The test work includes 15 tasks. To complete the work in chemistry, 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) is allotted.

From the course of chemistry, you know the following methods for separating mixtures: sedimentation, filtration, distillation (distillation), magnet action, evaporation, crystallization.

Figures 1-3 show situations in which these methods of cognition are applied.

Which of the methods shown in the pictures SHOULD NOT separate the mixture:

1) carbon tetrachloride and diethyl ether;

2) benzene and glycerin;

3) sodium chloride solution and barium sulfate precipitate?

Show answer

The figure shows a model of the electronic structure of an atom of some chemical element.

Based on the analysis of the proposed model:

1) Determine the nuclear charge Z.

2) Indicate the period number and group number in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, in which this element is located.

3) Determine the lowest possible oxidation state of the element in the compounds.

Show answer

8 (or +8); 2; 6 (or VI); -2

Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev is a rich repository of information about chemical elements, their properties and the properties of their compounds, about the patterns of changes in these properties, about methods for obtaining substances, as well as about their presence in nature. For example, it is known that the acidic character of oxygen-free acids increases with increasing charge of the atomic nucleus both in periods and in groups.

Given these patterns, arrange in order to enhance the acidic properties of hydrogen compounds: H 2 O, HF, H 2 S, HCl. Write down the chemical formulas in the correct order.

Show answer

H 2 O → H 2 S → HF → HCl

The following are the characteristic properties of substances that have a molecular and atomic structure.

Characteristic properties of substances

molecular structure

Under normal conditions, they have a liquid, gaseous or solid state of aggregation;

They have low boiling and melting points;

They have low thermal conductivity.

ionic structure

Solid under normal conditions;

fragile;

Refractory;

non-volatile;

In melts and solutions conduct electric current.

Using this information, determine what structure the substances have: propane C 3 H 8 and calcium fluoride CaF 2. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. Propane C 3 H 8

2. Calcium fluoride CaF 2

Show answer

Propane C3H8 has a molecular structure, calcium fluoride CaF2 has an ionic structure

Oxides are conditionally divided into four groups, as shown in the diagram. In this scheme, for each of the four groups, enter the missing group names or chemical formulas of oxides (one example of formulas) belonging to this group.

Show answer

The names of the groups are recorded: basic, acidic;

the formulas of the substances of the corresponding groups are written down.

Read the following text and do tasks 6-8

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) - an odorless and colorless gas, heavier than air, crystallizes with strong cooling in the form of a white snow-like mass - “dry ice”. At atmospheric pressure, it does not melt, but evaporates. It is contained in the air and in the water of mineral springs, it is released during the respiration of animals and plants. Let's dissolve in water (1 volume of carbon monoxide in one volume of water at 15 °C).

The oxidation state +4 for carbon is stable, however, carbon dioxide can exhibit oxidizing properties, interacting with magnesium, for example. According to its chemical properties, carbon dioxide belongs to acidic oxides. When dissolved in water, it forms an acid. Reacts with alkalis to form carbonates and bicarbonates.

The human body emits approximately 1 kg of carbon dioxide per day. It is transported from the tissues, where it is formed as one of the end products of metabolism, through the venous system and then excreted in exhaled air through the lungs.

In industrial quantities, carbon monoxide (IV) is emitted from flue gases or as a by-product of chemical processes, for example, during the decomposition of natural carbonates (limestone, dolomite) or in the production of alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). The mixture of gases obtained is washed with a solution of potassium carbonate, which absorbs carbon monoxide (IV), converting it into bicarbonate. A solution of bicarbonate, when heated or under reduced pressure, decomposes, releasing carbon dioxide.

In laboratory conditions, small amounts of it are obtained by the interaction of carbonates and bicarbonates with acids, such as marble or soda with hydrochloric acid in the Kipp apparatus. The use of sulfuric acid in this case is less desirable.

1) Make a molecular equation for the reaction of the interaction of carbon monoxide (IV) with magnesium specified in the text.

2) How many times is carbon monoxide (IV) heavier than air?

Show answer

1) CO 2 + 2Mg \u003d 2MgO + C

2) Carbon monoxide (IV) is 44/29 = 1.5 times heavier than air.

1) Make a molecular equation for the reaction specified in the text for the industrial production of carbon monoxide (IV) from limestone.

2) Without giving the reaction equation, explain the basis for the use of dolomite (CaCO 3 MgCO 3) in agriculture for soil deoxidation.

Show answer

2) Dolomite CaCO 3 MgCO 3 , being a carbonate, interacts with soil acids, neutralizing them.

1) Make an abbreviated ionic equation of the reaction specified in the text for the production of carbon dioxide by the interaction of hydrochloric acid with marble.

2) Explain why it is undesirable to use sulfuric acid in the production of carbon monoxide (IV) in the Kipp apparatus.

