Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family. Finno-Ugric family of languages. Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance
FINNO-UGRIAN LANGUAGES, one of two branches of the Uralic family of languages (along with Samoyedic). Finno-Ugric languages are spoken in parts of eastern Europe and northern Asia. They are divided into two large groups: Finnish-Perm and Ugric. The Ugric languages include: Hungarian, Mansi (Vogul) and Khanty (Ostyak); each of them consists of several dialects. Finno-Permian languages are divided into two groups: Permian, which includes the Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Udmurt (Votyak) languages, and Finno-Volga, which includes four subgroups: Baltic-Finnish, Mari, Mordovian and Sami languages. The Baltic-Finnish subgroup includes Finnish (Suomi), Estonian and several other minor languages.
Of the approximately 24 million Finno-Ugric speakers, about half speak Hungarian; These are the inhabitants of Hungary and the regions adjacent to it. The emergence of Hungarian writing dates back to the 13th century, the first written monument, Halotti Bezed (eulogy), is a valuable linguistic source. Finnish - the main representative of the Finnish subgroup of languages - is used in Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Russia; its written tradition begins with the translation of the Bible by Mikhail Agricola in 1542. Mansi (Vogul) and Khanty (Ostyak) are spoken in the Ob River region, c. 5 thousand in Mansi and approx. 25 thousand - in Khanty. Komi and Udmurt are spoken in the northeast of the European part of Russia, as well as somewhat to the south, between the Vyatka and Kama rivers. Komi is spoken ok. 356 thousand people, in Udmurt - approx. 546 thousand Maris (numbering about 540 thousand) are divided into two groups living on the right and left banks of the upper reaches of the Volga. To the south of the Mari live Mordovians (Mordovians), whose number is approx. 1.2 million people In the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, especially on the Kola Peninsula, live Laplanders (Saami), who speak the Saami language, whose relationship with related languages is one of the mysteries of the Finno-Ugric languages.
Attempts were made to establish the relationship of the Uralic language family with other language families - Altaic, Yukagir, Indo-European, and even with Japanese and Dravidian languages. So, some structural similarity was found between the Altaic languages (primarily Turkic), on the one hand, and Finno-Ugric, on the other. In particular, the presence of vowel harmony was noted both in Turkic and in some, although not in all, Finno-Ugric languages. The study of Finno-Ugric languages is of great importance not only for linguistics, but also for folklore and comparative literature. According to the Nostratic hypothesis developed by Russian scientists (V.M. Illich-Svitych, V.A. Dybo, S.A. Starostin and others) since the mid-1960s, the Uralic family of languages is part of the so-called Nostratic macrofamily, - which also includes Indo-European, Afroasian, Kartvelian, Dravidian and Altaic languages.
Finno-Ugric programming languages, Finno-Ugric languages of the worldbranch
Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc.
Languages of Eurasia
Ural family
Ugric sub-branch, Finno-Permian sub-branch
Finno-Ugric languages(there is also an Ugro-Finnish variant) - a group of related languages \u200b\u200bforming a branch in the Uralic language family. Distributed in Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia and other countries.
In ancient times, speakers of the Finno-Ugric languages formed several archaeological cultures in the north of Europe - Pit Ware and Pit-Comb Ware.
- 1 Study history
- 2 Features
- 3 Classification
- 4 See also
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
History of study
The Uralic peoples are first mentioned in the “Germania” of the ancient Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus, which speaks of the Fenni people (usually these people are identified as the ancient Sami) and two presumably Finno-Ugric tribes who lived in remote regions of Scandinavia.
Georg Shernjelm
At the end of the 15th century, European researchers noted the similarity of the names "Hungaria" and "Yugria" (a region located east of the Urals). They suggested a connection but found no linguistic evidence. In 1671, the Swedish scholar Georg Shernjelm (1598-1672) described the similarities between the Sami (Lapland), Finnish and Estonian languages, and also noted several similar words in Finnish and Hungarian. At the same time, the German scientist Martin Vogel tried to find a connection between the Finnish, Sami (Lappish) and Hungarian languages. Thus, these two researchers were the first to point out what later came to be called the Finno-Ugric language family.
Johann Georg von Eckhart
In 1717, the Swedish professor Olof Rudbeck Jr. (1660-1740) proposed about 100 etymological connections between Finnish and Hungarian, of which about 40 are still considered correct (Collinder, 1965). In the same year, the German scholar Johann Georg von Eckhart (whose work was published in Leibniz's Collectanea Etymologica) first suggested a connection with the Samoyedic languages.
Olof Rudbeck Jr.
