Scientific articles in English on satellites. The documents. acid rain
Full-text publications in foreign languages:
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Department of Economics & Business. Repository of the Faculty of Economics and Business of Pompeu Fabra University (Spain). About 800 working papers. Section: Research, working papers. Language Spanish, English.
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Fisher College, Department of Finance. College of Economics, Ohio University (USA). Archive of financial preprints since 2006. English language.
Global Price and Income History Group. Project on the economic history of foreign countries (Middle Ages - mid-20th century). English language.
IDEAS. University of Connecticut (USA). Bibliographic database for economic sciences. Contains links to full-text materials: articles, working papers, book chapters. Some of them are freely available. English language.
Institute for Social & Economic Research. University of Essex (England). Institute for Social and Economic Research. About 200 working papers. English language.
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International Data Base. Statistical data on the population of the countries of the world since 1951 (demographic and socio-economic indicators). Dictionary. English language.
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Online Books Page. More than 15 thousand full-text books and other publications from the server of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Search by - author, title and keywords. Material on the themes: economics and law, economic theory, economic history. English language.
Online Text and Notes in Statistics for Economists. University of Bristol (England). The online learning materials section provides full-text versions for various levels of study and specializations in economics. English language.
PERI. Research Institute of Political Economy of the University of Massachusetts (USA). Working materials, books, articles. English language.
RePEc . Reports, articles and preprints on economics. Open base of electronic publications. English language.
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The law school. University of Chicago (USA). Working papers on law and economics. English language.
The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Section: Publications. Articles and working papers (1987-2009) on economics, business and finance.
Tinbergen Institute (Holland) . Economics working papers since 2001. English language.
University of Zurich. The Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Papers (Switzerland). Section: Publications. Language German, English.
University of California eScholarship Repository. Database of the University of California (USA). Journals, books, conference materials, working papers on various sciences are freely available.
University of Oxford. About 800 working papers on economics. English language.
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Vlerick Leuven Gent. Working papers of Vlerick Leuven Gent Business School (Belgium) since 2001. English language.
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Russian agriculture
The agriculture has been and remains a very important sector of the Russian economy. Many of our agriculture products are well known in other countries. Russia can cultivate practically all known farm crops due to various climatic parameters on its large territory. Our country cultivates different kinds of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, maize, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, etc.) and very many kinds of berries.
Agriculture has been and remains a very important sector of the Russian economy. Many of our agricultural products are well known in other countries. Russia can grow almost every known agricultural crop due to the diverse climatic conditions in its vast territory. Our country grows various varieties of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, corn, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears , plums, peaches, etc.) and a lot of varieties of berries.
Animal breeding is a very important field of our agriculture. Cattle farming and poultry farming give us various kinds of meat (beef, lamb, pork, turkey, etc.), eggs and milk.
Animal husbandry is a very important area of our agriculture. Livestock and poultry farming provide us with various types of meat (beef, lamb, pork, turkey meat, etc.), eggs and milk.
There are many big agricultural enterprises and many small private farms in Russia. The number of these private farms tends to increase.
Russia has many large agricultural enterprises and many small private farms. The number of such private farms tends to increase.
The modern agriculture in Russia has many critical problems. The deficit of agricultural machinery belongs to the most difficult problems. The condition of agricultural machinery in Russia is very poor and the high cost makes the rate of its replacement week and slow. But the citizens of Russia believe that the Russian agriculture will solve all existing problems in the future.
Modern agriculture in Russia demonstrates many serious (critical) problems. The shortage of agricultural machinery is one of the most difficult problems. The state of agricultural machinery in Russia is very deplorable, and the high cost makes the pace of its replacement and renewal weak and slow. But Russian citizens believe that Russian agriculture will solve all existing problems in the future.
English text with translation
][ ]
The physical environment and natural resources of England are more favorable to agricultural development than those of other parts of the United Kingdom. A greater proportion of the land consists of lowlands with good soils where the climate is conducive to crop growing. The majority of English farms are small, most holdings being less than 250 acres (100 hectares); nonetheless, they are highly mechanised.
Wheat, the chief grain crop, is grown in the drier, sunnier counties of eastern and southern England, where new, stronger varieties have become increasingly widespread and average yields have risen significantly.
Barley is grown mainly for livestock feed. The acreage under oats is gradually declining. Corn (maize) and rye are also grown. Principal potato-growing areas are the fenlands of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Lincolnshire; the clay soils of Humberside; and the peats of North Yorkshire.
Sugar-beet production depends heavily on government subsidy because of competition from imported cane sugar. In recent years, acreage and yield for rape have increased. Grass and its variants are grown for feeding livestock.
The growing of vegetables, fruit, and flowers, known in England as market gardening, is often done in greenhouses and is found within easy trucking distance of large towns, the proximity of a market being of more consequence than climatic considerations.
The fertile (clay and limestone) soil of Kent has always been conducive to fruit growing. Cultivation was first established there on a commercial scale in the 16th century. The county of Kent is a major supplier of fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, black currants, cauliflowers, and cabbages).
Hereford and Worcester is noted for its plums, while Somerset and Devon specialize in cider apples.
The agriculture of England is primarily concerned with livestock husbandry and, in particular, with milk production.
Dairying is important in every county, though the main concentrations are in western England. The quality of dairy cattle was improved considerably after World War II. The higher-yielding dairy breeds, including the Frisian and Ayrshire, have become more numerous than the once-dominant Shorthorn.
Translation of the text: Agriculture - Agriculture
The environment and natural resources in England are more favorable for the development of agriculture than in other regions of the United Kingdom. Most of the territory is dominated by lowlands with good soils, and the climate is favorable for growing crops. English farms are mostly small, with most holdings not exceeding 250 acres (100 hectares); but they are highly mechanized.
Wheat, the main grain crop, is grown in the drier, sunnier counties of eastern and southern England, where newer, more hardy varieties are becoming more widespread and average yields have risen significantly.
Barley is grown mainly as cattle feed. The area of land that is sown with oats is gradually decreasing. Corn (maize) and rye are also grown. The main potato-growing areas are in the swampy lands of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire; the clay soils of Humberside; peaty soils of North Yorkshire.
Sugar beet cultivation is more dependent on government subsidies due to competition from imported cane sugar. In recent years, crops and the harvest of rapeseed have grown. Various types of herbs are grown for cattle feed.
Growing fruits, vegetables and flowers for sale is often carried out in greenhouses, which are located in places where crops can be easily transported to large cities: here the proximity of the market plays a more important role than climatic conditions.