Show answer

1) CaCO 3 + 2H + = Ca 2+ + H 2 O + CO 2

2) In the case of using sulfuric acid, the marble sample is covered on top with a layer of slightly soluble calcium sulfate, which prevents the reaction from proceeding.

The scheme of the redox reaction is given:

Fe (OH) 2 + O 2 + H 2 O → Fe (OH) 3

1) Make an electronic balance for this reaction.

2) Specify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

3) Arrange the coefficients in the reaction equation.

Show answer

1) Compiled electronic balance:

2) It is indicated that the oxidizing agent is oxygen O 2 , the reducing agent is Fe +2 (or iron(II) hydroxide);

3) The reaction equation is composed:

4Fe(OH) 2 + O 2 + 2Н 2 O = 4Fe(OH) 3

The transformation scheme is given:

N 2 → NH 3 → NH 4 NO 3 → NH 3

Write the molecular equations of the reactions by which these transformations can be carried out.

Show answer

2) NH 3 + HNO 3 = NH 4 NO 3

3) NH 4 NO 3 + KOH = KNO 3 + H 2 O + NH 3

Establish a correspondence between the name of an organic substance and the class / group to which this substance belongs: for each position indicated by a letter, select the corresponding position indicated by a number.

All-Russian verification work. Chemistry. Grade 11. Typical tasks: 10 options. Medvedev Yu.N.

M.: 20 1 8. - 1 12 p.

This manual - fully complies with the federal state educational standard (second generation). The book contains 10 options for standard assignments of the All-Russian Testing Work (VPR) in chemistry for 11th grade students. The collection is intended for 11th grade students, teachers and methodologists who use standard tasks to prepare for the All-Russian test work in chemistry.

Format: pdf

The size: 23.4 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

INTRODUCTION 4
Work instructions 6
Option 1 7
Option 2 13
Option 3 19
Option 4 25
Option 5 31
Option 6 37
Option 7 43
Option 49
Option 9 55
Option 10 61
SOLUTION OF TASKS OF OPTION 6 67
ANSWERS AND JUDGING CRITERIA 73

The test work includes 15 tasks. To complete the work in chemistry, 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) is allotted.
Prepare answers in the text of the work according to the instructions for the tasks. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write down a new one next to it.
When performing work, it is allowed to use the following additional materials:
- Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev;
- table of solubility of salts, acids and bases in water;
- electrochemical series of voltages of metals;
- non-programmable calculator.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Draft entries will not be reviewed or graded.
We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.
The points you get for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

OPTION 1
(1) From the course of chemistry, you know the following methods for separating mixtures: settling, filtering, distillation (distillation), magnetic action, evaporation, crystallization.
Figures 1-3 show situations in which some of these methods are applied.
Which of the ways that are shown in the figures can separate the mixtures in order to purify:
1) cast iron sawdust from sawdust;
2) air from small drops of water-based paint sprayed in the room?
Name the method that was applied in each of the above examples.
Write your answers in the following table:
(2) The figure shows a model of the electronic structure of an atom of some chemical element.
Based on the analysis of the proposed model:
1. Determine the chemical element whose atom has such an electronic structure.
2. Specify the period number and group number in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, in which this element is located.
3. Determine whether a simple substance that forms this chemical element belongs to metals or non-metals.
(3) Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev is a rich repository of information about chemical elements, their properties and the properties of their compounds, about the patterns of changes in these properties, about methods for obtaining substances, as well as about their presence in nature. So, for example, it is known that with an increase in the serial number of a chemical element in periods, the radii of atoms decrease, and in groups they increase.
Given these patterns, arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius: N, O, Si, P. Write down the designations of the elements in the desired sequence.
Answer:

Secondary general education

Line UMK VV Lunin. Chemistry (10-11) (basic)

Line UMK VV Lunin. Chemistry (10-11) (U)

Line UMK N. E. Kuznetsova. Chemistry (10-11) (basic)

Line UMK N. E. Kuznetsova. Chemistry (10-11) (deep)

VPR in chemistry. Grade 11

The test work includes 15 tasks. To complete the work in chemistry, 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) is allotted.

Write your answers to the tasks in the field provided for them. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write down a new one next to it.

When performing work, it is allowed to use:

• Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev;
• table of solubility of salts, acids and bases in water;
• electrochemical series of voltages of metals;
• non-programmable calculator.

When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Draft entries will not be reviewed or graded.

We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.

The points you get for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

We wish you success!

From the course of chemistry, you know the following methods for separating mixtures: settling, filtering, distillation (distillation), magnet action, evaporation, crystallization.

On fig. 1-3 show examples of the use of some of these methods.

Determine which of the methods for separating mixtures shown in the figure can be used to separate:

1. cereals and iron filings that got into it;
2. water and salts dissolved in it.

Record in the table the number of the figure and the name of the corresponding method for separating the mixture.

