Classes of pronouns. syntactic role. Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun: features and rules
Pronoun is an independent part of speech shows on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: me, myself, your, so much and etc.
Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose?), numerals (how many?): he laughs my brother, a little pencils.
Morphological and syntactic features of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.
The syntactic role of pronouns
The pronoun can be any member of the sentence:
I wish to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How long it will last(what included in the event) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending on whetherinstead of what part of speech they are used).
1. Noun pronouns (me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), however, from time to time, as an ordinal number, it shows the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - 5th).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how much, how much, a little). Their features:
B. Discharges of pronounsby lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or object named by the subject, the person or object named by the word myself (He will not offend himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, own, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very comfortable.).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, at least some, different, other, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, however, they serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, some, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, not- (No one answered. Incriminate some).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, some, also all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday: someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this one, all in the singular, neuter gender ( it's all) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantiated adjectives ( He is no longer safe for us; Himself will come; This is a book; Everything ended up great).
2) Some pronouns have homonyms in the middle of the service parts of speech ( what's this): it book(pronoun). - Moscow - this is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know, what tell him(pronoun, allied word). - I know, what he is here(alliance). See carefully How to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words?
Plan morphological analysis pronouns
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
2. Initial form.
3. Immutable morphological features:
4. Variable morphological features:
5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).
Standards for parsing pronouns
Imagine for myself satisfaction any botany, which the suddenly finds himself on an uninhabited peninsula, where these since no human foot has set foot, and where he can enrich my collection all sorts outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).
to whom?
2. N. f. - myself.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form of the dative case.
5. In the offer, an addition.
what?
2. N. f. - any.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.
4. Inconstant morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive.
1. Pronoun, shows the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - which the.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.
5. Subject in the sentence.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. - this.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form plural, genitive case.
5. In the sentence part of the occurrence of time.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - nobody's.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, shows the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - he.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
5. Subject in the sentence.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - own.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, shows a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. - any.
3. Invariable morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
Sources:
Additional to the site:
Using a computer in a Russian language and literature lesson allows the teacher to communicate at the modern technological level, make the lesson more attractive, and prepare well for passing the unified state exam In Russian.
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Akhtyamova Firaya Kayumovna,teacher of the Russian language and literature of the first qualification category, Novo-Arysh secondary school of Rybno-Slobodsky municipal district RT
The use of a computer in the lessons of the Russian language and literature allows the teacher to communicate with students at the modern technological level, make the lesson more attractive, and prepare well for passing the unified state exam in the Russian language.
Among the indisputable advantages of working with a computer, one can name the presence of feedback, great possibilities of presentation visual material, an objective assessment of the actions of students. computer technology promotes interest in the subject.
Topic. Pronoun. Classes of pronouns. syntactic role. Spelling.
Lesson goals. 1) Educational. Repetition and generalization of students' knowledge about the pronoun as a part of speech (points to an object, person, event, etc., without naming them), about the role of pronouns as a means of connecting sentences in the text, about the syntactic function of pronouns. The ability to find pronouns in speech, determine their role in the text, use pronouns correctly, introduce students to the structure of the Unified Exam test; set students up for serious work in preparing for the exam, repeat difficult questions on the subject of pronouns.
2) Developing. Awakening interest in students, positive motivation for learning the Russian language, development of oral and writing students.
3) Nurturing. To interest students in the personality of Marina Tsvetaeva; captivate with poetic creativity, in which loyalty to the Motherland, and the glorification of man, and passionate love. Education of kindness, morality.
4) Communicative.Organization of verbal communication, the formation of students' ability to communicate, self-esteem, readiness for interaction, mutual assistance.
Teaching method. Combined (a combination of verbal, visual, practical methods).
Lesson Form . Lesson in a computer class. Combination of general class and individual forms.
Equipment. Electronic edition (EI) “Preparing for the Unified State Examination. Russian language” (author of tasks A.Yu. Kuznetsov). Section "Morphology" (Theory), audio recording "Life and work of Marina Tsvetaeva", didactic material, tests, table.
Motivation. Use of visual reference materials computer complex “Getting ready for the Unified State Examination. Russian Language” makes it possible to quickly and interactively check the degree of mastering by students of the relevant sections.