Fruit has always been grown on the fertile lands of Kent. In the XVI century. fruit cultivation began to be commercialized. Kent is the main supplier of fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, black currants, cauliflower and cabbage).
Hereford and Worcester are famous for their plum trees, while Somerset and Devon specialize in apple growing.
Agriculture in England primarily provides livestock, in particular dairy.
In all counties dairy farms play an important role, although their main concentration is in the west of England. The quality of dairy cattle improved significantly after World War II. Dairy breeds with high milk yields, including the Friesian and Ayrshire, have become more numerous than the former main Shorthorn breed.
References:
1. 100 topics of oral English (V. Kaverina, V. Boyko, N. Zhidkih) 2002
2. English for schoolchildren and applicants to universities. Oral exam. Topics. Reading texts. Exam questions. (Tsvetkova I.V., Klepalchenko I.A., Myltseva N.A.)
3. English, 120 Topics. English language, 120 conversation topics. (Sergeev S.P.)
We offer you three scientific articles in English with translation. Although the topics of these articles are quite complex, the articles are easy to use and are specially adapted for English learners. The first scientific article in physics is about black holes, the second scientific article is in biology, the third scientific article in English is on ecology, and specifically -
You may also be interested in the following scientific articles in English with translation into Russian:,.
Scientific article about Black Holes (Black Holes) in English with translation
Black holes are areas in the universe where gravity pulls in everything, even light. Nothing can get out and all objects are squeezed into a tiny space. Because there is no light in black holes, we cannot see them. But scientists can detect the immense gravity and radiation around them. They are the most mysterious objects in astronomy. Scientists think that the first black holes were formed when the universe began about 13 billion of years ago.
Albert Einstein was the first scientist to predict that black holes existed. But it was in 1971 that the first black hole was actually discovered.
Black holes can have various sizes, some may be even as small as an atom. But they all have one thing in common - a very large mass.
Black holes are regions in the universe where gravity pulls everything in, even light. Nothing can escape and all objects are compressed into a tiny space. Since there is no light in black holes, we cannot see them. But scientists can detect the enormous gravity and radiation around them. These are the most mysterious objects in astronomy. Scientists believe that the first black holes were formed when the universe was born about 13 billion years ago.
Albert Einstein was the first scientist to predict that black holes exist. But the first black hole was discovered only in 1971.
Black holes can be of various sizes, some can even be as small as an atom. But they all have one thing in common - a very large mass.
There are three kinds of black holes (There are three types of black holes):
A stellar occurs when very large stars burn away the rest of the fuel that they have and collapse. It is so massive that several of our suns could fit in it. Our sun, however, could never become a stellar because it is too small.
supermassives are the largest and most dominant black holes in our universe. They have masses of a million or more suns put together. Every galaxy has a supermassive in its centre. As they become larger and larger they pull in more material. The black hole at the center of our Milky Way is four million times as massive as our sun and surrounded by very hot gas.
Intermediate-mass black holes have not been found yet, but scientists think they probably exist. They have the mass of between a hundred and a thousand suns.
stellar mass black holes occur when very large stars burn off the remaining fuel they have and collapse. They are so massive that several of our suns can fit into them. However, our sun can never become a black hole because it is too small.
supermassive are the largest and most dominant black holes in our universe. There are millions or more suns in them, gathered together. Every galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center. As they get bigger and bigger, they attract more matter. The black hole at the center of our Milky Way is four million times more massive than our sun and is surrounded by very hot gas.
Medium black holes have not yet been found by mass, but scientists believe they most likely exist. They have a mass of one hundred to a thousand suns.
A black hole consists of three parts (A black hole consists of three parts):
The outer event horizon is the farthest away from the centre. Gravity here is not so strong and you would be able to escape from it.
The inner event horizon is the middle part of a black hole. In this area, an object would be slowly pulled to the centre.
The singularity is the center of a black hole, where gravity is strongest.
Outer event horizon located farthest from the center. The force of attraction is not so strong here, and you could escape from it.
Inner event horizon is the middle part of a black hole. In this area, the object will slowly pull towards the center.
Singularity The center of a black hole, where gravity is strongest.
Scientific article in English with translation on the topic "Organic Farming and Food" (Organic farming and food)
In organic farming, crops, meat and other food are produced without chemicals. Fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones and antibiotics are forbidden. During thousands of years of civilization, the raising of animals and growing of plants have always been organic.
Chemicals for farming first came up at the turn of the 20th century. Widespread use of chemicals began after World War II.
In the 1950s and 60s, farmers started using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Recently, however, more and more farmers have been returning to more natural ways of producing farm products.
In organic farming, crops, meat and other products are produced without chemicals. Fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones and antibiotics are prohibited. Throughout the millennia of civilization, raising animals and growing plants has always been organic.
Agricultural chemicals first appeared at the turn of the 20th century. The widespread use of chemicals began after World War II.
In the 1950s and 60s, farmers began to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Recently, however, more and more farmers are returning to more natural ways of producing agricultural products.
Organic farming methods (Organic farming methods)
Instead of chemicals, organic farming uses a lot of organic matter to give crops the nutrients that they need to grow. Clover, for example, has a lot of nitrogen in it and farmers use it to make the soil better. Manure from animals and compost are also used to enrich the soil. These fertilizers also help conserve the soil, not destroy it after a few years.
Instead of chemicals, organic farming uses a lot of organic matter to give crops the nutrients they need to grow. Clover, for example, has a lot of nitrogen, and farmers use it to improve the soil. Animal manure and compost are also used to enrich the soil. These fertilizers also help preserve the soil, rather than destroy it after a few years.
Organic farmers also use crop rotation to preserve the good qualities of soils and avoid monoculture.
Chemical pesticides destroy or weaken many of the natural enemies of pests, like birds or frogs. They also can kill those insects that control a great number of pests.
Organic farming creates new living areas for wasps, bugs, beetles and flies by giving them water and food.
Weeds are controlled by using special machines. Hay, straw and wood chips are put between the rows of plants to stop weeding.
Many agricultural products can be produced in an organic way. Meat, dairy products and eggs come from animals that are fed organically and can graze outdoors. They live in conditions that are natural to them. Cows, for example, are kept in pastures and fields. Vegetables and fruits are also produced with organic methods.
Organic farmers also use crop rotation to maintain good soil quality and avoid monoculture.
Chemical pesticides destroy or weaken natural enemies of pests such as birds and frogs. They can also kill those insects that control a large number of pests.