Decision

1.1. The separation of a mixture of cereals and iron filings is based on the property of iron to be attracted by a magnet. Figure 3

1.2. Separation of a mixture of water and dissolved salts occurs during distillation. Water, when heated to the boiling point, evaporates and, cooling in a water cooler, flows into a pre-prepared vessel. Picture 1.

The figure shows a diagram of the distribution of electrons over the energy levels of an atom of a certain chemical element.

Based on the proposed scheme, complete the following tasks:

1. write down the symbol of the chemical element to which the given model of the atom corresponds;
2. write down the period number and group number in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, in which this element is located;
3. determine whether the simple substance that forms this element belongs to metals or non-metals.

Record your answers in a table.

Decision

The figure shows a diagram of the structure of an atom:

Where a kernel is shown having a specific positive charge(n), and electrons rotating around the nucleus on electron layers. Based on this, they are asked to name this element, write down the number of the period and the group in which it is located. Let's figure it out:

1. Electrons rotate on three electron layers, which means that the element is in the third period.
2. On the last electron layer, 5 electrons rotate, which means that the element is located in the 5th group.

Task 3

Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev is a rich repository of information about chemical elements, their properties and the properties of their compounds. So, for example, it is known that with an increase in the atomic number of a chemical element, the basic character of the oxide decreases in periods, and increases in groups.

Given these patterns, arrange the following elements in the order of strengthening the basicity of the oxides: Na, Al, Mg, B. Write the symbols of the elements in the desired sequence.

Answer: ________

Decision

As you know, the sum of protons in the nucleus of an atom is equal to the ordinal number of the element. But the number of protons is not given to us. Since an atom is an electrically neutral particle, the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus of an atom is equal to the number of electrons (negatively charged particles) revolving around the atom's nucleus. The total number of electrons revolving around the nucleus is 15 (2 + 8 + 5), therefore, the serial number of the element is 15. Now it remains to look into the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev and find the number 15. This is P (phosphorus). Since phosphorus has 5 electrons in the last electron layer, it is non-metal; metals on the last layer have 1 to 3 electrons.

Given 4 elements from the periodic system of Mendeleev: Na, Al, Mg, B. It is necessary to arrange them so that the basicity of the oxides formed by them increases. Answering this question of the VPR, it is necessary to remember how the metallic properties change in the periods and groups of the periodic system.

In periods from left to right, metallic properties decrease and non-metallic properties increase. Consequently, the basicity of oxides also decreases.

In groups, main subgroups, metallic properties increase from top to bottom. Consequently, the basicity of their oxides also increases in the same order.

Now let's look at the elements given to us. Two of them are in the third group; they are B and Al. Aluminum in the group is lower than boron, therefore, its metallic properties are more pronounced than those of boron. Accordingly, the basicity of aluminum oxide is more pronounced.

Al, Na and Mg are located in the 3rd period. Since the metallic properties decrease in the period from left to right, the basic properties of their oxides also decrease. Given all this, you can arrange these elements in the following order:

Task 4

The table below shows some of the characteristics of covalent and ionic types of chemical bonding.

Using this information, determine the type of chemical bond: 1) in calcium chloride (CaCl 2); 2) in a hydrogen molecule (H 2).

1. In calcium chloride _____________
2. In a hydrogen molecule _____________

Decision

In the next question, it is necessary to determine which type of chemical bond is typical for CaCl 2 and which for H 2. This table has a hint:

Using it, it can be determined that CaCl 2 is characterized by an ionic type of bond, since it consists of a metal atom (Ca) and non-metal atoms (Cl), and for H 2 it is covalent non-polar, since this molecule consists of atoms of the same element is hydrogen.

Complex inorganic substances can be conditionally distributed, that is, classified, into four classes, as shown in the diagram. In this scheme, enter the missing names of the two classes and two formulas of substances that are representatives of the corresponding classes.

Decision

The next task is to test the knowledge of the main classes of inorganic substances.

The table must fill in the empty cells. In the first two cases, the formulas of substances are given, it is necessary to attribute them to a certain class of substances; in the last two, on the contrary, write formulas for representatives of these classes.

CO 2 is a complex substance, consisting of atoms of various elements. One of which is oxygen. He is in second place. It's an oxide. The general formula for oxides is RO, where R is a specific element.

RbOH - belongs to the class of bases. Common to all bases is the presence of an OH group, which is connected to the metal (the exception is NH 4 OH, where the OH group is connected to the NH 4 group).

Acids are complex substances consisting of hydrogen atoms and an acid residue.

Therefore, the formulas of all acids begin with hydrogen atoms, followed by an acid residue. For example: HCl, H 2 SO 4, HNO 3, etc.

Lastly, write the formula for salt. Salts are complex substances consisting of metal atoms and an acidic residue, for example NaCl, K 2 SO 4.