All the languages that make up the Finno-Ugric family were already known by 1770, that is, 20 years before the appearance of Indo-European studies. However, the research results were not immediately recognized. In particular, among the Hungarian intelligentsia there was a theory about the connection of the Hungarians with the Turkic tribes, which was characterized by Ruhlen in 1987 as a consequence of the "wild and irrepressible romanticism of the era." And yet, despite the hostile attitude, the Hungarian Jesuit Janos Sainovic in 1770 suggested a connection between the Hungarian and Lapland (Sami) languages. In 1799, the Hungarian Shamuel Dyarmati published the results of the most complete study of the Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bat that time.
By the beginning of the 19th century, the Finno-Ugric languages were better studied than the Indo-European ones. But the development of comparative linguistics of the Indo-European languages attracted such attention that the study of the Finno-Ugric languages faded into the background. Hungary was the only European region at that time (which was part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire) that could have an increased interest in the study of the Finno-Ugric family (since Finland and Estonia were then part of the Russian Empire) due to separatist sentiments in society. However, the political environment was not conducive to the development of comparative linguistics. Some progress occurred with the publication of the work of the German linguist Josef Budenz, who for 20 years was Hungary's leading specialist in the Finno-Ugric languages. At the end of the 19th century, a contribution to the study was made by the Hungarian linguist Ignaz Halas, who published significant comparative material on the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages in the 1890s. His work became the basis for the widespread recognition of the relationship between these languages.
In the 1990s, linguists Kalevi Viik, János Pustaj and Ago Künnap and historian Kyösti Ülku announced a "breakthrough in the modern study of the Uralic languages" by dating Proto-Finnic to 10,000 BC. e. But this theory received little support in the scientific community.
Peculiarities
All Finno-Ugric languages have common features and a common basic vocabulary. These features originate in the hypothetical Proto-Ugric language. About 200 basic words of this language have been proposed, including word roots for such concepts as the names of kinship relationships, body parts, and basic numbers. This total vocabulary includes, according to Lyle Campbell, at least 55 words related to fishing, 33 to hunting, 12 to deer, 17 to plants, 31 to technology, 26 to building, 11 to clothing, 18 - to climate, 4 - to society, 11 - to religion, 3 - to trade.
Most Finno-Ugric languages are agglutinative, the common features of which are changing words by adding suffixes (instead of prepositions) and syntactic coordination of suffixes. In addition, there is no category of gender in the Finno-Ugric languages. Therefore, there is only one pronoun with the meaning "he", "she" and "it", for example, hän in Finnish, tämä in Votic, tema in Estonian, ő in Hungarian, ciйӧ in Komi, tudo in Mari, so in Udmurt language.
In many Finno-Ugric languages, possessive adjectives and pronouns such as "my" or "your" are rarely used. Possession is expressed by inclination. in those languages that have developed towards inflectional ones, the personal pronoun in the genitive case is used to express possession. For example, "my dog" in Estonian is mu koer, in colloquial Finnish mun koira, in Northern Sami mu beana (literally "me dog") or beatnagan (literally "my dog"), in Komi - menam pon (my dog) or menam ponmöy.
In other languages, suffixes are used for this, sometimes together with a pronoun in the genitive case: "my dog" in Finnish minun koirani (literally "my dog is my"), from the word koira - dog. Also in the Mari language, myyyn piem, from the word pij - a dog. In Hungarian, pronouns in the nominative case can be added to a word with a possessive suffix. For example, “dog” is kutya, “my dog” is az én kutyám (literally “(this) I am my dog”, az is the definite article) or simply a kutyám (literally “(this) is my dog”). However, in Hungarian there are also independent possessive pronouns: enyém (my), tiéd (your), etc. They can also be declined, for example, enyém (n. p.), enyémet (vin. p.), enyémnek (Dat. P.), etc. These pronouns are used as nominal predicates: it would be wrong to say enyém kutya, but to the question Kié ez a kutya? ("Whose dog is this?") can be answered Ez a kutya az enyém ("This dog is mine") or simply Az enyém ("Mine").
Classification
As part of the Finno-Ugric languages, the following groups and languages are usually distinguished:
- Ugric sub-branch
- Hungarian
- Ob-Ugric group in Western Siberia
- Khanty language (Ob-Ostyak)
- Mansi language (Vogul), each of which is divided into a large number of dialects (possibly separate languages).
