The diversity and importance of fish presentation. Presentation on the topic "diversity of fish". Does not belong to the class of bony fish

slide 3

BUTTERFLY FISH (Pantodon buchholzi, Peters, 1876) - the only species singular kind freshwater fish of the Pantodon family (Pantodontidae), an object of aquarium fish farming. Butterfly fish lives in the tropics West Africa(Niger, Cameroon, Congo basin, upper Zambezi). The fish keeps near the surface of calm areas of water, and becomes active at dusk and at night.

BUTTERFLY FISH

These fish feed on insects that have fallen to the surface of the reservoir, as well as small fish. With the help of pterygoid pectoral fins, they are able to make long jumps above the water and catch prey in the air. In Europe, butterfly fish appeared in 1905. Seven years later, aquarists in Germany and the Czech Republic bred their offspring for the first time.

slide 4

ANGEL FISH, several genera of fish (Pomacanthus, Centropyge, etc.) of the bristletooth family.

Typical inhabitants of coral reefs. They are distinguished by an unusually bright color and a bizarre shape of the body, fins and head. Sizes from 10 to 60 cm. They differ from other representatives of the angelfish family by the presence of a well-developed spine on the preoperculum. Many change their color during their lifetime.

Within the group, a subtle and diverse food specialization is observed, which is reflected in the morphological features of the oral apparatus. The bright coloration of the body of bristletooths is associated with the territoriality of these fish, as well as with the existence of permanent monogamous pairs in them. It is assumed that bright coloring helps partners not to lose each other.

angel fish

slide 5

They live in South America in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems. Popular aquarium fish, known in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century.

angelfish

Scalars (Pterophyllum), a genus of fish of the cichlid family. Length up to 15 cm, height up to 26 cm. The body is silvery with transverse black stripes.

slide 6

SOMIKI, several genera of fish of the catfish order.

• Length up to 8 cm. Body in a shell of bone plates.
• They live in the reservoirs of the tropics of all continents except Australia.
• Over 20 species are bred in aquariums (ancistrus, loricaria) from the families of armored catfish and chain catfish.

Slide 7

goldfish

GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus), a subspecies of the goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio), lives wild in China, Japan and Korea and on some islands. Differ in a shortened wide body, often red-golden in color; long fins. There are many varieties, the exact number of which cannot be counted (in China, you can find forms that are still unknown in Europe).

Slide 8

CICHLIDS (cichlovye fish, Cichlidae), a family of perch-like fish. It unites several dozen genera, which include more than 1500 species. The taxonomy of the family has not been finally established. They live in tropical fresh waters of Africa (in particular, in lakes Victoria, Nyasa and Tanganyika), Central and South America, several species are found in Madagascar and South Asia.

Slide 9

Swordfish (xiphophorus) (Xiphophorus), a genus of viviparous fish of the family Peciliaceae. Distributed in fresh and brackish waters of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Members of the genus are among the most popular aquarium fish. Known in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. The genus got its name because of the lower edge of the caudal fin elongated in the form of a sword in males. Species without a tail sword are traditionally called platies. All species interbreed easily.

swordsmen

Slide 10

Apistogramma (Apistogramma), a genus of fish of the cichlid family; the size of the male reaches 7 cm, females - 5 cm (usually smaller in aquariums). The color of males is blue-green, a reddish strip along the body, the belly is yellow. The head and caudal fin are yellowish. Gill covers have green dots and stripes. The tail is fan-shaped, high dorsal. The dorsal and anal fins of the male are sharper than those of the female, larger and brighter colored. There is also a beige form.

apistograms

slide 11

HEMIGRAMMUS (Hemigrammus), a genus of fish of the Characin family. In nature, they live in tropical waters of South America. They have an adipose fin. The lateral line is incomplete. Mostly small, brightly colored peaceful fish well suited for keeping in aquariums. More than 40 species are currently kept in aquariums, many of which are known under common name tetras. Most often in aquariums there are: tetragonopterus, erythrosonus, costelo, flashlight, pulcher, less often - red-nosed and black-tailed tetras.