Organic farming creates new habitats for wasps, beetles and flies by providing them with water and food.
Weeds are controlled by special machines. Hay, straw and wood chips are placed between the rows of plants so as not to be weeded. Many agricultural products can be produced organically. Meat, dairy and eggs come from animals that are organically fed and can graze outdoors. They live in conditions that are natural to them. Cows, for example, are kept in pastures and fields. Vegetables and fruits are also produced using organic methods.
Conventional versus organic farming (Conventional and organic farming)
conventional farmers
— apply chemical fertilizers to the soil to grow crops;
— spray crops with insecticides and pesticides to prevent them from being damaged by pests and disease;
- use herbicides to stop the growth of weeds.
organic farmers
— build soil with natural fertilizers in order to grow crops;
- rely on the natural enemies of pests;
- use crop rotation to conserve soil;
- pull out weeds by hand.
ordinary farmers
- apply chemical fertilizers to the soil for growing crops;
- spray crops with insecticides and pesticides to prevent damage by pests and diseases;
use herbicides to stop the growth of weeds.
organic farmers
– create soil using natural fertilizers for growing crops;
- rely on natural enemies of pests;
use crop rotation to conserve soil;
- weeding by hand.
Advantages of organic farming
- Farmers can reduce their production costs because they do not need to buy expensive chemicals and fertilizers.
— Healthier farm workers.
— In the long term, organic farms save energy and protect the environment.
— It can slow down global warming.
Fewer residues in food.
- More animals and plants can live in the same place in a natural way. This is called biodiversity.
- Pollution of ground water is stopped.
Benefits of Organic Farming
Farmers can lower their production costs because they don't have to buy expensive chemicals and fertilizers.
— Healthy agricultural workers.
“In the long run, organic farms save energy and protect the environment.
— It can slow down global warming.
- Less leftover food.
More animals and plants can live in the same place naturally. This is called biodiversity.
- Stops groundwater pollution.
Disadvantages of organic farming
— Organic food is more expensive because farmers do not get as much out of their land as conventional farmers do. Organic products may cost up to 40% more.
- Production costs are higher because farmers need more workers.
— Marketing and distribution are not efficient because organic food is produced in smaller amounts.
Food illnesses may happen more often.
- Organic farming cannot produce enough food that the world's population needs to survive. This could lead to starvation in countries that produce enough food today.
Disadvantages of organic farming
“Organic food is more expensive because farmers don't get as much from the land as regular farmers. Organic products can cost up to 40% more.
- Production costs are higher because farmers need more workers.
— Marketing and distribution is not effective as organic food is produced in small quantities.
- Illnesses from products can happen more often.
“Organic agriculture cannot produce enough food that the world's population needs to survive. This could lead to starvation in countries that produce enough food today.
About 1-2% of the world's food is produced with organic methods. The market, however, is growing very quickly - by about 20% a year. In Europe, Austria (11%), Italy (9%) and the Czech Republic (7%) are the countries in which organic food production as it is its highest.
About 1-2% of the world's food is produced organically. However, the market is growing very fast - about 20% per year. In Europe, Austria (11%), Italy (9%) and the Czech Republic (7%) are the countries with the highest organic food production.
Scientific article in English with translation about Air Pollution (Air pollution)
Air pollution is caused by many things:
— the increasing number of cars on our roads;
— growing cities;
— the fast development of our economy;
— industrialisation.
Air pollution, as we know it today, started with the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century. In the last few decades, it has become the major problem for our environment.
Air pollution is caused by many things:
- an increasing number of cars on our roads;
- growing cities;
- the rapid development of our economy;
- industrialization.
Air pollution as we know it today began with the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century. In the last few decades, this has become a major problem for our environment.
Scientific Articles in English with Translation - pollution, part 2
Clean air is normally made up of nitrogen (76%), oxygen (22%), carbon dioxide and a few other gases.
When harmful elements get into the air they may cause health problems and can also damage the environment, buildings and soil. They make the ozone layer thinner and thinner and lead to the warming of the earth's atmosphere and climate changes.
Our modern lifestyle has led to dirtier air over the years. Factories, vehicles of all kinds, the growing number of people are some things that are responsible for air pollution today. But not all pollution in the air is caused by people. Forest fires, dust storms and volcano eruptions can lead to the pollution of the atmosphere.
Clean air is usually composed of nitrogen (76%), oxygen (22%), carbon dioxide and a few other gases.
When harmful elements enter the air, they can cause health problems and can also damage the environment, buildings, and soil. They make the ozone layer thinner and thinner and lead to atmospheric warming and climate change.
Over the years, our modern lifestyle has led to air pollution. Factories, vehicles of all kinds, a growing number of people are the things that are responsible for air pollution today. But not all air pollution is caused by humans. Forest fires, dust storms and volcanic eruptions can lead to atmospheric pollution.
Major pollutants and where they come from - Major pollutants and where they come from
Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas that is set free when wood, petrol or coal are not completely burned. It is also in products like cigarettes. Because of it, less oxygen enters our blood and it makes us confused and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that gets into the atmosphere when we burn coal, oil or wood.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases that come from air-conditioning systems or refrigerators. When they get into the air they rise high into the atmosphere (about 20-50 km above the earth's surface). There, they get into contact with other gases and destroy the ozone layer. We need the ozone layer because it protects us from the sun's ultraviolet rays.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas that is released when wood, gasoline or coal is not completely burned. The same thing happens in cigarettes. Because of this, less oxygen enters our bloodstream and it makes us disorganized and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that enters the atmosphere when we burn coal, oil or wood.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases from air conditioning systems or refrigerators. When they rise into the air, they rise high into the atmosphere (about 20-50 km above the earth's surface). There they come into contact with other gases and destroy the ozone layer. We need the ozone layer because it protects us from the sun's ultraviolet rays.
Lead is in petrol, paint, batteries and other products. It is very dangerous if it gets into our bodies. In some cases, it can even cause cancer.
There are two types of ozone that we know of: Natural ozone is in the upper part of our atmosphere, but on the ground, people produce ozone too. Traffic and factories cause ground ozone. It is especially dangerous to children and older people. It makes them tired and doctors suggest not to go outdoors when there is too much ozone in the air.
Lead is found in gasoline, paint, batteries and other products. It is very dangerous when it enters our bodies. In some cases, it can even cause cancer.
We know of two types of ozone: natural ozone is found at the top of our atmosphere, but on earth, humans also produce ozone. Traffic and factories cause the ozone layer. This is especially dangerous for children and the elderly. This makes them tired, and doctors suggest not going outside when there is too much ozone in the air.
