Herbivorous fish list. Herbivorous fish can switch to animal food. Keeping prelarvae and rearing them

- the bird is unique: it is the only bird that spends most of its life in flight, covering distances from 200 to 1000 kilometers per day. Several factors contribute to this: hollow bones and air sacs, which greatly reduce body weight, as well as incredibly large aerodynamic wings, on which the bird soars for hours on end. Only during the breeding season, wandering albatrosses land on land, and can be found on some rocky islands of the subarctic belt.

The bird got its name thanks to the Spanish sailors, who, when they first saw the feathered bird, called it "alcatraz" (as they called all large sea birds). The English distorted this word, resulting in the appearance of the albatross.

Although the body size wandering albatross and not the largest (about 115 cm), its wingspan (pictured above) reaches 325 cm, which is an absolute record in the bird world. The plumage of adults is usually white, and only a few black stripes on the back of the wings spoil the snow-white plumage. Paws and beak are painted in pale pink color.

Wandering albatrosses have a biennial breeding cycle, so you can see pairs with adult chicks from the previous year and incubating pairs in the same colony. By the way, birds form monogamous pairs, which, however, can break up if they fail to breed.

By the onset of the mating season, which falls on the month of December, the males arrive at the old nesting sites, after a few weeks the females join them. A pair of wandering albatrosses builds a nest of branches and earth directly, under the protection of grass and shrubs, and this is preceded by a special ritual (in the video below):

The female lays only one egg weighing about 0.5 kg, which is then incubated by both parents for 78 days. After hatching, the chick remains under vigilant supervision for 4-6 weeks, after which adult birds leave him alone while they themselves get food.

The feeding period lasts a total of 9 to 10 months, and the birds reach sexual maturity at the age of six. Until this age, young wandering albatrosses annually return to their places of birth.

Albatrosses have earned fame for long distance travel over the surface of the ocean, as well as the fact that they have the largest wingspan in the world of birds. They are isolated in a separate family of albatrosses, which includes a total of 21 species. Together with petrels, storm-petrels and Cape doves, they make up the order Pipe-nosed, which in its physiology differs sharply from other birds.

White-backed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus).

Albatrosses are large birds, in their squad they are larger than petrels, not to mention small storm petrels and Cape doves. The weight of large species can reach 11 kg, the wingspan averages 2 m. Outwardly, albatrosses look like large gulls, but this resemblance is only external. The first thing that catches your eye is the "gull" beak - long, narrow, with a sharp hook at the end. But in fact, the beak of these birds is arranged in a special way: firstly, its horny cover is not continuous, but consists of separate plates, as if sewn together; secondly, the nostrils of albatrosses are elongated into long tubes (for which they were called tube-nosed), which are located on the sides of the beak. These tubes play an important role in the life of albatrosses, because the special structure of the nostrils allows these birds to smell at a great distance. A keen sense of smell is the greatest rarity in the world of birds, and in albatrosses it is developed like in real bloodhounds. In addition, the inside of the beak often has notches that prevent slippery prey from falling out of the beak.

A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) next to a small representative of the tube-nosed - the Cape dove.

The body of albatrosses is dense and massive, the neck is of medium length, the tail is short and bluntly cut. The paws of albatrosses are relatively short, there are swimming membranes between the fingers. On land, albatrosses move clumsily, waddling from side to side like ducks or geese, but still they walk better than other tube-nosed birds, which often barely hobble on land. The wings of albatrosses are narrow and very long compared to other birds. This wing structure allows birds to glide using air currents rising from the surface of the ocean. In addition, the wings of albatrosses have a special tendon that allows you to spread the wing without expending muscle effort. In terms of the relative and absolute length of the wings, albatrosses are world champions. In small species, wings are up to 2 m long, in large wandering and royal albatrosses, the average wingspan is 3-3.3 m, and the largest copy of the wandering albatross had a wingspan of 3.7 m!

The wings of a wandering albatross are comparable to those of a small single-seat aircraft.

The plumage of these birds is dense and adjacent, the fluff is thick, light and warm, and the fluff covers the body of the albatross with a continuous layer, while in other birds it grows only along certain lines - pterylia. The warm fluff of albatrosses in its physical properties approaches that of a swan. The color of albatrosses is not bright, in small species brown tones predominate, in large ones they are white. Individual parts of the body (head, wings) in white birds can be contrastingly colored gray or black. Birds of both sexes are colored the same.

