Landing from a helicopter in various ways. Parachute landing training. Preparing for skydiving

Input-output control tests

Question number 2. What are the requirements for the size of the area for the implementation of descents by parachuteless landing?

Question number 3. Training descents with a descender are allowed to be performed on the site at a wind speed of not more than:

Question number 4. Training descents with a descender in a forest area are allowed to be performed on the site at a wind speed of not more than:

Question number 5. Persons authorized to perform descents are allowed to perform training or educational descents with a descender during a flight shift in the amount of not more than:

Question number 6. Each person descending and releasing when performing descents with a descender must have with him:

Question number 7. Paratroopers trained on one type of helicopter are allowed to descend from other types of helicopters:

Question number 8. The descent of paratroopers and various cargoes using descenders, in the absence of communication between the helicopter commander and the issuers:

Question number 9. Descents into the water are allowed to perform:

Question number 10. Launchings are allowed at any air and water temperature in case of:

Question number 11. In cases where a paratrooper hangs up during descent with a trigger device, he must first of all:

Question number 12. In cases where a paratrooper hangs up during descent with a trigger device, in what way should he report the situation:

Question number 13. In cases where a paratrooper hangs up during descent with a trigger device, by what signal does the paratrooper indicate readiness for evacuation:

Question number 14. In cases where a paratrooper hangs while descending with a trigger device, the helicopter commander makes a decision:

Question number 15. In cases where a paratrooper hangs while descending with a trigger device, when deciding to take the paratrooper to a safe place, the helicopter commander must comply with the following requirements:

Question number 16. The trigger device is:

Question No. 17. In cases of a paratrooper hovering during descent with a trigger device, the helicopter commander, when deciding to lower the paratrooper to the ground by descending the helicopter, releasing notifies the paratrooper about this:

Question number 18. Who decides to cancel an air training session:

Question number 19. The head of air training is obliged:

Question number 20. Who approves the airfield movement scheme?

Question number 21. Which helicopters of the aviation of the internal affairs bodies have a coaxial rotor system?

Question number 22. Length of the fastrope downhill device:

Question #23: A climbing descender is:

Question number 24. Which of the following is not a special case in landing?

Question number 25. Dimensions of the platform during landing by landing method for the Mi-8 helicopter:

Question number 26. Is it allowed to transport troops with weapons and special equipment in combat condition?

Question number 28. The height of the descent from a helicopter with special equipment, weapons (cargo) to an unprepared site using climbing equipment:

Question number 29. The height of the descent from a helicopter with special equipment, weapons (cargo) to an unprepared site using the “fastrope” downhill device:

Question number 30. Approach and departure from helicopters with a tail rotor of the Mi-8, AS-355, R44 type and other aircraft of similar design should be carried out only?

359. Landing- the transfer of tactical airborne troops by air behind enemy lines to carry out a combat mission. It includes the take-off of helicopters with an amphibious assault, the formation of the combat order of a part (subdivisions) of helicopters, a combat flight and an amphibious landing.

At the set time, the battalion (company) occupies the indicated initial area for landing. The commanders of the subdivisions are refining the calculations for landing, checking the readiness of the subdivisions for landing (loading) into helicopters.

With the arrival of helicopters, the landing commander, together with the commander of the helicopter unit (subdivision), refines the plan for loading military equipment and landing personnel, landing sites in the main and alternate landing areas, the procedure for interaction between helicopter and motorized rifle units in flight and during landing.

360. The loading of weapons, military equipment and other materiel into helicopters begins at the set time (at the command of the senior commander using the landing force), is carried out by loading teams of units under the leadership of helicopter commanders. The landing of personnel in helicopters is carried out immediately before takeoff and must be completed before the engines are started. Anti-aircraft units carry out the landing of personnel last. The landing time is specified by the landing commander after receiving an order to start landing.

Readiness for landing is determined by the completion of the loading of weapons and military equipment into helicopters, the setting of combat missions for units. By this time, the personnel should be in close proximity to the helicopters in readiness for landing.

361. Landing begins at the command of the commander using the landing. Responsibility for the landing of tactical airborne troops at a precisely set time and in a designated area (on an object) lies with the commander of a unit (subunit) of helicopters.

The formation of the combat formation of helicopters is carried out as they take off and ends with the approach of the head unit of the column of the main forces to the starting line (point).

The commander of the landing in flight is on the helicopter of the commander of the helicopter unit, the commanders of the landing units are on the helicopters of the commanders of units (detachments). The commander of the helicopter unit (subunit) informs the commander of the landing force about the situation in the landing area, changes in the flight route and the procedure for entering the landing sites, as well as about helicopters that have received damage and stopped flying.

362. As the forward group's helicopters approach the landing site, the enemy on it is destroyed and suppressed by fire from the onboard armament of the helicopters and small arms, after which the forward group is disembarked. Supervises the disembarkation and unloading from the helicopter on-board technician.

The forward group, disembarking from helicopters, deploys into battle formation, completes the destruction of the enemy on the landing sites (site) and in the areas adjacent to them, takes possession of the designated line, consolidates on it and ensures the landing of the main landing forces.

An anti-aircraft subunit operating in the forward group, after landing, takes up firing positions near the landing site in the direction of advance of the main landing forces and is prepared to fire at enemy air targets.

After disembarking, the engineer-sapper unit conducts reconnaissance of mine-explosive and other obstacles at the landing sites, clears them or marks obstacles and local objects that interfere with the landing of helicopters.

The reconnaissance (combat reconnaissance) patrol (patrol squad), after landing, conducts reconnaissance in the direction of the upcoming landing operations, advances to the captured line (object) and specifies the composition and position of the enemy. The department (calculation) of radiation, chemical reconnaissance or a specially trained department conducts radiation and chemical reconnaissance.

After the advance group has landed, combat and assault helicopters support the battle of the advance group and cover the landing of the main forces, as well as strike at the enemy approaching the landing area. The forward group commander informs the landing commander of updated data on the terrain in the landing area, landing sites and the nature of enemy actions in the landing area, and, if possible, in the area of ​​​​the captured (destroyed) line (object).

In the event of a sharp change in the situation in the main landing area, failure of the main landing sites, the landing commander decides to land on alternate landing sites on his own, and in the alternate landing area - after the decision is approved by the commander using the landing. Based on the results of the battle of the forward group and on the basis of data received from reconnaissance agencies, the commander, if necessary, specifies the order of landing of the main forces and the tasks of the elements of the battle order (subunits).

363. The main forces of the landing force land in the landing area under the cover of air strikes, combat helicopters and supporting artillery fire. After landing, the landing units take their initial position (concentrate in the assembly area), take up battle order and proceed to the combat mission. The landing commander takes over the control of the attached (supporting) army aviation.

The landing commander clarifies on the ground or sets new tasks for subunits, coordinates their actions and manages them during

accomplishment of the combat mission.

Artillery subunits (subunits), after landing, take up firing positions on the landing site and fire at observed targets in the direction of operations of the landing units.

The anti-aircraft unit during the course of operations covers the combat formations of the landing force from enemy air strikes.

The combined-arms reserve, after landing, is assembled in the area assigned to it in readiness to perform suddenly arising tasks.

Combat helicopters, and after the landing, transport and combat helicopters support air combat and prevent the approach of enemy reserves.

The advancement of landing units to the line (object) subject to capture (destruction, incapacitation) is carried out quickly, usually in pre-combat order under the cover of security.

When meeting with the enemy during the advancement of the landing force, without getting involved in a protracted battle, they bypass the centers of resistance, by fire, and, if necessary, by a decisive attack, part of the forces destroy small groups of the enemy.

The results of the landing and data on the situation in the landing area, and the course of action, in addition, on the fulfillment of the immediate, future tasks and on abrupt changes in the situation, are immediately reported to the senior commander and, on their basis, combat missions are specified to subordinates.

The brigade commander begins to manage the landing operations after the landing commander reports on the landing, the state of the units and the enemy.

364. Upon reaching the designated object, the landing force deploys on the move into battle formation and swiftly attacks it in the flank and rear, destroys manpower, fire weapons (puts the object out of action) and quickly goes to a new object or to a specified area (point).