Nitrogen oxide causes smog and acid rain. It is produced when you burn fuels like coal and oil. It can lead to breathing problems especially when children go outside in the wintertime.
Sulfur dioxide is a gas that gets into the air when coal is burned in power plants. Paper factories and other chemical industries also produce sulfur dioxide. This pollutant can lead to lung diseases.
Nitric oxide causes smog and acid rain. It is produced by burning fuels such as coal and oil. This can lead to breathing problems, especially when children go outside in the winter.
Sulfur dioxide is a gas that is released into the air when coal is burned in power plants. Paper mills and other chemical industries also produce sulfur dioxide. This pollutant can lead to lung disease.
acid rain
Another result of air pollution is acid rain. It happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide get into the air. When it rains the water that comes down on us has these dangerous substances in it.
Acid rain can also be caused by volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes send poisonous gases high up into the atmosphere.
Acid rain leads to the destruction of forests, lakes and soil. Many lakes and rivers have been poisoned over the decades and even some types of fish have disappeared. Buildings also corrode because of acid rain.
The pollutants can travel in the air for a long time before they come down to earth. That's why it's sometimes hard to tell where dangerous pollutants originate. Acid rain that destroys forests and lakes in Austria and Germany may come from power stations in Eastern European countries.
Another result of air pollution is acid rain. This happens when sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide are released into the air. When it rains, the water that falls on us contains these dangerous substances.
Acid rain can also be caused by volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes send poisonous gases high into the atmosphere.
Acid rain leads to the destruction of forests, lakes and soil. Many lakes and rivers have been poisoned over the decades, and even some fish species have disappeared. Buildings also corrode due to acid rain.
Pollutants can travel through the air for a long time before they land on the ground. That's why it's sometimes hard to tell where dangerous pollutants come from. Acid rain, which destroys forests and lakes in Austria and Germany, may come from power plants in Eastern Europe.
What can we do about air pollution? What can we do about air pollution?
The job of cleaning up our air is difficult but not impossible. Choosing other forms of energy, like solar energy, wind energy or tidal energy could be used for controlling pollution.
Cities like London have shown that better air quality can be achieved in a short time. But we individuals can also help make the air around us cleaner!
- Walk or ride a bike to school or to your friend's home.
— Take a bus or a train to work
— Organize carpools.
- Don't use spray cans anymore!
— Make sure that your parents get a pollution check on the car every year!
— Trees give us oxygen and take in carbon dioxide. They clean the air around us. Take care of them!
- Switch off the lights when you leave the room. Only use the number of lights that you really need.
- Don't overheat your room during the winter months. It's better to wear a pullover than to be in a room that is too warm.
The job of cleaning our air is difficult, but possible. A choice of other forms of energy such as solar, wind or tidal power can be used to combat pollution.
Cities like London have shown that better air quality can be achieved in a short amount of time. But we humans can also help make the air around us cleaner!
- Walking or cycling to school or to a friend;
— Travel to work by bus or train;
- Organize joint trips in cars;
- Do not use sprays!
Make sure your parents check the car for dirt every year!
Trees give us oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. They purify the air around us. Take care of them!
- Turn off the lights when you leave the room. Use as much light as you really need.
Don't overheat your room during the winter months. It is better to wear a pullover than to be in a room that is too warm.
Smog
Smog is a combination of smoke and fog. It occurs when gases from burnt fuel get together with fog on the ground. When heat and sunlight get together with these gases, they form fine, dangerous particles in the air.
Smog occurs in big cities with a lot of traffic. Especially in the summertime, when it is very hot, could stays near the ground. It is dangerous to our breathing and in could areas, we can't see very well.
Smog was first discovered in Great Britain in the 19th century, during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. At that time people used coal for heating and cooking. Factories also used coal to produce iron and steel.
Smoke got together with wet, foggy air and turned yellow. The could often stayed over cities for many days. It caused lung diseases and breathing problems. Thousands of people died in London every year.
Today, cities that have a high population and are located in hot, subtropical areas have the biggest smog problems-Los Angeles, Mexico City or Cairo.
A lot has been done to prevent could recently. Factories use coal that doesn't have that much sulfur in it. And cars are much cleaner today. In some cities, cars aren't even allowed to drive on smog days.
Smog is a combination of smoke and fog. This happens when the gases of the fuel being burned merge with the fog on the ground. When heat and sunlight combine with these gases, they form fine, dangerous particles in the air.
Smog is found in big cities with a lot of traffic. Especially in the summer, when it is very hot, smog is low above the ground. It is dangerous for our breathing and in areas of smog we cannot see very well.
Smog was first discovered in Britain in the 19th century, at the start of the Industrial Revolution. At that time, people used coal for heating and cooking. Factories also used coal to produce iron and steel. The smoke collected with the wet, misty air and turned yellow. Smog often remained over cities for many days. This caused lung disease and breathing problems. Every year thousands of people died in London.
Today, cities with a high population and located in hot subtropical areas have the biggest problems with smog - Los Angeles, Mexico City and Cairo.
Much has been done to prevent smog in recent times. Factories use coal, which does not have much sulfur. Cars today are much cleaner. Some cities don't even allow cars to be driven on smog days.
The source of a large number of scientific articles in English adapted for English learners is the site English Online. True, there are no translations into Russian on it, but Google Translator does a good job with translations. Recently, thanks to artificial intelligence, this translator has become very good at translating. So you can easily get any scientific articles in English with translation!
- . In this edition, 263 pages, edited by J. Ruane. J.D. Darji and S. Daly, highlight the main themes of the symposium, which was held at FAO Headquarters in Rome from 15 to 17 February 2016. In English.
- . This 4 page document (No. COAG 2016/INF/5) prepared for the 25th session of the FAO Committee on Agriculture (COAG) held at FAO Headquarters in Rome from 26 to 30 September 2016. Available in English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
- . Ninth Meeting on the Global Microbial Identifier (GMI9). 53 page report from the meeting held from 23 to 25 May 2016 at FAO Headquarters in Rome. In English.
Organized by EMBRAPA Florestas (Brazilian Forestry Research Institute, Parana) and FAO, the symposium was held from 19 to 22 May 2015 in Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil. A 60-page report, as well as a 33-page FAO background paper titled "The State of Development of Biotechnology and Its Applications in Forestry" are available on the Symposium website in English.