hemigrammus

slide 12

NEONS, a group of species of popular aquarium fish of the Characin family. They are distinguished by a bright, luminous color: a luminous blue-green stripe runs along the body, below which there is a bright red stripe. In nature, they live in the tributaries of the Amazon River. The body is low, elongated, laterally compressed, up to 5.5 cm long, usually up to 4 cm.

slide 13

BARBUS (Barbus), a genus of fish of the carp family. They live in the waters of Africa, India, China, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Several species in Europe. Among the European-Asian barbs there are large commercial fish. About 50 beautifully colored species are bred in aquariums. All aquarium barbs are Asian or Asian-African fish with a terminal mouth and small sizes. Brought to Russia in 1910.

Slide 14

PECILIA (Poecilia), a genus of viviparous fish of the family Peciliaceae. They live in fresh and brackish waters along the Pacific coast of South, Central and North America. Widely distributed on other continents as a result of acclimatization. One of the most popular aquarium fish. Slide 17

thorns

TERNETIA (mourning tetra, black tetra; Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) is a species of fish of the Characin family. Body oval, laterally compressed, body length 5–6 cm, silvery with three black transverse stripes on the sides, one of which crosses the eye. Males are smaller than females, almost black, and have a more pointed dorsal fin. There is a veil form. Ternetia lives in the rivers Mato Grosso, Rio Paraguay and Rio Negro.

Slide 18

TETRAS, several species of fish from the genera Hemigrammus, Hifessobricon and some other families of Characins.

Small (length up to 7-8 cm), brightly and variously colored mobile, non-aggressive spawning fish, easily adapt to the conditions of detention. The most famous are the black tetra, or blackthorn, the firefly tetra, or erythrosonus, the silver tetra (ktenobricon), the roach tetra (tetragonopterus), royal tetra other.

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educational aspect:

• educate compliance with the norms of behavior in the team, respect for the opinions of others when joint activities in small groups;

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"Lesson Molchan T.L."

MKOU Oktyabrskaya secondary school №1

Lesson topic: "Systematics and diversity of the superclass Pisces".

7th grade.

According to the textbook: V. B. Zakharova, N. I. Sonina, E. T. Zakharova. Biology. variety of living organisms.

Biology teacher Molchan Tatyana Leonidovna

The purpose of the lesson:

teaching aspect:

identify the characteristic and common features of the classes Cartilaginous and Bony fish;

establish and be able to explain the relationship of the structure with the environment;

develop skills to work with study guide, printed material (extract necessary information, systematize and structure it, use text, drawings to perform independent work and work in groups);

to master the method of systematization of signs on the example of a superclass of fish;

development aspect:

develop speech (enrichment and complication vocabulary when using the biological terms of the topic "Systematics and diversity of the superclass Fish");

develop thinking: the ability to compare (external and internal structure different subclasses of bony and cartilaginous fishes), establish relationships (connection of the structure with the way of life and habitat), highlight the main thing (highlight the main, essential from the list of signs), draw conclusions, systematize and structure the results;

develop the ability to manage their actions (plan educational activities, control their actions, distribute working time);

educational aspect:

to educate compliance with the norms of behavior in a team, respect for the opinions of others in joint activities in small groups;

educate discipline (when listening to reports on the work done by students), accuracy (when conducting self-registration of the results).

Formation of competencies: communicative, informational, educational and cognitive competencies.

Lesson type: lesson learning new knowledge.

Lesson facilities: computer, multimedia projector, didactic material, an interactive presentation made with Power Point.

Lesson steps:

updating of basic knowledge;

preparation for active cognitive activity;

assimilation of new knowledge and methods of action;

initial check of understanding;

result on a reflective basis.

During the classes.

Application No. 1

1 option

Choose the correct answers:

All fish have a streamlined body shape.

Fish skin has glands that secrete mucus

Fish eyes do not have eyelids.

There are sensory cells in the canals of the lateral line organs

The nervous system consists of the brain and the ventral nerve cord

The heart of fish is three-chambered.

The blood in the atrium is venous and the blood in the ventricle is arterial

Fish spawning occurs only in warm time of the year

Fish embryos emerging from eggs feed on unicellular plants and microscopic crustaceans.