Light-backed sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) on the island. South Georgia.

Albatrosses are inhabitants of the Southern Hemisphere, here they are found everywhere in cold and temperate latitudes. During migrations, albatrosses can fly far north and are found up to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, but they never fly into the Arctic Ocean.

The Galapagos albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) is the only species that breeds at the equator.

Albatrosses are eternal nomads, they not only do not have permanent habitats, but are in constant motion, covering the entire planet with their flights. Most of the time, albatrosses spend over the surface of the ocean far from the coast; it is quite normal for these birds not to see land for months and even years (albatrosses sleep on the surface of the water). The average flight speed of albatrosses is 50 km / h, but they can increase it up to 80 km / h. At such high speeds, albatrosses can fly almost around the clock, overcoming up to 800 km per day! Geolocated albatrosses circled the globe in 46 days, some of them doing it multiple times. Interestingly, despite such “homelessness”, albatrosses nest in strictly defined places. Each species occupies nesting sites on certain islands (Falkland, Galapagos, Japanese, Hawaiian and many others), and each bird returns strictly to the place of its birth. Studies have shown that albatross nests are located on average at a distance of 22 m from the place where they themselves were born! Amazing accuracy and phenomenal topographical memory for birds that haven't seen land in years!

The black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris) soars above the ocean waves.

But albatrosses have another interesting quality. The fact is that different species prefer to forage in different places: some hunt off the coast at a distance of up to 100 km from the coastline, others - far from land. For example, the wandering albatross categorically avoids those areas of the ocean where the depth is less than 1000 m. But how birds determine the depth if they get food only at the surface of the water remains a mystery. During nesting on the islands, birds of different sexes can share feeding areas, for example, males of the Tristan albatross flew only to the west in search of food, and females only to the east.

The Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) takes off from the surface of the water.

They use updrafts of air reflected from the surface of the ocean to move in the air. First, the albatross gains height, and then glides on spread wings, smoothly descending to the surface of the water and examining the water surface along the way. Descending by 1 m in height, the albatross manages to fly 22-23 m horizontally. The gliding and special design of the wing allows the birds to save energy, so they can stay in the air for hours without making a single wing beat. In complete calm, albatrosses are forced to flap their wings, but at this time they prefer not to rise into the air at all. For this reason, albatrosses have always been considered a sign of trouble among sailors, since their appearance near the ship meant the approach of a storm. For rest, albatrosses sit on the water, but on occasion they willingly use the masts and decks of ships. Because of the long wings, these birds have a hard time taking off; they take a run, preferring to take off from cliffs or steep slopes.

Black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes).

Outside nesting territories, albatrosses are found singly, but in places rich in food, they can form aggregations with representatives of their own species, other species of albatrosses, as well as gulls, petrels, boobies. On occasion, they track the movement of feeding whales, killer whales and fishing boats, willingly picking up the remains of someone else's prey or fishing waste. Albatrosses treat their fellows and other birds calmly, the nature of these birds is very meek and trusting, for example, on nesting albatrosses they can let a person come close to them.

Albatross is studying a phaeton located nearby.

Albatrosses feed on fish, squid and crustaceans, but they can also eat small plankton and carrion. Some species prefer fish, while others prefer squid. Albatrosses track down their prey from the air and grab from the surface of the ocean with their beak on the fly, but if necessary, these birds can dive from the air or from the surface of the water to a depth of 12 m.

Black-browed albatross colony in the Falkland Islands. In the foreground, a couple is engaged in marital courtship.

Albatrosses breed once every 2 years, at which time they flock to their birthplaces. The location of nests in a colony may be scattered or crowded. The black-browed albatross has the tightest colonies, which can have up to 70 nests per 100 m². Albatross nests are raised ground or a bunch of grass with a hole in the middle. Galapagos albatrosses do not have nests at all, so they sometimes roll their eggs around the colony in search of a better place at a distance of up to 50 m! There are cases when eggs were lost during such skating. With the loss of masonry, albatrosses can make a second one.

Black-footed albatrosses on tiptoe perform a mating dance.