- Finno-Permian sub-branch
- Permian group
- Udmurt language
- Komi language with three literary variants:
- Komi-Zyryan language
- Komi-Permyak language
- Komi-Yazva language
- Finno-Volga group
- Mari subgroup
- Mountain Mari language (Western)
- Meadow-Eastern Mari
- Mordovian subgroup
- Moksha-Mordovian language (Moksha)
- Erzya-Mordovian language (Erzya)
- Finno-Volga languages, the exact place of which in the classification is unclear:
- Murom †
- Meryan language †
- Meshchersky language †
- Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Finnish)
- northern branch
- Finnish language
- Kven language
- meiankieli
- Finnish language
- Eastern sub-branch
- Izhorian
- Karelian
- Veps language
- Southern subbranch
- Votic
- North Estonian (Estonian proper)
- South Estonian
- Võru dialect
- Liv language - northwestern Latvia (Kurzeme)
- northern branch
- Sami subgroup
- Western Sami cluster
- Southern Sami - Norway and Sweden
- Ume Sami (Uume) - Norway and Sweden
- Lule Sami (Luule) - Norway and Sweden
- Pite Sami (Pite) - Norway and Sweden
- Northern Sami - Norway, Sweden and Finland
- East Sami cluster
- Babin Sami (Akkala) † - Russia
- Kemi-Sami † - Sami of central Finland
- Inari Sami - Finland
- Yokang-Sami language (Ter-Sami) - Russia
- Kildin Saami - Russia
- Koltta-Sami language (Skolt, including the Notozero dialect in Russia)
- Western Sami cluster
- Mari subgroup
- Permian group
Until now, the origin of the now extinct Biarmian language, which was spoken by the Biarmians, who previously lived at the mouth of the Northern Dvina and on the eastern coast of the White Sea, and which undoubtedly belonged to the Finnish languages, has not yet been finally clarified. Some linguists, based on information from the Norwegian sagas that “the language of the Biarmians is similar to the language of the forest Finns”, consider it the language of the Baltic-Finnish group, others, based on the similarity of the names “Biarmia” and “Perm”, consider the Biarmian language to be the language of the Permian groups, or generally identify the biarms of the annals with the current Komi-Permyaks.
see also
- Swadesh lists for Finno-Ugric languages
- Wiktionary:en:Application:Numerals in Finno-Ugric languages
- Pechera
- Finno-Ugric peoples
Literature
- Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric linguistics: Issues of the origin and development of the Finno-Ugric languages. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 484 p.
- Historical and typological research on the Finno-Ugric languages / Ed. ed. B. A. Serebrennikov. - M.: Nauka, 1978.
- Kitikov A.E. Proverbs and sayings of the Finno-Ugric peoples. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mari book publishing house, 2004. - 336 p. - 2400 copies. - ISBN 5-7590-0910-9.
Links
- Uralic languages - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Electronic collections in Finno-Ugric languages
- Finno-Ugric Internet Library
- Digital provision of Finno-Ugric languages
| Finno-Ugric languages | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Ugric † (proto-language) | |
| Finno-Permian languages | |
| Perm |
|
| Finno-Volga |
|
| Baltic-Finnish |
|
| Saami |
|
| Ugric | |
| Hungarian |
|
| Ob-Ugric |
|
| † - dead languages | |
Finno-Ugric languages of India, Finno-Ugric languages of the world, Finno-Ugric flame languages, Finno-Ugric programming languages
And others, they were not successful, although some scientists believe that certain similar features of a systemic nature indicate the existence of a Nostratic parent language (see Nostratic languages), which genetically unites the Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic), Indo-European, Altai, Dravidian, Yukaghir and others languages.
Ugh. I. distributed in the territory, the extreme boundaries of which are the Ob basin in the east, the northern part of Norway in the north, the territory of Hungary in the west and the northern part of Yugoslavia in the south. Toponymy and hydronymy testify to the wider areas of distribution of individual Finno-Ugric peoples in the past: the Karelians lived in territories reaching the Northern Dvina, where individual Komi settlements also reached; traces of Mordovian settlements, reflected in toponymy, are in the Gorky, Penza and Ryazan regions; the territory occupied by the Ob-Ugric peoples and the Saami was more extensive.
As a result of the research of E. N. Setial, J. Sinney, E. Becke, D. R. Fokosh-Fuchs, M. Zhirai, V. Steinitz, L. Kettunen, B. Collinder, E. Itkonen, D. V. Bubrikh , V. I. Lytkin and others, the main contours of the phonetic and grammatical structure of the Finno-Ugric parent language were determined. The vowels of the first syllable included phonemes: palatal (front row) a, e, ü, i, velar (back row) a, o, u. It is possible that there was also a velar vowel e̮. Among the mid and high vowels listed were the long vowels ē, ī, ō, ū (presumably e̮). Outside the first syllable, there could only be short vowels - three non-labialized vowels: α, ä, e (possibly also e̮). There was a harmony of vowels (see Synharmonism). The composition of consonants is described: č̣, č′ (ć), δ, δ′, j, k, l, l′, m, n̥, ń, ŋ, p, r, s, ś, š, t, w. Voiced consonants, as well as δ and ŋ, did not occur at the beginning of a word. In Finno-Ugric studies, there are two theories about the composition of the original vowel system. According to Steinitz, vowels were divided into 2 groups: full vowels - a, ɔ (open o̮), o, u, i̮, ä, e, i; reduced vowels - ŏ, ĕ, ö, presumably (ä). Scientists of the Finnish school (Itkonen), on the contrary, believe that the vowels of the Finno-Ugric parent language were long and short. Proto-Finno-Ugric vocalism was, in their opinion, identical to the Baltic-Finnish vocalism.