Fish are hermaphrodites.

Option 2

Choose the correct answers:

The body of most fish has scales that contain enamel teeth.

The gill covers and the dorsal fin serve as the boundaries of the head, trunk and tail.

Fish don't have hearing

The remnants of the notochord in most fish are located between the vertebrae.

The circulatory system of fish is closed

When the volume of the swim bladder increases, the fish floats

The excretory organs of fish are the kidneys, the bladder is not

All fish are dioecious

Fish have one circulation.

There is a swim bladder filled with air.

Application №2

Making a mini-project

Subject: "Division of the superclass Pisces into orders and suborders"

Problem: the reason for the division of the superclass of fish into orders and suborders

Object of study : fish

Objective : establish the reasons for the division of fish into orders and suborders

Tasks:

- to determine the structural features of the suborder of sharks;

- establish examples of fish belonging to this suborder;

- establish the value of these fish in nature.

Working hypothesis : division of the superclass of fish into orders and suborders

associated with their structural features.

Research results:

The speech begins with the words:During our research, we found that... The speech ends with the words: The hypothesis was confirmed

Application No. 3

lobe-finned fish (lat. Crossopterygii ) - superorder, an ancient and almost completely extinct group fish. A feature of the brush-finned are fins, at the base of which there is a muscular lobe. Currently, the only representative of the lobe-finned - coelacanths- live in the area Comoros at a depth of 400-1000 meters. Until recently, it was believed that representatives of the lobe-finned fish died out about 7 million years ago .. The fish had a length of 7 cm to 5 meters, were inactive. The lobe-finned fish had numerous conical teeth, which makes them serious predators. The skeleton of fleshy fins consisted of several segments branched in the shape of a brush, so scientists gave the name to these "fossil" fish - "brush-finned". AT 1938 off the southern coast of Africa, in the Indian Ocean, the first instance of an unknown fish was caught from a depth of 70 m. A real sensation was a live lobe-finned fish, which was accidentally caught in 1938 in South Africa at the mouth of the Halumne River at a depth of 70 m. The fish had a length of about 150 centimeters and weighed 57 kilograms. Professor J. Smith attributed it to the coelacanths and in 1939 published a description of the new species. A new species of fish related to extinct "fossil" fish was named coelacanth(Latimeria chalumnae), in honor of the curator of the museum, Miss Courtenay-Latimer, who handed over the first fish caught to scientists. Later it turned out that local fishermen, it turns out, had already caught lobe-finned fish and used them for food. The second specimen was caught with a line from a depth of 15 m in the same area. To 1980 more than 70 coelacanths were caught. The coelacanth has 7 fins, 6 of them are strong, strong, well developed, resembling limbs (paws). During the movement, the coelacanth stands on these paired fins and, turning them over like paws, moves. Coelacanths are ovoviviparous. Their bright orange eggs, 9 cm in diameter, weigh up to 300 g. Pregnancy in coelacanths lasts about 13 months, and large eggs have a characteristic bright orange color. The body length of newborn cubs reaches 33 cm.

Lungfish- This is a very ancient, small group of freshwater fish. This group of fish combines primitive features with special features of high adaptability to life in fresh waters depleted of oxygen. In modern representatives, most of the skeleton remains cartilaginous for life.
Lungfish were once numerous, but now only 6 species have survived. African protopters(there are 4 species) and South American lepidosiren have two lungs, and the Australian cattail, or barramunda, is only one. Horntooths seem specially designed to live in the decaying water of swamp bogs. When all the fish and other animals die in superheated stagnant water, almost devoid of oxygen, and from their decaying corpses the water turns into a fetid slurry, the horntooths, left alone, as if nothing had happened, bask in the mud. The lack of oxygen in the water is not easy for lungfish. The presence of lungs helps to provide their body with oxygen. And yet, if the reservoir dries up completely, the horntooths die. But African protopters are not. They have adapted to life in dry waters. Even at the beginning of the dry season, protopters urgently dig, more precisely, eat holes up to half a meter deep at the bottom of reservoirs, capturing silt with their mouths or gnawing out pieces of clay and throwing crushed soil through their gills. While the water is still not completely dry, the fish sits in a hole, sticking its head out, and from time to time rises to the surface to breathe air, because there is almost no oxygen left in the water during this period. When the drought intensifies and the bottom is exposed, the protopter folds in half in the same position - head up - and covers its eyes with its tail. Now he no longer clears the entrance to the hole, and the hole is filled with liquid silt. From this moment, the skin glands of the protopter begin to intensively produce mucus, which impregnates the walls of the hole. As a result, a shell of a mixture of silt and mucus forms around the fish. In the midst of a drought, when the exposed bottom dries up, the liquid shell hardens, turning into a reliable capsule. This prevents the fish from further dehydration.