Albatrosses are monogamous birds, they remain faithful to a partner all their lives and recognize him after many months of absence. The process of forming a couple stretches for years. For the first few years, young birds fly to nesting sites and lek, but do not find a partner for themselves, as they do not fully know sign language. Over time, they hone their skills and find a suitable partner, and birds of the same pair form their own unique "family" set of signals. Interestingly, the established pair ceases to lek over time, that is, albatrosses use the mating ritual only to create a pair, and not to mate at all. The mating ritual is reduced to sorting out the feathers of oneself and one's partner, turning the head, throwing back the head and loud cackling, flapping the outstretched wings, clicking the beak and grabbing the partner's beak (“kisses”). The voice of albatrosses resembles a cross between the cackling of a goose and the neighing of a horse.

A wandering albatross performs a mating song in front of a female.

Albatrosses always lay only 1 large egg and incubate it in turn. Change of partner occurs very rarely - from once a day to once every three weeks. All this time, the birds sit motionless on the nest and do not eat anything, while significantly losing weight. The incubation period of albatrosses is the longest among all birds - 70-80 days.

Black-browed albatross female with chick.

Parents first incubate and heat the hatched chick in turn: while one parent sits on the nest, the second hunts and arrives with prey. For the first three weeks, the chick is fed with small pieces, which the parents regurgitate to the chick, then both adult birds leave the nest and visit it less and less. True, at one time they bring a large amount of food (up to 12% of their own body weight), but it is customary for albatross chicks to sit alone in the nest for several days. During feeding, the chicks accumulate in their stomachs an oily mass of semi-digested food, which serves as their energy reserve.

The giant wandering albatross chick has spent almost a year in the nest.

The nesting period for albatrosses is unprecedentedly long - the chicks leave the nest after 140-170 (for small species) or 280 (for the wandering albatross) days. During this time, they manage to molt twice and gain weight in excess of the weight of an adult bird. The upbringing of the chick ends with the fact that the parents finally leave the nest, and the chick ... remains. He can spend a few more days or weeks in the nest until the molt ends, then the chicks independently go to the shore, where they develop wing flapping for some more time. Often, the chicks spend this non-flying period on the water and at this time they are very vulnerable to sharks, which specially come to the islands to hunt the chicks. Apart from sharks, albatrosses have practically no natural enemies. Young albatrosses fly from their birthplaces to the ocean, only to return here after a few years. The coloration of young birds is always darker than that of adults; over the years, they gradually lighten. Puberty in these birds comes very late - by 5 years, but they begin to participate in reproduction only from 9-10 years. Low fecundity and late maturity compensates for a long lifespan, albatrosses live up to 30-60 years!

The remains of an albatross with plastic debris that the bird ingested while alive.

In the old days, albatross nesting sites were used by sailors and whalers for eggs, blubber and down. Eggs were collected by hand, fat was rendered from chicks, and fluff was collected from their carcasses. At one time, several tens of thousands of eggs and several tons of fat could be imported from the island. The mass slaughter of already infertile albatrosses at nesting sites led to a sharp reduction in their numbers, and in the 18th-19th centuries, colonization of the islands by people was added to this disaster. The colonists brought cats, dogs and cattle with them to the islands, which disturbed the nesting birds and destroyed the chicks. In addition, albatrosses were shot from ships for entertainment and even caught with bait, like fish. Many species of albatrosses are endangered. The rarest are the Amsterdam, Chatham and white-backed albatrosses, the latter was already recognized as extinct in 1949, but, fortunately, several pairs survived. Careful protection has led to an increase in the number of this species to several hundred individuals, which, of course, cannot be called a prosperous state.

Dark-backed albatrosses (Phoebastria immutabilis) are forced to nest among plastic debris that even ends up on remote uninhabited islands.

Nowadays, albatrosses suffer from pollution of the ocean with garbage and oil products: oil stains the plumage of birds and makes it unsuitable for flight, and albatrosses often take garbage for prey and try to swallow it. The accumulation of debris in the stomach eventually leads to the death of the bird. Currently, out of 21 species of albatrosses, 19 are listed in the Red Book! To protect these beautiful birds, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, France, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Ecuador signed the Albatross and Petrel Conservation Agreement.

It is impossible not to accept the fact that it is not only a beautiful creature, but also an extremely strong bird. Flying a thousand kilometers for a bird is not difficult. The span of its huge wings is more than three meters. Contrary to its relatives, this bird is capable of not seeing land from one to several weeks. She really likes to soar over the open ocean. Despite the fact that the habitat of albatrosses is Antarctica, they are able to fly to Russia. Read more about these amazing creatures in this article.