To complete tasks 6-8, use the information contained in this text

Phosphorus (V) oxide (P 2 O 5) is formed during the combustion of phosphorus in air and is a white powder. This substance is very active and reacts with water with the release of a large amount of heat, therefore it is used as a desiccant for gases and liquids, a water-removing agent in organic syntheses.

The reaction product of phosphorus(V) oxide with water is phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4). This acid exhibits all the general properties of acids, for example, it interacts with bases. Such reactions are called neutralization reactions.

Salts of phosphoric acid, such as sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4), find the widest application. They are introduced into the composition of detergents and washing powders, used to reduce the hardness of water. At the same time, the ingress of excess amounts of phosphates with wastewater into water bodies contributes to the rapid development of algae (water bloom), which makes it necessary to carefully control the content of phosphates in wastewater and natural waters. To detect the phosphate ion, you can use the reaction with silver nitrate (AgNO 3), which is accompanied by the formation of a yellow precipitate of silver phosphate (Ag 3 PO 4)

Task 6

1) Write an equation for the reaction of phosphorus with oxygen.

Answer: ________

2) On what property of phosphorus(V) oxide is its use as a drying agent based?

Answer: ________

Decision

In this task, it is necessary to formulate an equation for the reaction of phosphorus with oxygen and answer the question why the product of this reaction is used as a drying agent.

We write the reaction equation and arrange the coefficients: 4 P + 5 O 2 = 2 P 2 O 5

Phosphorus oxide is used as a drying agent for its ability to remove water from substances.

Task 7

1) Write a molecular equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide.

Answer: ________

2) Indicate what type of reactions (compounds, decompositions, substitutions, exchanges) the interaction of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide belongs to.

Answer: ________

Decision

In the seventh task, it is necessary to draw up an equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide. In order to do this, it is necessary to remember that this reaction refers to exchange reactions, when complex substances exchange their constituent parts.

H 3 PO 4 + 3 NaOH = Na 3 PO 4 + 3 H 2 O

Here we see that hydrogen and sodium in the reaction products are reversed.

Task 8

1) Write an abbreviated ionic equation for the reaction between solutions of sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4) and silver nitrate.

Answer: ________

2) Specify the sign of this reaction.

Answer: ________

Decision

Let us write the reaction equation in a reduced ionic form between solutions of sodium phosphate and silver nitrate.

In my opinion, you first need to write the reaction equation in molecular form, then arrange the coefficients and determine which of the substances leaves the reaction medium, that is, precipitates, is released in the form of a gas, or forms a low-dissociating substance (for example, water). The solubility table will help us with this.

Na 3 PO 4 + 3 AgNO 3 = Ag 3 PO 4 + 3 NaNO 3

The downward arrow next to silver phosphate indicates that this compound is insoluble in water and precipitates, therefore it does not undergo dissociation and is written in the form of a molecule in the ionic reaction equations. We write the full ionic equation for this reaction:

Now we cross out the ions that have moved from the left side of the equation to the right side without changing their charge:

3Na + + PO 4 3– + 3Ag + + 3NO 3 – = Ag 3 PO 4 + 3Na + + 3NO 3 –

Everything that is not crossed out, we write out in an abbreviated ionic equation:

PO 4 3– + 3Ag + = Ag3PO4

Task 9

The scheme of the redox reaction is given.

Mn (OH) 2 + KBrO 3 → MnO 2 + KBr + H 2 O

1. Make an electronic balance of this reaction.

Answer: ________

2. Specify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

Answer: ________

3. Arrange the coefficients in the reaction equation.

Answer: ________

Decision

The next task is to explain the redox process.

Mn(OH) 2 + KBrO 3 → MnO 2 + KBr + H 2 O

In order to do this, we write next to the symbol of each element its oxidation state in this compound. Do not forget that in total all the oxidation states of a substance are equal to zero, since they are electrically neutral. The oxidation state of atoms and molecules consisting of the same substance is also zero.

Mn 2+ (O 2– H +) 2 + K + Br 5+ O 3 2– → Mn 4+ O 2 2– + K + Br – + H 2 + O 2 –

Mn2+ (O 2– H +) 2 + K+Br 5+ O 3 2– → Mn4+ O 2 2– + K + Br – + H 2 + O 2 –

Mn 2+ –2e → Mn 4+ The process of electron donation is oxidation. At the same time, the oxidation state of the element increases during the reaction. This element is a reducing agent, it restores bromine.

Br 5+ +6e → Br - The process of accepting electrons - recovery. In this case, the oxidation state of the element decreases during the reaction. This element is an oxidizing agent, it oxidizes manganese.

An oxidizing agent is a substance that accepts electrons and is reduced at the same time (the oxidation state of an element decreases).

A reducing agent is a substance that donates electrons and is oxidized at the same time (the oxidation state of an element decreases). At school, it is written as follows.