When fixed on a captured line, landing units go over to defense based on holding important areas of the terrain and rapid maneuver of forces and means. The defense area (stronghold) is being prepared for all-round defense.

365. When destroying (putting out of action) means of using nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, ground elements of reconnaissance and strike systems, command posts and other enemy objects, landing units covertly advance into the area of ​​​​their location, attack and destroy the enemy covering these objects, render them unusable its launchers (guns), missiles (shells), controls and other important elements of the facility. Means of nuclear and chemical attack during their movement are destroyed by fire and a decisive attack or sudden actions from fire ambushes.

When capturing enemy nuclear mines installed in wells, the landing force destroys the enemy in the area of ​​​​the possible location of the wells, occupies the designated line and ensures the actions of engineering and sapper units designed to neutralize nuclear mines.

366. When a road junction is disabled, bridges, viaducts, overpasses and road junctions are destroyed, the roadbed is rendered unusable in places where, due to local conditions, it is impossible to equip bypass roads in a short time.

When a railway junction (station) is captured, first of all, input and output switches, signaling and automatic blocking means, power supply and communication lines are disabled (undermined, destroyed). The military echelons located at the station, as a rule, are blocked and destroyed by fire and a decisive attack.

367. When control posts are destroyed, the main forces of the landing force land directly on the object or near it, and part of the forces - on probable evacuation routes for elements of the control post or the approach of enemy reserves. The main landing forces attack the enemy from different directions, concentrating their main efforts on capturing the operational part of the command post, documents of the combat command and control group and headquarters. At the same time, the work of communication centers, radio transmitting and receiving centers (points), and means of automating command and control of troops and weapons is disrupted.

Objects in motion are destroyed by ambush actions or air assault actions. Personnel and controls are destroyed, and documents are captured.

368. Carrying out the task of capturing hydraulic structures, bridges, crossing facilities, or areas convenient for forcing, the landing force, after landing, rapidly advances to the designated object, attacks on the move from different directions on one or both banks, captures these objects and, moving to all-round defense, holds them up to the approach of his troops.

To ensure the operations of the amphibious assault, a tactical airborne assault force after landing can capture and hold by stubborn defense a section of the coastal strip designated for the landing of an amphibious assault, prevent the approach of enemy reserves to it, partially or in full force destroy batteries of coastal artillery and other fire weapons that impede the landing amphibious assault, as well as command posts, communication centers and other facilities. The landing of tactical airborne troops is carried out immediately before the approach of landing ships with amphibious assault units to the coast. Landing operations are supported by fire from fire support ships and air strikes.

369. To capture a pass, tactical airborne troops land directly on it or on sites (platform) near the pass, seize the command heights adjacent to it, then go to the flank and rear of the enemy defending the pass, and destroy it. To capture a mountain pass (valley), the landing force, as a rule, lands on the dominant heights, blocks and destroys the enemy.

370. As the subunits advancing from the front reach the contact line, the landing commander establishes contact with them, specifies the location of the rendezvous points, the procedure for passing subunits through the combat formations of the landing subunits, and further joint actions.

With the artillery fire support reaching the line, the commanders of the supporting artillery units get in touch with the commander (artillery spotter) of the landing force and begin to perform tasks in the interests of the landing force. In this case, the command of the landing force can be transferred to the commander of the brigade entering the landing area, and the landing force becomes an element of its battle order.

Upon reaching the rendezvous points, the subunits of the troops entering the area of ​​operations of the landing, designate themselves with established signals. The commanders of the landing units inform the commanders of these units of information about the enemy, the position of the landing units, specify the procedure for passing through the combat formations of the landing and joint actions (replacing the landing units).

After connecting with the forward units of the brigades, the landing units can act jointly with them or concentrate in the indicated area in readiness for further actions.

Upon receipt of a combat mission for re-landing, the subunits begin its preparation. In this case, measures are taken in the battalion (company) to restore the combat capability of the units.

371. Airborne evacuation can be carried out by helicopters directly from the destroyed object or from the assembly area after the completion of the combat mission (evacuation). The landing force advances to the evacuation area in pre-combat order; guard or cover units are deployed at the dominant heights and possible enemy advance routes. First of all, the loading and landing of mortar and artillery units is carried out.

The actions of the landing force and helicopters during the evacuation are led by the commander of the landing force.

372. With the completion of the combat mission, the landing force goes to the designated assembly area (point), connects with the part of the battalion (company) that did not land, is placed at the disposal of its commander, and measures are taken to restore combat capability.

373. The subunits assigned to the tactical airborne assault are provided with missiles, ammunition, food, personal protective equipment and other materiel for the entire duration of operations behind enemy lines (combat mission).

Replenishment of ammunition and other materiel in the course of operations can be carried out by army aviation units, while return flights carry out the evacuation of the wounded and sick, and also organize the use of weapons, ammunition and other materiel captured from the enemy.

Chapter Seven

ACTIONS OF THE BATTALION (COMPANIES)

Landing is carried out next. ways:

parachute (no sites required, but training of troops is required; a warhead or weapons can be thrown out)

boarding

combined (requires a platform; one part is performed by paratroopers, the other part is landing)

27. The content of the combat order for the conduct of hostilities by the air unit.

In the combat order, strictly according to the following points, it is indicated:

Brief conclusions from the assessment of the enemy, the grouping and nature of the actions of the ground forces, the grouping and nature of the actions of enemy aviation and air defense in the air regiment's operational zone. The conclusions from the assessment of the situation are the basis for making a decision on military operations.

The task of the regiment, which is taken from the combat order of the senior commander.

The task of the neighbors, the procedure for the use of forces and means by the senior commander in the interests of the action of the unit, the procedure for interacting with them and neighbors.

The concept of hostilities, which is taken from the decision and stated after the word "decided"

After the word "I order" it is indicated: to whom, in what way, etc.

The flight resource, combat voltage, the number of missiles and their distribution by tasks are indicated.

Time and degree of combat readiness for departure.

The order of control (control points, the order of their movement).

28. Purpose and combat missions ia.

AI is one of the main means of combating an air enemy, its main purpose is to defeat enemy air attack weapons in flight in close cooperation with air defense artillery.

AI can be used to destroy enemy ground targets and conduct aerial reconnaissance.

Main tasks:

covering the most important objects, regions of the country, groupings of troops from enemy air attacks and aerial reconnaissance;

destruction of an air enemy in air battles for air supremacy;

ensuring combat operations of units and subunits of other branches of aviation;

destruction of electronic reconnaissance aircraft, air command posts, jamming aircraft;

fight against enemy airborne troops.

29. Basic battle formations. Composition, types and forms b. Orders

The order of battle is the mutual arrangement in the air of crews, subunits, units for the joint performance of combat missions. The order of battle is determined by the commander.

The order of battle should provide:

the best conditions for searching, detecting and attacking a target

the ability to apply maneuver in direction, height and speed

interaction between crews

the least damage from the impact of the enemy

simplicity and reliability of control

comfort and safety of piloting.

Battle formations can be:

closed (a single flight mode and the minimum allowable distance, intervals and excesses are established according to flight safety conditions);

open (there is a single mode of aircraft flight at increased distances, intervals, excesses within visual visibility - 1.5-2 km)

dispersed (a different flight mode can be set, it is performed out of visual visibility between aircraft).

When flying in closed and open combat formations, various forms of combat formations are used: column, bearing, wedge, front and snake.

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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT LANDING PARACHUTE SYSTEMS

Purpose and composition. A parachute system is one or more parachutes with a set of devices that ensure their placement and fastening on an aircraft or a dropped load and the activation of parachutes.