The degree of closeness between the languages included in the same group is not the same. The Saami language, with its numerous dialects, gravitates towards the Baltic-Finnish languages, although it is not included in this branch. The difference between the languages of the Volga branch is quite large. The Hungarian language is very different from its related Ob-Ugric languages. The understanding between speakers of the Udmurt language and the Komi language is excluded. Some dialects of the Khanty language relate to each other more as related languages, and not as dialects.
Ugh. I. reveal many features that testify to the commonality of their origin: common layers of vocabulary, material relationship of inflectional and derivational formatives, the presence of possessive suffixes, a significant number of suffixes expressing the repetition or instantaneousness of an action, etc. At the same time, some modern F.-u . I. are of great originality. For people with pronounced agglutinating languages (Permian, Mordovian languages, Mari), there are languages with highly developed elements of inflection, especially the Sami language and to a certain extent Baltic-Finnish, there are various types of stress - different places and on the first, last and penultimate syllables. There are languages that are noted for their richness of vowels and diphthongs, such as Finnish; other languages have many different types of consonants and few diphthongs, such as Permian. The total number of cases ranges from 3 (Khanty) to 20 or more (Hungarian). The systems of past tenses are typologically different. In Finnish and Estonian, the system of past tenses is similar to the system of past tenses in the Latvian language (some scholars incorrectly believe that with the corresponding system in the Germanic languages), while in the Mari and Perm languages it resembles the Tatar and Chuvash systems. The Mordovian languages have a complex system of inclinations, while in other languages it is mainly the conditional mood. Negation with a verb in a number of F.-u. I. is expressed by forms of a specially negative verb, but there are languages where the negation of the verb is expressed by negative particles (Ugric and Estonian).
Big differences are observed in syntax. In the Baltic-Finnish, Sami, Hungarian, Mordovian and Komi-Zyryan languages, the influence of the Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bis strongly influenced - Swedish, German and Russian, especially in the ways of constructing complex subordinate clauses, while in the Ob-Ugric and partly in the Udmurt and Mari languages, some archaic features that typologically bring the syntax of these languages closer to the syntax of the Turkic languages.
- Languages of the peoples of the USSR, vol. 3, M., 1966;
- Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric linguistics, c. 1-3, M., 1974-76;
- Kaidu P., Ural languages and peoples, trans. from Hung., M., 1985;
- collinder B., Comparative grammar of the Uralic languages, Stockh., 1960;
- Haidu P., Finnugor népék és nyelvek, Budapest, 1962;
- Decsy Gy., Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft, Wiesbaden, 1965.
B. A. Serebrennikov.
The Komi language is included in the Finno-Ugric language family, and with the Udmurt language closest to it, it forms the Permian group of Finno-Ugric languages. In total, the Finno-Ugric family includes 16 languages, which in ancient times developed from a single base language: Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty (the Ugric group of languages); Komi, Udmurt (Permian group); Mari, Mordovian languages - Erzya and Moksha: the Baltic and Finnish languages - Finnish, Karelian, Izhorian, Vepsian, Votic, Estonian, Liv languages. A special place in the Finno-Ugric family of languages is occupied by the Sami language, which is very different from other related languages.
The Finno-Ugric languages and the Samoyedic languages form the Uralic family of languages. The Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, and Kamasin languages are classified as modern languages. The peoples speaking Samoyedic languages live in Western Siberia, except for the Nenets, who also live in northern Europe.
The question of the ancestry of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples has long been of interest to scientists. They also searched for the ancient ancestral home in the Altai region, on the upper reaches of the Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei, and on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Modern scientists, based on the study of the vocabulary of the flora of the Finno-Ugric languages, have come to the conclusion that the ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples was located in the Volga-Kama region on both sides of the Ural mountains. Then the Finno-Ugric tribes and languages separated, became isolated, and the ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples left their ancient ancestral home. The first annalistic references to the Finno-Ugric peoples already find these peoples in the places of their current residence.
Hungariansmore than a millennium ago they moved to the territory surrounded by the Carpathians. The self-name of the Hungarians Modyor has been known since the 5th century. n. e. Writing in the Hungarian language appeared at the end of the 12th century, and the Hungarians have a rich literature. The total number of Hungarians is about 17 million people. In addition to Hungary, they live in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.
Mansi (Voguls)live in the Khanty-Mansiysk district of the Tyumen region. In Russian chronicles, they, together with the Khanty, were called Yugra. Mansi use writing on a Russian graphic basis, have their own schools. The total number of Mansi is over 7,000 people, but only half of them consider Mansi their native language.