The number 6, which stands after the first vertical bar, is the least common multiple of the numbers 2 and 6 - the number of electrons donated by the reducing agent and accepted by the oxidizing agent. We divide this figure by the number of electrons donated by the reducing agent and we get the number 3, it is placed after the second vertical line and is the coefficient in the redox reaction equation, which is placed in front of the reducing agent, that is, manganese. Next, divide the number 6 by the number 6 - the number of electrons received by the oxidizer. We get the number 1. This is the coefficient that is placed in the redox reaction equation in front of the oxidizing agent, that is, bromine. We enter the coefficients in the reduced equation, and then transfer them to the main equation.

3Mn(OH) 2 + KBrO 3 → 3MnO 2 + KBr + 3H 2 O

If necessary, we arrange other coefficients so that the number of atoms of the same element is the same. At the end, we check the number of oxygen atoms before and after the reaction. If their number is equal, then we did everything right. In this case, it is necessary to put a factor of 3 in front of the water.

The transformation scheme is given:

Cu → CuCl 2 → Cu(OH) 2 → Cu(NO 3) 2

Write the molecular equations of the reactions by which these transformations can be carried out.

Decision

We solve the transformation scheme:

Cu→ CuCl 2 → Cu(Oh) 2 → Cu(NO 3 ) 2

1) Cu + Cl 2 = CuCl 2 - I draw your attention to the fact that copper does not interact with hydrochloric acid, since it is in the series of voltages of metals after hydrogen. Therefore, one of the main reactions. Interaction directly with chlorine.

2) CuCl 2 + 2 NaOH = Cu(Oh) 2 + 2 NaCl- exchange reaction.

3) Cu(Oh) 2 + 2 HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2 H 2 O-copper hydroxide is a precipitate, therefore, nitric acid salts are not suitable for obtaining copper nitrate from it.

Establish a correspondence between the name of an organic substance and the class / group to which this substance belongs: for each position indicated by a letter, select the corresponding position indicated by a number.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

1. Methanol is an alcohol. The names of monohydric alcohols end in -ol, so A2.

2. Acetylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. This trivial name is given here. According to the systematic nomenclature, it is called ethin. Choose B4.

3. Glucose is a carbohydrate, a monosaccharide. Therefore, we choose IN 1.

In the proposed schemes of chemical reactions, insert the formulas of the missing substances and place the coefficients where necessary.

1) C 6 H 6 + Br 2		C 6 H 5 -Br + ...

2) CH 3 CHO + ... → CH 3 CH 3 OH

Decision

It is necessary to insert the formulas of the missing substances and, if necessary, arrange the coefficients:

1) C 6 H 6 + Br 2 ⎯AlBr 3 → C 6 H 5 –Br + HBr Substitution reactions are characteristic of benzene and its homologues, therefore, in this reaction, bromine replaces the hydrogen atom in benzene and bromobenzene is obtained.

2) CH 3 CHO + H 2 → CH 3 CH 2 OH Reaction of reduction of acetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol.

Acetic acid is widely used in the chemical and food industries. Aqueous solutions of acetic acid (food additive E260) are used in household cooking, canning, as well as for the production of medicinal and aromatic substances. The latter include numerous esters of acetic acid, such as propyl acetate.

Calculate how many grams of propyl acetate (CH 3 COOC 3 H 7) can be obtained by reacting 300 g of acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) with propanol-1 (C 3 H 7 OH) at 100% practical yield. Write down the reaction equation and the detailed solution of the problem.

Answer: ________

Task. We write down a brief condition of the problem:

m (CH 3 COOS 3 H 7) \u003d?

1. The condition of the problem says that acetic acid reacted with a mass of 300 g. Let's determine the number of moles in 300 g of it. To do this, we use the magic triangle, where n is the number of moles.

We substitute the numbers: n \u003d 300 g: 60 g / mol \u003d 5 mol. Thus, acetic acid reacted with propyl alcohol in an amount of 5 mol. Next, we determine how many moles of CH 3 COOS 3 H 7 are formed from 5 moles of CH 3 COOH. According to the reaction equation, acetic acid reacts in an amount of 1 mol, and 1 mol of ester is also formed, since there are no coefficients in the reaction equation. Therefore, if we take an acid in the amount of 5 mol, then the ether will also be 5 mol. Because they react in a 1:1 ratio.

Well, it remains to calculate the mass of 5 moles of ether using this triangle.

Substituting the numbers, we get: 5 mol 102 g / mol \u003d 510 g.

Answer: mass of ether = 510 g.

Acetylene is used as a fuel for gas welding and metal cutting, as well as a raw material for the production of vinyl chloride and other organic substances. In accordance with the scheme below, write the equations for the reactions characteristic of acetylene. When writing reaction equations, use the structural formulas of organic substances.

Decision

Carry out transformations characteristic of acetylene according to the above scheme.