Pronoun in languages ... - words are secondary, substitute words. What is it like
A paper currency that functions for the sake of convenience, thanks to
The presence of a gold fund. Golden fund for pronouns
Are significant words.
A.A. Reformatsky.
During the classes.
I . Organizing time.
II. Announcement of the goals and objectives of the lesson
Teacher: The purpose of our lesson is to repeat and generalize knowledge about the pronoun. Be able to eliminate unjustified repetition of pronouns in the text, distinguish between indefinite and negative pronouns, write them correctly, pronounce them.
Our other task is to prepare for the exam.
Despite the outward ease of tasks in morphology (pronoun), they require attention and concentration.
- Introductory conversation.
Guys, what do you know about the pronoun?
A pronoun is a significant part of speech that combines words that do not name persons, objects, signs, quantities, but only point to them or ask about them.
Examples: After the death of her mother, Marina Tsvetaeva's interest in music gradually fades away, but a new hobby appears - books and poetry. She writes poetry both in Russian and in German and French.
From no one (negative, if there is a preposition, neither is a particle - it is written separately) nothing (in the absence of a preposition, neither (not) are prefixes - it is written together) to borrow, not to imitate, not to be influenced, “to be yourself” - such was Tsvetaeva and it has remained so forever.
The pronoun can denote any object, any sign, any quantity. The specific meaning of the pronoun in each case of use varies: it depends on which word in the context the pronoun corresponds to.
What can you say about the morphological and syntactic functions of pronouns.
The morphological and syntactic functions of pronouns most often depend on which part of speech they indicate. Therefore, pronouns do not have their own special morphological features.
In a sentence, they are subjects, objects, like nouns, or definitions, like adjectives.
For example:
1. My poems, like precious wines,
Your turn will come.
M. Tsvetaeva.
Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron ... They met on May 5, 1991 on the deserted Koktebel coast.
Efron gave her a ring, inside which was engraved with the date of the wedding and the name Marina.
Teacher: -Guys, so we have come to the conclusion that our speech should be harmonious, correct, harmonious. We learned that the pronoun is the most important part of speech, as it allows you to avoid unnecessary repetition.
III. Training. Students take turns reading training exercises in the list of questions and justify their choice of answer.
IV. Teacher's comments.
v. Workshop on morphology. We work with an electronic textbook.Search path. Table of contents. Morphology. Pronoun.
Classification of pronouns by meaning.
Personal: 1l.i, we; 2l.ty, you; 3l.on, she, it, they.
Return: yourself.
Possessive: mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
Indicative: this, that, such, such, so much.
Interrogative (used for the question): who ?, what ?, which ?, which ?, whose ?, how much?
Relative (used to connect parts of complex sentences): who, what, which, which, whose, how much.
Certain: himself, most, all, everyone, each, different, different.
Negative: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, none, nobody.
Indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, some, someone, something, something.
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between personal and possessive pronouns, since in some forms they are homonymous. Compare, for example: This is his book - He was not at home.
Teacher's comments.Remember that some possessive pronouns (his, her, them) only match the genitive forms of personal pronouns (his, her, them).
Students perform training exercises from an electronic textbook.
Teacher. And now, guys, open the next page of the electronic textbook. We study the theory of pronoun spelling.
1. Indefinite pronouns are written with particles - something, - either, - something, something - through a hyphen: someone, someone, something.
2. Negative pronouns have a particle not only under stress, but not without stress: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing. In the absence of prepositions, these particles are written together, and with a preposition - in three words: with no one, no one.
3. Combinations should be distinguished by none other than; nothing but no one else, nothing else. We advise you to use the following features to distinguish between these combinations (Table No. 3 from the electronic textbook).
Completing tasks.
VI. The next stage of our lesson is working with text. 1. A little information about the life and work of Marina Tsvetaeva (tape recording is used). 2. On interactive whiteboard the text about Marina Tsvetaeva is displayed. Expressive reading text.
I underestimated Tsvetaeva for a long time. She had to get into it. When I did this, I gasped at the abyss of purity and power that opened up to me. There was nothing like it around...
In the spring of 1922, when she was already abroad, I bought a small book in Moscow. I was immediately captivated by the lyrical power of Tsvetaeva's form ... I wrote a letter to Tsvetaeva in Prague, full of delight and surprise at the fact that I recognized her late. She answered me. Correspondence began between us ... In the summer of 1935, I, not myself from almost a year of insomnia, ended up in Paris, at an anti-fascist congress. There I met my son, daughter and husband Tsvetaeva ...
