Health 

Ways to address the release of chemicals into water. Causes of global warming. Sources of fresh water pollution

Durakhanov Suna Dzhalalovna

The goals of our mini-research are:

Analysis of the state of water objects in the vicinity of our village;

Identification of the causes of irrational use of water;

Possible ways to remedy the situation.

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WORLD WATER DAY

RESEARCH

WASTEWATER POLLUTION:

WAYS TO SOLVING THE PROBLEM

Completed by: Durakhanova Suna Dzhalalovna,

student 9 a class Mikrahskaya secondary school

Dokuzparinsky district of Dagestan

Head: Radjabov Ruslan Radjabovich,

biology teacher Mikrakh secondary school

year 2012

BRIEF SUMMARY

It is useless to talk about the value and significance of water for all life on Earth, everyone knows this. But, even understanding the importance of the role of water in life, people still continue to exploit water bodies, irrevocably changing their natural regime with discharges and waste. In addition, for many living beings, water also serves as a habitat. Water is of great importance in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for the everyday needs of man, all plants and animals. Population growth, the intensification of agriculture, a significant expansion of irrigated land, improvement of cultural and living conditions, and a number of other factors are increasingly complicating the problems of water use. The demand for water is enormous and is increasing every year. Most of the water after its use for household needs is returned to the rivers in the form of wastewater.

GOALS

The goals of our mini-study are:

  1. condition analysis water bodies in the vicinity of our village;
  2. identifying the causes of irrational use of water;
  3. possible ways to remedy the situation.

1. INCREASING WATER CONSUMPTION

According to our calculations, about 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture. A significant amount of water is used for domestic needs of the population. Most of the water after its use for household needs is returned to the rivers in the form of wastewater.

Fresh water scarcity is already becoming a global problem. But in the mountainous and foothill regions, which include our region, this problem is imperceptible. Firstly, because our nature is quite generous with springs, streams, small rivers and other sources of fresh water. Secondly, their reserves do not run out, as they are fed precipitation, which fall in abundance here, and in the summer - also glaciers. But to have does not mean that we should be reckless and non-domestic about it priceless gift nature.

Previously, for a whole family of several people, only a few jugs of water were enough for a whole day. Water, like the labor of the women who brought it, was appreciated. Now the situation has changed. AT last years Every household in the village is provided with tap water. Baths, swimming pools with motor vehicles were built, car washes were built in the yard. Every year the diameter increases. water pipes, but the culture of water consumption is declining. By the way, having provided themselves with water taps, not many thought about where this water would then drain. As a result, the already unsightly roads and streets turn into an extreme skating rink in winter, and in summer they are full of puddles and mud. In our region, the areas covered by moisture-loving crops (primarily cabbage) are constantly increasing. This leads to a significant increase in consumption water resources. Therefore, with the beginning of the irrigation season, uncontrolled flows of irrigation water through several channels will literally rush towards the agricultural land. Withdrawing water from the upper reaches of the Chahichay River, it is lost on thousands of hectares of farmland. As a result, the number of landslides and potentially dangerous areas within the village has increased.

The dramatic situation lies also in the fact that no one is doing anything to solve this problem. For district and local administrations, the absence of complaints from the population and the provision of citizens with drinking and irrigation water, on the contrary, is a matter of pride rather than a problem.

2. POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

With an increase in the area of ​​irrigated lands, the volume of drainage (waste) waters increases. They are formed as a result of periodic irrigation, when there is an excess flow of water. Large volumes of drainage water are discharged into the Chahichay and Samur rivers. Another problem is soil leaching (desalinization). In these cases, the mineralization of river waters increases. It should be borne in mind that biogenic substances, pesticides and other chemical compounds are carried out with drainage water that flows into rivers. harmful effect on the natural waters. Many of the impurities in the water are natural and get there with rain or groundwater. Some of the pollutants associated with human activities follow the same path. Smoke, ash and industrial gases, together with rain, fall to the ground; chemical compounds and sewage introduced into the soil with fertilizers enter the rivers with groundwater.