Description of the bird albatross

Albatross cannot be confused with any other bird, because it can be called a real giant. Most often, the weight of a bird is eleven kilograms. But not only these signs are distinctive. The bird has a rather large and elongated beak, which has elongated nostrils. Thanks to them, the bird has a well-developed sense of smell, which allows it to easily catch prey. The bird also has webbed feet that allow it to swim in the vastness of the ocean, but move on land with great difficulty. Due to the fact that the bird lives mainly in a cold climate, its entire body is covered with fluff. This allows you not to freeze even at the lowest temperatures.

The nature of the albatross

It is safe to say that albatrosses are those birds that cannot be attached to anything. (Of course, if this is not the place where they themselves were born) Many people can envy them, as these amazing creatures have the opportunity to travel around the world whenever they want. It's hard to believe that albatrosses can fly eighty kilometers an hour. But, the main thing that strikes the imagination is that there are birds from this family that are ready to fly a huge distance around the world in forty-five days. This is an absolute record. Even albatrosses decide to build their nest where they themselves were once born.

Life span of an albatross

Albatross is a bird that does not particularly have enemies in nature. This species is one of the few who live quite well into old age.

The life expectancy of a feathered bird can reach up to fifty years, although some threats still take place in the life of a bird.

When the period of incubation of eggs comes, then a rat or a wild cat can accidentally wander onto the island and, accordingly, harm. This sometimes happens even when the chicks have already hatched. But, unfortunately, at all times for all individuals of the animal world, a terrible enemy is man. There were always enough poachers. And a hundred years ago, almost all birds of this species were exterminated by people for the sake of feathers and down. Then it was fashionable for women to wear ladies' hats with an albatross feather. Unfortunately, a person could no longer see the white Albatross, as ruthless hunters almost exterminated this whole species.

Albatross nutrition

It is believed that albatrosses are not particularly picky about what they will eat. About fifty percent of their diet is carrion. Fish or shrimp will be a real gourmet delicacy for birds. These birds see well at night, but they get food in the morning. Albatrosses are not only great at flying, but also good at diving. For their prey, they are ready to dive very deep - to a depth of one meter.

Conclusion

There are a lot of amazing inhabitants in nature. One of them is a beautiful, strong and free bird albatross. She is the heroine of many poetic works. She is admired not only by poets, but also by ordinary people from all over the planet. At the moment, it is very important to preserve the population of these species.

Ornithologists concluded that birds continue to die even in our seemingly civilized time. The thing is that birds quite often swallow fishhooks instead of fish. As a result, their number is reduced by one hundred thousand every year. If there were more kind people in the world who would protect the environment and not harm it, then life on the planet would be completely different. In the 21st century, the concept of a poacher would have to go nowhere. Today, all the necessary products can be bought in the supermarket. Catching fish in a rather ancient way does not seem normal to many. But, unfortunately, there are such individuals in every country.

Perhaps, after reading this article, someone will think, and after many, many years people will be able to enjoy the presence of a magnificent birds albatross.

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1 Herbivores Ekaterina Nikolaeva oukou: å.åëapple ÍÓ (3) Just like vegetarian people, herbivores are found almost everywhere. They do not exist except in Lake Baikal, where solid meat-eaters live. Scientifically, herbivores are called phytophages (from the words "phyto" plant and "phage" eater). Consider the biological characteristics of obligate vegetarians, that is, fish in which the plant component predominates in their food. There are few of them in the domestic ichthyofauna. These are representatives of carp fish: several species of carp and silver carp. Amur is an object of breeding for stocking reservoirs. 166 Fish with us 12/2008