The qualities and merits of parachute systems can be assessed based on the extent to which they meet the following requirements:

- maintain any speed possible after the paratrooper leaves the aircraft;

- to ensure the permissible load on the parachutist during the opening;

- have a simple, trouble-free opening device under any conditions, providing the possibility of both manual and forced opening of the main parachute;

- to allow jumps from possibly low heights;

- do not hamper the actions of a paratrooper with their size and location of parts, provide the possibility of attaching a spare parachute system;

– be stable and sufficiently manageable;

- have a durable and comfortable suspension system suitable for paratroopers of any height in special uniforms;

- allow you to quickly get rid of the suspension system, if necessary, in any conditions;

- be as simple as possible in design, requiring minimal labor and time for maintenance and installation;

- to have the minimum possible mass;

– ensure a safe landing speed under practical conditions.

Parachute. The basis for fulfilling the requirements for landing parachute systems is the operation of a parachute - a canopy with lines, since it is part of a parachute system that experiences air resistance.

The physical essence of the function performed by the dome during its descent is to deflect (push) the particles of oncoming air and rub against it, while the dome carries some of the air with it. In addition, the parted air does not close directly behind the dome, but at some distance from it, forming vortices, i.e. rotational movement of air streams. When the air is pushed apart, friction against it, entrainment of air in the direction of movement and the formation of vortices, work is performed, which is performed by the air resistance force. The magnitude of this force is mainly determined by the shape and size of the parachute canopy, the specific load, the nature and airtightness of the fabric of the canopy, the rate of descent, the number and length of lines, the method of attaching the lines to the load, the removal of the canopy from the load, the design of the canopy, the size of the pole hole or valves, and others. factors.

The drag coefficient of a parachute is usually close to that of a flat plate. If the surfaces of the dome and the plate are the same, then the resistance will be greater at the plate, because its midsection is equal to the surface, and the midsection of the parachute is much less than its surface. The true diameter of the canopy in the air and its midsection are difficult to calculate or measure. The narrowing of the parachute canopy, i.e. the ratio of the diameter of the filled dome to the diameter of the deployed dome depends on the shape of the fabric cutting, the length of the lines and other reasons. Therefore, when calculating the resistance of a parachute, it is always not the midsection that is taken into account, but the surface of the dome - a value that is precisely known for each parachute.

Rice. 1. Decline of a skydiver on an open parachute

a - with a round dome; b - with a dome of a round shape when sliding;

c - with a square dome

Dependence of Cn on the shape of the dome. Air resistance to moving bodies depends largely on the shape of the body. The less streamlined the shape of the body, the more resistance the body experiences when moving in the air. When designing a parachute canopy, a dome shape is sought that, with the smallest dome area, would provide the greatest resistance force, i.e. with a minimum surface area of ​​the parachute dome (with a minimum expenditure of material), the shape of the dome should provide the cargo with a given landing speed.

The tape dome has the lowest resistance coefficient and the least load during filling, for which C p \u003d 0.3 - 0.6, for a round dome it varies from 0.6 to 0.9. The square-shaped dome has a more favorable ratio between the midship and the surface. In addition, the flatter shape of such a dome, when lowered, leads to increased vortex formation. As a result, a parachute with a square dome has Cn = 0.8 - 1.0. An even greater value of the drag coefficient for parachutes with a retracted top of the dome or with domes in the form of an elongated rectangle, so with a ratio of the sides of the dome 3: 1 Sp = 1.5.

Glide due to the shape of the parachute canopy also increases the drag coefficient to 1.1 - 1.3. This is explained by the fact that when sliding, the dome is flown by air not from the bottom up, but from the bottom to the side. With such a flow around the dome, the rate of descent as a resultant is equal to the sum of the vertical and horizontal components, i.e. due to the appearance of horizontal displacement, the vertical one decreases (Fig. 1).

Landing is carried out next. ways:

• parachute (no sites required, but training is required);
• landing;
• combined (a platform is required, one part is performed by paratroopers, the other part is landing).

Landing is carried out in the following order:

- after the helicopter hovering at the required height, the flight mechanic opens the door;

- the head of the rescuers makes sure, by visual observation of the landing site, that there are no dangerous objects on it (stones, stumps, depressions, cracks) and gives the command to the rescuers to land.

The jumper sits on the threshold of the door and smoothly descends. At the same time, it is impossible to push off and make sudden movements so as not to disturb the balance of the helicopter;
- after landing, you need to step aside, make room for the next rescuer;
- in the case of landing equipment, equipment, medicines, food, they must be securely packed, and the conditions for their landing must ensure safety.

The rescuer who prepares and drops things must be fastened to the helicopter's safety system. After carrying out this work, he himself carries out the landing. The entire landing process takes place under the guidance of a flight mechanic. Landing can be carried out simultaneously through the front and rear doors.

When the helicopter cannot hover at low altitude, the landing of rescuers and equipment is carried out using a special descender device (SRS) or by rope. The hovering height of the helicopter should not exceed 40 m.

CLASSIFICATION OF PARACHUTE JUMPS AND DESCENTS

Parachute jumps and descents with a descender in the aviation protection of forests are divided into:

- training,

– educational and demonstration,

- production,

- experimental (test).

Training parachute jumps and descents with a descender are performed in the following cases:

- when studying at training courses for paratroopers-firefighters, paratroopers-firefighters, instructors for paratroopers-firefighters and paratroopers-firefighters, as well as pilot-observers;

- during technical training, advanced training by employees of the PPC and DPK and training of employees of the PPC to perform parachute jumps into the forest;

- with long breaks in parachute jumps and descents with a descender during the fire season;

- in the preparation and participation in competitions in parachuting and air fire-applied sports, at holidays and air parades.

Training parachute jumps and descents with a descender include introductory, educational and training, control and verification, as well as jumps and descents performed in order to prepare for or participate in competitions in parachuting and air fire-applied sports.

The first parachute jump from an airplane or descent with a descender from a helicopter is called an introductory jump.

Parachute jumps, descents with a descender, performed according to the curriculum in order to work out and improve the technique of jumping or descent, are called training.

Control and test parachute jumps from an airplane or descents with a descender from a helicopter are carried out during the fire season with long breaks in jumps or descents.

Parachute jumps or descents with a descender, performed in order to demonstrate the technique of performing an exercise during training or advanced training of employees of parachute fire and airborne fire teams, are called training and demonstration.

Production parachute jumps and descents with a descender are performed:

- to extinguish forest fires;

– for forest pathological examination;

- in order to stop violations of fire safety rules in the forest;

- on special assignments related to forest protection and forestry services.

Parachute jumps, descents with a descender, performed with the aim of mastering new parachute (landing) equipment, equipment, instruments, equipment and various devices, as well as studying methods of separation from an aircraft (helicopter) and landing in difficult conditions, are called experimental (test) .

Experimental parachute jumps, descents with a descender are carried out with permission and according to a plan approved by the Central Air Base.

The number of experimental (test) parachute jumps or descents with a descender per day for each test participant is established by order of the head of the Central Air Base, but not more than 5 jumps and 7 descents.

Note:

Experimental descents with descenders, if necessary, can be carried out from standard simulator towers, but not more than 10 descents per day.

Skydiving according to the opening method is divided into jumps with forced and manual opening.

Forced opening jumps can be made :

- with forced opening of the parachute bag;

- with forced opening of the parachute bag and tightening of the canopy cover with a pull rope;

- with the forced deployment of a stabilizing parachute.

Jumps with manual opening according to the time the parachute is put into action after separation from the aircraft are divided into:

- jumps without parachute delay, in which the parachute is activated no later than 3 seconds after separation from the aircraft,

- jumps with a delayed opening of the parachute, in which the parachute is activated more than 3 seconds after separation from the aircraft.

Accounting for parachute jumps and descents from a helicopter is carried out by the responsible specialist of the air base and is entered in the personal books of accounting for jumps (descents) of APS employees, as well as in the general book of records of jumps (descents), which must be numbered, laced and sealed.

Skydiving from An-2 aircraft

Parachute jumps from An-2 aircraft are allowed to be performed on parachutes approved for operation at local air bases at an aircraft flight speed of 160 km/h according to the instrument. The method of opening parachutes is established by the Central Air Base in accordance with the instructions for the operation of parachutes.

The number of paratroopers-firefighters participating in the flight on the An-2 aircraft is established depending on the specific conditions of each flight, subject to the permissible flight weight of the aircraft.