In places where there are large concentrations of people and animals, natural clean water usually not enough, especially if it is used to collect sewage and move it away from settlements. If there is not much sewage in the soil, soil organisms recycle them, reusing nutrients, and already clean water seeps into neighboring watercourses. But if the sewage immediately enters the water, they rot, and oxygen is consumed for their oxidation. The so-called biochemical oxygen demand is created. The higher this requirement, the less oxygen remains in the water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all living things die. Water becomes biologically dead - only anaerobic bacteria remain in it; they thrive without oxygen and in the course of their life they emit hydrogen sulfide - a poisonous gas with a specific smell rotten eggs. The already lifeless water acquires a putrid smell and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This can also happen with an excess of substances such as nitrates and phosphates in the water; they enter the water from agricultural fertilizers in the fields or from sewage contaminated with detergents. These nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, which begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes insufficient, they die. Organic waste, nutrients become an obstacle to the normal development of freshwater ecological systems. But in recent years, ecological systems have been bombarded with huge quantities of absolutely alien substances, from which they know no protection. Agricultural pesticides, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater have managed to enter the aquatic food chain with unpredictable consequences. Views at the beginning the food chain, can accumulate these substances in dangerous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to other harmful effects.

3. WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM

Polluted water can be purified. The water cycle, this long way its movement consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers, and evaporation again. Throughout its path, water itself is able to be cleaned of contaminants that enter it - decay products of organic substances, dissolved gases and minerals, suspended solid material. But polluted basins (rivers, lakes, etc.) take much longer to recover. In its endless cycle, water either captures and carries a lot of dissolved or suspended substances, or is cleared of them. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater. And expensive devices for purifying such waters are not yet available.

To purify drainage water, it is necessary to organize their demineralization with simultaneous purification from harmful impurities.

Developing irrigation, it is necessary to lay in its basis a water-saving irrigation technology that contributes to a sharp increase in the efficiency of this type of melioration. But until now, the efficiency of the irrigation network remains low, water losses amount to approximately 30% of the total volume of its intake.

An essential reserve of normalized use of moisture is the correct

choice and rational application various ways irrigation of agricultural land. To save water in developed countries, sprinkler irrigation is used, which provides almost 50% water savings.

In order for natural systems to be able to recover, it is first necessary to stop the further flow of waste into rivers. To protect waters from pollution, it is necessary to know the nature and intensity of possible harmful influence pollution at certain concentrations, and especially the limit of permissible concentrations (MAC) of water pollution. The latter should not be exceeded so as not to violate normal conditions domestic water use and not harm the health of the population located downstream from the place of wastewater discharge.

Treatment facilities are different types depending on the main method of disposal of sewage. At mechanical method insoluble impurities are removed from wastewater through a settling system and different kind traps. In the past, this method has found the most wide application for industrial wastewater treatment. The essence of the chemical method lies in the fact that reagents are introduced into the wastewater treatment plants. They react with dissolved and undissolved contaminants and contribute to their precipitation in sumps, from where they are mechanically removed. But this method is not suitable for treating wastewater containing a large number of various pollutants.

When cleaning domestic wastewater best results gives a biological method. In this case, for the mineralization of organic contaminants, aerobic biological processes carried out with the help of microorganisms are used. biological method can be used both in conditions close to natural and in special biological treatment facilities.

4. LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1.Avakyan A.B., Shirokov V.M. " Rational use water resources". Yekaterinburg: "Victor", 1994.

2. Cherkinskiy S.N. Sanitary conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies.

Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1977.

The presence of fresh clean water is a necessary condition for the existence of all living organisms on the planet.

The share of fresh water suitable for consumption accounts for only 3% of its total amount.

Despite this, a person in the process of his activity mercilessly pollutes it.

Thus, a very large volume fresh water has now become completely unusable. A sharp deterioration in the quality of fresh water occurred as a result of its pollution with chemical and radioactive substances, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers and sewage and this is already.

Types of pollution

It is clear that all types of pollution that exist are also present in the aquatic environment.

This is quite an extensive list.

In many ways, the solution to the problem of pollution will be .

heavy metals

During the operation of large factories, industrial effluents are discharged into fresh water, the composition of which is replete with various kinds of heavy metals. Many of them, getting into the human body, have a detrimental effect on it, leading to severe poisoning, death. Such substances are called xenobiotics, that is, elements that are alien to a living organism. The class of xenobiotics includes such elements as cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury and many others.

Sources of water pollution by these substances are known. These are primarily metallurgical enterprises, automobile factories.

Natural processes on the planet can also contribute to pollution. For example, harmful compounds are found in large quantities in the products of volcanic activity, which from time to time enter lakes, polluting them.