I would like to say that acetylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon having 2 π-bonds between carbon atoms, therefore, it is characterized by addition, oxidation, polymerization reactions at the point of rupture of π-bonds. Reactions can proceed in two stages.

Ringer's solution is widely used in medicine as a regulator of water-salt balance, a substitute for plasma and other blood components. To prepare it, 8.6 g of sodium chloride, 0.33 g of calcium chloride and 0.3 g of potassium chloride are dissolved in 1 liter of distilled water. Calculate the mass fraction of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the resulting solution. Write down a detailed solution to the problem.

Answer: ________

Decision

To solve this problem, we write its brief condition:

m(H 2 O) \u003d 1000 g. m(CaCl 2) \u003d 0.33 g. m(KCl) = 0.3 g. m(NaCl) = 8.6 g.	Since the density of water is unity, 1 liter of water will have a mass equal to 1000 grams. Next, to find the mass fraction in percent of the solution, we use the magic triangle, m (in-va) - the mass of the substance; m(r-ra) - mass of the solution; ω is the mass fraction of a substance in percent in a given solution. We derive a formula for finding ω% in solution. It will look like this:
ω% (p-ra NaCl)

In order to immediately proceed to finding the mass fraction in percent of the NaCl solution, we must know two other values, that is, the mass of the substance and the mass of the solution. The mass of the substance is known to us from the conditions of the problem, and the mass of the solution should be found. The mass of the solution is equal to the mass of water plus the mass of all salts dissolved in water. The formula for calculating is simple: m (in-va) \u003d m (H 2 O) + m (NaCl) + m (CaCl 2) + m (KCl), adding all the values, we get: 1000 g. + 8.6 g. + 0.3 g + 0.33 g = 1009.23 g. This will be the mass of the entire solution.

Now we find the mass fraction of NaCl in the solution:

Similarly, we calculate the mass of calcium chloride:

Plugging in the numbers, we get:

Answer:ω% in NaCl solution = 0.85%; ω% in CaCl 2 solution = 0.033%.

OPTION 1
PART A
A 1. Indicate the number of the period and group in which silicon is located
1) II, IV 2) III, IV 3) V, II 4) II, III
A 2. The total number of electrons in the chlorine atom
1) 8 2) 7 3) 35 4) 17
A 3. The charge of the nucleus of the magnesium atom and its relative atomic mass:
1) +39; 12 2) + 12; 24 3) 24; + 19 4) 2; + 24 + 12; 24
A4. The non-metallic properties of elements of the A groups are enhanced
1) from left to right and in groups from top to bottom 2) from right to left and in groups from top to bottom
3) from right to left and in groups from bottom to top 4) from left to right and in groups from bottom to top

1) Na, Mg, Al, Si 2) Li, Be, B, C 3) P, S, Cl, Ar 4) F, O, N, C
A6. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom 39K is
1) 19 2) 20 3) 39 4) 58
A7. Which row contains only non-metals:
1) S, O, N, Mg 2) N, O, F, H 3) Fe, Cu, Na, H 4) Na, K, Cu, Ca
A8. In which row are the formulas of substances with only a covalent polar bond written?
1) Cl2, NH3, HCl 2) HBr, NO, Br2 3) H2S, H2O, S8 4) HI, H2O, PH3
A9. Crystalline structure similar to that of diamond
1) silica SiO2 2) sodium oxide Na2O 3) carbon monoxide (II) CO 4) white phosphorus P4A10. Which of the statements about the dissociation of bases in aqueous solutions is correct?
A. Bases in water dissociate into metal cations (or a similar NH4+ cation) and hydroxide anions OH –.
B. No other anions, except OH–, do not form bases.
A11. Which of the following reactions is not an ion exchange reaction?
1) Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaNO3
2) KOH + HCl = KCl + H2O
3) 2KMnO4 = K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
4) Li2SO3 + 2HNO3 = 2LiNO3 + H2O + SO2
A12. Shows only oxidative properties
1) sodium sulfide 2) sulfur 3) sulfuric acid 4) potassium sulfite
A13. On the shift of chemical equilibrium in the system N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q
has no effect
1) temperature decrease 2) pressure increase
3) removing ammonia from the reaction zone 4) using a catalyst

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the name of a chemical compound and the type of bond of atoms in this compound.

A) zinc
B) nitrogen
B) ammonia
D) calcium chloride
1) ionic
2) metal
3) covalent polar
4) covalent non-polar
IN 2. 50 g of sugar were dissolved in 100 g of water. The mass fraction of sugar in the resulting solution is _____________%. (Write down your answer to the nearest integer.)
IN 3. Establish a correspondence between the reaction equation and the oxidizing substance participating in this reaction.