Before the aircraft takes off, the pilot-observer and the releaser are obliged to inspect the aircraft and make sure that there are cables for hooking the pull ropes, an anti-slip layer of cork or a rubber mat at the aircraft door and the sound siren is in good condition, as well as inspect the outer part of the fuselage from the door to the tail section, paying attention on the serviceability of the skin and the absence of any protruding parts, when engaged on which gusts of stabilizing parachutes may occur during separation, the installation of a fairing.

It is forbidden to disembark paratroopers-firefighters in the absence of standard cables for engaging the extraction ropes, to use shortened cables for this purpose, an anti-slip layer of cork or a rubber mat at the aircraft door, if the sound siren is malfunctioning and there are parts protruding from the fuselage from the door to the tail section.

Parachute jumps from the An-2 aircraft, depending on the conditions, are performed at the direction of the pilot-observer in one, two or several aircraft passes. The number of paratroopers-firefighters making a parachute jump in one run is determined by the issuer and the pilot-observer.

The “Ready” signal is given by the pilot-observer 10-15 seconds before the aircraft approaches the intended drop point. The issuer opens the door and stands at the wall of the compartment, to the left and behind the door.

Paratroopers-firefighters assigned to perform the jump, on the command “Prepare”, get up, lower their seats and line up along the side of the aircraft in the established order: first, occupying the seats on the port side, and behind them, occupying the seats on the starboard side.

The command “Go” is given by the pilot-observer 2-3 seconds before approaching the calculated point of separation from the aircraft.

The preparation of a parachutist for a jump should be carried out in the following sequence:

• put your left foot on the edge of the door in the left corner;
• put the right leg behind and bend a little;
• grab the right and left door trims at chest level with your hands.

Separation is carried out by a sharp push of the legs and arms in the direction perpendicular to the line of flight of the aircraft.

In case of rotation of the parachutist after filling the stabilizing parachute, it is necessary to eliminate the rotation by extending the arms in the direction opposite to the rotation.

After 3-4 seconds of stabilized descent, deploy the main parachute by pulling out the deployment link.

After opening the parachute canopy, inspect it, put the opening link in your pocket, recover in the harness, control the canopy, and parachute to the intended landing site.

In the event of a dangerous approach to a neighboring skydiver, be prepared to take steps to disperse.

At an altitude of 100 m, the parachutist must prepare for landing. Set the dome to minimum drift. Bring your legs together and slightly bend at the knees, the feet should be parallel to the ground.

Landing must be carried out with a face on the demolition, if necessary, turn around at the free ends of the suspension system.

After the paratroopers are separated, the issuer monitors the opening of the parachutes, after which he removes the pull ropes and closes the aircraft door.

Skydiving from An-24 aircraft

Parachute jumps from the An-24 aircraft are allowed to be performed in the bases of the aviation protection of forests in the left passenger door in the level flight mode at an instrument speed of 250 km / h, while the aircraft is flying at the indicated speed with flaps deflected by 15 °.

Parachute jumps from An-24 aircraft are allowed for employees of parachute fire teams who have worked at the air base for at least one year, have completed basic air training from this type of aircraft and have access to parachute jumps into the forest in protective gear.

To use the An-24 aircraft in the bases of aviation forest protection, it must be converted in accordance with the “Instructions for the conversion of the An-24 passenger aircraft to the TS version” (2nd edition) in the following order:

• pull a cable along the passenger cabin of the aircraft to engage the carabiners of the parachute pull ropes;
• install sound and light alarms to the door in the passenger cabin;
• install folding seats.

Note: In the absence of folding seats, it is allowed to place paratroopers-firefighters in passenger seats, for which these seats are moved apart at intervals of 0.8-1.0 m.

At the same time, 4 rear seats are removed on the starboard side of the aircraft and 7 seats on the port side to provide free space (about 4-5 m) at the port side for paratroopers to approach the door, as well as to accommodate paratroopers and cargo;

• - to ensure the communication of the pilot-observer with the crew commander on the SPL;
• – remove the luggage rack section near the door on the port side of the aircraft;
• - remove the left half of the partition along the frame N 31.

In addition, for the convenience of calculating the landing site for paratroopers, on the emergency hatch of the passenger cabin, on the left side of the aircraft, install a spherical blister according to the OKB documentation.

Note: A spherical blister for a pilot-observer is supplied by order of the Ministry of Forestry of the RSFSR.

The number of paratroopers-firefighters participating in the patrol flight on the An-24 aircraft is set depending on the specific conditions of each flight within the allowable flight weight of the aircraft, but not more than 26-30 people, depending on the modifications of the An-24 aircraft (according to the number of available seats ).

When preparing for a flight, the crew must calculate the allowable range of aircraft balance before and after paratroopers disembark.

Flights for the aviation protection of forests are allowed to be carried out with a horizontal visibility of at least 5 km.

Before opening the door, it is necessary to completely depressurize the aircraft cabin by stopping the intake of air from the engines for inflating the cabin and applying emergency pressure relief.

Depressurization of the cockpit is controlled by slightly opening the right window of the pilot's canopy.

After opening the door, in order to maintain a constant flight speed, an increase in the operating mode of the engines by 2-4 ° according to the UPRT is required.

Parachute jumps from An-24 aircraft can be performed by groups of up to 10 people.

During group jumps, the separation of paratroopers from the aircraft is carried out with an interval of 1.0 seconds.

To calculate the landing site of paratroopers, it is allowed to use only wide sighting tapes (width 0.5 meters and length 4.8-5.0 meters) or sighting parachutes with a dome area of ​​3-5 m.

To observe the descent of the sighting tape (parachute) or paratroopers, as well as to fix the landing point (the place where the cargo fell), the pilot-observer, in case of inconvenience of observation, can move from the blister to the cockpit to the navigator's seat.

The “Ready” command is given 15-20 seconds before the aircraft approaches the intended landing point, and when performing jumps in groups of more than 5 people - 20-25 seconds before.

Paratroopers-firefighters assigned to jump in this aircraft approach, on the command “Ready!” they get up, line up in order of priority along the port side and help each other, if necessary, tuck the etched out rope under the elastic band. The releaser from the aircraft checks the correct engagement of the rope carabiners (with a box to the starboard side) and the filling of the pull ropes, after which he opens the aircraft door.

The preparation of a parachutist for a jump must be performed in the following sequence:

• - go to the door and put your left foot in the lower left corner of the door;
• - put the right leg behind and bend a little;
• - grab the right and left edges of the door at chest level with your hands.

Separation from the aircraft is carried out by a sharp push of the legs and arms in a direction perpendicular to the line of flight of the aircraft. After separation, the parachutist must ensure a stable stable descent without rotation and, at the fourth second of stabilization, deploy the main parachute.
Note: It is forbidden to separate the parachutist sluggishly without pushing.

After the paratroopers are separated from the aircraft, the releaser grabs the pull ropes with covers with his left hand, while continuing to hold on to the rope with his right hand, drags them into the aircraft and closes the door.

If the release from the aircraft himself performs a parachute jump, his duties, that is, retracting the extraction ropes with covers and closing the door, are performed by the observer pilot, who must have a rescue parachute or a separate harness on and in both cases is insured against falling out of the aircraft with a safety rope .

Skydiving from an Il-14 aircraft

Parachute jumps from an Il-14 aircraft are allowed to be performed through the right passenger door in level flight mode at an IAS speed of 220 km/h.

To perform parachute jumps, the aircraft must have the following equipment:

- a cable for hooking the pull ropes at the starboard side in the passenger cabin of the aircraft;

- side cap - a blister on the left side of the aircraft opposite the navigator's seat or an onboard sight, providing a vertical view of the area to the pilot-observer during the landing of paratroopers;

- sound siren.

The number of paratroopers-firefighters participating in the flight on the Il-14 aircraft is established depending on the specific conditions of each flight, subject to the flight weight of the aircraft, but not more than 25 paratroopers-firefighters.
Depending on the size of the landing area, paratroopers can be landed one by one or in groups of 2-5 people in each aircraft approach, and with large landing areas - up to 10 people.