But, of course, the anthropogenic factor is of decisive importance here.

radioactive substances

The development of the nuclear industry has caused significant harm to all life on the planet, including water bodies with fresh water. During the activities of nuclear enterprises, radioactive isotopes are formed, as a result of the decay of which particles with different penetrating abilities (alpha, beta and gamma particles) are released. All of them are capable of causing irreparable harm to living beings, since when they enter the body, these elements damage its cells and contribute to the development oncological diseases.

Sources of pollution can be:

  • atmospheric precipitation falling in areas where nuclear tests are carried out;
  • wastewater discharged into the reservoir by nuclear industry enterprises.
  • ships operating using nuclear reactors (in case of an accident).

Inorganic pollution

The main inorganic elements that degrade water quality in reservoirs are toxic compounds. chemical elements. These include toxic metal compounds, alkalis, salts. As a result of the ingress of these substances into the water, its composition changes to be consumed by living organisms.

Sewage is the main source of pollution large enterprises, factories, mines. Some inorganic pollutants enhance their negative properties when in acidic environment. Thus, acidic wastewater coming from a coal mine carries aluminum, copper, zinc in concentrations that are very dangerous for living organisms.

Every day, a huge amount of water from sewage flows into reservoirs.

Such water contains a lot of pollutants. These are particles of detergents, small remnants of food and household waste, feces. These substances in the process of their decomposition give life to numerous pathogenic microorganisms.

If they enter the human body, they can provoke a number of serious diseases, such as dysentery, typhoid fever.

From large cities, such effluents enter rivers and the ocean.

Synthetic fertilizers

Synthetic fertilizers used by humans contain many harmful substances such as nitrates and phosphates. Their entry into the reservoir provokes the excessive growth of a specific blue-green algae. Growing to a huge size, it prevents the development of other plants in the reservoir, while the algae itself cannot serve as food for living organisms that live in the water. All this leads to the disappearance of life in the reservoir and its swamping.

How to solve the problem of water pollution

Of course, there are ways to solve this problem.

It is known that most of the pollutants enter the water bodies together with wastewater from large enterprises. Water purification is one of the ways to solve the problem of water pollution. Business owners should attend to the installation of high-quality treatment facilities. The presence of such devices, of course, is not capable of completely stopping the release of toxic substances, but they can significantly reduce their concentration.

Also with pollution drinking water household filters that will clean it in the house will help fight.

The person himself should take care of the purity of fresh water. Compliance with several simple rules will help to significantly reduce the level of water pollution:

  • Use tap water sparingly.
  • Avoid getting household waste into the sewer system.
  • Clean up nearby waterways and beaches whenever possible.
  • Do not use synthetic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are best household waste, cut grass, fallen leaves or compost.
  • Dispose of discarded trash.

Despite the fact that the problem of water pollution is now reaching alarming proportions, it is quite possible to solve it. To do this, each person must make some efforts, treat nature more carefully.

Classmates

2 Comments

    Everyone knows that the percentage of water in the human body is large and our metabolism and overall health will depend on its quality. I see ways to solve this environmental problem in relation to our country: cutting water consumption rates to a minimum, and what is over - so at inflated tariffs; the received funds should be given for the development of water treatment facilities (cleaning with activated sludge, ozonation).

    Water is the source of all life. Neither humans nor animals can live without it. I did not think that the problems with fresh water are so great. But it is impossible to live a full life without mines, sewers, factories, etc. In the future, of course, humanity will have a solution to this problem, but what to do now? I believe that people should actively address the issue of water and take some action.

Water pollution

Any actions performed by a person with water lead to a change in how it physical properties(e.g. when heated), and chemical composition(in places of industrial drains). Over time, the substances that have fallen into the water are grouped and remain in it already in the same state. The first category includes domestic and most industrial effluents. The second group includes various types of salts, pesticides, dyes. Let's take a closer look at some of the polluting factors.

Settlements

This is one of the main factors affecting the state of water. Liquid consumption per person per day in America is 750 liters. Of course, this is not the amount that you need to drink. A person consumes water when washing, using it for cooking, using the toilet. The main drain goes to the sewer. At the same time, water pollution increases depending on the number of people living in locality residents. Each city has its own treatment facilities, in which sewage is cleaned from bacteria and viruses that can seriously harm the human body. The purified liquid is dumped into the rivers. Pollution of water with domestic wastewater is also enhanced because, in addition to bacteria, it contains food residues, soap, paper and other substances that negatively affect its condition.