Khanty (Ostyaks)live on the Yamal Peninsula, lower and middle Ob. Writing in the Khanty language appeared in the 30s of our century, but the dialects of the Khanty language are so different that communication between representatives of different dialects is often difficult. Many lexical borrowings from the Komi language penetrated into the Khanty and Mansi languages. The total number of Khanty is 21,000 people. The traditional occupation of the Ob Ugrians is reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing.
Udmurtsthe least advanced from the territory of the Finno-Ugric ancestral home; they live on the lower reaches of the Kama and Vyatka rivers, except for the Udmurt Republic, they live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El, Vyatka region. There were 713,696 Udmurts in 1989; writing arose in the 18th century. The capital of Udmurtia is the city of Izhevsk.
Marilive on the territory of the Volga left bank. About half of the Mari live in the Republic of Mari El, the rest live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Writing in the Mari language arose in the 18th century, there are two variants of the literary language - meadow and mountain, they have the main difference in phonetics. The total number of Mari is 621,961 (1989). The capital of Mari El is the city of Yoshkar-Ola.
Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, the 3rd place is occupied byMordovians. There are more than 1,200 thousand of them, but the Mordovians live very widely and fragmented. Their more compact groups can be found in the basins of the Moksha and Sura rivers (Mordovia), in the Penza, Samara, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, and Nizhny Novgorod regions. There are two closely related Mordovian languages, Erzya and Moksha, but speakers of these languages communicate with each other in Russian. Writing in the Mordovian languages appeared in the 19th century. The capital of Mordovia is the city of Saransk.
Baltic-Finnish languages and peoples are so close that speakers of these languages can communicate among themselves without an interpreter. Among the languages of the Baltic-Finnish group, the most common isFinnish, it is spoken by about 5 million people, self-name of the Finnssuomi. In addition to Finland, Finns also live in the Leningrad region of Russia. Writing arose in the 16th century, from 1870 the period of the modern Finnish language begins. The epic "Kalevala" sounds in Finnish, a rich original literature has been created. About 77 thousand Finns live in Russia.
Estonianslive on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the number of Estonians in 1989 was 1,027,255 people. Writing existed from the 16th century to the 19th century. two literary languages developed: southern and northern Estonian. In the 19th century these literary languages converged on the basis of Middle Estonian dialects.
Karelylive in Karelia and the Tver region of Russia. There are 138,429 Karelians (1989), a little more than half speak their native language. The Karelian language consists of many dialects. In Karelia, Karelians study and use the Finnish literary language. The most ancient monuments of Karelian writing date back to the 13th century; in the Finno-Ugric languages, in antiquity this is the second written language (after Hungarian).
Izhorathe language is unwritten, it is spoken by about 1,500 people. The Izhors live on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the river. Izhora, a tributary of the Neva. Although the Izhors call themselves Karelians, it is customary in science to single out an independent Izhorian language.
Vepsianslive on the territory of three administrative-territorial units: Vologda, Leningrad regions of Russia, Karelia. In the 30s, there were about 30,000 Vepsians, in 1970 - 8,300 people. Due to the strong influence of the Russian language, the Vepsian language differs markedly from other Baltic-Finnic languages.
Vodskythe language is on the verge of extinction, since there are no more than 30 people speaking this language. Vod lives in several villages located between the northeastern part of Estonia and the Leningrad region. The Votic language is unwritten.
Do youlive in several seaside fishing villages in northern Latvia. Their number in the course of history, due to the devastation during World War II, has sharply decreased. Now the number of Liv speakers is only about 150 people. Writing has been developing since the 19th century, but at the present time Livs are switching to the Latvian language.
Samithe language forms a separate group of Finno-Ugric languages, since there are many specific features in its grammar and vocabulary. The Saami live in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. There are only about 40 thousand of them, including about 2000 in Russia. The Sami language has much in common with the Baltic-Finnish languages. Sami writing develops on the basis of different dialects in Latin and Russian graphic systems.
Modern Finno-Ugric languages have diverged so much from each other that at first glance they seem completely unrelated to each other. However, a deeper study of the sound composition, grammar and vocabulary shows that these languages have many common features that prove the former common origin of the Finno-Ugric languages from one ancient parent language.
ON THE CONCEPT "KOMI LANGUAGE"
Traditionally, the Komi language is understood as all three Komi dialects: Komi-Zyryansky, Komi-Permyak and Kozhi-Yazva. Many foreign Finno-Ugric scholars do not separate the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages. However, in Soviet ethnography, two ethnic groups are distinguished - Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, and in linguistics, respectively, two languages. Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks freely communicate with each other in their languages, without resorting to Russian. Thus, the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak literary languages are very close.
This closeness is clearly seen when comparing the following two sentences:
1) Komi-Zyryan literary language -Ruch vidzodlis gogorbok and ydzhyd goats vyly addzis uros, kodi tov kezhlo dastis tshak .
2) Komi-Permyak literary language -Ruch vidzotis gogor and ydzhyt koz yylis kazyalis urokos, code tov kezho zaptis tshakkez .