The order of preparation for the jump, preparation and separation from the aircraft are similar to jumping from the An-24 aircraft.

Skydiving from An-26 aircraft

Jumping from an An-26 aircraft is allowed to be performed with a PTL-72 parachute and a specially modified Lesnik parachute, including parachutist protective equipment for jumping into the forest, as well as with a SAZh-43 P life jacket. Jumps are allowed to be performed as single, and group - up to 10 people in one run of the aircraft.

Jumping from an An-26 aircraft is allowed to be performed with a Lesnik-2 parachute in SPP-2.

Parachutists with at least 20 PTL-72 or Lesnik parachute jumps, who have thoroughly worked out the technique of preparing and separating from the An-26 aircraft on ground-based shells, are allowed to parachute jumps from the An-26 aircraft.

Jumps from the An-26 aircraft are allowed to be performed in one flow through the open flap of the cargo hatch fencing from both one and both cables for the forced opening of parachutes, with the paratroopers who occupied places on the port side of the aircraft being the first to leave the aircraft. In one run of the aircraft, paratroopers with a parachute PTL-72 and "Lesnik" can jump in any sequence. Intervals during the separation of paratroopers from the aircraft are not less than 1.0 sec.

The separation interval when jumping with a parachute "Forester-2" must be at least 1.5 seconds.

Jumps are performed at an aircraft flight speed of 260 km / h on the instrument with flaps extended at 15 °, from a height of at least 600 m. The most preferable true flight altitude when landing paratroopers is 800-1000 m.

In hilly and mountainous terrain, the true flight altitude in the parachute drop zone in all cases must be at least 400 meters above obstacles.

The An-26 aircraft must be suitably equipped for landing paratroopers and dropping forest firefighters, for which it is necessary to: remove the halyard catchers, install a cargo hatch guard, remove the P-157 cargo conveyor lines, install mooring knots in the appropriate nests, check the presence and serviceability of rope nets and mooring straps, drive the load-lifting device carriage to the rearmost position (closer to the tail of the aircraft), lock it and securely wrap the hook of the load-lifting device with fabric, install sound and light alarms, install two cables for forced opening of parachutes (PRP) and check their size sagging (200 ±: 10 mm) according to the marks on the panels, install folding seats in an amount that allows you to accommodate at least 30 paratroopers (including the issuer and his assistant), provide the issuer with a headset for the SPL, fill the alcohol tank of the navigator's blister with alcohol in the amount of 2.6 l.

In addition to this, aviation forest protection units provide the following equipment: sighting devices (sighting tapes made of colored crepe paper 0.5 m wide and 4.8-5.0 m long, or sighting parachutes with an area of ​​3-5 m, stabilizing parachutes and bags for release of parachute chambers, devices for insurance against falling out of the aircraft of the releaser and his assistant (suspension systems and safety ropes 1 m long), aviation life jackets according to the number of paratroopers on board when performing jumps near water bodies, a 20-meter rescue rope with a carabiner and a hook on ends, as well as with a mobile soft load weighing 3-5 kg, a rescue knife on a sling 21 meters long with a carabiner, a stopwatch for the pilot-observer.

Note:

1. Sighting tapes must be completely wound on the weights before being thrown out and wrapped in 2 pieces. into paper or newspaper.
2. Plugs with cassettes for artificial precipitation induction are installed in the porthole openings between frames 27 and 28 according to the scheme N 26.0020.034, approved by the enterprise mailbox A-3395 on 10.24.78.
3. Before each flight, the navigator and the flight engineer (flight mechanic), in the presence of the observer pilot, check the serviceability and operability of the SPU, the alarm system for the landing, the mechanism for opening and closing the ramp, as well as the reliability of the fastening of the PRP cables and the amount of their sagging according to special marks on the lowered panels of the ceiling of the cargo compartment .
4. Skydivers are advised to carry a spare stabilizing parachute chamber.

At the end of the landing of the paratroopers and the closing of the cargo hatch, the releaser is obliged to go beyond the fence onto the ramp, pull the manual cleaning cords of the extraction ropes to the end and fasten them in wire loops, and also lock the cord guide ring in the wire loop with a thread from the core of the ShKhB-125 sling in one addition .

When preparing for a forest patrol flight, the pilot-observer determines the order of landing of groups of paratroopers, appoints the issuer, and when landing a group of more than 10 people, his assistant from among instructors of paratroopers-firefighters and instructs them on interaction in flight. When making a parachute jump for another purpose (training, experimental, etc.), the releaser and his assistant are appointed as the leader of the jumps. The issuer and his assistant can be assigned instructors from the last jump group in sequence, or additionally taken on board instructors who do not jump in this flight.

Cargo packages are placed on the floor of the cargo compartment in the reverse order of the ejection sequence. The placement and mooring of cargo in the aircraft is carried out under the supervision of a flight engineer (flight technician), taking into account the preservation of alignment during the flight and landing. The orders of the crew members regarding the placement of people and cargo in the aircraft are mandatory for forest aviation protection workers. After placing all the goods, they must be secured from movement with the help of rope nets, mooring straps for mooring knots.

The number of paratroopers participating in the flight on the An-26 aircraft is determined depending on the specific conditions, subject to the allowable flight weight of the aircraft.

When boarding the aircraft, the issuer's assistant enters first, leading the paratroopers, and then helping the issuer to place the paratroopers in the cargo compartment. The groups assigned to the jump in the first place take their places on the left side of the aircraft. The issuer occupies the last seat at the hatch guard on the starboard side, the issuer's assistant - the last seat at the hatch guard on the port side. Paratroopers are seated closer to the cockpit.

Each skydiver must be especially attentive to the signals and commands of the launcher, careful in handling his parachute, accurate in the execution of commands and signals, observant of the actions of other paratroopers and the state of their parachutes.

During takeoff and landing, ascent and descent, skydivers must wear seat belts. Smoking in the cargo compartment is strictly prohibited.

When performing training jumps after takeoff and climbing at least 300 meters, the issuer checks the readiness of paratroopers for the jump and inspects their parachutes, then hooks the carabiners of the stabilizing parachute cameras onto the PRP cables with latches inside the cargo compartment.

In a forest patrol flight, if paratroopers do not know in advance when and where they will have to make parachute jumps, putting on parachutes, protective equipment for forest jumping, life jackets, starting control and hooking carabiners on the PRP cable are carried out at the command of the pilot-observer the same way. In this case, only skydivers assigned to jumps put on parachutes. The rest of the paratroopers, at the command of the issuer, take places closer to the pilot's cabin.

If, for some reason, the paratroopers did not leave the aircraft, the issuer is obliged, before landing the aircraft, to unhook the carbines of the stabilizing parachute cameras from the PRP cables and fix the cameras on the paratroopers' backpacks up to a height of 300 meters.

On an airplane, every skydiver must:

- after the release of the carabiners is hooked on the cable, check the reliability of this fastening;

– independently once again check the reliability of fastening the reserve parachute, knife, detachable locks and all carabiners of the suspension system, as well as protective equipment for jumping into the forest;

- when disembarking near water bodies, check the correctness of putting on and fastening the life jacket;

- warn other skydivers about the possibility of their parachutes catching on parts in the aircraft;

- do not get up from your seats during the flight without the permission of the person releasing from your seats.

The issuer and his assistant for insurance against falling out of the aircraft must have separate harness systems with side pull-ups and quick-release fastening brackets, reserve parachutes with knives, standard safety ropes. They are allowed to carry out their duties with their main and reserve parachutes, or rescue parachutes. In all cases, from the moment the cargo hatch is opened until it is closed, the releaser and his assistant, who are near the hatch guard, must be insured against falling out with a safety rope. One carabiner of the rope covers the main circular strap of the suspension system from the side at the level of the belt, the other is hooked to the eye of the mooring knot on the floor by the seat at a distance that does not allow falling into the open flap of the cargo hatch guard.

The issuer and his assistant are obliged to mutually check with each other the reliability of insurance against falling out of the aircraft, as well as the readiness for a parachute jump and the hooking of the carabiners of the stabilizing parachute chambers to the PRP cables.

