Pronoun. Pronoun: general meaning, morphological features, syntactic role
The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. pronouns, their features, role in the sentence - all this is covered in the material.
Pronoun
In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena, without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun house can be replaced by a pronoun he, numeral twenty- in a word some, adjective blue- pronoun some and so on.
Classification of pronouns by meaning
There are several classifications. So, on the basis of the meaning that the word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished ( he, you, we), possessive ( his, yours, ours), index ( that one, that one, that one), defining ( everyone, most, everyone), interrogative-relative ( what, whose, who), undefined ( someone, some, some), negative ( nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun myself. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated on the basis of its meaning.
personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative
The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a person category, the ability to change in cases, the presence of a category of gender in the 3rd person. For example: On fishing, he was in high spirits. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (him, which is characterized by such features as 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine.
The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessive ones as well) are similar to those of an adjective: they also change in cases, numbers, and genders. For example, This house is his dream. The offer has demonstrative pronoun this(singular, masculine, im. case) and possessive pronoun his(singular, masculine, im. case). does not change, has a constant, traditional form - myself.
Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative
The grammatical features of definitive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to but indicate a generalized feature. In a sentence, they agree with a noun. For example, It got warmer every day. Pronoun each agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.
Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a brace. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative one in another: What do they say about new gadgets?(interrogative) - He was told what they say about new gadgets(relative). Such pronouns do not change, only who and what have a case category.
They indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogative questions by adding prefixes not- and something- or suffixes - someday, -then, -or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. Negative types of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogative ones, but are used for negation. For example: An unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some- indefinite and nobody- negative.
Classification of pronouns according to grammatical features
Replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun corresponds to any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, attribute or quantity.
Pronouns-nouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogative who and what and formed from them negative, recurrent. They answer questions about nouns. In sentences, they are most often complements or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated on the basis of its relation to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal have categories of person, number, case, while negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns Nouns are not customary to define a person.
Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. it large group such parts of speech, which include all possessive, some demonstrative ( such, this, that and others), some interrogative ( what, whose) and the indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to the features of adjectives, that is, they have non-permanent categories of case, gender, number.
Numeral pronouns include a question word How many and indefinite word so many, as well as indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, only change in cases is inherent in them.
The syntactic role of pronouns
According to the criterion of referring to a particular category, it is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun by meaning. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated make it easy to indicate its syntactic role. So, in the sentence She wrote them another letter" There are three pronouns that perform different functions: she is(personal) - subject, them(personal) - addition, other(definitive) - definition.
Questions help to correctly name the member of the sentence expressed by the pronoun. For example, Nobody lived in your house before?. The question is who? - nobody- is the subject in the house what? your- definition. There are sentences that include only pronouns: It's them. Ethen- subject, they- predicate. There are several: them- addition, several- subject.
Morphological norms for the use of pronouns
Speaking of grammar rules When using pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, him, which are often misused. For example, his, his, theirs- this is a gross violation of the norms of the Russian language.
The use of pronouns he, they and she often requires the addition of the letter "n" at the beginning of the word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is required after the preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter "n" in the word is not needed: recognized him, asked her, saw them.
Pronoun and context
Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. For example, Father left for the city. He was away.Father or city was far away? The director, who is on the fifth floor, came to the office. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun svoi: The manager asked the manager to come into his office(whose office: head or manager).
Pronouns in the exam paper
AT examination work in Russian there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks in violation of grammatical norms. The table below shows examples of such tasks.
| Exercise | Answer |
| take from him correct usage: him) |
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
| their dacha (correct usage: their) |
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
| his neighbor (correct usage: him) |
Often the pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in the text. In the attestation work there are tasks for the definition in the text. For example, you need to determine how the sentences are related: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From it he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It's raining today. This was unexpected. These sentences are connected with the help of a demonstrative pronoun.
Thus, the grammatical features of the pronoun, morphological norms you need to know how to use them in order to successfully pass the exam in the Russian language.
The history of the formation of pronouns as a part of speech is interesting and special. For example, I- first person personal pronoun singular. It comes from the Old Slavonic ide, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - Az. in the language were formed later than all. This is due to the fact that earlier there were demonstrative pronouns i, i, e, sent to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by the transition of words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows the period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the subject from the speaker: s - close to the speaker t - close to the interlocutor , he- Absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it also has simple possessive forms ( mine, your), and interrogative ( whose?), and undefined ( somebody), and negative ( nobody's).