"The fox looked around and on the top of a tall spruce saw a squirrel that was storing mushrooms for the winter".
The study of the Komi-Zyryan literary language, in principle, makes it possible to read everything written in the Komi-Permyak literary language, as well as to communicate freely with the Komi-Permyaks.
RESIDENCE AND NUMBER OF KOMI
A special ethnographic group of the Komi are the Komi-Yazva people whose language is very different from the modern Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak dialects. Komi-Yazvinians live in the Krasnovishersky district of the Perm region along the middle and upper reaches of the river. Yazva, the left tributary of the river. Vishera, which flows into the Kama. Their total number is about 4,000 people, however, at present, the Komi-Yazva people are rapidly becoming Russified.
In the Afanasyevsky district of the Kirov region, the so-called "Zyuzda" Komi live, the dialect of which stands, as it were, between the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak dialects. In the 1950s, there were more than 5,000 Zyuzdins, but then their number began to decrease.
Komi-Zyrianslive in the Komi Republic in the basins of the rivers Luza, Vychegda and its tributaries Sysola, Vym, in the basins of the Izhma and Pechora rivers, which flows into the White Sea. Mezen and its tributary Vashka. Accordingly, the Komi ethnographic groups are subdivided along the rivers - Luz Komi, Sysolsky, Vychegodsky, Vymsky, Udorsky, Izhma, Upper Pechora Komi, etc. region, in many villages of the lower Ob and along its tributaries, on the Kola Peninsula in the Murmansk region in Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions of Siberia.
Komi-Permyakslive in isolation from the Komi-Zyryans, to the south, in the Perm region, in the Upper Kama region, on its tributaries the Spit, Inva. The capital of the Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Region is the city of Kudymkar.
The total number of the Komi population (Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks), according to the population censuses, was constantly increasing: 1897 - 254,000; 1970 - 475,000; 1926 - 364,000; 1979 - 478,000; 1959 - 431,000; 1989 - 497,081.
Demographers have noticed a trend towards a sharp decline in the growth of the Komi population in recent decades. If for 1959-1970. the increase was 44,000 people, then for 1970-1979. - only 3,000 people. For 1979 In the USSR, there were 326,700 Komi-Zyryans and 150,768 Komi-Permyaks. In the Komi SSR, 280,797 Komi-Zyryans lived, which amounted to 25.3% of the population of the republic.
In 1989, the Komi made up 23% of the population of the Komi SSR. According to the 1989 census, 345,007 Komi-Zyryans and 152,074 Komi-Permyaks lived in the USSR. However, the number of people who speak the Komi language is decreasing. So, in 1970, 82.7% of the Komi-Zyryans and 85.8% of the Komi-Permyaks called the Komi language their native language. In 1979, 76.2% of the Komi-Zyryans and 77.1% of the Komi-Permyaks called the Komi language their native language. For 10 years, the Komi language community has decreased by 33,000 people. The decline in the number of Komi speakers continues. According to the 1989 census, among all the Komi in the USSR, 70% named the Komi language as their native language, i.e. now every third Komi no longer speaks the mother language.
From the book "KOMI KYV: Self-instruction manual for the Komi language" E A Tsypanov 1992 (Syktyvkar, Komi book publishing house)
The book tells about the languages, peoples, migratory movements of the Finno-Ugric peoples. About how the Finno-Ugric community arises, beliefs, customs, rituals are formed. Various historical and ethnographic sources are involved. Brief grammars of some Finno-Ugric languages are given.
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The following excerpt from the book Finno-Ugric peoples. Languages, peoples, migrations, customs (Andrey Tikhomirov) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.
Compiler Andrey Tikhomirov
ISBN 978-5-4490-9797-2
Created with the intelligent publishing system Ridero
Finno-Ugric languages
The Finno-Ugric languages (or Finno-Ugric languages) are a group of languages that are closely related to the Samoyedic languages and, together with the latter, form a large genetic Uralic language family.
The Finno-Ugric languages are divided into the following branches: Hungarian, represented by the Hungarian language; Ob-Ugric, consisting of the Mansi and Khanty languages spoken in the northern part of the Ob River basin; Baltic-Finnish with languages: Finnish, Estonian, Liv, Vod, Veps, Izhora and Karelian; Sami, represented by the Sami language, which is spoken by the Sami (Lapps) living on the Kola Peninsula, in the northern part of Finland, Sweden and Norway; Mordovian with two main dialects - Erzya and Moksha; Mari, consisting of meadow-eastern and mountain dialects; Perm, including the Udmurt language and the Komi language with the Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazva dialects.
Samoyedic languages, a family (according to other classifications, a group) of languages as part of the genetic community of the Uralic languages. Includes languages: Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, almost extinct Kamasin, extinct Mator (Motor), Karagas and Taigi. Samoyeds, outdated. - Samoyeds, (annalistic - Samoyed) (from Sameemne, in the Sami language - the land of the Saami), 1) The old Russian name for the Saami and other peoples of the North of Russia and Siberia. 2) An obsolete name for all Samoyed peoples.