When approaching the place of landing of paratroopers-firefighters and dropping cargo (during targeted sorties for landing) or when entering the air patrol route (during a forest patrol flight), the navigator specifies the area, records the time and location of the aircraft in the logbook and gives up his workplace to the pilot-observer. In further flight, he must be near his workplace, monitor orientation, preventing the aircraft from evading (without production necessity) from the route or area of ​​work.

Having occupied the navigator's workplace, the pilot-observer checks the STC communication with the PIC and the issuer and informs the PIC of the work procedure - specifies the course, altitude, speed of patrolling, going to the smoke, landing, dropping cargo.

After making a decision on landing (dropping cargo), the pilot-observer from a height of 600-800 m selects a site (a piece of forest), gives the command to the releaser “to prepare for landing (dropping cargo)” and shows the site to the PIC and the releaser.

Inspection of the site is carried out from a height of 200 m with a left turn (left box) with a roll of up to 30 ° at a speed of at least 310 km/h.

After inspecting the site (a section of the forest), the pilot-observer informs the PIC and the launcher of the height, speed, approach course and the purpose of the approach (landing of paratroopers, dropping cargo, dropping sighting devices).

After the issuer’s report: “Ready for landing (dropping loads, sighting devices)”, the observer pilot, having asked the PIC: “Allow me to open the ramp”, at his command: “I allow you to open the ramp”, warns the issuer by turning on the red light of the light signal and by SPU: “I open the ramp”, turns on the ramp opening toggle switch

After receiving the releaser's confirmation: “The ramp is open”, the pilot-observer clarifies with the PIC and the releaser the altitude, course, speed, purpose of the first approach, taking into account the size, nature of the site, the performance characteristics of the parachutes, weather conditions (wind, visibility), and the PIC performs approach maneuver.

The approach for landing (dropping cargo, sighting devices) is carried out along the “left box” on the course through the center of the site (a piece of forest) - the estimated landing point. After exiting the fourth turn, the PIC gives the command to extend the flaps by 15° and reduce the flight speed to 260 km/h, and the pilot-observer warns the pilot: “On the drop course”.

On the commands of the pilot-observer: “Right 10”, “Left 5”, “Snake right”, “Keep it up” side of the turn, so that the slip indicator does not go beyond 0.5D.

Landing of paratroopers, resetting of sighting devices is carried out in horizontal flight at a constant speed of 260 km/h, and cargo at a speed of up to 300 km/h on a selected course along the center of the site - the landing place of the sighting device (against the average wind height). According to the attitude of the sighting device, the pilot-observer determines the time delay (landing point).

Sighting devices are thrown out under the closed sash of the hatch guard. The drop height must be 100 meters below the intended landing height of the paratroopers.

For the information of paratroopers, after determining the time delay, the pilot-observer informs the releaser: “Weak wind, shutter speed 3 seconds”, “Strong wind, shutter speed 20 seconds”.

10-20 seconds before approaching the calculated landing (drop) point, the observer pilot gives the command to the releaser by turning on the yellow light signal and a short signal with a siren and duplicating the launcher and the PIC over the STC: “Ready”.

2-3 seconds before approaching the calculated landing (dropping) point, the pilot-observer gives a command, including a green light signal and a long signal with a siren, duplicating in voice over the SPU: “Go”, “Reset”.

After dropping loads (sighting devices) and landing paratroopers, the airborne commander reports: “Landing, dropping cargo, sighting devices is over.” “The opening of parachutes (sighting devices) is normal.”

Having received the report of the issuer, the pilot-observer gives the command: “Turn”, the PIC increases the flight speed to 310 km/h, gives the command to retract the flaps and performs a circle flight with a turn to the left with a bank of up to 30° so that he and the pilot-observer can observe the drop of paratroopers, cargo, sighting devices and see the place of their landing.

If, for some reason, landing (dropping) cannot be performed, the observer pilot gives the command “I forbid dropping”, turning on the red light signal and duplicating the command from the STC: “Abandon landing (dropping)”.

At the end of the work, the issuer reports: “The work is over, you can close the ramp.” Having received permission from the PIC, the pilot-observer closes the ramp. After the ramp is closed, the issuer reports: "The ramp is closed."

Note: The issuer, the observer pilot and the PIC must give confirming answers “understood”, “ready”, “set aside”, etc. to all signals and commands via the STC.

4.103. On the command “Ready!” the paratroopers assigned to jump in this aircraft approach rise from their seats and get ready for the jump.

Each paratrooper, when preparing for the squad, must perform the following actions:

- turn your face towards the cargo hatch of the aircraft;

- take your place along the axis of the aircraft in the back of the head of the previous parachutist and take a stable position;

- take your carbine with a parachute camera back along the cable with your hand;

- fill in the parachutist in front of the resulting slack in the connecting link and stabilizer (connecting panel) under the right valve of the parachute pack;

- make sure that the stabilizer with the connecting link (connecting panel) does not fall under the arm and does not catch on any protruding object of the cargo compartment equipment;

- take a position of full readiness for the jump and increase attention to the next command of the issuer.

To maintain a stable position, paratroopers are allowed to hold on to the free cable of the PRP or the ceiling panels of the cargo compartment.

On the command “Ready!” the issuer opens the cargo hatch guard and observes the signals on the light panel.

The assistant issuing at this time is watching the production of paratroopers for the jump.

The first skydiver puts one foot on the edge of the hatch and slightly crouches. For stability, hold onto the upper corners of the right and left sections of the cargo hatch guard for stability.

Separation from the aircraft is carried out practically without a push, diving, in a tight group.

The second and subsequent paratroopers, while moving to the cargo hatch, must strictly observe the order of the jump, maintain rectilinear movement along the axis of the aircraft, do not overtake the paratrooper walking in front, and prevent the parachute or equipment from catching on the equipment of the cargo compartment. In the event that the parachutist walking in front is delayed or falls for any reason, it is necessary to immediately stop, help the fallen person to get up, and if the “Leave!” command is not followed, continue moving towards the cargo hatch again, without violating the order of the jump. When approaching the cargo hatch, the paratrooper, without stopping, is separated from the aircraft.

After separation from the aircraft, the parachutist counts the set time (3-5 seconds) of stabilization and pulls out the exhaust ring with a movement of the hand. In this case, it is necessary to maintain the grouping of the body until the main parachute is fully opened.

Parachute landing training

Descent to the ground with the help of SUR

The descent of rescuers to the ground with the help of the SUR is carried out under the guidance of a flight engineer in the following order:

- the flight mechanic opens the door, prepares the winch, gives the command to the rescuer to land;

– the rescuer puts on a backpack, fastens to the safety system, sits on the threshold of the door, fastens his safety arbor to the winch cable carabiner and removes the insurance;

– the flight mechanic turns the winch boom outward, while the rescuer turns to face the helicopter. In order to prevent rocking and rotation, you need to hold on to the body of the helicopter;

– during the descent, the main attention should be paid to the landing site. The first to touch the surface of the earth is a cable, which is designed to remove the static charge of electricity from the helicopter body;

- after landing, the rescuer organizes, if necessary, a self-belay, unfastens the carabiner and gives a command to the flight engineer to raise the cable. In this case, it is necessary to exclude cases of rope engagement with stones, stumps, ledges, its falling into a crack.

The descent of rescuers with the help of SUR takes quite a long time, to speed up this process, rescuers can land on the main rope, using special braking devices.
The descent on the rope occurs in the following order:
- after the helicopter has hovered at the required height, the flight mechanic or the head of the rescuers attaches the main rope to the winch carabiner, opens the door and drops the rope down. The lower end of the rope should touch the ground;
- the rescuer who carries out the landing, at the command of the flight mechanic, puts on a backpack, fastens to the helicopter's safety system, sits on the door threshold, puts on gloves, puts the rope into the braking device and lifts it up to the hitch assembly;
- the safety system of the rescuer, who prepared for landing, unhooks the next rescuer and insures himself with it;
- at the command of the flight engineer, the rescuer slowly loads the rope, leaves the helicopter, turning to face him. The descent should be smooth, without jerking and rocking;
- after landing, the rescuer releases the rope from the braking devices and gives a sign about the end of the descent.
The sequence described must be followed by every rescuer. Upon completion of the landing, the flight mechanic releases the rope and throws it down.