A) 2NO + 2H2 = N2 + 2H2O
B) 2NH3 + 2Na = 2NaNH2 + H2
C) H2 + 2Na = 2NaH
D) 4NH3 + 6NO = 5N2 + 6H2O
1) H2
2) NO
3) N2
4) NH3
AT 4.
Establish a correspondence between the salt and the reaction of the medium in its aqueous solution.
SALT REACTION ENVIRONMENT
A) barium nitrate
B) iron chloride (III)
B) ammonium sulfate
D) potassium acetate
1) sour
2) neutral
3) alkaline


Evaluation:


B2 - 1 point
Part C - 3 points

23-22 points - "5"
21-16 - "4"
15 -11-"3"
Less than 10 - "2"

Examination No. 1 in the section "Theoretical Foundations of Chemistry"
OPTION 2
PART A
When completing the tasks of this part (A1-A13), choose only one of the four proposed answers.
A 1. Indicate the number of the period and group in which germanium is located
1) II, IV 2) III, IV 3) IV, IV 4) IV, III
A 2. The total number of electrons in an arsenic atom
1) 33 2) 5 3) 75 4) 41
A 3. The charge of the nucleus of the phosphorus atom and its relative atomic mass:
1) +31; 15 2) + 15; 31 3) 30; + 15 4) 3; + 31 + 15; 31
A4 In the series Mg → Ca → Sr → Ba, the ability of metals to donate electrons
1) weakens 2) increases 3) does not change 4) changes periodically
A5. In which order are the elements arranged in ascending order of their atomic radius?
1) Na, K, Rb, Cs 2) Li, Be, B, C 3) O, S, Cl, Ar 4) F, O, N, C
A6 The number of neutrons in the nucleus of a 16S atom is
16 2) 32 3) 12 4) 24
A7. Which row contains only metals:
1) S, O, N, Mg 2) N, O, F, H 3) Fe, Cu, Na, Ni 4) Na, K, Cu, C
A8 Covalent non-polar bond is realized in the compound
1) CrO3 2) P2O5 3) SO2 4) F2
A9 Each of the two substances has a molecular crystal lattice:
1) graphite and diamond 2) silicon and iodine 3) chlorine and carbon monoxide (IV) 4) barium chloride and barium oxide
A10 Which of the statements about the dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions are correct?
A. Acids in water dissociate into hydrogen cations H + and hydroxide anions OH -.
B. Acids do not form any other cations, except for H +.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false
A11 The reaction whose equation is CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2 is the reaction
1) exchange 2) compounds 3) decomposition 4) substitution
A12 As an oxidizing agent, sulfur reacts with
1) chlorine 2) oxygen 3) bromine 4) iron
A13 The equilibrium of the reaction CaCO3 CaO + CO2 - Q shifts to the right at
1) decrease in temperature and increase in pressure
2) increase in temperature and decrease in pressure
3) increase in temperature and increase in pressure
4) decrease in temperature and decrease in pressure
Part BThe answer to the tasks of part B is a set of numbers or a number
In tasks B1-B4 to establish correspondence to each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second. (The numbers in the answer may be repeated).
B1 B1. Establish a correspondence between the name of a chemical compound and the type of bond of atoms in this compound.
NAME OF THE CONNECTION TYPE OF COMMUNICATION
A) copper
B) bromine
B) ethanol
G)
D) calcium chloride
water
1) ionic
2) metal
3) covalent polar
4) covalent non-polar
B2 12 g of salt was dissolved in 100 g of water. The mass fraction of salt in the resulting solution is _____________%. (Write down your answer to the nearest integer.)
B3 Establish a correspondence between the reaction equation and the formula of the substance, which in this reaction is an oxidizing agent.
REACTION EQUATION OXIDIZER
A) H2S + I2 = S + 2HI
B) 2S + C = CS2
C) 2SO3 + 2KI = I2 + SO2 + K2SO4
D) S + 3NO2 = SO3 + 3NO
1) NO2
2) H2S
3) HI
4) S
5) SO3
6) I2
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the name of the substance and the environment of its aqueous solution
NAME OF THE SUBSTANCE SOLUTION MEDIUM
A) zinc sulfate
B) rubidium nitrate
B) potassium fluoride
D) sodium hydrogen phosphate
1) acidic
2) neutral
3) alkaline
Part C (write answer with full explanation)
What is the rate of a chemical reaction, on what factors does it depend, give examples from life (NATURAL PHENOMENA, LIFE OF PEOPLE, INDUSTRY).
Evaluation:
Part A - correct answer 1 point
Part B - B1, B3, B4 - 2 points without error. 1 point - 1 mistake
B2 - 1 point
Part C - 3 points
Maximum points: 23
23-22 points - "5" 21-16 - "4" 15 -11-"3" Less than 10 - "2"
ANSWERS:
No. Option 1 Option 2
A12 3
A24 1
A3 2 2
A44 2
A5 4 1
A62 1
A72 3
A8 4 4
A91 3
A10 3 2
A11 3 2
A12 3 4
A13 4 2
B12431 24313
B233 11
B3 2412 2451
B42113 1233
C 1. The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the change in the amount of reactants or reaction products per unit of time per unit volume.
2.Speed ​​depends on:
The nature of the reactants;
Reactant concentrations
Temperatures
Catalysts/inhibitors
3.Examples

"one. From the course of chemistry, you know the following methods for separating mixtures: sedimentation, filtration, distillation (distillation), magnet action, evaporation, crystallization. On the..."