Industry

Any developed state should have its own plants and factories. This is the largest factor in water pollution. The liquid is used in technological processes, it serves both for cooling and for heating the product, various aqueous solutions used in chemical reactions. More than 50% of all discharges come from the four main liquid consumers: oil refineries, steel and blast furnace shops, and the pulp and paper industry. Due to the fact that the disposal of hazardous waste is often an order of magnitude more expensive than their primary treatment, in most cases, along with industrial effluents, a large amount of a wide variety of substances is discharged into water bodies. Chemical pollution of water leads to disruption of all environmental situation in the whole region.

thermal effect

Most power plants operate using steam energy. Water in this case acts as a coolant, after passing through the process, it is simply discharged back into the river. The temperature of the current in such places can rise by several degrees. Such an impact is called thermal water pollution, but there are a number of objections to this term, since in some cases an increase in temperature can lead to an improvement in the environmental situation.

Oil pollution of water

Hydrocarbons are one of the main sources of energy on the entire planet. The collapse of tankers, gusts on oil pipelines form a film on the water surface through which air cannot enter. Spilled substances envelop marine life, which often leads to their death. Both volunteers and special equipment are involved in the elimination of pollution. Water is a life-giving resource. It is she who gives life to almost every creature on our planet. A negligent and irresponsible attitude towards it will lead to the fact that the Earth will simply turn into a desert scorched by the sun. Already, some countries are experiencing water shortages. Of course, there are projects to use arctic ice, but The best decision The problem is to reduce overall water pollution.

Water pollution is a serious problem for the Earth's ecology. And it should be solved both on a large scale - at the level of states and enterprises, and on small scales - at the level of every human being. After all, do not forget that the responsibility for the Pacific Garbage Patch lies on the conscience of all those who do not throw garbage in the bin.

Domestic wastewater often contains synthetic detergents that end up in rivers and seas. The accumulation of inorganic substances affects aquatic life, and reduce the amount of oxygen in the water, which leads to the formation of the so-called "dead zones", of which there are already about 400 in the world.

Often industrial effluents containing inorganic and organic waste descend into rivers and seas. Every year, thousands of chemicals enter water sources, the effect of which on the environment is not known in advance. Many of them are new compounds. Although industrial effluents are pre-treated in many cases, they still contain toxic substances that are difficult to detect.

acid rain

Acid rain occurs as a result of the release of exhaust gases from metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, oil refineries, and other industrial enterprises and road transport. These gases contain oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which combine with moisture and oxygen in the air to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids then fall to the ground, sometimes many hundreds of kilometers away from the source of the air pollution. In countries such as Canada, the USA, Germany, thousands of rivers and lakes were left without vegetation and fish.

solid waste

If the water contains a large amount of suspended solids, they make it opaque to sunlight and thus interfere with the process of photosynthesis in water basins. This in turn causes disturbances in the food chain in such pools. Besides, solid waste cause siltation of rivers and shipping channels, which leads to the need for frequent dredging.

oil leak

In the US alone, there are approximately 13,000 oil spills each year. AT sea ​​water up to 12 million tons of oil enter annually. In the UK, more than 1 million tons of used engine oil is poured into the sewers every year.

Oil spilled into seawater has many adverse effects on marine life. First of all, birds die: drowning, overheating in the sun or deprived of food. Oil blinds animals living in the water - seals, seals. It reduces the penetration of light into closed water bodies and can increase the temperature of the water.

Uncertain sources

It is often difficult to identify the source of water pollution - it can be an unauthorized release of harmful substances by an enterprise, or pollution caused by agricultural or industrial activities. This leads to water pollution with nitrates, phosphates, toxic ions. heavy metals and pesticides.

Thermal water pollution

Thermal water pollution is caused by thermal or nuclear power plants. Thermal pollution is introduced into the surrounding water bodies by waste cooling water. As a result, an increase in water temperature in these reservoirs leads to an acceleration of some biochemical processes, as well as to a decrease in the content of oxygen dissolved in water. There is a violation of the finely balanced cycles of reproduction of various organisms. In conditions of thermal pollution, as a rule, there is a strong growth of algae, but the extinction of other organisms living in the water.

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From elementary grades, we are taught that man and nature are one, that one cannot be separated from the other. We learn the development of our planet, the features of its structure and structure. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, water of the Earth are, perhaps, the most important components of normal human life. But why then every year pollution environment goes further and goes to ever greater proportions? Let's look at the main environmental problems.