2 Food chain If you arrange all the inhabitants of the reservoir in a row according to the nature of nutrition, you get a trophic (or food) chain in which each link serves as food for the next. There are three main groups of hydrobionts in the reservoir. The food chain of them will look like this: aquatic plants (lower and higher) primary production; invertebrates (zooplankton, zoobenthos) intermediate products; fish end product. Adult -phytophages are the final participants in the shortest food chain: algae (higher aquatic vegetation). That is, they are the most energetically favorable end products. Predatory fish have the longest trophic chain: algae zooplankton benthos small fish predatory fish. For humans, the final product in the food chain in water bodies is fish. When moving from one trophic level to another, 80-90% of energy is lost, and only 10-20% is absorbed. That is, with an elongated food chain, the energy costs for obtaining the final product () increase many times over. Thus, -phytophages use their food to build their own tissues, and not to intermediate links in the form of benthos, for example. Therefore, these grow much faster than predatory ones, and are actively used for breeding. Cupid So beautifully called two cyprinids, which even belong to different subfamilies. One of them is black carp. But he eats shellfish, and although he is also used to clean ponds, this is not our character. Another fish, grass carp, is a typical representative of phytophagous fish. One of the largest carp fish reaches 120 cm in length and weighs up to 30 kg. The body of the grass carp is elongated, not flattened from the sides, the scales are dense. The mouth is semi-inferior, its posterior angle is strictly under the anterior margin of the eye. The pharyngeal teeth are two-row, besides, they are wide and flat, capable of grinding plant foods well. The back is greenish-gray, the sides are grayish with a golden hue. Outwardly, it is very similar to black carp, but only lighter. Initially, this fish lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Amur and other Far Eastern rivers, as well as in the lowland rivers of China. The mass settlement of our reservoirs by grass carp began in the first half of the 60s of the last century. And this is perhaps one of the most successful examples of acclimatization. For grass carp, as well as for other phytophagous fish, seasonal migrations over short distances are characteristic. After the yolk sac dissolves in the larvae, the juveniles of grass carp move to the coastal zone, where they feed until the end of summer. And in the autumn it goes to deep places, into channels or channels, and winters in the pits together with its peers, but not together with older relatives. Adult grass carp, after they overwinter, sometimes enter the lakes, but always return to spawning grounds in the riverbed. After spawning, they break up into small flocks, heading along floods to floodplain lakes, where they begin to feed intensively, and in winter, as a rule, stop feeding. They gather in large flocks in wintering pits or simply in deep places. Like some other carp, special skin glands of Amurs emit mucus, in which the fish is like in Goliath -60 about with òúóictionary ô ô ì ô ô íî í ï ï ï ï è è ï ï ïé ÒÔÎ Kametik appleî Ï SUPERWARM CANADIAN SHOES Made in Canada -40 F C Tel: (495) (multi-line) ICECRUSHER ÅëëëëlÖããÖê! Сделано в Канаде ñâî ÌÓÎËÚ fl ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛ͈Ëfl ì Ó Ì fl ÍÓÎÓ Í íâappleïó ÍÎ : 8 ÏÏ, ÓÈÎÓÍ èó Ó ËÁ ÚÂappleÏÓappleÂÁËÌ Ò ÔappleÓÚÂÍÚÓappleÓÏ, ÔappleÓÚË ÓÒÚÓfl ËÏ ÒÍÓÎ ÊÂÌË Ç ÒÓÚ : 37 ÒÏ