Persons who are full-time employees of the air base who have reached the age of 18, recognized by the medical commission as fit for health reasons to perform parachute jumps or descents with a descender, who have passed parachute tests to the qualification commission of the air base, are allowed to perform training parachute jumps and descents with a descender. or landing training and safety precautions for parachute jumps or descents with a descender and passed medical. control before jumps and descents. Air bases are allowed to train employees of other enterprises and organizations to perform descents from helicopters, subject to compliance with all other requirements provided for in this Manual.

During the period of preparation for training jumps and descents, the material part of parachutes or descenders, the rules for their operation and storage, the theoretical issues of parachute jumps and the technique of descent with a descender, possible malfunctions in the operation of the parachute and descender, technical rules safety during parachute jumps and descents with a descender, as well as the element of a jump or descent was worked out on ground-based projectiles.

Persons who have undergone preliminary training on the parachute towing system (SPB) according to the established program are allowed to training jumps with the Lesnik-2 parachute. The decision on the need and number of towing climbs for each skydiver is made by the training leader on an individual basis.

By order of the air base, employees of the aviation forest protection bases who have a valid certificate of a parachutist (paratrooper) instructor - first or second class firefighter and an admission to independently conduct air training, which is issued by order of the air base, are appointed as the leaders of air training in parachuting, descents with a descender, on the proposal of the leading specialist of the air base for parachute operations.

Admission to the performance of training jumps and descents during the initial training of paratroopers and paratroopers is made by order of the air base.

Admission to air training for parachute fire and airborne fire teams before the start of the fire season is carried out in accordance with the order for the air base and the training plan (Appendix N 2), approved by the head of the local air base.

Air training of ATC and DPK employees is carried out in accordance with the program approved by the Central Air Base, according to the plan approved by the head of the local air base, and is carried out by the head of air training.

In accordance with the AIR training plan, on the eve of jumps or descents, the instructor staff draws up planned tables (Appendix N 3), which are approved by the head of the air training.

The air training program for paratroopers-firefighters should include practicing the accuracy of landing a paratrooper, opening a reserve parachute and splashing down, and for paratroopers-firefighters - the correct exit from the helicopter, smooth descent at an acceptable speed, entry into the crowns of trees, landing and uncoupling.

Before performing each jump, descent of the air training program for the entire group of trainees, the training leader performs a demonstration parachute jump or descent with a descender.

Note: At the direction of the head of air training, demonstration jumps and descents can be performed by experienced instructors who have a valid certificate.

In case of operational necessity, it is allowed to transfer paratroopers (paratroopers) - firefighters to another type of parachute (descent device) after they have completed two jumps (descents) to the airfield or a site suitable for these purposes. This transition is allowed if the paratrooper (paratrooper)-firefighter previously had permission to perform jumps (descents) with this type of parachute (descent device). In the case of the transfer of paratroopers (paratroopers) - firefighters to parachutes (descenders), to work with which they are allowed for the first time, it is necessary to conduct air training in full and, as a rule, in the preparatory period.

During breaks in jumps and descents during the fire season for more than 30 days, employees of the parachute and airborne fire service, as well as officials with the qualifications of a paratrooper (paratrooper-fireman), are provided with 2 control and test jumps or descents.

Control and test jumps or descents during the fire season are carried out under the guidance of a senior official qualified as a paratrooper (paratrooper) firefighter instructor, who determines a specific task for each jump or descent.

When performing training parachute jumps by paratroopers-firefighters, descents with a trigger device by paratroopers-firefighters and paratroopers-firefighters at the operational aviation department (during long breaks, etc.), the basis for admission to jumps, descents is the permission of the chief specialist in paratrooper operations and the task issued by the pilot-observer of the operational aviation department.

At the disposal of the head of training jumps, descents from a helicopter, vehicles, technical equipment and a doctor on duty (paramedic) are allocated.

During the period of air training, in order to ensure control over the implementation of exercises and compliance with safety precautions for parachute jumps, descents with a descender, for each day of jumps, descents from among the instructors are assigned:

start attendant;

releasing paratroopers-firefighters from the aircraft;

landing site attendant

releasing from a helicopter.

The appointment of responsible persons is made by the head of the air training and is formalized by his order. The release officer during descents from the simulator tower and helicopter is appointed by order of the air base.

The duties of the responsible persons are defined in Appendix N 1.

PPC employees who have undergone air training from An-26, An-24, Il-14 aircraft are allowed to perform industrial parachute jumps from An-2 aircraft without additional training.

Training parachute jumps in winter are allowed to be performed at a temperature not lower than -20 °C, and in the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East - not lower than -30 °C.

Skydiving "Lesnik-2" in winter is allowed to be performed at a temperature not lower than -25 ° C, while laying the parachute is carried out in a heated room.

It is PROHIBITED to land firefighter paratroopers with the Lesnik-2 parachute with other types of parachutes in one pass.

Training descents with a descender are allowed to be performed at a temperature not lower than -25 °C.

Parachuting and descending with a descender in winter are performed in warm and loose clothing.

Training jumps and descents in the summer are performed in serviceable and fitted clothing:

- cotton work suit, tarpaulin boots, hard helmet, gloves.

Requirements for the equipment of aircraft for training jumps and helicopters for descents, the procedure for training and examining paratroopers or paratroopers before boarding an aircraft and their placement in it, the work of the releaser, the given signals for a jump or descent are carried out in the manner established for performing production jumps or descents.

ground training

The performance of parachute jumps and descents from a helicopter must be preceded by a thorough and comprehensive training of a paratrooper-firefighter and paratrooper-firefighter on the ground, working out all the elements of a jump or descent, studying various techniques and training in their implementation.

Ground training sessions must be conducted in accordance with the training programs and prior to any skydiving or helicopter descent assignment.

Airbase officials with instructor qualifications are allowed to conduct classes.

Preparing for skydiving

During ground training of jump elements, special attention is paid to:

- occupation of the starting position in the aircraft in front of the separation;

- separation from the aircraft;

- opening of the reserve parachute;

– orientation in the air and drift detection;

- control of the parachute canopy;

- preparation for landing, landing and extinguishing the parachute canopy.

For ground training, each operational aviation department, which has parachute fire teams (groups), must be equipped with a paratrooper sports camp with the presence of shells listed in Appendix No. 5.

At the air base and at the operational aviation departments, where paratroopers (paratroopers)-firefighters are trained, a paratrooper sports camp is being equipped, in accordance with Appendix 5.

Helicopter preparation

During ground testing of descent elements, special attention is paid to:

– correct mounting of the brake block on the cord in accordance with the weight of the descender;

– the correct engagement of the suspension carabiner for the brake block;

– approach to the door (hatch);

- exit from the door (hatch);

- hovering and preparation for descent;

- maintaining a uniform speed of not more than 3 m / s;

– speed damping in front of the ground;

- landing;

– uncoupling of the carabiner of the suspension bracket of the brake unit;

– removal of the brake block from a cord;

- the procedure for lowering the load.

All elements of the descent are worked out from simulator towers.

Simulator towers must be built according to approved standard designs and have a technical passport.

A newly built or adapted simulator tower is accepted by a commission appointed by order of the head of the air base, consisting of: the head of the operational aviation department - the chairman of the commission, two experienced instructors, an air base safety engineer or a public safety inspector for this aviation department (air link).

Every year, before the start of the fire season, simulator towers are inspected by commissions appointed by order of the head of this operational aviation department.

The results of the examination of the commission are recorded in the technical passport.

The head of the training is appointed by order of the head of the air base. The appointment of responsible duty officers is made out by order of the head of the training. The preparation of the documentation necessary for the training is carried out in the same way as with the descents from a helicopter.

