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Can the predicate answer the question which one? Predicate in Russian. The grammatical basis of the sentence

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is usually associated with the subject and answers the questions “what does the object do?”, “What is the object?”, “What is the object?”, “Who is it?”, “What is happening?”.

The structure distinguishes between simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate in which both lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by one verb form.

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1) a verb in any conjugated form and in the infinitive form: It was a dark night.

2) phraseology or a combination of words with a single meaning: Petya realized that he was in a mess;

3) combinations of words, characteristic mainly for colloquial and artistic styles of speech, for example:

An infinitive with a personal form of the same verb and a “not” particle between them: She didn’t do anything, she didn’t undertake anything;

Two single-root verbs with a particle "not" between them: We are waiting, we will not wait for your return;

4) with interjection verbs: Only I go up the stairs, and he dives towards me.

The compound predicate consists of two parts, one of which expresses the grammatical meaning of mood, time, number, etc., and the other carries the main lexical meaning.

Depending on which part of speech is the carrier of lexical meaning, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates are distinguished.

A compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary component and an infinitive: Writers cannot give up even for a minute before adversity.

An auxiliary component can be:

1) verbs denoting the beginning, continuation, end of the action (phase verbs): start, stop, continue, become, accept, finish, etc.

2) verbs denoting desirability, possibility, impossibility, necessity of action (modal verbs): to be able, to want, to be able, to desire, etc.

3) verbs denoting thought processes, emotional evaluation of actions (modal verbs): think, hope, love, hate.

4) short adjectives glad, should, ready, inclined, capable, etc. (in the past and future tenses in combination with the verb copula "to be")

5) syntactically indivisible combinations such as to burn with desire (to wish), to be able (to be able), to be able (to be able), etc.: Unfortunately, I am not able to help you;

6) predicative adverbs necessary, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc. (in the past and future tenses in combination with the verb copula "to be")

7) noun such as master, amateur, etc.

The compound nominal predicate consists

from a linking verb and a nominal part: The family was friendly.

Links can be:

1) the verb to be in various forms of mood and tense.

This link is called abstract and performs only a grammatical role: it expresses a connection with the subject and denotes the categories of time, mood, number, etc.

In the present tense, this link can be zero, that is, not formally expressed: Everything is quiet, calm.

2) verbs with a weakened lexical meaning, used to express both grammatical meaning and partially lexical meaning: become, become, seem, be called, be considered, become, etc. Such a bunch is called semi-abstract: All objects have become distinct.

3) verbs with a full lexical meaning, denoting movement, the state of an object: stand, live, walk, sit, be born, etc. Such a bunch is called significant:. We left satisfied.

The nominal part can be expressed:

1) noun

2) adjective

3) adverb

4) a numeral or a combination of a numeral and a noun

5) pronoun

6) communion

7) syntactically indivisible combination

Complicated predicate

The complication of compound verbal and nominal predicates is usually carried out due to the use of an additional phase or modal verb in their composition. A complicated predicate (it is also called a compound predicate) includes three (or more) words and may consist of:

a) from several verbs and represent a complicated compound verb predicate: I decided to start playing sports;

b) from verbs and names and represent a complicated compound nominal predicate: Yes, I confess, gentlemen, I really want to be a general.

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill ; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Link type by value Typical verbs Examples
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning. Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

He was a doctor.
He will be a doctor.
He is a doctor .
He was sick.
He will be sick.
He is sick .
He is sick.
Lyricism is the highest manifestation of art.
2. A semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the feature: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) evaluation of the feature in terms of reality: to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered;
e) the name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be called.

He became ill.
He remained sick.
He was sick every autumn.
He turned out to be sick.
He considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was reputed to be sick.
Them called sick.

3. A significant copula is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand;
b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, roam;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.

She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He born happy.
He died a hero.

Verb to be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

He ended up in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what he sitting instead stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

    the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

    He sitting tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

    the link can be made null:

    He sitting tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He the first.

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part

The form Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case

He's my brother .
He was my brother.
1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition

The navigator was in oblivion.
I'm penniless.
This house is Meshkova.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)

son-in-law was a silent breed.
This girl is tall.
2. Adjective
2.1. short adjective

He is cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case

He is cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Brief Communion

He is wounded.
Glasses were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case

The glasses were broken.
The glasses were broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun

All fish are yours.
it something new.

5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case

Their hut is the third from the edge.
Their hut was the third from the edge.
6. Adverb

I was on my guard.
His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix appears in the verb -l, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill ;
City taken(SIS). - City was taken .

2. A short neuter adjective (nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:

    if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

    Wed: The sea is calm;

    if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

    Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;

    if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.

    Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm a; The sea is calm s; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

    the subject usually precedes the verb:

    Moscow is the capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

    However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

    Wed: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;

    the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

    note that in sentences like: This is good ; This is my brother - this is is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

    the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a bunch of be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch to be, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

    Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

  1. Specify the type of predicate.
  2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Good Good expressed in an adverb; grammatical link to be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part the first expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; significant link came expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link to be- in zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “What is it?”, “Who is it?”, “What is it?” "What's happening to him?"

Syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for making sentences. The predicate can be a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and even a noun.

verb predicate

Most often, the predicate can be expressed by a verb. At the same time, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don't touch the toy!”, “It's raining”, “I would like to take a walk with friends”);
- phraseological turns based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes the action, the second - the purpose of the action ("I'll go, is everything all right").

A compound verbal predicate is a phrase whose grammatical and lexical meaning is expressed in different words: an auxiliary and a main verb, the latter being used in the form and carrying the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).

A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase from a linking verb and a nominal part. A linking verb can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-significant verbs “appear”, “appear”, “be”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “be known”, “be considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“Children came to the guests already grubby”).

Other parts of speech, as a predicate

The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a copula, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It's just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).

A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles ("Our grandfather is not yet old at heart"). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence, improve the readability of the text.

The noun becomes a predicate in qualifying sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: "My mother is a cook", "The book is a storehouse of wisdom."

Also, sometimes the numeral (“Twice three - six”) also acts as a predicate.

And how to find it in a sentence? What questions does the predicate and the subject answer? It is these topics that children gradually learn over the long school years of study. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.

Grammatical basis

So how do you recognize the basis of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school, it is permissible to consider them as a phrase, but if you dig deeper, then not quite so. The questions sound like this:

  • The subject is "who" or "what". It can be any object, person, animal, living and inanimate being and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
  • The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions "what is he" or "who is he", "what does he do", "what is the object", "what happens to him".

Examples of the main part of the sentence

For example, we can take several

  • "The boy (who?) is going (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
  • "He's sad (what's going on with the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
  • "He is small (what is the subject?)". The predicate here is a short adjective.
  • "Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
  • Baikal is a big lake. Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions "what is" or "what is it."

Compound verb predicate

A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, which is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. Not always a simple predicate is expressed in one word, for example:

  1. "I will sing". "I will sing" is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
  2. As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate - model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
  3. She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped. Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began, but did not happen. Such parts are not separated by commas, in contrast to such parts as used to and happens that have the value of regular repetition of actions.
  4. In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from a compound type, one should remember the following: the first one is easy to replace with one word, but you cannot put "to be" (in any of its forms) instead of it.

Compound nominal predicate

This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or tripartite. These parts of the sentence may consist of two or more words, which determine the type.

The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed by words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in an indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of the action. In this capacity, words are used must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. Also, this part is expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.

The nominal predicate answers questions about the actions of the subject and in its composition can have a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.

A compound predicate is a combination of verbal and nominal predicates.

The predicate denotes any action or state of the object, is one of the main members of the sentence along with the subject. Consider what questions the predicate answers.

  • What is (object, person)? Examples: The picture (what?) is beautiful - The person (what?) is good.
  • What does (person, object) do? What will (person, object) do? These questions are also presented in past and future tenses. Examples: Marina used to (what did she do?) draw - He (what does she do?) plays the piano - The boys (what will they do?) will play football with rivals.
  • Who is he (face)? What is it (it) is (an object)? Examples: He (who is he?) is an engineer. This device (what is he?) is a telescope.
  • What is happening to him (with his face)? What is being done with it? Example: Data (what is done with it? can also be set: what is done?) is transferred to the site.

The predicate is both nominal and verbal. A simple verbal predicate is expressed in the form of mood.

  • Indicative mood: Children (what are they doing?) are playing in the yard.
  • Imperative: (What do you do?) Draw me the sun!
  • Subjunctive: I (what would I do?) would go on a trip if I had money.

A compound verb predicate is formed from several verbs - an auxiliary verb plus a verb in an indefinite form. Examples:

  • What did you do? - he stopped jumping;
  • What is he doing? - he wants to sail away;
  • What will do? - it will work.

A compound nominal predicate contains a word (linking verb) that expresses not only the exact grammatical meaning of this predicate, but also its nominal part (noun or adjective), which conveys the meaning of the verb. Examples:

  • He was kinder than his brother. What was he like? - was kinder. "Was" here is a linking verb, "kinder" is an adjective in the comparative degree. all together - a compound nominal predicate.
  • She is now a teacher. Who is she? - teacher. There is no linking verb here, so the link in this sentence is null. The word "teacher" is the nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the noun in the accusative case. So, in this example, "she" will be the subject, "teacher" - the predicate.
  • The sky seemed close. What did the sky do? seemed close. "It seemed" is a linking verb, "close" is an adjective in the instrumental case.
  • He will be famous. Who will he be? - be a celebrity. "Will" is a linking verb, "celebrity" is a noun in the instrumental case, the nominal part of the predicate.

Now you know by examples what predicates are in Russian and what questions the predicate answers.


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