RAY-FINED FISH(Actinopterygii), a subclass of bony fish (Osteichthyes), found in almost all water bodies. They are characterized ossified skeleton, gill cover covering the gills clefts, and erythrocytes (red blood cells) with nuclei. Most representatives of this class have scales. Bony fish have been known since the Devonian period, when they were covered with strong scales and lived in fresh waters. Uniting over 20 thousand species (97% of all fish species). Ray-finned fish have been known since the Middle Devonian since the Carboniferous and dominate all fish. Their chord is not completely preserved. There are paired fins: thin, mobile, they are formed by an elastic skin membrane stretched over flexible bone rays. Such fins are ideal as rudders and oars, but also perform other functions. For example, many ray-finned pectoral fins ventilate their eggs like a fan. In gobies, the fins have changed into a sucker; flying fish use them for gliding flight. The pelvic fins of many Belontiidae perform tactile functions. There is one dorsal fin, secondarily there may be two or three. The swim bladder is usually present.

Representatives:

Ruff. E it is a freshwater fish that lives in reservoirs Europe and northern Asia , near the bottom in lakes, dams, near the banks of rivers, prefers a sandy bottom or gravel. Length adult fish- about 10 cm. It feeds mainly on bottom invertebrates, sometimes - small fish and some plants. The ruff, in turn, is preyed upon by larger fish. In addition, ruffs are actively caught cormorants, different types herons, small individuals - common kingfisher, smew and merganser.

piranhas reach a length of 30 cm and weight up to a kilogram. An adult piranha is a large fish, olive-silver with a purple or red tint. A clear black border runs along the edge of the caudal fin. In young piranhas, the color is silver, the sides are with black spots, and the ventral anal fins are reddish. The structure of the lower jaw and teeth allows the piranha to snatch large pieces of meat from prey. The teeth of piranhas look like a triangle 4-5 mm high and are located so that the teeth of the upper jaw fit exactly into the grooves between the teeth of the lower jaw. The jaws act in two ways: when the jaws are closed, the meat is cut off like a razor sharp teeth, when the closed jaws are shifted in the horizontal direction, the fish can bite off denser tissues - veins and even bones. An adult piranha may bite a stick or human finger.

saury inhabits the subtropical and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean, both along the Asian and American coasts: from the Sea of ​​Japan and east coast Japan to California. Sea schooling fish. The body is elongated, laterally compressed, covered with small scales. The bones of the skeleton have a greenish tint. These are fish with small scales, a large mouth and long upper and lower jaws. Representatives of this family (saury, mackerel) have a number of small fins between the dorsal and caudal and between the anal and caudal fins. Saury reaches a body length of up to 40 cm, a weight of up to 200 g. The age limit is 6-7 years. The basis of catches are fish of three, four years.

Pike(lat. Esox) - a genus of freshwater fish, the only one in the pike family (Esocidae). The type species of the genus is Esox lucius (common pike). Distributed in Europe, Siberia, North America. Pike can reach 1.8 m in length and 47 kg in weight, although larger specimens are also found. The life expectancy of individual individuals can reach up to 30 years. The body of the pike has an elongated shape and resembles a torpedo