Students are already well aware that the distribution of words into parts of speech is based on three groups of signs:
- General lexical meaning.
- Morphological features.
- Syntactic role the words.
Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, an adjective, a numeral, an adverb or impersonal predicates (words of the state category), i.e. the student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals.
This part of speech is conducted in two directions:
- Awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences.
- Assimilation of the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.
syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students.
In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).
Considering returnable pronoun myself, students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself For myself live - smolder.
Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided when compared with relative pronouns.
relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function). Students should be aware that relative pronouns
Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness. Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).
When studying negative not neither nothing did not know. It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.
Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives. They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence.
syntax function index demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those Enchanted in this forest...(S.A. Yesenin)
studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition.
In the sixth grade, work continues on syntax in connection with the study of morphology. Children for the first time, in fact, meet with the pronoun as a part of speech. They are only familiar with personal pronouns. They unmistakably determine the subject expressed by a personal pronoun, the addition is somewhat worse. Sixth graders are still unfamiliar with the rest of the categories of pronouns. That is why work on syntax is of great importance for understanding the functions of the studied part of speech and its morphological categories.
The first two groups of signs, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in the study. The syntactic functions of pronouns are quite specific and difficult to master.
In this work, I will try to consider only one aspect of the study of the pronoun as a part of speech, in my opinion, the most difficult, namely: its syntactic role in the sentence and phrase.
At the first stage of mastering this material, it is desirable to start working with a table of lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns, indicating their possible syntactic role in the sentence.
This work is carried out in notebooks for schemes that students have been keeping since the 5th grade.
The table will be filled in as you get acquainted with new lexical and grammatical categories.
Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of the noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals. For example, pronouns he, who, someone, nobody etc., like nouns, denote an object, in a sentence they are subjects or objects:
She is was at school? (Who is she? Katya) Was Katya at school?
Her did you buy a briefcase? (To whom? Katya) Did they buy a briefcase for Katya?
Pronouns my, some, each etc., like adjectives, denote a sign, agree in gender, number and case with the noun being defined; in a sentence there are usually definitions (Sister took my pen).
Pronouns how much, so much in terms of meaning, declension and syntactic relations with a noun, they correspond with a quantitative numeral (cf. four books / how many books - management; four books / how many books - agreement).
To teach schoolchildren to correlate a pronoun with a noun, adjective and numeral, it is necessary to constantly use method of analysis and method of comparison.
In practice, it looks like this: in this text, next to the pronoun in brackets, indicate the part of speech (noun, adjective, numeral) instead of which it is used:
Spring is on the doorstep. Soon she (spring) will come into her own. And now it's still cold. Such The (frosty) weather will not last long. Through several(seven to ten) days the spring sun will shine and the real spring will open.
Such a record contributes to the awareness of the generalization and relativity of the meaning of the pronoun (pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and acquire it in a sentence in conjunction with other words).
Exploring Syntactic Function This part of speech is conducted in two directions:
- awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in the phrase and sentence;
- mastering the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.
Some students make a variety of syntactic errors in the use of pronouns. Here it is advisable to give tasks like:
- find errors in the use of pronouns;
- write the sentences in correct form.
Work can be done collectively in a weak class. In a strong case, children manage on their own. An erroneous option is given on the board or through a graph projector, for example:
- I took the fish from the basket and gave it to my father.
- When Dubrovsky killed the bear, Troekurov did not take offense at him, but ordered to tear off his skin.
- Troekurov had a son, Sasha, and he took on a teacher(from student essays).
Children need to be taught self-control, they must monitor their speech, be aware of what pronouns indicate, what they mean.
syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students. In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).
The new syntactic material is the acquaintance with the phrase according to the model verb + personal pronoun in the indirect case (worry about me - about whom?).
It is necessary to include phrases in the lesson I miss you, I miss you, I miss you.
In order to avoid errors in the formation of grammatical forms of these pronouns, it is advisable to enter these phrases in the “Speak Correctly” dictionary. Any other way to focus on them: make a sentence, write a letter to someone in the lesson using these phrases.
In strong classes, it is possible to stipulate cases when pronouns I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they lose the pronominal meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and turn into nouns.
At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become invariable, acquire a neuter gender, an invariable form of the singular, change in cases, like the words metro, cafe, etc. For example:
- The noosphere in the era of nuclear energy requires a restructuring of human consciousness. Decreases "I", increases "we" (D. Granin);
- Fyodor Ivanovich somewhere in the depths of his "I" felt pain(V. Dudintsev).