Members of the Tsvetaeva family insisted on her return to Russia. They spoke of homesickness...
Tsvetaeva asked what I thought about this. I didn't have a definite opinion on this. I did not know what to advise her, and I was too afraid that it would be difficult and restless for her and her wonderful family to live with us. The total tragedy of the family immeasurably surpassed my fears.
Boris Pasternak "Airways".
Vocabulary work.
Abyss - 1) upkyn 2) iksez-chiksez 3) bik kүp.
Power-kuat. Ködrät, zur koch.
Surpass- 1) өsten chygu, uzdyra 2) arttyr.
Tasks:
1. Read the text. Determine the style and type of speech. Title the text. Divide into semantic parts. Find pronouns and prove that they allow you to avoid stylistic mistakes. What is the syntactic function of the pronoun?
2. Tell me, what categories are pronouns divided into by meaning and grammatical features? Which of them predominates in this text?
3. Analyze the spelling and punctuation of the last paragraph of the text. Make diagrams complex sentences text.
VII. Features of the use of pronouns.
- To personal pronouns of the 3rd person in indirect cases, after prepositions, n is usually added, for example: I went to him, talked with him, near him and. others
Note. Attachment n does not happen after adverbial prepositions that control dative case(like him, contrary to her, towards them, according to them), and also after the preposition thanks to (thanks to them) and comparative degree adjectives and adverbs (she is younger than him, he studies better than her).
- Pronouns of the 3rd person usually indicate the nearest previously named nouns, for example: The girl sang a song, and everyone liked her (i.e. the song). If this rule is not observed, ambiguity or distortion of meaning may arise, for example: The fitter was called to the head of the shop, but he (fitter or head of the shop?) did not appear.
- Should not be replaced by a 3rd person plural personal pronoun collective nouns(students, foliage, majority, etc.). For example, the following sentences are incorrectly constructed: Most of our class is leaving for a tourist camp. They will stay there for two weeks (instead of the pronoun they should use the noun schoolboys or guys).
- The possessive pronoun own and the reflexive self indicate persons who reproduce the action, for example: 1) Liza raised her clear eyes to him. If this rule is not observed, when using pronouns, ambiguity and ambiguity may arise, for example: I asked a friend to bring my suitcase into the car (whose suitcase: the narrator or the comrade?). To eliminate ambiguity, the sentence can be restructured as follows: I asked a friend to bring my suitcase into the car; I asked a friend to carry my suitcase into the carriage; I asked a friend to bring his suitcase into the car.
- Often pronouns act as a means of connecting sentences in a text.
Student reports on difficult cases of pronoun spelling (from their small research papers).
- We perform exercise 266. (V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko Manual for Russian language classes in high school). Task. Read and indicate what inaccuracies were made when using pronouns. Write by correcting the sentences.
VIII. Fixing the material. On the magnetic board there is a blind diagram (blank).
Ranks Examples
- Personal
- myself
- Interrogative-relative
- this one, that one.
- Possessive
- someone, something, somebody.
- Negative
- each, most, himself.
IX. Work with tests (for average and weak students).
- The pronoun is: 2. They
A) member of the proposal; a) personal
B) part of speech; b) returnable
B) phrase c) possessive
3. The pronoun itself indicates: 4. Find the excess
A) an object a) I, you, he
B) quantities; b) mine, yours, ours
In the face. c) each, the most, his own
5. Changes by birth 6. Nobody is
A) self a) negative
B) i b) index
C) this c) indefinite
7. Does not have a nominative case: 8 There is no pronoun
a) oneself a) subject
b) my b) predicates
c) yours. c) definitions
X. Option 2 (for strong students). Performing credit tests on the topic using EI training exercises. (A1-A5).
A1. In which sentence is not (or) written separately with the word?
- The breeze (not) how much did not interfere with us.
- (nickname) no one in the house knew about the alleged escape.
- More (not) from whom to expect help.
- Children (not) when to take a walk.
A2. Which sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun?
A) This includes the extralinguistic content of the text and the totality language tools through which it is transmitted.
B) Conventionally, they can be divided, as psychologists do, into two groups: objective and subjective.
AT) Modern psychology and psycholinguistics determine a number of factors that affect the perception of the text.
D) The properties and qualities of the text itself are objective.
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D.
A3. Give the correct spelling of the underlined word.
It is necessary to be enriched with knowledge and at the same time learn to use this knowledge in life.
- too - always written together;
- the same - always written separately;
- also - here it is coordinative union, therefore it is written together;
- the same - here this pronoun is with the same particle, therefore it is written separately.
A4. What part of speech is the word What in sentences A and B.
A. Talking about what is happening at the stadium is really not that difficult.
B. Sports report...
Q. It seems that it is so difficult - talk and talk to yourself!
1) in both cases - a pronoun
2) in both cases, the union
3) in a sentence with an A-conjunction, in a sentence with a B-pronoun
4) in sentence A - by a pronoun, in a sentence by a B-conjunction.
A5. In this impulse, I was grateful to her for the fact that she remained alive.
- but - always written together
- for that it is always written separately
- but - here it is a composing union, therefore it is written separately
- for that - here the pronoun is with the preposition for, therefore it is written separately.
Option 3 - similar tasks. When performing this type of task, students name the correct answer, arguing their choice. The teacher comments on the answers.
The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. pronouns, their features, role in the sentence - all this is covered in the material.
Pronoun
In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena, without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun house can be replaced by a pronoun he, numeral twenty- in a word some, adjective blue- pronoun some and so on.
Classification of pronouns by meaning
There are several classifications. So, on the basis of the meaning that the word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished ( he, you, we), possessive ( his, yours, ours), index ( that one, that one, that one), defining ( everyone, most, everyone), interrogative-relative ( what, whose, who), undefined ( someone, some, some), negative ( nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun myself. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated on the basis of its meaning.
personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative
The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a person category, the ability to change in cases, the presence of a category of gender in the 3rd person. For example: On fishing, he was in high spirits. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (him, which is characterized by such features as 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine.
The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessive ones as well) are similar to those of an adjective: they also change in cases, numbers, and genders. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun this(singular, masculine, im. case) and possessive pronoun his(singular, masculine, im. case). does not change, has a constant, traditional form - myself.
Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative
The grammatical features of definitive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to but indicate a generalized feature. In a sentence, they agree with a noun. For example, It got warmer every day. Pronoun each agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.
Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a brace. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative one in another: What do they say about new gadgets?(interrogative) - He was told what they say about new gadgets(relative). Such pronouns do not change, only who and what have a case category.
They indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogative questions by adding prefixes not- and something- or suffixes - someday, -then, -or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. Negative types of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogative ones, but are used for negation. For example: An unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some- indefinite and nobody- negative.
Classification of pronouns according to grammatical features
Replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun corresponds to any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, attribute or quantity.
Pronouns-nouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogative who and what and formed from them negative, recurrent. They answer questions about nouns. In sentences, they are most often complements or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated on the basis of its relation to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal have categories of person, number, case, and it is not customary for negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns to determine the person.
Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. it large group such parts of speech, which include all possessive, some demonstrative ( such, this, that and others), some interrogative ( what, whose) and the indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to the features of adjectives, that is, they have non-permanent categories of case, gender, number.
Numeral pronouns include a question word How many and indefinite word so many, as well as indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, only change in cases is inherent in them.
The syntactic role of pronouns
According to the criterion of referring to a particular category, it is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun by meaning. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated make it easy to indicate its syntactic role. So, in the sentence She wrote them another letter" There are three pronouns that perform different functions: she is(personal) - subject, them(personal) - addition, other(definitive) - definition.
Questions help to correctly name the member of the sentence expressed by the pronoun. For example, Nobody lived in your house before?. The question is who? - nobody- is the subject in the house what? your- definition. There are sentences that include only pronouns: It's them. Ethen- subject, they- predicate. There are several: them- addition, several- subject.
Morphological norms for the use of pronouns
Speaking of grammar rules When using pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, him, which are often misused. For example, his, his, theirs- this is a gross violation of the norms of the Russian language.
The use of pronouns he, they and she often requires the addition of the letter "n" at the beginning of the word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is required after the preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter "n" in the word is not needed: recognized him, asked her, saw them.
Pronoun and context
Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. For example, Father left for the city. He was away.Father or city was far away? The director, who is on the fifth floor, came to the office. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun svoi: The manager asked the manager to come into his office(whose office: head or manager).
Pronouns in the exam paper
AT examination work in Russian there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks in violation of grammatical norms. The table below shows examples of such tasks.
| Exercise | Answer |
| take from him correct usage: him) |
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
| their dacha (correct usage: their) |
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
| his neighbor (correct usage: him) |
Often the pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in the text. In the attestation work there are tasks for the definition in the text. For example, you need to determine how the sentences are related: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From it he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It's raining today. This was unexpected. These sentences are connected with the help of a demonstrative pronoun.
Thus, the grammatical features of the pronoun, morphological norms you need to know how to use them in order to successfully pass the exam in the Russian language.
The history of the formation of pronouns as a part of speech is interesting and special. For example, I- personal pronoun of the first person singular. It comes from the Old Slavonic ide, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - Az. in the language were formed later than all. This is due to the fact that earlier there were demonstrative pronouns i, i, e, sent to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by the transition of words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows the period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the subject from the speaker: s - close to the speaker t - close to the interlocutor , he- Absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it also has simple possessive forms ( mine, your), and interrogative ( whose?), and undefined ( somebody), and negative ( nobody's).
1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change in cases and numbers, the pronoun he changes by gender.
The proposal may include:
Subject: I I freeze in delight.
Predicate: A who this gentleman?
Addendum: The old man spoke with him irritated, bilious tone.
Circumstance: Under him a stream of lighter azure, under him golden sunbeam.
2. reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. It has no form Im.p., gender and number. In the sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked to myself into the mirror.
Attention!Get past yourself- here the word "to itself" is a particle with the verb.
3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, who?, whose?, what?, what?, how much? and others. Pronoun what? only varies by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how much? change only in cases. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:
Subject: Who did not conclude such conditions with his conscience?
Addition: About what would you like to know?
Definition: Which a flower fell at my feet?
4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, what, what, how much? and others. They are used in complex sentences, where they are allied words. The proposal may include:
Subject: Then the bit any, who could hold a rod in his hand.
Predicate: What is Apple tree, these are and apples.
Addendum: They learned of the existence poet, whose poems were popular.
Definition: I saw a cat in which had yellow eyes.
5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and suffixes -something, -either, -nibud: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.
The proposal may include:
Subject: someone from the summer residents went out the gate.
Definition: Masha wondered some rustling at the door.
Addendum: Leaves whispered about something his.
Circumstance: Several days it rained.
6. Possessive pronouns indicates that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns him, her, them. The proposal may include:
Definition: Lisa picked up on him their clear eyes.
The nominal part of the predicate: The Cherry Orchard became mine.
7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so many. They change by case, except such is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:
Subject: Yes, pathetic that in whom the conscience is not clear.
Predicate: What is the question - such is answer.
Definition: This the conversation brought no relief.
Addition: In the village only about it and spoke.
Attention! When declining pronouns so many and How many the stress always falls on the first syllable: so many, about how many.
8. Definitive pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of the subject: all, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other. They vary by gender, number of cases, except everyone.
The proposal may include:
Subject: Not any able to jump from a height.
Predicate: Lara was different, any.
Definition: The sun has cleared all shadows.
Addition: About everything what happened, I don't regret it.
9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, none, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, nor-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.
The proposal may include:
Subject: The night was dark, but nothing did not please.
Addition: Houses nobody did not have.
Definition: None persuasion did not help.
The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:
II want to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How longit will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronouns according to grammatical features (depending on which part of speech they are used instead of).
1. Pronouns-nouns ( me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
point to objects
· answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
are associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
indicate signs of objects;
· answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:
indicate the number of items;
・Answer a question How many?;
are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
usually change by case.
B. Ranks of pronouns according to lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative ones, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called allied words (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday:someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the singular, neuter gender (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives (He is no longer dangerous for us; He will come; This is a book; it ended well.)
2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech (this is what): This is a book (pronoun). -Moscow is the capital of Russia (indicative particle); I know what to say to him (pronoun, allied word). - I know that he is here (union).
VERB
1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.