cartilaginous fish

Almost all fish of this subclass are either anadromous or freshwater; for throwing caviar, passers-by, as well as those living in lakes, enter the rivers. Sturgeons are extremely fertile and the number of testicles in large individuals is estimated at several million. In addition to the spring move to the rivers for spawning, sturgeon fish In some places they also enter the rivers in autumn for wintering. These fish keep mainly at the bottom, feed on various animal food: fish, shellfish, worms, insects. Body length up to 6 m Atlantic and white sturgeon weight - up to 816 kg white sturgeon. Beluga - one of the largest freshwater fish, reaches a ton of weight and a length of 4.2 m. As exceptions, individuals up to 2 tons and 9 m in length were indicated. Cartilaginous fish are of great commercial importance, they were originally called red fish - for their special value. Their meat is highly valued, an even more valuable product is the famous black caviar ; in addition, the swim bladder provides valuable glue, the dorsal string is eaten under the name vyazigi.

Application No. 4

Choose the correct statements.

1) In cartilaginous fish, the gills are closed with cartilaginous covers.

3) Most stingrays lead a benthic lifestyle.

4) Sharks and rays lead a benthic lifestyle.

5) All sharks are dangerous to humans.

6) Cartilaginous fish have highly developed muscles.

7) Cartilaginous fish have a swim bladder.

8) The skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with scales.

9) The body of stingrays has a torpedo-shaped body.

10) The coloring of the rays is patronizing.

Run test:

Does not belong to the class of bony fish:

a) carp; b) slope; c) perch; d) coelacanth.

2. Bony fish, unlike cartilaginous ones, have:

a) chest and ventral fins; b) streamlined body shape;

c) gills covered with gill covers;

d) developed tail fin.

3. The number of chambers in the heart of fish:

a) two; b) three; c) one d) four.

4. Adaptation of fish to aquatic environment is not:

a) the presence of paired fins; b) lateral line;

c) head and spinal cord; d) breathing with gills.

5.Circulatory system of fish:

a) has one circle of blood circulation; b) has two circles of blood circulation;

c) has a three-chambered heart; d) open.

6.Using a swim bladder fish:

a) digest food b) move faster

c) perceives the direction and strength of the water current;

d) sinks to a depth or rises.

7. Does not apply to cartilaginous fish:

a) white shark b) European chimera;

c) common catfish; d) dipterous slope.

8. Lung breathing is typical for fish:

a) chimeras; b) brush-finned; c) salmon-like; d) sharks.

9. Latimeria - a representative of fish:

a) perch-like; b) brush-finned; c) cyprinids; d) herring.

10. Gills are closed with gill covers at:

a) shark b) stingray c) perch; d) chimeras.

Application No. 5

Student's FI ____________________________________________________________

Application No. 6

From the parts of what fish is the fantastic animal depicted in the picture formed? Indicate and inscribe in the figure the characteristic features that reflect the belonging of the fish variant you have chosen to a certain part

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"variety of fish"

Answers

1 option

Option 2

Rate a friend:

"5" - 9 correct answers

"4" - 7 correct answers

"3" - 5 correct answers

• The meaning of fish

Type: chordates

Subtype : Cranial /vertebrates/

Chapter: Maxillary

Superorder: Fish

Class:

cartilaginous

Bone

Problem:

the reason for the division of the superclass of fish into orders and suborders

Shark subclass .

Top row, left to right: whale shark, nurse shark, giant shark.

Bottom row, left to right: white, mako, sea fox.

Subclass of rays

Top row, left to right: sawfish, diamond ray, spotted ray.

Bottom row, left to right: manta, stingray, electric ray.

Subclass Ray-finned fish.

perch

Trout

Sea Horse

saury

Piranha

Pike

Subclass Cartilaginous fish.

Sterlet

Sturgeon

shovels

Subclass lungfish

African Protopter.

Subclass Crossoptera

Coelacanth

Subclass

sharks

Characteristic

stingrays

Examples

Cartilaginous skeleton. Gill covers are absent. The pectoral and ventral fins are horizontal, the swim bladder is absent.

