
Addition combined with suffixation: puzzle, car repair
Union: long lasting, fast dissolving
Reducing the warp: head, deputy
Abbreviation, that is, the formation of compound words: Russian Federation, Moscow State University, salary, military commissar
Changing the part of speech: sick, canteen

The formation of a word is often accompanied by phenomena that facilitate the mutual adaptation of the generating base and the word-forming means: prefixes, suffixes, roots.

Alternating vowels and consonants, for example: road→path (alternating g//f)
Interfix inserts- a connecting element that serves as a phonetic link when adding bases, for example: steam + walk(warp truncation)→steam about move
Generating stem truncation: kat → kat + ok (the suffix of the verb stem -а was truncated when a new word was formed)
These phenomena need to be able to notice and comment.

There are a lot of words in the language. Among them you must find derivatives. They are educated differently. The school curriculum requires the ability to determine the derivative and generating (or generating) bases. It is necessary to understand by what means derived word, as well as to name the method of word formation.

AT school course word formation is given a lot of attention, but very little time is devoted to teaching theory. However, it is impossible to do a word-formation analysis correctly if you do not know the basics of the theory. Do not be fooled by the fact that you can easily derivate the analysis of the simplest examples.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

In a couple of words autumn - autumn the foundation autumn is it derivative or generating?
- derivative
- Producing
What is the name of the stem of a new word formed from another stem?
- derivative
- Producing
What is the name of the stem of the word from which the new word is formed?
- derivative
- Producing
gas pipeline, oil pipeline?
How many generating stems do words have pale blue, dark gray?
gray-brown-crimson?
How many generating stems does a word have Moscow State University?
What is the name of the process of formation of a derivative basis from the producing one?
- Way of word formation
- word-formation tool
Are word-building morphemes a means of word formation?
Are special operations with a generating stem (or generating stems) a means of word formation?
What is the name for the formation of words using a prefix and a suffix?
- Prefixal
- suffixal
- prefix-suffix
What phonetic phenomenon is observed in the formation of a word little hand from the word hand?
- Interfix insertion
- Base Truncation
- Consonant alternation

For word formation, it is important to find out from which word the given word is directly formed. It is often important to decide which of the two fundamentals producing, and which word is secondary. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the direction of production.
In scientific and educational literature There are several terms that refer to generating and derivative basis:
base and derived word;
motivating and motivated words;
generating and derivative basis.
Derivative basis is the basis from which it is directly derived this basis. There are certain rules that help establish the direction of derivation. Derivative and generating bases are the closest relatives, this is manifested in the fact that:
derivative base more difficult producing by semantics: red - blush(turn red)
derivative base more difficult producing formally: earth-I - earth-yan-oh;
with the same formal complexity, the derivative is a word that is more complex in semantics: methodology - methodologist; student - student(it is traditionally accepted that feminine nouns are formed from masculine nouns);
Regardless of the formal complexity in word formation, the motivating word is the one whose meaning corresponds to the categorical meaning of the part of speech. This rule is especially relevant in relation to words formed with the help of zero affixes: dry - dry(the categorical meaning of a noun is an object or phenomenon, and the word dry land denotes a sign);
words marked stylistically are derivatives, they cannot be derivatives: intimate - intimate, neutral - neutral;
in words with associated root it is impossible to determine the direction of production unambiguously: to put on - to put on;
there are words in Russian that are characterized by multiple production(have not one, but several motivating words): cute - very nice, nice - very nice; acquaint - acquaint, acquaint - acquaint.

40. Ways of word formation in Russian

In the languages of the world, there are several ways of word formation. Among them are the following:

1) morphological(the most productive way of word formation in all Slavic languages): it consists in creating new words by combining morphemes according to the rules existing in the language. This method includes prefix, suffix, prefix - suffix, non-suffix, addition;

2) lexico-semantic, which consists in creating a new word by splitting the old one into two or more homonym:"boxer" - the breed of the dog and "boxer" - a boxing athlete;

3) morphological-syntactic: the formation of a new word by moving it from one part of speech to another: canteen, ice cream. At the same time, the word acquires new grammatical features;

4) lexico-syntactic, which consists in creating a new word by merging into one lexical unit of a combination of words: evergreen, now evergreen, now.