In addition, the so-called Ural race stands out, which occupies an intermediate position between the Mongoloid and Caucasoid races. Characterized by straight dark hair, dark eyes, sometimes a flat face, a strongly developed epicanthus (narrow nose with a concave back). It is now distributed in western Siberia (Khanty, Mansi, northern Altaians, etc.).
Siy Eniko, Hungarian Language Course, Second Edition. Tankyonkiado, Budapest, 1981, p. ten. Szíj Enikő, Magyar nyelvkönyv, Második kiadas, Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981, oldal 9
The Hungarian language is in close genetic relationship with the Ob-Ugric languages, making up the Ugric group of Finno-Ugric languages. The Hungarians, who once lived close to the Khanty and Mansi, occupied the modern territory only in the 9th century. All other Finno-Ugric languages form the Finnish group or the Baltic-Finno-Permian group.
Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian are developed literary languages, and they have an old script. Mordovian, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Khanty and Mansi as literary languages were formed only in the 20-30s. 20th century.
In the 2nd half of the 14th century. In the Komi language, ancient Permian writing was created, which fell into decay in the 18th century. Ancient Permian writing - writing created in the 14th century. missionary Stefan of Perm on the basis of one of the ancient dialects of the Komi language. A special alphabet was compiled on the model of Greek and Slavic-Russian, translations of some liturgical books were made. Now out of use. At present, small monuments of it have survived in the form of inscriptions on icons and in handwritten books, lists of alphabets, etc. A valuable source for the study of ancient Permian writing is the list of liturgy (the so-called Evgeniev-Lepekhinsky texts), rewritten in the 17th century. Russian alphabet from Old Perm, which is a coherent text of about 600 words. This writing in the 14-17 centuries. enjoyed a certain popularity among Russian Moscow scribes, who used it as a secret writing.
Ancient Permian writing
The most ancient written monuments are Hungarian (13th century), Komi (14th century),
Finnish (15th-16th centuries).
Common to modern Finno-Ugric languages are some conjugation, declension and word-formation affixes inherited from the Finno-Ugric language, as well as several hundred common roots. In the Finno-Ugric vocabulary for individual languages, regular sound correspondences are observed. However, the modern Finno-Ugric languages, due to a long isolated development, have diverged far from each other.
friend both in their grammatical structure and in the composition of the vocabulary; they also differ greatly in sound characteristics. Of the general grammatical features, the following can be noted: an agglutinative grammatical structure, the use of postpositions (instead of the prepositions of the Indo-European languages), the absence of prefixes (the exception is the Hungarian language), the invariability of adjectives in the position before the word being defined (the exception is the Baltic-Finnish languages). Most Finno-Ugric languages have vowel harmony. The vocabulary of individual languages was influenced by various languages of neighboring peoples, as a result of which the composition of foreign borrowings is not the same in different languages; so, for example, in the Hungarian language there are many Turkic and Slavic words, and in the Finnish language there are many Baltic, Germanic, Swedish and ancient Russian borrowings.
Modern Finns (suomalayset) speak Finnish, which belongs to the western, Baltic-Finnish group of Finno-Ugric languages. Anthropologically, they belong to the Baltic type of the Caucasoid race.
Arkhipova N.P. and Yastrebov E.V. in the book “How the Ural Mountains were discovered”, Chelyabinsk, 2nd ed., South Ural book publishing house, 1982, p. 146-149, tell about the journey of the Hungarian linguist and geographer Antal Reguli to the Northern Urals in the 40s. 19th century: “Even as a student, Reguli thought about the origin of the Hungarian language and the Hungarian people. Why does his country speak a language so different from the languages of neighboring countries? Where are the origins of the Hungarian language, where did the ancestors of modern Hungarians come from in South-Eastern Europe? Reguli heard that the Hungarians allegedly come from the Urals. However, this had to be proven. Having visited Northern Finland, he was struck by the relationship between the Finnish and Sami (Lapland) languages, on the one hand, and Hungarian, on the other. To continue studying Finno-Ugric languages and ethnic ties, Reguli decided to go to Russia. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences gave him 200 forints (which was equal to 200 gold rubles) for scientific research. In 1841, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he quickly mastered the Russian language, and continued to improve his knowledge of the languages of the northern peoples.