- . FAO hosted a Technical Consultation at Headquarters in Rome, Italy, from 20 to 21 March 2014. Three technical background papers were prepared for the meeting on the topic: “Low GM crops in food and feed: regulatory issues”; "Low share of GM crops in global food and feed trade: FAO international survey and economic analysis"; and “Results of the FAO survey on the low share of GM crops in international trade in food and feed”. The 40-page report is available on the meeting website in English, and the three background papers are available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- . Written by J.D. Darji, J. Ruane and A. Sonnino, this Asian Biotechnology and Development Review article is a series of 19 FAO case studies where agricultural biotechnology has helped small farmers in developing countries. In English.
- . Prepared for publication by J. Ruane, J.D. Darji, S. Mba, P. Boettcher, H.P.S. Makkar, D.M. Bartley and A. Sonnino, this 198-page book is a unique compendium of 19 case studies in which the application of agricultural biotechnologies has served the needs of small farmers in developing countries. The book is published in English.
- . 11 page report on the side event during the 36th session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which was held in conjunction with the launch of the FAO Platform on GM Foods in Rome, Italy, 1 July 2013. Document published in English (840 KB) .
- . This chapter was written by A. Sonnino and J. Ruane of the FAO Research and Extension Unit in Biotechnology and Innovation: The Social Compromise of Science. The book is published by Javeriana University in Bogota, Colombia. The book is published in Spanish (500 KB).
- . Background paper for the 19th Conference of the FAO Biotechnology Forum (4-24 March 2013). Document in English (90 KB).
- GMOs on the way: A look at the next five years in the crop, forestry, livestock, aquaculture and agribusiness sectors in developing countries. Already available to readers (prepared prior to this FAO e-Conference, 5 November to 2 December 2012) and (prepared after the conference as a summary of the discussions).
- . As part of the Animal Production and Veterinary Manual series, FAO recently published a 203-page book that describes in logical and chronological order the process of establishing a cryobiological conservation program for animal genetic resources. The book is published in English (3.6 MB).
- . This 133-page book, prepared for publication by M. Lusser, T. Raney, P. Tilly, C. Dillen and E. Rodriguez-Cereso, presents the abstracts and articles of a seminar co-organized by the Institute for Advanced Technology Studies of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission (JRC-IPTS) and FAO in Seville, Spain from 23 to 24 November 2011. The book was published in English (4.8 MB).
- Reorienting Crop Improvement in the Face of Climate Change in the 21st Century. An article in the scientific journal "Agriculture and Food Security" was written by S. Mba, E.P. Guimares and C. Gosh. The article is written in English (370 KB).
- . This 592-page book presents abstracts and articles from the FAO International Technical Conference on "Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries: options and opportunities in crop production, forestry, livestock, fisheries and agribusiness to overcome food security challenges and change climate” (ABDC-10), which took place in Guadalajara, Mexico, from 1 to 4 March 2010. The first section consists of 10 chapters with an extensive number of FAO background papers prepared in advance of the conference. The second section contains 5 chapters on the results of ABDC-10. The book is published in English.
- . Article in the Journal of Biotechnology, written by J. Ruane and A. Sonnino of the FAO Research and Extension Unit. Article in English (300 KB).
- . Based on materials from training courses organized by FAO from 2002 to 2010. within the framework of capacity building projects on biosafety, this book consists of five modules, focusing mainly on molecular biology and genetic engineering; environmental aspects; risk analysis; post-release testing and monitoring of GMOs; as well as legal aspects. The book is published in English.
- . Background Papers of the 17th FAO Biotechnology Forum Conference (14 November to 9 December 2011). In English (75 KB).
- As part of the FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines series, this 85-page book contains guidance endorsed by the regular 13th Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) from 18 to 22 July 2011. English (1 MB).
- . Working Paper (number CGRFA-13/11/3) prepared by FAO for the 13th Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), which took place from 18 to 22 July 2011 in Rome, at the headquarters FAO apartment. The document is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- . Written by P. Lidder and A. Sonnino, this 149-page paper was published by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as Paper 52 in the Auxiliary Science Series. In English (1.2 MB).
- FAO Biotechnology Glossary - Chinese, Polish and Kazakh. The Chinese translation was carried out by the FAO Translation Team and reviewed by J. Zhao and Ks. Ma. The Polish version was translated by I. Bartkowiak-Broda, Z. Broda, D. Gzrebelus, A. Korwin-Kossakowska, K. Nemirovich-Scytt and J. Zimnoch-Guzowska. In collaboration with FAO, the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBR) in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, has published a trilingual dictionary containing the original terms in English, plus translations into Russian and Kazakh.
- . Chapter of the book written by A. Sonnino in Spanish (550 KB).
- . Keynote speech by A. Sonnino at the VII Latin American and Caribbean Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnology (REDBIO 2010), which took place from 1 to 5 November 2010 in Guadalajara, Mexico. In English (80 KB).
- . This 12-chapter book is published by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and FAO, under the auspices of the IUFRO Task Force. In English.
- . This 203 page document was prepared by M. Madkour as part of the FAO Technical Cooperation Program (TCP) project in the Middle East and North Africa region. In English.
- . The article in the scientific journal "Biomass and Bioenergy" was written by G. Rouane, A. Sonnino and A. Agostini. In English (100 KB).
- . Prepared for publication by M.C.A Choudgary, M.I. Hokyu and A. Sonnino, this 293-page book contains abstracts and articles from a training course held in Gazipur, Bangladesh, from 21 to 30 November 2008, under the FAO Technical Cooperation Program (TCP) project, implemented by FAO, jointly with the Agricultural Research Council of Bangladesh. In English.
- . prepared for publication by K.J. Shu, this 458 page publication is the Abstracts and Papers of the International Symposium on Plant Induced Mutation, which took place from August 12 to 15, 2008 in Vienna, Austria and was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and FAO through Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. In English.
- . The book (53 pages) by A. Sensi, K. Ghosh, M. Takeuchi and A. Sonnino provides a detailed overview of FAO's biosafety capacity building activities and 26 FAO biosafety capacity building projects since 2002.