Whale, nurse shark, giant, white, mako, sea fox

The body is flattened in the dorsal direction. Cartilaginous skeleton. Gill covers are absent. Their gill slits have moved to the ventral side

osteochondral

ray-finned

Sawfish, diamond, spotted, manta, stingray, electric

The fins are horizontal. Scales in the form of large bony plaques. Skeleton, and chorda, dressed in a thick case. The brain skull is entirely cartilaginous, covered on the outside by bones that form the roof of the skull

Beluga, sturgeon, sterlet

Ossified skeleton, gill covers, Their chord is not completely preserved. There are paired fins: thin, mobile, they are formed by an elastic skin membrane stretched over flexible bone rays.

Crossopterygians

Perch, saury, pike, catfish,

Dipnoi

Chord. Cartilaginous skull. Fins are fleshy, blade-like

Coelacanth

There is a chord, and the vertebral column is represented by the rudiments of the vertebrae. Gill and pulmonary respiration.

Protopter, flake, horntooth

Working hypothesis: the division of the superclass of fish into orders and suborders with is connected with the peculiarities of their structure.

• Familiarize yourself with the classification of fish
• Representatives of systematic groups and their features
• The meaning of fish

• Page 188- answer questions

• Make a project of your group in the form of a presentation *
• Propose and submit your project on the topic Superclass of fish*
• Creative task*

Summarizing.

• Choose the correct statements:
• Choose the correct statements:

• Choose one answer from four:

Rate yourself

"5" - 13 correct answers

"4" - 10 correct answers

"3" - 8 correct answers

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Slides captions:

Lesson on the topic "Diversity of fish" using the Singaporean methodology

“Others inherited from nature a prophetic-blind instinct - They smell them, hear the waters ...” F.I. Tyutchev

The purpose of the lesson: to systematize knowledge about the structure of bone fish in connection with the habitat and to identify the reasons for the diversity and importance of bone fish.

A monument to the giant beluga has been unveiled in Tetyushi. In 1921, local fishermen caught it near Tetyushi. The weight of the miracle fish was 960 kilograms.

Quiz-quiz-trade, (Quiz-Quiz-Trade) - “quiz-quiz-exchange cards" where students check and teach each other on the material covered, using cards with assignments (on one side) and answers on the topic (with other side)

TIMED PEA SHEA (Timed-Pair-Share) is a learning structure in which two participants share detailed responses over a set amount of time.

Choose correct judgments 1. All fish have a streamlined body shape. 2. The body of most fish is covered with scales. 3. The skin of fish has glands that secrete mucus. 4. There are fish in which the notochord is preserved throughout their lives. 5. The circulatory system of fish is open. 6. The heart of fish consists of two sections: the atrium and the ventricle. 7. All fish have a swim bladder. 8. Excretory organs of fish - kidneys. 9. The body of the fish consists of three sections: the head, trunk and tail. 10. Fish cannot turn their heads, but their eyes are mobile. 11. In cold water There is more dissolved oxygen than warm water, so the release of warm water (thermal pollution) can cause fish to die.

Variety of bony fish

bony fish

Sketch the skeleton of the fish: the head is our goal at this stage, the processes of the vertebrae are the orders and their features, and the tail is the conclusion or result. Reasons for the diversity of fish in nature - Conclusion?

Sturgeon-like Salmon-like Herring-like Cypriniformes Perch-like Orders of bony fishes

Orders Habitat conditions Features of external structure Representatives Salmon-like Herring Cyprinids Perch-like Sturgeons

Sima Sockeye salmon Pink salmon

Atlantic herring Ivasi

carp roach golden crucian carp

Mackerel Pike perch

The largest of the sturgeon is the beluga, living in the Caspian, Black, Adriatic Seas, - reaches 8 meters in length and 11 - 12 q of mass. Belugas live to such sizes by the age of one hundred years.

The meaning of fish

The Frayer Model is a learning framework that helps students deeply understand and understand the concepts and concepts being taught. Participants consider a concept from different angles, writing down its mandatory and optional characteristics, examples and anti-examples (what cannot be an example).

Thank you for your attention!