Reguli realized that in order to find out the position of the Hungarian language in the system of languages of the Finno-Ugric group, its origin, one should penetrate into the central and eastern regions of European Russia, the Urals and the Trans-Urals. The mysterious Mansi people (Voguls), then little known in Europe, lived there. On October 9, 1843, the traveler left for the Urals through Moscow. On October 27 he arrived in Kazan. Along the way, Reguli collects material about the language and life of the Mari (Cheremis), Udmurts (Votiaks) and Chuvash. November 14, 1843 Reguli arrives in Perm, from where he began his wanderings through unexplored lands. Leaving Solikamsk on November 20, 1843, Reguli crossed the watershed of the Ural Mountains, reached the upper reaches of the Tura River, from where he headed north along the eastern slope of the ridge to the upper reaches of the Lozva River. After living for about three months among the Mansi, he leaves for Verkhoturye, then to Irbit and further to the Tavda and Tobol rivers. In the spring of 1844, along the waterway, in places on horseback or on foot next to a loaded horse, Reguli headed up the Konda River, then up the Pelyma River. Following along the eastern slope of the Urals along the Severnaya Sosva River, it reaches the headwaters of the Lyapina River and its tributary Khulga in the Subpolar Urals. Along the way, Reguli collects valuable material about the way of life, life and language of the Mansi and Khanty. The fairy tales and songs recorded by him reveal the spiritual world of these peculiar northern peoples. Wandering through a sparsely populated area, almost unknown to geographers, Reguli draws up schematic maps indicating the names of mountains, rivers and settlements. On September 29, 1844, having reached the Arctic Circle, Reguli arrived in Obdorsk (now Salekhard), then a small village consisting of only 40 houses. By that time, the Ob had already frozen over, and Reguli on deer along the tundra was heading to the northern tip of the Ural Mountains, reaching on October 21, 1844, the coast of the Kara Sea and the Yugorsky Shar Strait. This was the northernmost point (69°45" N) of his journey. In November, he arrives in the basin of the Usa River, in the region inhabited by the Komi (Zyryans), and continues his research here. From there, having crossed the Ural Mountains, Reguli goes to the mountains. Berezovo, but does not linger here, and along the Northern Sosva it goes up to the mouth of the Kempage. Following further along the Northern Sosva, he reaches the sources of this river (at 62 ° N), inhabited by the Mansi, and only after that again goes to the mountains. Berezovo. Here Reguli winters, putting his diaries in order. Reguli's trip through the Urals and Trans-Urals took place in very difficult conditions: there was not enough equipment, there were no necessary instruments. The Hungarian scientist traveled by boat along turbulent rivers, on horseback along mountain steeps, in sleds pulled by deer or dogs, and often on foot. Usually he was accompanied by guides - Mansi, Khanty or Nenets. The inquisitive researcher was always close to the feelings and thoughts of ordinary people, he singled out and highly appreciated the noble features of their behavior and morals. Contrary to the prevailing ideas about “savages” at that time, Reguli argued: “There are features in the life of uncultured peoples that deserve universal recognition. In their social life there are such phenomena that indicate compassion and the absence of malevolence. From Berezovo, Reguli sends information about his research to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and to St. Petersburg. In a letter to K. M. Baer, he reports that he has established an undoubted connection between the Mansi language and the Hungarian language. In the Mansi-Hungarian dictionary compiled by Reguli, there were 2600 Mansi words.
Routes of A. Reguli (compiled by N. P. Arkhipova): 1 - the first part; 2 - the second part; northern borders: 3 - agriculture; 4 - scaffolding established by Reguli
Reguli processed the most valuable material brought from the Urals throughout his subsequent life. He also prepared the main work "Vogulskaya country and its inhabitants", published in 1864 in Hungarian in Budapest after the death of the author. Reguli attached great importance to the study of the name of the area, in modern toponymy, which makes it possible to judge the settlement of peoples in the past. He also built his ideas about the origin and history of such settlement on the basis of a comparative analysis of languages, taking into account ethnographic data. Reguli established the genetic connection of the Finno-Ugric languages, which include the languages of the Hungarians, Finns, Mansi, Khanty, Komi and Mari. He was particularly struck by the similarities between the Mansi and Hungarian languages. He came to the conclusion that the Hungarians descended from ancestors who lived long ago in the Northern Urals and in the Trans-Urals, in the territory now inhabited by the Mansi. These statements of Reguli are basically accepted by modern linguists. According to them, the ancestral home of the Ugrians was located in a wooded area in the Kama basin and somewhat to the south. In the first half of the first millennium BC, tribes emerged from the Ugric community, which later became the ancestors of the Hungarians. The rest of the Ugrians remained in this territory for a long time, and in the XII-XV centuries, part of the tribes moved beyond the Urals. In general, Reguli's journey through the Urals and the Urals lasted about a year and a half (arrival in Solikamsk - November 1843, departure from Berezovo - March 1845). The length of his path was 5.5 thousand km. Previously, not a single scientist has conducted such lengthy and detailed studies here, nor has he explored such a vast territory. Reguli's journey through the little-known territory aroused interest in the study of the nature and population of the Northern Urals and contributed to the development of the study of the Finno-Ugric peoples.