- FAO International Technical Conference "Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries: Different Opportunities in Crop Production, Forestry, Livestock, Fisheries and Agribusiness to Address Food Security and Climate Change" (ABDC-10) . Information paper (number COAG 2010/Inf/10) prepared for the 22nd session of the FAO Committee on Agriculture (COAG) held from 16 to 19 June 2010 in Rome, Italy. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- [- 279 KB]. Final 52-page report of the ABDC-10 conference, held in Guadalajara, Mexico, March 1-4, 2010. FAO The conference was hosted by the Government of Mexico and also sponsored by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [- 381 KB]. 65-page FAO document prepared for ABDC-10. The Executive Summary (document ABDC-10/3.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [-225 KB]. 39-page FAO document prepared for ABDC-10. The summary (document ABDC-10/4.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [- 272 KB]. 57-page FAO document prepared for ABDC-10. The Executive Summary (document ABDC-10/5.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [- 199 KB]. 40-page document prepared by FAO for ABDC-10. The Executive Summary (document ABDC-10/6.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [- 233 KB]. 37-page document prepared by FAO for ABDC-10. The Executive Summary (document ABDC-10/7.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [-486 KB]. 102-page document prepared by FAO for ABDC-10. The Executive Summary (document t ABDC-10/8.2) is also available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- [- 155 KB]. 18 page document prepared by FAO for ABDC-10 (ABDC-10/9). Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- . Working Paper CGRFA-12/09/17 prepared by FAO for the 12th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, from 19 to 23 October 2009. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- . A set of training materials designed for a target audience that includes national food safety commissioners, government officials and/or scientists whose task is to train others to assess the safety of foods derived from plants with recombinant DNA. Available in English, French and Spanish.
- . The publication presents the results of the work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission on principles and guidelines for assessing the safety of food products derived from modern biotechnology. Available in English, French and Spanish.
- Involving Rural Communities in GMO Policy and Decision-Making: A Review of the Results of the FAO E-Conference on Public Participation [ - 3.246 KB]. Article by J. Ruane of the FAO Working Group on Biotechnology, published in Biosafety Protocol Update 6.
- . Preliminaries for the 16th FAO Biotechnology Forum Conference, which was held from 8 June to 8 July 2009 in preparation for the FAO International Technical Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries (ABDC-10).
- [-210 KB]. 33 page report commissioned by the FAO Research and Extension Unit (NRRR) and the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.
- . Four regional e-conferences (Latin America and the Caribbean; South East and South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Asia and North Africa). For each of them, preliminary materials and a report on the results of the meeting are available.
- . 75-page publication of the FAO Research and Extension Division (NRRR), by A. Sonnino, Z. Dhlamini, F.M. Santucci and P. Warren. Consists of three papers presenting an overview of the literature on the impact of non-transgenic biotechnologies, an analysis of the application of micropropagation in a number of African countries, and a report on the results of two field studies.
- Best Practices and Lessons Learned from the FAO Regional Capacity Building Project on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Crops in Asia [ - 1.4 KB]. Article by A. Sonnino, Secretary of the FAO Working Group on Biotechnology, published in Biosafety Protocol Update 5.
- Published by FAO as part of the Land and Water Discussion Paper Series by J. Ruane, A. Sonnino, P. Steduto and C. Deane. The publication combines summaries and a brief report from a moderated e-conference organized by FAO as part of the World Water Day 2007 events dedicated to combating water scarcity.
- Final document of the FAO e-Conference, which took place from March 5 to April 1, 2007.
- . A book published by the FAO Plant Production and Protection Division with storyline, handwriting and drawings by R. Speedy and characteristic illustrations by I. Steele and R. Speedy.
- . Report of an expert consultation that took place from 28 February to 3 March 2006 at FAO Headquarters, Rome.
- 7th Session of the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Commission on Food Derived from Biotechnology of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report (ALINORM 08/31/34), along with electronic links to the agenda and working papers of the meeting held September 24-28, 2007 in Chiba, Japan.
- . Published by the Center for Biological Technology Information and Transfer (CITB) in Viet Nam under agreement with FAO.
- . Publication No. 34 of the FAO Desert Locust Technical Series on the use of the fungus Metarhizium as a biopesticide by H. van der Valk.
- . Article in FAO Bulletin Information on Animal Genetic Resources No. 40 by D. Pilling, R. Cardellino, M. Zjalic, B. Rischkowsky, K.A. Tempelman and I. Hoffmann of the FAO Animal Production and Health Division.
- Influenced by the Double Helix: From the Green Revolution to the Genetic Revolution. Proceedings of the international conference, edited by R. Tuberosa, R.L. Phillips and M. Gale, an FAO-sponsored event held 27-31 May 2003 in Bologna, Italy.
- [- 640 KB]. A system-wide strategic biosafety study of the Advisory Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which was commissioned by the CGIAR Scientific Council.
- . A 22-chapter book published by the FAO Working Group on Biotechnology, edited by E.P. Guimar?es, J. Ruane, B.D. Scherf, A. Sonnino and J.D. Dargie. In connection with its publication, the FAO News Division made public with Shivaji Pandey, Chairman of the Working Group.
- [-412 KB]. Published by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as Paper Number 34 in the Background Study Paper Series by R. Fears.
- [- 1.033 KB]. Published by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as Paper Number 35 in the Background Study Paper series by J.A. Heinemann.
- . Report of an expert consultation convened by FAO and the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland from 26 February to 2 March 2007.
- [- 3.100 KB]. Published by Partenon, Belgrade under agreement with FAO and translated by M. Plavsic, T. Kobić and S. Stojanovic, with Z. Stojanovic as technical secretary and M. Kraljevic-Balalić as reviewer.
- . Report (in English and French) of an international meeting organized by FAO in Saly, Senegal, with the support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Organization of the Francophonie and the World Bank.
- . Proceedings of the Expert Consultation organized by FAO on 18-20 January 2005 in Rome containing the report as well as selected papers presented by invited speakers.
- . Report prepared for the joint meeting of the Intergovernmental Group on Grains (31st session) and the Intergovernmental Group on Rice (42nd session) held in Istanbul, Turkey on 14-17 May 2007. Document CCP:GR-RI 07/3 published at Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
- . Working Paper prepared for the 11th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, held 11-15 June 2007 at FAO Headquarters, Rome. Document CGRFA-11/07/13 has been published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- . Working Paper CGRFA-11/07/14 ed.1 prepared for the 11th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, held 11-15 June 2007 at FAO Headquarters, Rome.
- [- 162 KB]. Article by M. Spreij, published as part of the FAO Legal Papers Online series, which was presented at a regional training workshop on biosafety regulatory drafting, held 10-13 October 2006 in Hanoi, Viet Nam, organized by UNEP and funded by the GEF.
- [-36 KB]. Report of a regional meeting organized by FAO in cooperation with CIMMYT and ICARDA on 21-22 February 2007 in Tbilisi, Georgia.