Prefix method

When forming words in this way, a prefix is added to the original word. The new word refers to the same part of speech as the original ones. In this way, nouns are formed: move - exit, light - dawn; adjectives: big - small, tasty - tasteless, sound - supersonic; pronouns: someone, someone, no one; verbs: walk - enter, exit, approach, leave; adverbs: always - forever, through the day before yesterday, through and through, yesterday - the day before yesterday.

Suffix way

With the suffix method, a suffix is added to the base of the original word.

Words formed in this way can be either the same part of speech (forest - forester) or another (forest - forest).

The suffix is attached not to the whole word, but to its base, while sometimes the base is modified: part of the base can be cut off, the sound composition changes, sounds alternate: cast - casting, weaver - weaving.

prefix-suffix

With this method, a prefix and a suffix are simultaneously attached to the original word: household, plantain, Moscow region, rider.

Most often, nouns are formed in this way: premise, window sill; verbs: sign, get carried away; adverbs: in spring, in Russian.

Suffixless

This method consists in the fact that the ending is discarded from the word (black - black) or the ending can be simultaneously discarded and the suffix cut off: rest - rest, scold - abuse.

Addition

Addition is the formation of a new word by combining two words or two or more bases into one verbal whole. Words formed as a result of addition are called compound words.

Difficult words are formed:

1) adding whole words: pay phone, boarding school;

2) adding up the basics: salary, head teacher;

3) addition with the help of connecting vowels O and E: pathfinder, steelmaker, agriculture;

4) by adding the initial letters: RSU, ATS;

5) addition initial sounds: tyuz, Moscow Art Theater.

41 . Historical changes in the morphemic structure of words

The morpheme composition of a word is not constant. In the course of the development of the language, changes could occur in it.

For example, the word sheet was formed from an adjective simple, it once had a suffix -yn'-(a). Thus, once this word consisted of three morphemes - a root, a suffix and an ending. Now only two morphemes are distinguished in it - the root and the ending: sheet. Consequently, the morphemic structure of the word has become simpler. And this phenomenon - the merging of two morphemes into one, that is, the reduction in the number of morphemes in a word - is called simplification. Another example of simplification is the word sour cream.

But in the language you can find examples of the opposite phenomenon. It's called complication morphemic structure of the word. As a result of complication, one morpheme begins to divide into two. An example would be the words umbrella and flask. Both of these words are loanwords, one from the Dutch language (zonnedek), another from Polish (flaszka), therefore, neither originally had a suffix. Later, these borrowings were perceived as diminutives and words were formed for them. umbrella and flask.

Finally, the third type of change in the morphemic structure of a word is re-decomposition . The number of morphemes remains the same, but the boundary between morphemes changes: one or more sounds go from one of the morphemes to another morpheme. For example, in Old Russian there were prefixes vn-, sii- and the corresponding prepositions vn, kn, sn. If the root of the word began with a consonant sound, the prefixes v- and s- were used, for example: v-brother, s-brother, but if the root began with a vowel, then a variant of the prefix ending in -n- , for example: vn-imati, son-imati (cf. the colloquial verb imat ‘grab; take’). In the same way, the use of prepositions in front of pronouns was distributed: to that, to that, to tem, but to him, to em, to remove them. Later consonant n gone to the root. So, now we are isolating morphemes take off; in-him-ah-be. Root him- by analogy with these words, it also appeared in those single-root verbs where it was not in this form in the Old Russian language: accept(other Russian pri-im-a-ti); behind him(other Russian for-im-a-ti). Similar origin and combination of prepositions with pronoun forms in it, to it, with it, compare: hello to him, but happy with it.

42. Grammar as a science, there is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagms, sentences, texts). Grammar formulates these regularities in the form of general grammatical rules.

Morphology(Greek "morphe" - form, "logos" - science) is a section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech.

Morphology is closely related to spelling, so the study of morphology is associated with the study of spelling rules.

Spelling(Greek "orfo" - correct, "grapho" - I write) or spelling - a section of the science of language, which sets out a system of rules for writing words and their meaningful parts, about continuous, separate and hyphenated spellings, about the use of capital letters and word hyphenation.

spelling(Greek "ortho" - correct, "gram" - letter sign) - spelling in a word that corresponds to the spelling rule

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of a language. It includes all the sound means of the language, that is, not only sounds and their combinations, but also stress and intonation.

Orthoepy is a field of phonetics that deals with the study of pronunciation norms.

Graphics - a set of signs used in a given writing system, along with rules that establish a correspondence between signs (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes)

Morphemics- a branch of linguistics that studies the system of morphemes of a language and the morphemic structure of words and their forms.

word formation- a section of linguistics that studies the formal semantic derivative of the words of a language, means and methods of word formation.

Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies the phrase and sentence. Its main sections are the syntax of the phrase and the syntax of the sentence.
Sentences are formed from words and phrases.

phrase is a unit of syntax. A phrase is a combination of two or more independent words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. The phrase consists of the main and dependent words.

Sentence- one of the basic units of the language and the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is one or more words that contain message, question or prompt(order, advice, request). The sentence is characterized by intonational and semantic completeness, i.e. is a separate statement.
The offer has grammatical basis, consisting of the main members (subject and predicate) or one of them.

43 . grammatical meaning- the meaning expressed by the inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator).

The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples):

1. grammatical meanings are not universal, less numerous, form a closed, more clearly structured class.

2. grammatical meanings, unlike lexical ones, are expressed in a mandatory, “compulsory” manner. For example, a Russian speaker cannot “evade” the expression of the category of the number of the verb, an English speaker cannot avoid the category of the definiteness of the noun, etc. At the same time, for example, in Japanese the category of number is not grammatical, as it is expressed optionally at the request of the speaker. The idea of the obligatory nature of grammatical meanings goes back to the works of F. Boas and R. O. Jacobson. According to informal definition, given by A. A. Zaliznyak, grammatical meanings are such meanings, “the expression of which is mandatory for all word forms of a given class of lexemes” (“Russian nominal inflection”, 1967)

3. Lexical and grammatical meanings differ in terms of ways and means of their formal expression.

4. grammatical meanings may not have full correspondence in the extralinguistic sphere (for example, the categories of number, time usually correspond to reality in one way or another, while the feminine gender of a noun stool and masculine noun chair motivated only by their endings).

44-45. ways of expressing grammatical meanings. Ways of forming word forms.

Synthetic way. Expression of meanings in the word itself. This includes;

a) affixation (the formation of word forms with the help of endings, prefixes, formative suffixes). Table, table, table etc. Do - do, write - write etc. Justify - justify, exchange - exchange etc.;

b) internal flexion (alternation of sounds). Lock up - lock up, die - die, dial - dial etc.;

c) accent. Pour - pour, cut - cut etc.;

d) suppletivism. Talk - say, catch - catch etc. Person people. Good - better, a lot - more;

e) repetitions. Blue-blue, walked-walked, barely (see. repeat).

analytical way. Expression of values outside the word. I write - I will write. Beautiful - more beautiful.

Mixed (hybrid) method. In the book(preposition and case ending). I I read(personal pronoun and verb ending to express the meaning of the 1st person).

46. Grammatical meanings - abstract, generalized intralinguistic meanings, which are formed on the basis of generalization of linguistic facts proper, abstraction from them.

Grammatical form(GF) is a language character in which the CG finds its regular (standard) expression. Within the GF, the means of expressing the GB can be various language tools(affixation, reduplication, supletivism, etc.).

On the one hand - opposition, on the other - homogeneity.

Members of the same GC united by a common GC(numbers) and differ in private values(values of singularity - plurality). GC is a certain system of relations.

An integral feature of the Civil Code is opposition (opposition). No opposition - no category.

47. Part of speech(tracing paper from lat. pars orationis, other Greek μέρος τοῦ λόγου) is a category of language words determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages of the world, first of all, the name is opposed (which can be further divided into a noun, adjective, etc., but this is not universal) and verb, in most languages it is also generally accepted to divide parts of speech into independent and auxiliary.

Principles of classifying words by parts of speech

independent parts of speech

official parts of speech

interjections and

onomatopoeic words.

Independent parts of speech are a group of words with a common grammatical meaning(object, sign of an object, action, sign of an action, number of objects). Service parts of speech are a group of words that do not have their own meaning, since they do not name objects, signs, actions, and it is impossible to put a question to them.