Considering returnable pronoun myself , students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself inflected, but not in the nominative case; therefore, in a sentence, it can never be the subject. Its most common syntactic function is the complement: For myself live - smolder.
It is important to acquaint students with phraseological units, which include a pronoun myself (to come in yourself, yourself mind, etc.).
It is advisable to recall that the phraseological unit as a whole is one member of the sentence:
Everything is settled by itself(circumstance); After the holidays the children do not look like themselves(predicate).
Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. The work must be done collectively, as students do not yet have the skill to qualify an interrogative pronoun as a member of a sentence. It is useful to write on the board and produce complete analysis 2-3 sentences with interrogative pronouns:
Who knits colorful mittens, sings old songs?
Whose the hair of the snow is whiter, and the hands are yellow and dry?
Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided by comparing them with relative pronouns.
New for students is not only acquaintance with relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function).
Students should be aware that relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, what, which, how much serve to connect parts of a complex (complex-subordinate sentence). Interrogatives do not act in this function.
It is useful to offer students the following exercise: read, indicate interrogative pronouns, then make complex sentences so that these sentences become their second part (with relative pronouns who, to whom, about what, what).
- Who won the Russian language olympiad?
- To whom awarded an award?
- About what does the TV presenter say?
- What interested in football fans?
Sample: Whom coaches will send to the competition? Everyone wanted to know whom coaches will send to the competition.
AT strong class it is necessary to consider not only the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from interrogative pronouns, but also the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from subordinating conjunctions, to propaedeutically acquaint children with a new syntactic phenomenon, which they will study in more detail in high school. Do not delve into the intricacies of the problem. It is enough to conduct a comparative analysis of the two proposals:
In the first sentence what is only a means of connecting parts of a complex sentence, i.e. union, since it is not a member of the sentence and, most importantly, it cannot be correlated with the word of another part of speech.
In the second - a member of the sentence (it can be correlated with a noun), and therefore - a relative pronoun.
Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness.
As a rule, students find it difficult to independently determine which member of the sentence is this or that indefinite pronoun. Therefore, it is useful to suggest mentally replacing these pronouns with nouns or adjectives. Uncertainty will disappear, and students will accurately determine which members of the sentence are pronouns:
someone walked along some road and found something.
some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something threw.
Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).
They can be joined by nouns in the genitive and prepositional cases. This phrase model is also formed by negative, attributive and demonstrative pronouns:
- I nobody did not invite from friends.
- Those from the students which wrote an essay for five, were happy.
When studying negative pronouns, new syntactic information is the indication that if the predicate has a particle not , then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the sentence: Father nothing did not know.
It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.
When analyzing pronouns and delimiting them from homonymous words of other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meaning of a pronoun and its function depend on the context and situation.
As an illustration of what was said in a strong class, we can consider the feminine pronoun draw and noun draw , as well as the pronoun nothing and adverb nothing :
- The dog was draw (draw - pronoun).
- Breed - draw!- shouted several voices at once... (M. Gorky) (draw - noun).
- to me nothing did not pass(nothing is a pronoun).
- – Well, how do you live, can you? – Nothing. (F. Reshetnikov) - ( Nothing - adverb - “good”, “tolerable”) (SRYA, 1986)
Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives.
They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence. At the same time, in their meaning, possessive pronouns also correlate with personal pronouns, since they indicate that the object belongs to the 1st person (mine, ours) or the 2nd person (your, yours). There is no special possessive pronoun of the 3rd person in Russian: to indicate belonging to the 3rd person, the genitive case of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is used: him, her, them . Pronoun mine indicates belonging to any of the three persons ( I took my notebook; He took my notebook).
It is also necessary to keep in mind such a linguistic phenomenon: possessive and demonstrative pronouns are usually not distributed by other parts of speech, therefore they do not act as the main word of the phrase.
It should be noted that pronouns can be substantiated own, own, own ; at the same time, their lexical meaning changes, and consequently, their syntactic role: noun mine meaning "relative"
- Your own involuntarily friend (proverb); people close in beliefs, friends.
- The workers knew Klychkov closely, loved, considered their (D.Furmanov).
syntax function index pronouns in phrases - to be a dependent word (model demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those time); in a sentence, demonstrative pronouns are usually attributives: AT this enchanted forest...(S.A. Yesenin)
studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition. Students should learn to recognize these pronouns “by sight”.