3 Physiological features The intestines of herbivorous fishes are much longer than the body length (two to three times in grass carp, once in silver carp). Silver carps have special adaptations for feeding on phytoplankton. Thin, closely spaced gill rakers are interconnected by transverse bridges, forming a "sieve". The algae retained by the gill mesh are compressed in a lump due to the interaction of the pharyngeal teeth strongly compressed from the sides, covered with a cornea instead of enamel, and the millstone, tightened with a soft mucous membrane. Then the food bolus enters the long intestine. Herbivores eat little but often. They need food after 2-3 hours, and by morning they are very hungry. The characteristic large scales and lower mouth make the cupid very recognizable. When grown in ponds, grass carp becomes omnivorous, willingly consuming a variety of aquatic vegetation, plant nutrition, and animal feed. cocoon. The filamentous particles of this cocoon can even float on the surface of the water, like pasta, and thereby unmask the wintering places of cupids. By the way, in other seasons, places where there is cupid are easy to calculate by the abundance of floating feces, outwardly very similar to the feces of waterfowl. Spawning in domestic carp is usually portioned, unlike carp from the rivers of China, in which it is one-time, one-time. The female spawns about a million eggs, which is quite a lot for cyprinids. By the age of three weeks, having reached a length of about 15 mm, juvenile carp feeds, like juveniles of other carnivorous fish, on plankton and benthos, but already begins to eat a lot of algae. However, while invertebrates predominate in its diet: daphnia, chironomids and various crustaceans. And when the fry reaches 3 cm, it switches to eating only plant foods. Grass carp juveniles and underyearlings feed best at water temperature C, and when it drops to C, the amount of food they consume is halved; at a temperature of +10 C they stop eating altogether. In late autumn and early winter, when the water becomes colder than +5 C, grass carp stops responding not only to food, but also to other environmental factors. Adult grass carp in their diet stand apart from all other fish, including herbivores. Their diet consists almost entirely of aquatic plants, most of which are higher aquatic vegetation, unlike many other fish that constantly or occasionally consume phytoplankton. Cupid is even called the "grass carp", because it eats out reeds, cattail, urut, and pondweed in water bodies. If you offer him any terrestrial vegetation, then he will use it. So, he eats mowed grass that has fallen into the water, beet and potato tops, cabbage and lettuce leaves. Cupids sometimes jump out of the water, grab green leaves and even stems of plants that hang over the water, and eat them with a champ. In the water bodies of the temperate zone, the grass carp has a very high growth rate: by the age of two, its weight reaches g, by the age of five, it weighs 3 kg and has a length of 40 cm, and the weight of a seven-year-old grass carp is more than 10 kg with a length of no more than half a meter. It grows maximum in May June; least in September. This fish is used not only as an object for breeding, but also for other purposes, such as reclamation. After all, eating aquatic vegetation (and it eats as many plants as it weighs in a summer day), cupid cleans the beds of rivers, lakes, cooling ponds of power plants and irrigation canals. Experience shows that by utilizing the aquatic vegetation of ponds and lakes, which is practically no longer used by anyone, this fish not only gives high gains in its own weight, but also improves the hydrological regime of water bodies, purifies them and thereby contributes to the development of a natural food base for other fish. The best effect is achieved when three-year-olds and older fish are introduced into natural reservoirs. The grass carp is not too picky about the oxygen content in the water, it is resistant to infectious diseases. In the water bodies of the temperate zone, the coastal pike poses the greatest danger to juvenile grass carp. When grown in ponds, grass carp becomes omnivorous, willingly consuming a variety of aquatic vegetation, plant nutrition (vegetables, bran, cake), animal feed (small fish, worms, insect larvae). You just need to be careful, because cupid is able to completely destroy all aquatic vegetation in a small reservoir, which can lead to a violation of the ecological balance and the death of the rest of the ichthyofauna. Silver carp This is one of the most easily recognizable members of the carp family. Distinguishing a silver carp from its carp relatives is quite simple. All bigheads 168 Fish with us 12/2008

4 (subfamily of cyprinids) differ in the shape of the head with a wide, convex forehead and low-set eyes, shifted to the sides of the head below the middle of its height. They are characterized by small scales, a short dorsal fin, and the absence of spiny rays in the dorsal and anal fins. This group of silver carps includes the Amur silver carp, or toptyga, the South Chinese motley silver carp, Indian tinnichts and the common silver carp, or white carp, familiar to many. The silver carp originally inhabited the rivers of East Asia: from the Amur in the north to South China in the south. This is another successful example of acclimatization. It perfectly took root in many countries of Southeast Asia and in our country (back in the days of the USSR). The silver carp is a pelagic fish, that is, it lives in the water column. The record fish caught weighed about 50 kg. As soon as the fry switches to active feeding, zooplankton and partially phytoplankton become its food at first. And when the fry reaches 16 mm, it completely switches to feeding on phytoplankton, eating it in large quantities. In winter and Feeding base Phytoplankton is a set of plant organisms that inhabit the water column of marine and fresh water bodies and are passively carried by the current. Phytoplankton includes all plant organisms, which make up about 90% of the entire plant kingdom. They are represented by protococcal, diatom, green, blue-green and many other groups of algae. Zooplankton are animal forms of plankton. The main representatives are protozoan unicellular animals in spring, the main food of adult silver carps is detritus, in summer and autumn phytoplankton. Moreover, when switching to feeding on algae, its intensity in silver carp increases sharply compared to the winter "detrital" period. Like white carp, silver carp hibernates at depth, in pits, where it lies practically without movement until spring warming. Younger individuals stay closer to the surface of the water in small flocks. Like cupid, in cold water it does not react to external stimuli, the only thing that a silver carp can react to in winter is the smell, since this one has a sense of smell, like a dog. But to influence his winter sense of smell is possible only with synthetic flavors. Natural smells work worse. In summer, the most effective bait is natural: a mixture of cake, breadcrumbs, bran and hemp. Bait with a stronger smell scare him away. The ideal time for the angler is when the silver carp are feeding and moving. It happens at the end of July, in August, and Silver carp cannot be confused with other fish of the carp family. in the first decade of September. Nevertheless, in winter you can catch a lot of these wonderful fish, but it is much more difficult to do this. The main thing is to find a place where there are a lot of hungry silver carp. Although in winter the silver carp becomes a detritus feeder, it never digs at the bottom. It is necessary that food particles do not lie motionless on the bottom, but are in suspension and move slightly from the vibrations of the water. So, in fact, behaves (ciliates, amoeba), rotifers, lower crustaceans, larvae of mollusks, larvae and adult forms of some insects, fish larvae. Detritus (from lat. detritus abraded) small particles of organic or partially mineralized matter suspended in the water column or settled to the bottom of the reservoir. Detritus is formed from dead plants and animals and their secretions; microorganisms live in it. Detritus serves as food for animal detritus feeders and phytophages in winter. favorite phytoplankton. Like all other phytophages, when the silver carp does not have enough food, it perfectly eats insects, crustaceans, sometimes not disdaining small fish. Experiments have shown that, other things being equal, a hungry silver carp prefers animal food rather than vegetable food, that is, animal baits are more effective. Ichthyologists have studied the taste preferences of herbivorous fish and found that among a variety of granules with bitter, sour, sweet and salty taste, herbivores prefer granules with sucrose. This information should be taken into account by anglers when making homemade lures for fish. From natural plant baits, it is good to use a reed stalk, clover and other plants that are convenient for planting. Herbivores are quite sensitive to weather conditions. They are most active when it is warm and there is light rain. The silver carp is very cautious and shy, and the rain well disguises a person on the shore. By the way, silver carp, unlike many other fish, distinguishes colors and hates red and orange. This fish should be looked for on the border of the pit and coastal vegetation, or you can navigate by bleak and roach: if there are a lot of these fish, there is probably a silver carp nearby. Fish with us 12/