1. From the course of chemistry, you know the following methods for separating mixtures: sedimentation, filtration, distillation (distillation), magnet action, evaporation, crystallization. Figures 1-3 show examples of using some of these methods.

Rice. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Which of the following methods of separation of mixtures can be used for purification:

1) ethanol and water;

2) water and sand?

Record in the table the number of the figure and the name of the corresponding method for separating the mixture.

Mixture Figure number Method for separating the mixture

Ethanol and water

water with sand

2. The figure shows a model of the electronic structure of an atom of a certain chemical element.

Based on the analysis of the proposed model, perform the following tasks:

1) determine the chemical element whose atom has such an electronic structure;

2) indicate the number of the period and the number of the group in the Periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, in which this element is located;

3) determine whether a simple substance that forms this chemical element belongs to metals or non-metals.

Record your answers in a table.

Chemical element symbol Period number Group number Metal/non-metal

3. It is known that with an increase in the ordinal number of an element in periods, the metallic properties of atoms decrease, and in groups they increase. Arrange in order of increasing metallic properties, the following elements: Write down the designations of the elements in the correct sequence.

In your answer, indicate the designations of the elements, separating &. For example, 11&22.

4. The table below lists the characteristic properties of substances that have a molecular and atomic structure.

Characteristic properties of substances

Metal structure Atomic structure

Usually have a sheen

Made up of metals only

Plastic

They have high electrical and thermal conductivity - very hard under normal conditions;

fragile;

Refractory;

non-volatile;

insoluble in water

Using this information, determine what structure the substances iron () and boron () have.

Write your answer in the space provided:

1) iron () 2) boron () 5. Complex inorganic substances can be conditionally distributed, that is, classified, into four groups, as shown in the diagram. In this scheme, for each of the four groups, enter the missing group names or chemical formulas of substances (one example of the formulas) belonging to this group.

6. 1. Write the molecular equation for the calcium hydroxide production reaction mentioned in the text.

2. Explain why this process is called quenching.

Read the following text and complete tasks 6-8.

In the food industry, the food additive E526 is used, which is calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2. It finds application in the production of: fruit juices, baby food, pickled cucumbers, table salt, confectionery and sweets.

Obtaining calcium hydroxide on an industrial scale is possible by mixing calcium oxide with water, this process is called quenching.

Calcium hydroxide has been widely used in the production of building materials such as whitewash, plaster and gypsum mortars. This is due to its ability to interact with carbon dioxide CO2 contained in the air. The same property of calcium hydroxide solution is used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

A useful property of calcium hydroxide is its ability to act as a flocculant that purifies wastewater from suspended and colloidal particles (including iron salts). It is also used to raise the pH of water, since natural water contains substances (such as acids) that cause corrosion in plumbing pipes.

7. 1. Write the molecular equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, which was mentioned in the text.

2. Explain what features of this reaction make it possible to use it to detect carbon dioxide in the air.

8. The scheme of the redox reaction is given.

1. Make an electronic balance of this reaction.

2. Specify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

3. Arrange the coefficients in the reaction equation.

9. The scheme of transformations is given:

Write the molecular equations of the reactions by which these transformations can be carried out.

10. Establish a correspondence between the name of the compound and the general formula of the class (group) of organic compounds to which it belongs: for each position indicated by a letter, select the corresponding position indicated by a number.

COMPOUND NAME GENERAL FORMULA

A) hexin B) cyclopropane

C) ethylbenzene 1)

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

11. In the proposed schemes of chemical reactions, insert the formulas of the missing substances and arrange the coefficients.

12. Lithium oxide is often used to produce special glasses with high thermal stability. Lithium oxide is obtained by oxidizing lithium with oxygen.

Lithium weighing 3.5 g was burned in oxygen. Calculate the mass of lithium oxide formed in this case. Give your answer in grams to the nearest tenth.

13. Acetylene is an important substance in the chemical industry. It is used to produce polyacetylene, ethanol, acetic acid, and more. It is also used in gas welding and rocket fuel. In accordance with the diagram below, replace the signs "?" the reactants or products of the reaction. Substances must correspond to the reaction number.

14. A solution of glycerin is used in medicine and in the food industry. What is the mass of glycerol that must be added to 100 g of a 10% glycerol solution to obtain a solution with a mass fraction of 15%? (Write down your answer to the nearest integer.)

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