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CLASS CARTILAGE FISH. Sharks Cartilaginous - a modern group of fish, including no more than 700 species of animals. Their skeleton remains cartilaginous for life. The skin is covered with a kind of scales, reminiscent of the structure of teeth covered with enamel. There are no gill covers, as in bony fish, and the gill slits open outwards with independent openings. The paired fins are arranged horizontally, the caudal fin has two unequal lobes, of which the upper one is larger. The shoulder girdle of the limbs is represented by a solid cartilaginous arch, covering the body from the sides and from below. There is no swim bladder. Representatives of the class Marine life sharks and rays. Shark polar

The largest - giant (up to 15 m) and whale (up to 20 m) feed on small planktonic organisms, filtering water through the gills; they pose no danger. Other sharks feed on fish; often, accompanying the ships, they pick up garbage. giant shark CLASS CARTILAGE FISH. sharks

In our country, the katran shark (up to 1 m in length) is hunted in the Black and Japanese Seas. All sharks are sea creatures fresh water only a few representatives enter the tropics. KATRAN (SEA DOG, SPIKED SHARK.

CLASS CARTILAGE FISH. Stingrays Stingrays do not look like sharks: their body is flattened in the dorsal-ventral direction. These are usually bottom fish. Their gill slits have moved to the ventral side, so they draw water for breathing through the sprinklers so as not to clog the gills with sand.

CLASS CARTILAGE FISH. Stingrays Stingrays feed on benthic organisms and fish. In many places they are hunted and considered very tasty. In stingrays, at the base of the tail, there is a long (about 35 cm) needle on top, often serrated, with a groove that secretes poison. Injections of tropical stingrays sometimes lead to death. Large, up to 2.5 m long, stingray ( catfish) lives in the Black Sea, there are stingrays and off the coast of Southern Primorye. In the tropics, in South and Central America, stingrays also live in rivers.

Electric rays have electric organs on the sides of the body - modified muscles that generate a discharge of up to 220 volts. With a shock, the stingray kills prey, usually small fish, and can stun a person who touches it. They live in warm waters, reaching up to mediterranean sea. Electric stingray CLASS CARtilAGE FISH. stingrays

Some rays have moved to life in the water column, feeding on small fish. These are eagle rays, mobuls and manta rays ( sea ​​Devils). Manta rays are the largest rays, their body width reaches 7 m, and their weight is 2 tons. Manta ray

CLASS BONE FISH. SUBCLASS RAY-FINGERS. Pike wikipedia Bony fish are characterized by the fact that their skeleton becomes partially or completely bony. This class includes a number of large groups of fish, which differ in the characteristic features of organization already described above. Pike

SUBCLASS CARTILAGE FISHES This is a small ancient group of fish (including the well-known sturgeons - beluga, sturgeon, sterlet), which have a number of common features organizations with cartilaginous fish. Their tail fin, like that of sharks, is unevenly lobed. The fins are horizontal. Scales in the form of large bony plaques. The basis of the axial skeleton is a life-preserving chord, dressed in a thick case. beluga

SUBCLASS LUNCHING FISH Most of the skeleton of modern representatives throughout life remains cartilaginous; the chord is preserved, and the vertebral column is represented by the rudiments of the vertebrae. Feature lungfish - the presence, in addition to gills, also of pulmonary respiration. As organs of pulmonary respiration, one or two bubbles function, opening on the ventral side of the esophagus. Lungfish live in the drying waters of Africa, Australia and South America. AT hot season years they dig a mink at the bottom of the reservoir, climb into it and breathe atmospheric air until the water is completely dry. After that, the animal forms a mud cocoon, dehydrates, hibernates. When water reappears in the reservoir, the fish “wakes up”. sporeclub.ru An ancient and unique group of freshwater fish.

SUBCLASS BRUSHOPPER FISH The lobe-finned fish are an ancient group of fish. The only species that has survived to this day - latumeria - was found only in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Comoros. These animals avoid lighted areas. Kisteperye are predators, their mouth is armed with sharp teeth. The body length in adults reaches cm, weight kg. The vertebrae are rudimentary, and the notochord persists throughout life. The skull mostly remains cartilaginous throughout life. The fins are fleshy, similar to blades, their skeleton has overall plan structures with limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. 4. Coelacanth, or coelacanth. video.com.ua/index.php?showtopic=18448&pid=246609&mode=threaded&start=