Environmental pollution, which also refers to natural environment and the biosphere is an increased content in it of physical, chemical or biological reagents that are not characteristic of this environment, brought in from outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been sounding the alarm about a close ecological disaster. Conducted research in various fields leads to the conclusion that we are already facing global changes climate and external environment under the influence of human activity. Pollution of the oceans due to leaks of oil and oil products, as well as debris, has reached enormous proportions, which affects the decline in the populations of many animal species and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of cars every year leads to a large emission into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to the drying of the earth, heavy rainfall on the continents, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring water and even buy canned air, as the production has spoiled the environment in the country. Many people have already realized the danger and are very sensitive to negative changes in nature and the main ecological problems, but we still perceive the possibility of a catastrophe as something unrealizable and distant. Is this really so or the threat is close and something needs to be done immediately - let's figure it out.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution classify the sources of environmental pollution themselves:

  • biological;
  • chemical
  • physical;
  • mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activities of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, the natural chemical composition of the contaminated sphere is changed by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, change physical characteristics environment. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The latter type of pollution is also associated with human activities and waste emissions into the biosphere.

All types of pollution can be present both separately by themselves, and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect individual areas of the biosphere.

People who have come a long way in the desert will surely be able to name the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because a person's life depends on them. AT ordinary life, we, alas, give the water something different great importance, since we have a lot of it, and it is available at any time. But in the long run, this is not entirely true. In percentage terms, only 3% of the total world fresh water supply remained unpolluted. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person from polluting an important source of life with oil and oil products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewage and synthetic fertilizers.

Polluted water contains a large number of xenobiotics - substances that are alien to the human or animal body. If such water enters the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even lethal outcome all participants in the chain. Of course, they are also contained in the products of volcanic activity, which pollute water even without human help, but the activity of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants is of predominant importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, quite significant harm has been done to nature in all areas, including water. The charged particles that have fallen into it carry great harm living organisms and contribute to the development of cancer. Wastewater factories, ships with nuclear reactors and just rain or snow in the venue nuclear testing can lead to contamination of water with decomposition products.

Sewerage, which carries a lot of garbage: detergents, food debris, small household waste, and more, in turn, contributes to the reproduction of other pathogenic organisms, which, when they enter the human body, give a number of diseases, such as typhoid fever, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it does not make sense to explain how the soil is an important part of human life. Most food that a person eats, brings the soil: from cereal crops before rare species fruits and vegetables. For this to continue, it is necessary to maintain the state of the soil at the proper level for a normal water cycle. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet's land is subject to erosion.

Soil pollution is the ingress of toxic chemicals and debris into it in high quantities, preventing the normal circulation of soil systems. The main sources of soil pollution:

  • residential buildings;
  • industrial enterprises;
  • transport;
  • Agriculture;
  • nuclear power.

In the first case, soil pollution occurs due to ordinary garbage that is thrown out in the wrong places. But main reason landfills should be named. Burning waste leads to clogging of large areas, and combustion products spoil the soil irrevocably, littering the entire environment.

Industrial enterprises throw away a lot toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds affecting not only the soil, but also the life of living organisms. It is this source of pollution that leads to man-made pollution of the soil.

Transport emissions of hydrocarbons, methane and lead, getting into the soil, affect food chains - they enter the human body through food.
Excessive plowing, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain enough mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation also cannot be called a positive factor, since it leads to soil salinization.

Today buried in the ground up to 98% radioactive waste nuclear power plants, mainly products of uranium fission, which leads to degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of a gaseous shell of the Earth has great value, since it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the climate of the Earth and its thermal background. It cannot be said that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the beginning of the vigorous activity of people that the heterogeneous composition was "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case are chemical plants, the fuel and energy complex, agriculture and cars. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, and other metals in the air. Of course, in industrial areas, air pollution is felt most of all.


Thermal power plants bring light and heat to our homes, however, in parallel, they emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere.
Cause acid rain are wastes emitted from chemical plants, such as sulfur oxide or nitrogen oxide. These oxides can react with other elements of the biosphere, which contributes to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are quite good in design and technical specifications, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been solved. Ash and fuel processing products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and make it unusable.

In many industrial and industrial areas, use has become an integral part of life precisely because of the pollution of the environment by factories and transport. Therefore, if you are concerned about the state of air in your apartment, with the help of a breather you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not cancel the glider problems of environmental pollution, but at least allows you to protect yourself and loved ones.

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