48. The origin of the language - component problems of the origin of man and human society. There are many theories about the origin of language, which can be divided into two main groups: 1) biological, 2) social.

Biological theories explain the origin of language by evolution human body- sense organs speech apparatus and brain. Biological theories primarily include the theory of onomatopoeia and interjection.
Proponents of the onomatopoeia hypothesis believe that words arose from a person’s unconscious or conscious desire to imitate the sounds of the world around him - the roar of animals, the cry of birds, the sound of the wind, etc.

The basis for such views was that in all languages there are indeed onomatopoeic words, such as woof-woof, cuckoo, meow, shadow, ding, bam. But firstly, there are relatively few such words. Secondly, the most people need and the most common words do not reveal even a hint of imitating any sounds: water, earth, sky, sun, grass, man, smart, walk, think, etc.

Thirdly, in order to imitate the sounds of the nature surrounding a person with combinations of sounds, one must have a very flexible speech, which implies its long previous development. It is hardly possible in our time to take seriously the hypothesis of onomatopoeia.

The second influential hypothesis at the time - interjection (reflex), which was followed by such scientists as Humboldt, Jacob Grimm, and others, is that the word is considered as a spokesman mental states person. The first words, according to this theory, are involuntary cries, interjections, reflexes. They emotionally expressed pain or joy, fear or despair.

Some supporters of the hypothesis under consideration admitted that words arose by interjection only in the distant past, and later they developed according to the laws of word formation and independently of involuntary emotional cries.
the fact that man and human society substantially different from the animal and its herd.

This is how social theories of the origin of the language appeared, which explain its appearance by social needs. Arising in labor and as a result of the development of consciousness.

Even in antiquity, the Greek philosopher Diodorus Siculus put forward the theory of the social contract, as a result of which language is seen as a conscious invention and creation of people. In the XVIII century. it was supported by Adam Smith and Rousseau, in whom Rousseau's theory of the social contract is connected with the division of human life into two periods - natural and civilized.

At the end of the 70s of the 19th century. German philosopher Noiret put forward a working theory of the origin of language, or the theory of labor cries. Noiret noted that when working together, shouts and exclamations facilitate and organize labor activity. These cries, at first involuntary, gradually turned into symbols labor processes. The theory of labor cries, in fact, turns out to be a variant of the interjection theory.

49 .Language - sign system, correlating conceptual content and typical sound (writing).

One of the main concepts of the theory of language contacts is the concept of bilingualism, as a result of which the study of bilingualism is often recognized even as the main task of studying contacts (the concept of polylingualism or multilingualism, which in principle is reduced to the totality of bilingualism, is not affected here). Bilingual persons are usually understood as speakers of some language A, switching to language B when communicating with speakers of the latter (moreover, most often one of these languages turns out to be native to them, and the other is acquired).

Bilingualism(bilingualism) - the ability of certain groups of the population to communicate in two languages. People who speak two languages are called bilinguals, more than two - polylinguals, more than six - polyglots. Since language is a function of social groupings, being bilingual means belonging to two different social groups at the same time.

Language differentiation(in linguistics) - the process of structural divergence of languages as a result of the gradual loss of common elements and the acquisition of specific features. Within language family is modeled by a genealogical tree scheme, the "root" of which is the proto-language, and the "branches" are related languages.

Language Integration, process, reverse language differentiation. At Language integration language communities previously used different languages(dialects), begin to use the same language, i.e., merge into one language community. Two ways are possible Language integration: 1) the complete loss of one language and the transition to another, as happened with the Torks, Berendeys and other non-Slavic peoples who lived on the territory Ancient Russia; 2) merging languages into new language, which has features that distinguish it from any of the source languages. Yes, modern English language is the result of the integration of Old Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) dialects and French Norman conquerors. Process Language integration usually associated with the political, economic and cultural integration of the respective peoples and involves ethnic mixing. Especially often Language integration occurs between closely related languages and dialects.

50. The evolution of a language is a quantitative and qualitative renewal of its structure. It happens continuously.

The reasons for language evolution are traditionally divided into external and internal.

EXTERNAL:

· This includes changes in the inventory and properties of objects of the objective world;
Development of science and technology
· Culture and art
Change in the composition of the language team
In a word, everything that happens in reality and is reflected in the language.

INTERNAL:

· These include impulses “arising in connection with the improvement trend that exists in the language system” (B.A. Serebryannikov).

From the point of view of their structure, the stems as parts of the word that contain its real, lexical meaning, are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
The non-derivative basis is a whole, which, from a structural point of view, cannot be further fragmented. The derivative base acts as a unity, consisting from a structural point of view of separate significant parts - morphemes. One of the most important qualities that distinguishes a derivative basis from a non-derivative one is the dependence of the former on the corresponding non-derivative. Any derivative basis necessarily presupposes the presence of a similar non-derivative, with which it correlates from a semantic-grammatical point of view. If for some reason the non-derivative basis disappears from the language or ceases to correlate with the given derivative, the latter loses its derivative, composite character and passes into the category of non-derivative bases. For example, the foundations of youth, goat, sing (sing), sad (th), segment (t), step (adverb), etc. appear before us as derivatives, which, therefore, have the ability to divide into meaningful parts, due to the fact that next to them there are non-derivatives similar to them: young (oh), goat (a), ne (t), sadness, penis, step, etc.
There is also a difference between derivative and non-derivative stems in the expression of one or another real, lexical meaning that makes up their content. The meaning of the basis of the non-derivative is, as it were, embedded in itself, while the meaning of the derivative stem seems to grow out of the meanings of its constituent morphemes.
Finally, for a very large part of derivative bases, as opposed to non-derivative ones, such a designation of objects of reality is characteristic, when the latter are expressed in a word through the establishment of one or another connection with other objects. The designation of objects of reality by such foundations seems to us to be motivated in a certain way. Being unable to answer the question why certain facts of reality are called by the words forest, water, sing, white, etc., and not by any others, it is quite possible to explain the reason for the functioning to designate the corresponding facts of reality of the words lesok, underwater, sing , whiten, etc. Forest - a small forest, underwater - under water, sing - start singing, whiten - make something or someone white, etc.
However, it would be wrong to assume that each word with a derivative stem contains an indication of why a given object of reality is denoted by it, and not by any other word. There are such words, in the derivative nature of the basis of which in the modern language there is no doubt, but there is still no such motivation in naming. The word knife, for example, definitely has a derivative stem, since next to it there is the word knife and part of the word knife - in both words it means the same thing. But at the same time, the word knife is the same absolutely conventional designation of a cutting tool as the word knife: there is no correlation that exists between words like leaf and leaf, etc., but the basis of the word knife still remains a derivative. In the word vessel, no doubt, the stem is a derivative, because the same word in plural has a non-derivative basis of the court and the sound complex court to ship and court is unambiguous. And yet the designation in this case of the corresponding object of reality different forms of this word (court - ship) is absolutely the same - conditional and completely unmotivated.
These facts are most evident in related fundamentals ah, when a non-derivative basis does not exist independently, in its pure form and is distinguished only by comparing two or more derived bases.
Thus, the derivative basis differs from the non-derivative one in its special designation of the subject of reality (through its relation to others), which does not always and not in all words correspond to the morphological structure. However, for a very large number of words with a derivative stem, this property, in contrast to words with a non-derivative stem, is still extremely characteristic.
The derivative and non-derivative bases are, as it were, opposed to each other. For the derived basis, it can be noted; 1) its segmentation into separate morphemes; 2) its dependence as an integral whole on the corresponding non-derivative (as a derivative it exists insofar as the corresponding non-derivative exists);

the correspondence of its holistic meaning as the basis of the totality of the meanings of its constituent parts; 4) the designation of the object of reality in a whole series of words indirectly, through the establishment of a certain connection with others.

For a non-derivative base, it is characteristic: 1) its indivisible ™ from a morphological point of view; 2) its always direct, purely conditional and unmotivated designation of objects of reality from the point of view of modern semantic and derivational relations.
Consideration of these sharply opposite qualities, characteristic of a derivative basis, on the one hand, and non-derivative, on the other, and their relationship in each specific case is, as already mentioned, the main condition for the word-formation analysis of the word.

Producing and derived word

Recall that the word from which the given derivative is directly formed is called the generating word. Representing the material backbone of the derivative, the generating word usually appears in its structure not completely, but to some extent truncated (without endings, and often without final suffixes). For example: employee —works(at); trailer — trailer(it); heiress — on the trail(ovate); gourmet — varnish(itya); madman — crazy(ny); Ukrainianism — ukrainian(sky); burly man — crepe(cue) etc. That part of the generating word that materially appears in the structure of the derivative is called the generating base ( work-, trailer-, on the trail- etc.). It does not coincide with the usual stem of the word (that part of it that remains after subtracting inflection): employee-, trailer-, heirs-, gourmet-.

If, after separation from the word of inflection, a stem that is non-derivative from a synchronous point of view remains, further word-formation analysis is impossible, for example: road-a, lake.

If the word has a derivative stem, the subsequent analysis should go along the line of comparison (in order to identify the generating stem) with the word from which the first is formed.

In this series, it is also desirable to include, if possible, other derivatives with the same generating basis. It can be passed like this: Ba - B, bb, Bv, bg etc., where B- generating word (or stem), and lower case denote any word-building elements.

It is impossible to compare the analyzed derivative simply with related words (similar in sound and meaning), as is often done. This term is too broad, it covers a whole word-formation nest, which includes derivatives not only with the producing basis of interest to us, but also other related formations that are not directly related to it. For example, for the adjective talkative such related words, how talk-it-sya (talking), colloquial, conversation. However, only the first can be recognized as producing, from which the adjective was directly formed talkative. The last two are not such, they seem superfluous, not conducive to the chosen direction of analysis: adjective colloquial formed not from a verbal, but from a substantive generating stem talk, the form of the past tense is from the infinitive, which includes additional elements - suffixes -and-, -ss.

No less often the word under consideration is compared with single-root derivatives. To a certain extent, such an approach can be justified only when we are dealing with formations that are simple in structure, in which the root is also the producing basis. For example, to prove that nouns vase, wall, bun, martin do not belong to the same derivational type, we will select words with the same root. In nouns vase and bun this technique helps to reveal the roots ( vase, bulk-a), suffixes (- points-, -to-) and ending (- a), because here the roots are also generating bases.

In the noun wall with this approach (root walls) could have been incorrectly allocated suffix - points(a), because in this case the root does not coincide with the generating base. To avoid an error, here it becomes necessary to compare the derivative wall not just with single-root formations, but with a generating noun wall.

Focusing on the selection of single-root derivatives can push a person inexperienced in the intricacies of word formation to compare a noun martin with words like flipper, eraser, flirt, not to mention the fact that people who are to some extent familiar with folk speech can point to really single-root formations eraser,swallow etc. They won't take a noun martin as a non-derivative in the national Russian language.

A special case is represented by derivatives whose generating words are not used in a free state, for example: roach, dam, raft; calve, calf, calves, heifer, heifer, calves, upskirt, heifer and others. Naturally, when analyzing such derivatives, the comparison can go not with generating words, but only with words directly formed from them, i.e. Ba, bb, Bv, Bg.

If only the generating stem is defined correctly, the residual element in the derivative must be the word- or form-forming affix by means of which the analyzed derived stem is created. However, the correctness of the isolation of the generating base can and must be supported by the data of one more series.

Derivative and non-derivative bases. Derivative and non-derivative, derivative and generating

§2. Derivative and generating bases

§3. Means of word formation

§four. Ways of word formation

test of strength

Final test

In a couple of words autumn - autumn the foundation autumn is it derivative or generating?

What is the name of the stem of a new word formed from another stem?

What is the name of the stem of the word from which the new word is formed?

gas pipeline, oil pipeline?

How many generating stems do words have pale blue, dark gray?

gray-brown-crimson?

How many generating stems does a word have Moscow State University?

What is the name of the process of formation of a derivative basis from the producing one?

Are word-building morphemes a means of word formation?

Are special operations with a generating stem (or generating stems) a means of word formation?

What is the name for the formation of words using a prefix and a suffix?

What phonetic phenomenon is observed in the formation of a word little hand from the word hand?

More on the topic § 17. Derivative and non-derivative bases:

Producing and derived word

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