2. Each verb has the following forms:
the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either time, or number, or person, because. it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;
conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;
· participle;
· adverb.
3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is constant sign verbs). transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed
noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;
A noun in the genitive case without a preposition denoting a part of something: drink tea, cut bread;
a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.
All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.
4. Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia . Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs intransitive.
5. Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.
Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and indefinite form given verb (what will do? - will draw, will sing).
Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is non-permanent feature verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.
· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .
· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. Subjunctive mood formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.
· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .
The verb can perform all 5 functions:
1) subject:
Live (subject) - to serve the motherland.
2) predicate:
My duty is to study well (predicate). I love (predicate) ice cream.
3) addition:
· The coach told us (what?) to come (addition) to training at 9-00.
4) Definition:
· The dream (what?) to leave the city as soon as possible (definition) did not leave me.
5) circumstance:
· I will go to Moscow (why?) to enter (objective circumstance) at MGIMO.
Participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways. Some linguists consider participles to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.
PARTICIPLE
Participle - special shape verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question which? (what? what? what?)
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
initial form the participle is the same as that of the adjective - singular, masculine, nominative: fled, built, opened.
The main signs of the sacrament
A) General grammatical meaning- this is the value of the attribute of the object by action: thinking, talking, standing, being solved, shot, drunk.
B) Morphological features:
1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:
the transition,
return,
2. Unlike verbs, participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. Wed: think(imperfect species) - thinking, thinking; think(perfect view) - thinking.
3. Participles have the following signs of adjectives:
Participles, like adjectives, change by number, gender (singular) and cases (full form): fled, fled, fled, fled;
Participles, like adjectives, agree with the noun in number, gender (singular) and case: lost diary, lost book, lost time; lost hours, wasted time;
· passive participles, like quality adjectives, have full and short form: drunk-finish; Lost-lost.
C) Syntactic signs:
1. In a sentence, participles, like adjectives, are usually definitions or part of a compound nominal predicate: Enthusiastic we forgot about everything(definition) ; All aroundseemed immersed into thoughtfulness(part of the compound nominal predicate).
2. Short participles, like short adjectives, play the role of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence: Bookdisclosed on the eighth page
GENERAL PARTICIPLE
The participle is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting an additional (secondary in nature) action in the sentence and answering the questions what are you doing? having done what?
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
gerunds imperfect form are formed from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
· be silent: silent-at → silently;
decide: decide-yut → deciding;
gerunds perfect look are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up be → hushed up;
solve: decide be → deciding;
to do: busy be-sya → preoccupied;
bring: brought- ti → bringing.
Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes.
Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).
The participles have the characteristics of two parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.
Like verbs, gerunds are:
imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?);
transitive and intransitive:transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss;
returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down;
Participles can attach indirect cases of names
nouns and explained with adverbs: agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.
Just like adverbs, gerunds do not change in the sentence either.
act as circumstances explaining the verb - predicate.
ADVERB
Adverb- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign. The question to an adverb depends on its meaning, which it expresses.
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers questions. as? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? :Autumn.(where?) Overhead(how?) gradually begins to turn yellow, blush, turn brown leaves on the trees (V. Bianchi).
Most often, an adverb refers to a verb ( write correctly), less often to an adjective, participle, gerund, another adverb, noun ( winter cold day; short flowering shrub; walk joyfully bouncing; surprisingly easy to explain,reluctant tragedian).
An adverb is an invariable part of speech: it does not decline, does not conjugate, does not agree with other words. The adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
Ranks of adverbs
According to the general semantics, two categories are distinguished:
1. definitive
2. adverbial.
The attributive category includes adverbs denoting qualities, mode of action, intensity of manifestation of the trait.
Within the boundaries of the defining category stand out:
1. adverbs of action with the meaning of quality: fast, fun, clear;
2. Comparison: bearish, hedgehog;
3. intensity of the sign: too, very, a little;
4. multiplicities: twice, thrice.
The circumstantial category includes:
1. adverbs of place: below, above;
2. adverbs of time: long time ago, tomorrow;
3. adverbs of reason: rashly, joyfully;
4. adverbs of purpose: on purpose, on purpose;
5. adverbs of compatibility: threesome, together and etc
PRETEXT
Pretext- this is an official part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: want to mom, I'm going per bread, go on three, come back per her.