- . A book by J. Ruane and A. Sonnino, published as FAO Research and Technology Paper 11, providing background information and outcome papers from six moderated e-conferences held by the FAO Biotechnology Forum in 2002-2005.
- . Background paper of Conference 14 of the FAO Biotechnology Forum (5 March to 1 April 2007).
- [- 296 KB]. Report of the Train the Trainers Workshop held 31 October and 1 November 2006 in Ottawa, Canada, organized by FAO in collaboration with the Government of Canada.
- [- 292 KB]. Written by K. Boa-Amponsem and G. Minozzi and published by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, as part of their Background Study Paper series.
- 6th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Foods Derived from Biotechnology. Report (in English, French and Spanish, ALINORM number 07/30/34), together with a link to the agenda and working papers of the meetings held from November 27 to December 1, 2006 in Chiba, Japan.
[- 107 KB]. A summary of the results of an assessment of one of the Priority Areas of Interdisciplinary Activities (PAIAs) that was conducted in late 2005 when stakeholders were asked to complete questionnaires requesting their assessment of PAIAs of biotechnology activities.
Status and risk assessment of the use of transgenic arthropods in plant protection [ - 1647 KB]. Reports of a meeting held 8-12 April 2002 at FAO Headquarters, Rome, organized by the joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention.
Compiled by the FAO Biotechnology Working Group and edited by J. Ruane and A. Sonnino, this book focuses on the use of biotechnology tools for the characterization and conservation of crop, forest, animal and fisheries genetic resources.
REDBIO Argentina 2005. Special issue (June 2006) of the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, which contains the full versions of a significant number of papers presented at the VI Symposium REDBIO Argentina 2005, held June 7-11, 2005 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Chinese translation of "FAO Research and Technology Paper" 8.
As part of a global study conducted by FAO to explore the potential of plant breeding and related biotechnology, draft national reports have been prepared for African countries (Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone , Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan), Europe (Bulgaria, Macedonia, Moldova, the Slovak Republic, Turkey) and Latin America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador).
[-224 KB]. Report commissioned by FAO's Research and Technology Development Service and its Regional Office for Europe.
[-28 KB]. Report of a regional meeting organized by FAO in collaboration with the International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Zones (ICARDA) 11-12 April 2006 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
[-501 MB]. Translated and published in partnership with the University of the United Arab Emirates.
Instructions and recommendations for improving artificial breeding of cattle and buffalo in Asia [ - 1.94 MB]. Guidelines prepared with technical assistance from the Animal Production and Health Section of the joint FAO/IAEA Branch on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
Paper presented at the 24th FAO Regional Conference for Africa, held from 30 January to 3 February 2006 in Bamako, Mali. Document ARC/06/4, available in Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
Information paper presented at the 24th FAO Regional Conference for Africa, held from 30 January to 3 February 2006 in Bamako, Mali. Document ARC/06/INF/5, available in Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
Information paper presented at the 28th FAO Regional Conference for the Near East, 12-16 March 2006 in Sana'a, Republic of Yemen. Document NERC/06/INF/8, available in Arabic, English and French.
- 5th Session of the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Foods Derived from Biotechnology, Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report (in English, French and Spanish, ALINORM number 06/29/34), along with a link to the agenda and working papers of the meetings held September 19-23, 2005 in Chiba, Japan.
- Article by P. Pingali and T. Raney, published in the ESA Working Papers series.
- Article by H. Marchadier and P. Sigaud, available in English, French and Spanish, adapted from a paper presented at the 22nd session of the International Poplar Commission, held in Santiago, Chile from November 28 to December 2, 2004.
- Working Paper prepared by the 3rd Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, held 26-28 October 2005 at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy. Document CGRFA/WG-PGR-3/05/6, available in Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
- [-KB]. Paper by M. Solh and K. Ghosh presented at the International Forum "Agricultural and Rural Development in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Past and Policies for the Future", held 9-10 September 2005 in Beijing, China, co-organized by FAO and the Ministry of Agriculture China.
- A book of 17 chapters, edited by E.P. Guimar?es covering topics such as marker selection.
- Report of a meeting held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, 9-11 February 2005, hosted by the FAO Crop and Grassland Service.
- [-240 KB]. Report of an Expert Consultation held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, 18-20 January 2005, jointly organized by the FAO Plant Production and Protection Department and the FAO Working Group on Biodiversity and Biotechnology.
- [- 162 KB]. Published by the FAO Research and Technology Development Service.
- Risk Communication Guide. Training manual from the FAO Regional Project on Capacity Building in Biosafety of GM Crops in Asia (Asian BioNet), funded by the Government of Japan and based at the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok, Thailand.
- Forest Genetic Resources Working Paper 59, which provides a summary of four studies commissioned by FAO between 2002 and 2004 to study the distribution and methods of forest biotechnological research worldwide.
- The role of biotechnology in the characterization and conservation of crop, forest, animal and fish genetic resources in developing countries. Published (prepared by FAO prior to this e-conference, which took place from June 6th to July 3, 2005), and (prepared after the end of this e-conference, providing a summary of the discussion).
- Report, Z. Dhlamini, C. Spillane, J.P. Moss, J. Ruane, N. Urquia and A. Sonnino, who provides the first analysis of about 2000 crop records from 71 developing countries contained in the BioDeC database as of 31 August 2004.
- Proceedings of the international meeting held 5-7 March 2005, organized by the FAO Working Group on Biotechnology, the Biotechnology Foundation, the ECONOGENE project and the Italian Society of Agricultural Genetics. 20 articles and 37 poster presentations cover the use of molecular markers, cryopreservation and reproductive technologies.
- A milestone paper on the needs and state of the art in biosafety capacity building for GM crops in Asia. Paper prepared by A. Varma for the FAO Regional Biosafety Capacity Building Project for GM crops in Asia (Asian BioNet).
- Characterization of mutant germplasm using molecular markers: a training manual. Training Manual on Selected Molecular Techniques prepared by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques for Food and Agriculture, using materials from the 1st FAO/IAEA Interregional Training Course "Characterization of Mutant Germplasm Using Molecular Markers" held in Siebersdorf, Austria, October 1-25, 2001.
- A joint publication by FAO/IAEA and the International Network for the Improvement of the Common Banana and Vegetable Banana (INIBAP), edited by S.M. Jain and R. Swennen, with 30 chapters combined into 5 sections: a) cell and tissue culture, induced mutations, b) pests and diseases, c) molecular cytogenetics, d) genomics, e) genetic transformation and others.