5 Phytophages and oxygen In summer periods, the influence of phytophage fish on photosynthesis and, accordingly, on the amount of oxygen dissolved in water can be significant. Phytophages sometimes “knock out” the vegetation in such a way that there is much less oxygen in the reservoir. And in winter, they switch to It is interesting that with a noise or a knock, a silver carp sometimes jumps sharply out of the water, and quite high up to 4 m. since detritus releases a huge amount of carbon dioxide. But the winter influence of phytophages is still not very noticeable, since other factors are more responsible for oxygen. On the Lower Volga and Akhtuba, the silver carp often comes across on the hooks of spinningists. during the expedition along the Amur and Ussuri rivers, he had to deal with this fish more than once, "which sometimes literally covered the motor boat and the boat in tow." People sitting in the boat had to beware of the bruises that these swiftly jumping out of the water could cause. When the silver carp does not have enough food, it eats insects, crustaceans, sometimes not disdaining small fish. Ouku: Yes. Silver carp and grass carp have now begun to be intensively bred in fish farms, and in China they have been grown for more than 2000 years! Silver carp can be grown in a pond together with fish of other species, since it is not a food competitor for any of them. For him, unlike grass carp, it is not necessary to plant special plants in water bodies, and phytoplankton is most often quite enough in forage water bodies. The motley silver carp, or bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), is close to the common silver carp, but has a larger head and longer pectoral fins (they go beyond the base of the ventral fins and are darker colored). This is a large, fast-growing heat-loving fish, common in the rivers of China, south of the Amur basin. Zooplankton plays a significant role in the diet of the adult silver carp along with plant food. In this regard, the intestines of the motley silver carp are shorter than those of the white one, and the long and thin stamens do not grow together. In the northern and central regions of China, the bighead carp becomes sexually mature at the age of 6-7 years (weight about 15 kg), in the south at the age of 4 years (weight 7 kg). Its fertility in the Yangtze is 1.1 thousand eggs. The motley silver carp starts spawning somewhat later than the white one, spawning in the middle and near-bottom water layers. Now it is a very popular fish among fish farmers. Of course, the division of fish into vegetarians and "meat-eaters" is rather arbitrary, since most fish have a mixed diet. But still, herbivorous in all aspects of nutrition stand a little apart from the rest. And when catching these wonderful fish, their features should be taken into account. Then both in summer and in winter the chances of catching will increase significantly. 170 Fish with us 12/2008

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