When working on the text, at first the definitive pronouns are indicated along with the words on which they depend, then it is recommended to write out these phrases, designating the main word in them, and from it to the dependent word put a question.
- Each the student values the honor of the class ( each student);
- On the shelf were all sorts tools ( all sorts tools).
We should also consider such a syntactic construction, where the definitive pronoun acts as a subject:
- Each comes to class without delay. Any knows the basic rules of hygiene.
At the end of the study of the entire topic, it is useful to suggest the following work:
Determine which pronouns act as subjects.
- Yesterday I came to Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city(M. Lermontov) .
- Somebody shouted that Petya had broken his leg.
- FROM those since nobody did not speak to Tatyana(I. Turgenev).
- All that daydreaming others, y us came true in the country(S.Mikhalkov).
- it cabinet? it bedroom? And here what? (A.Chekhov)
- All fortunately sought, all in the world has changed several times(N. Nekrasov).
- Started our going to.
- All and all me pleased.
Establish which members of the sentence are the pronouns in these sentences:
- She is said: "It's him!" (A. Pushkin)
- Holy Russia, Fatherland! I am yours! (A. Pushkin)
I wish success in mastering this topic to your students. I would be glad if I could be of any help.
Literature
- M. Baranov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. M., Enlightenment 1984
- E.I. Dibrova. Modern Russian language. 3rd part. Syntax.
- V.V. Babaitseva. Guidelines to educational complex In Russian. 6th-7th grades. M., Education. 1994
- Deikin, Trostentsova, Nevskaya. Workbook on the Russian language. 6th-7th grades.
The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:
II want to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How longit will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronouns according to grammatical features (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).
1. Pronouns-nouns ( me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
point to objects
· answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
are associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
indicate signs of objects;
· answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:
indicate the number of items;
・Answer a question How many?;
are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
usually change by case.
B. Ranks of pronouns according to lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday:someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the singular, neuter gender (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives (He is no longer dangerous for us; He will come; This is a book; it ended well.)
2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech (this is what): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, allied word). - I know that he is here (union).
VERB
1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.
2. Each verb has the following forms:
the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either time, or number, or person, because. it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;
conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;
· participle;
· adverb.
3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is constant sign verbs). transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed
noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;
A noun in the genitive case without a preposition denoting a part of something: drink tea, cut bread;
a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.
All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.
4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs intransitive.
5. Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.
Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and indefinite form given verb (what will do? - will draw, will sing).
Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is non-permanent feature verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.
· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .
· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. Subjunctive mood formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.
· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .
The verb can perform all 5 functions:
1) subject:
Live (subject) - to serve the motherland.
2) predicate:
My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.
3) addition:
· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.
4) Definition:
· The dream (what?) to leave the city as soon as possible (definition) did not leave me.
5) circumstance:
· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enter (objective circumstance) at MGIMO.
Participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.
PARTICIPLE
Participle - special shape verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question which? (what? what? what?)
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
initial form the participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative: fled, built, opened.
The main signs of the sacrament
A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the attribute of the object by action: thinking, talking, standing, being solved, shot, drunk.
B) Morphological features:
1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:
the transition,
return,
2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.
3. Participles have the following signs of adjectives:
Participles, like adjectives, change by number, gender (singular) and cases (full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, wasted time;
· passive participles, like quality adjectives, have full and short form: drunk-finish; Lost-lost.
C) Syntactic signs:
1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually definitions or part of a compound nominal predicate: Enthusiastic we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed immersed into thoughtfulness(part of the compound nominal predicate).
2. Short participles, like short adjectives, play the role of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence: Bookdisclosed on the eighth page
GENERAL PARTICIPLE
The participle is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting an additional (secondary in nature) action in the sentence and answering the questions what are you doing? having done what?
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
gerunds imperfect form are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
· be silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide-yut → deciding;
gerunds perfect look are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up be → hushed up;
solve: decide be → deciding;
to do: busy be-sya → preoccupied;
bring: brought- ti → bringing.
Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.
Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).
The participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.
Like verbs, gerunds are:
imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?);
transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss;
returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down;
Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained with adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.
Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in the sentence either.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.
ADVERB
Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions. as? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? :Autumn.(where?) Overhead(how?) gradually begins to turn yellow, blush, turn brown leaves on the trees (V. Bianchi).
Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, another adverb, noun ( winter cold day; short flowering shrub; walk joyfully bouncing; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).
An adverb is an invariable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words. The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
Ranks of adverbs
According to the general semantics, two categories are distinguished:
1. definitive
2. adverbial.
The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of manifestation of the trait.
Within the boundaries of the defining category stand out:
1. adverbs of action with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;
2. Comparison: bearish, hedgehog;
3. intensity of the sign: too, very, a little;
4. multiplicities: twice, thrice.
The circumstantial category includes:
1. adverbs of place: below, above;
2. adverbs of time: long time ago, tomorrow;
3. adverbs of reason: rashly, joyfully;
4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, on purpose;
5. adverbs of compatibility: threesome, together and etc
PRETEXT
Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.
Pronoun- this is independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their number), but does not name them: you, they, so many. Pronouns answer questions of nouns who? what?, adjectives which? whose? and numerals How many?: I laughing my sister, several horses.
Morphological and syntactic signs pronouns depends on which part of speech in this case it replaces.
Classes of pronouns.
Ranks of pronouns differ by lexical and grammatical features.
According to lexical terms pronouns are:
- personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.
- possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my house, your bed.
- demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so many, and obsolete this and this. As you might guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.
- reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that acts as the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.
- interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, what, whose, how much. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, signs or quantities: Who's come? What kind of students? How many?
- relative pronouns- the same interrogative ones, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understand, who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which the studied with me at the same faculty.
- defining pronouns: most, himself, everyone, all, each, other, any, obsolete - everyone and all kinds. Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: most best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.
- negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, no one, none. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or feature: I not at all was not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my distraction.
- indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes something, something, something and the bases of the interrogative pronoun: some sweets, someone knocked, give me at least something.
According to grammatical pronouns can be divided into:
- Noun pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, nobody, yourself and others. These pronouns have their peculiarities.
- They point to objects or persons.
- They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
- They decline according to cases: who, whom, whom, whom, etc.
- They have such syntactic links in the sentence as a noun.
- Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, what, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.
- Like an adjective, they indicate a sign of an object.
- Answering the question what? whose?
- They change in numbers, genders and cases in the same way as adjectives.
- Associated with nouns as adjectives.
- Pronouns-numerals: how many, how many, several.
- Answer the question of how many numbers?
- They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
- Usually declined in cases.
- They interact with nouns like numerals.
The syntactic role of the pronoun.
Pronoun maybe protrude in a sentence in roles
- Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
- Predicate: it he.
- Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
- Add-ons: Mom called me.
- Circumstances: How could this happen?
Pronoun is an independent part of speech shows on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: me, myself, your, so much and etc.
Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose?), numerals (how many?): he laughs my brother, a little pencils.
Morphological and syntactic features of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.
The syntactic role of pronouns
The pronoun can be any member of the sentence:
I wish to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How long it will last(what included in the event) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending on whetherinstead of what part of speech they are used).
1. Noun pronouns (me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), however, from time to time, as an ordinal number, it shows the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - 5th).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how much, how much, a little). Their features:
B. Discharges of pronounsby lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or object named by the subject, the person or object named by the word myself (He will not offend himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, own, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very comfortable.).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, at least some, different, other, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, however, they serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, some, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, not- (No one answered. Incriminate some).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, some, also all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday: someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this one, all in the singular, neuter gender ( it's all) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantiated adjectives ( He is no longer safe for us; Himself will come; This is a book; Everything ended up great).
2) Some pronouns have homonyms in the middle of the service parts of speech ( what's this): it book(pronoun). - Moscow - this is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know, what tell him(pronoun, allied word). - I know, what he is here(alliance). See carefully How to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words?
Plan morphological analysis pronouns
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
2. Initial form.
3. Invariable morphological features:
4. Variable morphological features:
5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).
Standards for parsing pronouns
Imagine for myself satisfaction any botany, which the suddenly finds himself on an uninhabited peninsula, where these since no human foot has set foot, and where he can enrich my collection all sorts outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).
to whom?
2. N. f. - myself.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form of the dative case.
5. In the offer, an addition.
what?
2. N. f. - any.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.
4. Inconstant morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive.
1. Pronoun, shows the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - which the.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.
5. Subject in the sentence.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. - this.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form plural, genitive case.
5. In the sentence part of the occurrence of time.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - nobody's.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, shows the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - he.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
5. Subject in the sentence.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - own.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. - any.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
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