Before performing training descents from a helicopter, the descents and the releasers undergo ground training directly on the helicopter. Purpose of ground helicopter training:

- make sure that stable two-way communication over the STC between the issuer and the crew commander is working;

- working out clear commands between the issuer and the crew commander during the production of descents;

– working out of signals between the issuing and descending;

– testing the attachment of the cord hook to the earring (to the bracket of the attachment point for the SU-R device, hereinafter referred to as the ultrasonic device);

– working out of a trailer of a carbine of a suspension bracket for the brake block;

- working out the exit, preparation and hovering on the trigger device;

- working out the interactions of the releasing and descending when the latter hangs;

– practicing correct landing and uncoupling;

– development of cargo lowering technology.

Note: The release officer from the simulator tower is appointed from among the pilot-observers or APS instructors admitted to work by the issuing order of the training leader.

Training skydiving

Training parachute jumps are made from a height of at least 600 meters.

Training parachute jumps are allowed to be carried out at airfields and at specially selected sites that meet the safety requirements for landing paratroopers and have the following dimensions:

- when performing jumps under the initial training program from An-24, An-26 and Il-14 aircraft - at least 600x600 m, from An-2 aircraft - 600x400 m;

- in all other cases: when performing parachute jumps from An-24, An-26 and Il-14 aircraft - at least 400x400 m and from An-2 aircraft - 300x300 m.

Training parachute jumps "Lesnik-2" are allowed to be made from a height of at least 800 meters.

Training parachute jumps are allowed to perform: the first and second, as well as jumping at night and on frozen ground - with a wind near the ground of no more than 5 m / s, subsequent jumps, as well as jumping on snow and on water - with a wind of no more than 7 m / s sec.

Note 1. A jump on the snow is considered if the thickness of the snow cover is at least 20 cm.

1. Bandaging of the legs during all parachute jumps, including production ones, is mandatory
2. The selection of landing sites for training jumps is carried out by specialists of air bases with the preparation of an act on its suitability.

When performing training parachute jumps "Lesnik-2" according to the initial training program from all types of aircraft, the size of the landing area must be at least 400X400 meters, in all other cases - 200x200 meters.

Parachutist instructors firefighters and experienced paratroopers firefighters are allowed to perform jumps with a wind near the ground of no more than 8 m / s.

The first and second training parachute jumps “Lesnik-2”, as well as jumps on frozen ground, are allowed to be performed with a wind near the ground of no more than 8 m / s. Subsequent jumps, as well as jumps on snow or on water - with wind near the ground no more than 10 m / s.

Note: It is not recommended to perform the first parachute jumps with “Lesnik-2” when it is calm.

Before performing an introductory jump, trainees are given a flight by airplane lasting within 15 minutes in the area of ​​​​the airfield.

Note: Persons who have previously flown on an airplane are not provided with a flight before making an introductory jump.

Each skydiver, when performing a parachute jump, must have with him a hunting knife of the established sample, which is placed in a pocket on the pack of a reserve parachute and securely tied with a sling (1 m long) to prevent its loss.

Parachutists-firefighters of initial training perform the first three jumps one person at a time in the aircraft approach.

When performing training jumps under the initial training program, all skydivers must use radio-equipped headsets.

The decision to remove the radio-equipped helmets is made by the head of the air training based on an individual assessment of the work of the parachutist in the air.

The calculation of a parachute jump is carried out by an observer pilot using one of the methods used in production jumps.

PPK employees (including cadets-instructors, paratroopers-firefighters) are allowed to perform no more than five training or demonstration parachute jumps per day.

Note: 1. Parachutists-firefighters students are allowed to perform the first two jumps of the air training program one per day.

It is allowed to perform a production jump on the same day after two training jumps, but with an interval between jumps of at least two hours.
The sequence of jumps in a group is set depending on the weight of the parachutes: skydivers with a large weight jump first.

The separation of paratroopers from the aircraft, depending on the number of jumpers in one run and the type of aircraft, is carried out with an interval of 1-2.0 seconds.
Paratroopers in the air must maintain an interval of 20-25 m, respecting the place according to the order of separation from the aircraft. The interval of separation from the aircraft when parachuting "Lesnik-2" - 1.5-3.0 seconds

Paratroopers in the air must maintain an interval of at least 25 meters, respecting the place according to the order of separation from the aircraft. When parachuting with the Lesnik-2 parachute, it is forbidden to enter the wake below the descending paratrooper.

Parachute Delayed Jumps

Parachute Delay Jumps are performed in the following cases:

- in case of forced abandonment of the aircraft that has crashed, when it is necessary to move away from it;

- when parachuting from high-speed aircraft in order to reduce the horizontal speed in order to soften the load when opening the parachute;

– for the purpose of acquiring free fall skills and performing free fall exercises.

Training jumps with a delayed opening of the parachute must be carried out with the obligatory presence of a safety device and a stopwatch.

Persons who have mastered jumping with manual parachute opening and finding the exhaust ring in the air are allowed to jump with a parachute opening delay.

Training and sports jumps with a delayed opening of the parachute can be performed with the permission of the head of the local air base according to a special program. Air base workers are allowed to perform no more than eight sports jumps per day.

Training parachute jumps on the forest in protective gear

Protective equipment is intended to protect the parachutist-firefighter from traumatic injuries and bruises due to impacts on the trunks and branches of trees when landing on the forest.

Operation, storage and repair of protective equipment are carried out in accordance with the "Technical description and instructions for laying, installation and operation."

Persons who are physically developed and trained in accordance with the curriculum and programs approved by the Central Air Base are allowed to skydive in protective equipment.

During the initial preparation for the performance of production jumps on the forest, each trainee must make training jumps in the SPP according to the established program

When performing parachute jumps “Lesnik-2”, the first jump to the airfield is allowed to be performed with a wind of no more than 8 m / s. The next two jumps on the forest - with a wind of no more than 10 m / s. To perform training jumps on the forest, a plot of coniferous or mixed plantation with a size of at least 75x75 m is selected, without clutter and dead trees, with a stand height of 14-18 m and a density of at least 0.8. To perform training parachute jumps “Lesnik-2”, the height of the forest stand should be within 7-12 meters.

Employees of parachute fire teams who previously performed parachute jumps on the forest in protective gear, before the start of the fire season, must undergo ground training in the manner prescribed by this Manual and perform one training parachute jump to the airfield in protective gear. In this case, parachute jumps are carried out at the operational aviation department under the guidance of a senior official qualified as an instructor, admitted by order of the air base to train paratroopers for parachute jumps into the forest.

It is allowed to perform a training jump in the equipment of a parachutist-firefighter at an air training, completing technical studies.

If within two years an employee of the parachute-fire brigade has not performed production or training parachute jumps on the forest in protective equipment, then he can be admitted to production jumps on the forest only after training again according to the full training program.

Training parachute jumps into the forest are carried out on leafy plantations at an air temperature of at least +5 °C.

The location of the training is determined by the leader of the training, depending on local conditions.

Training descents from a helicopter

Training descents with a descender from helicopters are allowed to be carried out to airfields and to specially selected sites that meet the safety requirements for the landing of those descending, and when descending into the forest - sites no less than 5x5 meters in size, taking into account the closeness of the crowns.

Training descents with a descender are allowed to be performed on the site at a wind speed of not more than 15 m/s and into the forest not more than 10 m/s.
Air base workers are allowed to perform no more than eight descents per day with a descender.

Note: It is allowed to perform a production descent from a helicopter on the same day after training descents from a helicopter, but with an interval between descents of at least two hours.

Everyone descending and releasing when performing descents with a descender must have a hunting knife in a case, which is fastened with two rubber bands on the left shoulder strap of the harness and tied with a sling (1 m long) to prevent its loss.

Air fire service workers trained on one type of helicopter are allowed to perform descents from other types of helicopters after familiarizing themselves with the features of descents and performing one familiarization descent from this type of helicopter to an open area from a height of 20 meters.

Before conducting training descents from a helicopter, the STC communication between the helicopter commander and the releaser should be checked, and a training session on issuing commands between the releaser and descender should be conducted.