- Public Participation in Decision Making on GMOs in Developing Countries: How to Effectively Involve Rural Populations. Published (prepared before the FAO e-Conference, which took place from 17 January to 13 February 2005) and (prepared after the end of the conference, providing a summary of the discussions).
- .Report of a study conducted by FAO at the request of the Government of Argentina for technical assistance in calculating the investments and costs required to separate production, transport and handling flows of GM and non-GM soybeans and corn in accordance with Chapter 18.2.a) of the Cartagena Protocol on biosafety.
- . [-1KB]. Reports of a meeting co-organized by FAO and the UNESCO Chair, International Life Science Education Centre, Yerevan, 3-6 November 2003 in Yerevan, Armenia.
- Document CGRFA-10/04/13 has been published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Working Paper prepared for the 10th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, held 8-12 November 2004 at FAO Headquarters, Rome.
- Spanish translation of the FAO Biotechnology Dictionary published as the 9th edition of the FAO Research and Technology Paper.
- Article by M.H. El-Lakany, Assistant Director-General, Forestry Division, FAO. Unasylva 217, Vol. 55, 45-47. In English French and Spanish.
- [- 170 KB]. Report of a meeting organized on 14-15 September 2004 at FAO Headquarters, Rome, by the FAO Food Quality and Standards Service and the Municipal Department of the Social and Environmental Affairs Division of the GCC.
- French translation of the FAO Dictionary of Biotechnology as part of the 9th edition of the FAO Research and Technology Paper.
- Paper by J. Cohen, J. Komen and J. Falck Zepeda published as Article 04-14 in the FAO ESA Working Papers series.
- 9-chapter paper published as part of FAO's annual report The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-04
- Application of Biotechnology in Food Processing: Can Developing Countries Benefit? Published (prepared by FAO prior to this e-conference, which took place from 14 June to 15 July 2004), and (prepared after the conclusion of this e-conference, providing a summary of the discussion).
- Paper prepared by T.J. Hoban published as article 04-09 in the FAO ESA Working Papers series.
- Paper prepared by G. Traxler, published as Article 04-08 in the FAO ESA Working Papers series.
- . Paper prepared by M. Gale for the Secretariat of the CGIAR Scientific Council (CGIAR).
- . The work of L. Glowka, published in the FAO Legislative Study series.
- [-87 KB]. Report of an expert consultation meeting organized by FAO's Office of Plant Production and Protection, held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, 16-18 June 2003. In English, with abstracts in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
- Inexpensive methods for tissue culture technology in developing countries [ - 1.061 KB]. Publication of the joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques for Food and Agriculture, based on presentations at a meeting held 26-30 August 2002 in Vienna, Austria.
- paper written by T. Raney and P. Pingali published as Article 04-07 in the FAO ESA Working Papers series.
- [-591 KB]. Information paper presented at the 3rd session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, held from 31 March to 2 April 2004 at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy.
- [- 120 KB]. Report of a meeting held by FAO and WHO with the support of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) on March 5, 2004 in Budapest, Hungary.
- [- 316 KB]. Work compiled by R. Coffman, S.R. McCouch and R.W. Herdt presented at the Rice Conference convened by FAO on 12-13 February 2004 in Rome, Italy.
- (in English and Spanish (short version)). Article prepared by C. Marris on behalf of FAO for the 3rd session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Bananas and Tropical Fruits, held 22-26 March 2004 in Puerto de la Cruz, Spain.
- Chapter by D. Hoisington, N. Bohorova, S. Fennell, M. Khairallah, A. Pellegrineschi and J.M. Ribaut, in Soft Wheat: Improvement and Production, published as part of the FAO Plant Production and Protection series, edited by B.C. Curtis, S. Rajaram and H. Gómez Macpherson
- A series of six working papers, plus a final report, from the FAO/WHO Expert Meeting held 17-21 November 2003 in Rome, Italy.
- Breeding with molecular markers as a potential tool for genetic improvement of crops, forest species, animals and fish in developing countries. (prepared by FAO prior to this e-conference, which took place from 17 November to 14 December 2003), (prepared after the conclusion of this e-conference, providing a summary of the discussion).
- Spanish translation "FAO Research and Technology Paper" No. 8.
- 35 page J.A. Beardmore and J.S. Porte, published as part of the FAO Fisheries Circular series.
- Reports of an international meeting organized by the Biotechnology Foundation, the University of Turin and FAO on October 17-18, 2003 in Turin, Italy.
- Application of gene-based technologies to improve livestock production and animal health in developing countries. A book with detailed abstracts and PowerPoint presentations presented at an international symposium organized by the IAEA and FAO on 6-10 October 2003 in Vienna, Austria.
- As part of the ESA Working Papers series, FAO has published The Economics of Research in Agricultural Biotechnology (Article 03-07) and Research and Development in Biotechnology: Policy Opportunities for Access and Benefits for the Poor (Article 03 -08), both by C.E. Pray and A. Naseem.
- (in English, French and Spanish). Article by A. Yanchuk in the 30th issue of the annual FAO Bulletin "Forest Genetic Resources".
- Report of the 26th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report ALINORM 03/41, in English, French and Spanish). At a meeting held from June 30 to July 7, 2003 in Rome, Italy, a fundamentally new agreement was approved on the assessment of consumer risks associated with the consumption of food produced by biotechnological methods, including genetically modified food.
- [- 548 KB]. Report on agricultural biotechnology and biosecurity issues in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia and Moldova.
- Regulation of GMOs in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Published (prepared by FAO prior to this e-conference, which took place from 28 April to 1 June 2003), and (prepared after the conclusion of this e-conference, providing a summary of the discussion).
- [- 127 KB]. Chapter prepared by R.P. Subasinghe, D. Curry, S.E. McGladdery and D. Bartley in the FAO State of the World Aquaculture Review.
- (in English, French and Spanish, ALINORM Report 03/34A), as well as the agenda and working papers of the meeting held March 11-14, 2003 in Yokohama, Japan.
- Article (in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish) adapted from the address by Louise Fresco, Assistant Director-General of the FAO Agriculture Department "Which way do we take?: Harnessing genetic resources and harnessing life sciences, a new contract for sustainable agriculture" for the conference "Towards Sustainable Agriculture for Developing Countries: The Opportunities of Life Science and Biotechnology" organized by the European Commission on January 30-31, 2003, in Brussels, Belgium.
- (document COAG/2003/INF/4 - in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish).