Write a sentence containing information about the types of thinking. Types of knowledge. “Relative truth is a kind of truth that characterizes a certain stage in the development of science
For www.ctege.info
Denmark C5 in social studies
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political regime"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the political regime.
Explanation.
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a set of means and methods by which the state has a regulatory effect on society.
Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about the political regime based on knowledge of the course, for example:
− “The leading form of political regime in the modern world is democracy”; - "Political regimes can be authoritarian, totalitarian, democratic."
Any other proposals containing information about the political regime can be made.
2. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political leadership"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information www about political.ctege leadership.info.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Political leadership is the constant influence by a certain person on society, an organization or a group in the field of political relations”
2) two sentences with information about political leadership, let's say:
- “Activities of I.V. Stalin is a vivid example of political leadership”;
- "Political leadership tends to be multi-role."
Any other proposals containing correct information about political leadership may be drafted.
3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about scientific knowledge.
Explanation.
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Scientific knowledge is knowledge established and verified with
with the help of special methods of science included in the general system of substantiated knowledge”;
2) two sentences containing information about scientific knowledge, for example:
- “Scientific knowledge, along with firmly established knowledge, also includes hypotheses”;
- "One of the methods for revealing scientific knowledge is an experiment."
Any other proposals containing correct information about scientific knowledge can be made.
4. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political radicalism"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political radicalism.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) The meaning of the concept, for example:
- the principle according to which parties and movements are ready to use any means, including extreme, violent ones, to achieve their goals in the political field.
2) Two sentences with information about political radicalism based on knowledge of the course, for example:
– "Political radicalism www can have .ctege different shades, ranging from .info from the left, communist, to the far right, fascist, nationalist.”
– "The danger of political radicalism increases in difficult, crisis times for the state, against the backdrop of a deterioration in the situation of broad sections of the population."
Any other sentences containing information about political radicalism can be made.
5. Name three features of a presidential republic that distinguish it from a parliamentary republic.
Explanation.
The response may include the following:
- strict separation of the legislative power from the executive;
- the combination of a government post and the seat of a deputy of parliament is excluded;
- the president is elected in elections separate from the parliamentary ones;
- executive power is less dependent on the will of the deputies of parliament.
6. What is the meaning of scientists invest in the concept of "costs"? Drawing on the knowledge of the course, make two sentences containing information about costs.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example:
- company costs - monetary value of the costs of all factors involved in the production of finished products; 2) two sentences with cost information based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- “Variable costs can be payment for raw materials and materials, wages of workers, payment for electricity, transportation costs”;
- "The profit of the firm depends on the ratio of revenue from the sale of products and costs."
Any other proposals containing cost information may be made.
7. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "constituent agreement"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the memorandum of association.
Explanation.
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Memorial agreement - a document on the agreement of two or more parties, which fixes the legal status of the enterprise (organization) being created, fixes the authorized capital, establishes the procedure for distributing expenses, the rights and obligations of the parties”;
2) two sentences with information about political culture:
- “The Memorandum of Association may be signed by both legal entities and individuals”;
- "A constituent agreement is necessary when creating various types of partnerships, business companies."
8. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political culture"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political culture.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Political culture is one of the elements of the political system”;
2) two sentences with information about political culture:
- “You can talk about the political culture of society and the political culture of an individual”;
- "The political culture of a person clearly reflects his worldview."
Elements of the answer can be given in a different form that is close in meaning.
9. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social role"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the social role.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: "A social role is a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social and personal relations."
2) two sentences with information about the social role based on the knowledge of the course, for example:
- "Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity";
- "In modern society, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several social roles with conflicting requirements are widespread."
Any other .ctege sentences containing .info correct information about the social role can be made www.ctege.
10. Name any four global problems of our time.
Explanation.
Global problems of our time can be named, for example:
- the threat of an ecological crisis;
- the threat of international terrorism;
- the problem of war and peace;
- problem "North - South";
- demographic problem;
- the problem of protecting health and preventing the spread of AIDS, drug addiction.
11. What is the limited economic resources? Give at least three statements.
Explanation.
The response states the following:
- limited arable land;
- exhaustibility of minerals;
- limited labor resources.
12. Name three public institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual.
Explanation.
In response, the following institutions can be named:
Family;
- school (education);
- mass media;
- labor collective.
13. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on the knowledge of www social science.ctege course, make.info two sentences,
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “a social group is a collection of people who have some common significant social attribute”; Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about social groups based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- "Social groups are subdivided according to the size, nature of interaction, method of organization, degree of organization, duration of existence, character, age and gender."
- "In groups, a person realizes his social (public) essence."
Other proposals can be made containing correct information about social groups in society.
14. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "citizenship"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about citizenship.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: citizenship is a stable legal relationship between a person and the state, expressed in the totality of mutual rights and obligations;
2) two sentences with information about citizenship based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- "Citizenship may be acquired by a person from birth or by way of citizenship."
- "Citizenship ensures the legal capacity of a person." Any other proposals containing citizenship information can be made
15. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cases of market failure"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make up two sentences containing information about the failure of the market.
Explanation.
A correct answer must www contain the following .ctege elements: .info
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: "Cases (facts) of market failure - situations in which market regulatory mechanisms are insufficient and, without state intervention, it becomes impossible to resolve them"; Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about market failure based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- “The cases of market failure in the modern economy include overcoming negative externalities from economic activity.”
- "Market failure can find its manifestation in the development and financing of fundamental science, the implementation of large infrastructure projects."
Any other proposals containing correct market failure information may be made.
16. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social control.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: social control is a system of ways of regulating the influence of society, social groups on a person;
2) two sentences with information about social control based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- "Social control aims to ensure that social norms are met by members of society." .
- "Social control serves to maintain the stability of the social system."
Any other sentences containing information about social control can be made.
17. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "social cognition"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social cognition.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: "Social knowledge is scientific knowledge aimed at studying the patterns of development of society as a whole, communities and associations of people, human activities."
Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about social cognition based on knowledge of the course, for example:
– “The specificity of social cognition is the coincidence of the cognizing subject with the cognized
object."
- "In social cognition www the method of experiment.ctege is less common.info in contrast to the knowledge of the natural sciences."
Any other sentences containing correct information about social cognition can be made.
18. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "science"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about science.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) The meaning of the concept, for example: "Science is a special kind of cognitive activity aimed at obtaining, clarifying and disseminating objective, system-organized and justified knowledge about nature, society, man, consciousness."
Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) Two sentences with information about science based on knowledge of the course, for example:
– “In addition to systematized knowledge, the concept of science also includes a community of scientists, institutions and laboratories engaged in research activities.”
– “Scientists offer various classifications of sciences, but the division of science into social-humanitarian and natural-science”.
Any other proposals containing correct information about science can be made.
19. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social progress"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social progress.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Social progress is the direction of development from the lowest (simple, imperfect) to the highest (complex, perfect)”; Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about social progress based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- “Improving the material conditions of life and increasing its duration is considered by many to be the main criterion of social progress”;
- "Some scholars offer as an integrative criterion of social progress the level of humanization of society, the position of the individual in it."
Any other proposals containing correct information about social progress may be made.
20. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "social formation"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two
sentences containing information about a social formation.
Explanation. www.ctege.info
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: "A social formation is a concrete historical form of existence of society that has developed on the basis of a given mode of production"; Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.
2) two sentences with information about the social formation based on the knowledge of the course, for example:
- “The social formation can be understood as the structure of society inherent in a given stage of its development”;
- "Primary for society and social formation is the understanding of production relations, property relations."
Any other proposals containing correct information about the social formation can be made.
The topic is considered difficult, since we will study the essence of the internal processes of the brain and We will define the concept of TRUTH, as well as highlight the TYPES of KNOWLEDGE. We start each topic with a definition. So what is knowledge? If it is human, then what is it for, what is it aimed at, what is its PURPOSE?
Let's remember what signs characterize the ACTIVITY of a person? This Accordingly, these are signs of COGNITIVE ACTIVITY.
So let's define it!
What characterizes it, what problems does it solve? The theory of knowledge is called GNOSEOLOGY (from the Greek gnosis - knowledge). Epistemology solves a number of important cognitive problems of the order.
So, do we know the world? If you answer YES, you are a GNOSTIC! If you answer in the negative, referring to the weakness of the human senses (it is common knowledge that a dog's sense of smell is much stronger than a human's, the vision of birds of prey is many times greater than that of a person), then you are an AGNOSTIC. The Irish philosopher D. Berkeley illustrated this discussion in this way using the dispute between the Greek sages Philonius and Hylas as an example.
Truly, my opinion is that all our opinions are equally vain and unreliable. What we approve today, we condemn tomorrow... And I don't think that we can know anything in this life. Our abilities are too limited and too few.
Filonius. How! Are you saying we can't know anything, Hylas?
Hylas. There is not a single thing of which we can know its real nature, or what it is in itself.
Filonius. Are you saying that I don't really know what fire or water is?
Hylas. You may know, of course, that fire is hot and water is fluid; but it means to know no more than what sensations are evoked in your own soul when fire and water come into contact with your sense organs. As for their internal structure, their true and real nature, then in this respect you are in complete darkness ”(D. Berkeley).
Try to determine who is GNOSTIC and who is AGNOSTIC here? Gilas says:
“... Our abilities are too limited, and there are too few of them ... There is not a single thing regarding which we could know its real nature ... As for their internal structure, their true and real nature, then in this respect you are in complete darkness ... ".
He denies the possibility of TRUE knowledge, he is an AGNOSTIC. So, one more important for our lesson, the key term:
TRUTH is the correspondence of our ideas about a cognizable object to its real essence.
Other important questions of theory are solved depending on the type of WORLD VIEW - and (PRACTICAL). A person with a religious type of worldview will answer the question about the origin of the world “This is an act of divine creation”, and with a scientific one - from the point of view of the Big Bang theory.
Both the one and the other person in this case will be right ... Right from the point of view of their type of worldview! Here we come to the KINDS OF TRUTH. In this case - the truth Both subjective points of view are equally generally accepted! Agnostics assert the impossibility of achieving complete knowledge about the subject, phenomenon. In their opinion, it is impossible to comprehend the essence of things; one can only approach complete, exhaustive knowledge. So they recognize the possibility of RELATIVE TRUTH. Gnostics, on the contrary, recognize the possibility of obtaining complete knowledge - ABSOLUTE TRUTH. Thus, there are two types of truth - ABSOLUTE TRUTH AND RELATIVE TRUTH.
ABSOLUTE TRUTH - exhaustive knowledge about the subject (phenomenon), which will never be refuted.
RELATIVE TRUTH - ? Think about the wording?
We see that the complexity of the topic is that one type of truth easily turns into another, and then can turn into So, the ideas of medieval people about the structure of the world were for them the ABSOLUTE TRUTH (Earth is the center of the Universe), were refuted by the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY of Copernicus - Bruno, and today it seems to us a ridiculous delusion.
What is the mechanism of COGNITIVE ACTIVITY of a person? It begins with our sense organs, which, in contact with a cognizable object, supply information about it to the brain (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste). This primary information is
Other forms of SENSUAL (EXPERIMENTAL, EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE) - (assessment received from SENSATION and - the image of the perceived object, which our brain can reproduce with the help of ABSTRACT THINKING at any moment, without even touching it with the senses.
For what types of SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY is characteristic For A here is based on rational logical thinking. But, sensory knowledge gives her information, for example.
Science is conceptual knowledge. Accordingly, RATIONAL (mental) cognition begins with
CONCEPTS - definitions of the object under study.
The concepts are linked to A JUDGMENT is a complete thought.
The chain of logical judgments turns into CONCLUSION - final conclusion, which in science takes the form A THEORY explaining a cognizable phenomenon.
Thus, sensory knowledge is a prerequisite
The main ways of cognition, which form specific TYPES as a result, are
- RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE - based on faith;
- AESTHETIC - by means of art, based on ideas about beauty;
- SCIENTIFIC - based on theoretical and logical reasoning;
- ORDINARY - based on practical experience and everyday ideas of a person.
Now let's consolidate the theoretical knowledge gained today on the example of solving tasks! First, we will complete task 27 of the test from (for example
We apply our knowledge on the topic “Types of knowledge” and fill in the missing words and phrases in the gaps.
And our answer, which we transfer to the form, is a digital sequence 769854. And now we are doing a difficult written task 25 from the USE 2016 demo version.
Task 25. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "relative truth"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criteria (s) for determining the truth, and one sentence revealing the features of this type of truth.
We argue! Today we have identified two truths - relative and absolute. So relative truth is a kind of truth. Now let's remember what distinguishes it, a feature? For example, the result of a certain level of development of science.
We give a definition:
"Relative truth is a kind of truth that characterizes a certain stage in the development of science."
In the definition of TRUTH, we see that this is knowledge corresponding to reality. We answer, adapting as much as possible to the wording of the question:
"The criterion for determining truth is the correspondence of cognizable reality."
One sentence revealing the features of this (relative) kind of truth. What else characterizes RELATIVE TRUTH?
"Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity."
And our full answer:
“Relative truth is a kind of truth that characterizes a certain stage in the development of science.
1. The criterion for determining the truth is the correspondence of the cognizable reality. 2. Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.
Thus, today we have dealt with you two topics from - Types of knowledge. The concept of truth, its criteria.
Training tasks for preparing for the exam in social studies
On the topic "Knowledge"
Task 25
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of sensory cognition, and one sentence revealing the features of ordinary cognition.
2. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "truth"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criteria for truth, and one sentence revealing the main types of truth
13. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the methods and methods of scientific knowledge, and one sentence containing information about the levels of scientific knowledge.
Task 26
Task 27
3. Your friend has read an article about. The study of one of the natural Phenomena, and told you about the conclusions of the author. You need to make sure that this article is the result of a scientific study of this phenomenon. Formulate three questions, the answers to which will convince you of the validity of one or another judgment regarding the nature of the knowledge presented in the article.
4. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map showing the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, in the place marked on the map, Magellan did not find the strait. Then, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, he suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - t discovered the strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellin apply? Specify three methods.
1st group | 2nd group |
8. In art, fiction is allowed, the introduction from the artist himself of something that does not exist in this form, has not been and, perhaps, will not be in reality. Why, despite this, is art considered one of the forms (ways) of knowing the objective world? Based on social science knowledge, indicate two features of this cognition flora.
Task 28
Sample answers.
Task 25
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of sensory cognition, and one sentence revealing the features of ordinary cognition.
Answer:
1) Cognition is an activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge.
2) It is customary to distinguish three forms of sensory cognition: sensation, perception, representation.
3) A feature of everyday knowledge is its reliance on the experience of everyday life, common sense.
2. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "truth"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criteria for truth, and one sentence revealing the main types of truth.
Answer:
1) Truth - knowledge corresponding to reality (the subject of knowledge).
2) In the history of philosophy, there have been different approaches to determining the most important criterion of truth: so some considered reason as the main criterion, others - experience, others - practice.
3) Philosophers single out relative (incomplete knowledge about the subject, corresponding to a certain level of development of society) and absolute (complete, irrefutable knowledge about the subject) truth.
3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "practice"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of practice, and one sentence revealing the function of practice as a criterion of truth.
Answer:
1) Practice is an active activity of a person in interaction with the material world around him.
2) Practice exists as material production, social action or scientific experiment.
3) Practice as a criterion of truth allows you to test the hypothesis (assumption) by experience and thereby prove or disprove its truth.
4. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "thinking"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of thinking, and one sentence revealing any feature of thinking.
Answer:
1) Thinking is an active process of reflecting the objective world in concepts, judgments, theories, etc.
2) At different stages of human development, his mental abilities, different types of thinking dominated: figurative, conceptual (theoretical), symbolic.
3) Despite the fact that thinking is a process that takes place in the human cerebral cortex, it is social in nature, since a person uses laws, rules, concepts that have been discovered in human practice to set and solve any problem.
5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the levels of scientific knowledge, and one sentence revealing the purpose of scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) Scientific knowledge - knowledge aimed at revealing the essence of objects and phenomena of the material world, based on a system of evidence.
2) Scientific knowledge is carried out at the empirical and theoretical levels.
3) The purpose of scientific knowledge is the comprehension of truth, reliable knowledge about the world.
6. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the features of scientific knowledge, and one sentence revealing the methods for obtaining scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) Scientific knowledge is knowledge established and verified using special methods of science, included in the general system of justified knowledge.
2) Scientific knowledge is characterized by objectivity, evidence (validity), logic (consistency), rationality, consistency, verifiability, universality, etc.
3) The main methods of obtaining scientific knowledge are observation, experiment, description, comparison, analysis, synthesis, modeling, etc.
7. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific and technological revolution"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution, and one sentence that defines the main directions of the scientific and technological revolution.
Answer:
1) The scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental change in society associated with the transformation of science in the middle of the 20th century into a direct productive force (science becomes a constant source of new ideas that determine the development path for the production of goods and services).
2) The consequences of scientific and technological revolution are that a person is taken out of the immediate process of creating a finished product, but regulatory functions remain, and the nature of work becomes more complicated, the requirements for qualifications and education of an employee increase, the problem of employment increases, etc.
3) The main areas of scientific and technological progress are: automation and computerization of production, the introduction of modern information technologies, the development of biotechnologies and new structural materials, the development of new energy sources, the development of communications and communications, etc.
8. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "social cognition"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about any feature of social cognition, and one sentence naming the sciences involved in social cognition.
Answer:
1) Social cognition - a special form of cognition, the objects of which are society, social facts, phenomena, processes, patterns.
2) The specificity of social cognition is the coincidence of the cognizing subject with the cognized object.
3) The social sciences include history, economics, sociology, jurisprudence, political science, etc.
9. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "ethics"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about any feature of ethics as a scientific discipline, and one sentence revealing the meaning of ethics for a person.
Answer:
1) Ethics - a section of philosophy, a system of teachings (science) about morality and morality.
2) Ethics is based on reason, on arguments; it seeks to provide evidence, to substantiate arguments.
3) Ethics allows a person to critically evaluate their behavior, find a morally sound decision and practically follow it.
10. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "self-knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of self-knowledge, and one sentence revealing the meaning (meaning) of the image of "I" ("I"-concept).
Answer:
1) Self-knowledge - the study by a person of himself and his characteristics.
2) Self-knowledge is mediated (performed by analyzing one's own activity) and direct (acts in the form of self-observation).
3) The image of "I" ("I"-concept) is a relatively stable, conscious and verbal representation of a person about himself.
11. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "sensory knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of sensory cognition, and another sentence containing information about one of these forms.
Answer:
1) the meaning of the concept: “Sensual cognition is the initial stage of cognition, which gives direct knowledge about objects and their forms.
2) The forms of sensory cognition include sensation, perception, representation
3) Among the sensations, sound, auditory, taste and other sensations are distinguished.
12. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition"? Attracting knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of knowledge. and one sentence revealing the features of one of the types of knowledge.
Answer:
1) the meaning of the concept: "Knowledge is the acquisition of new knowledge by a person, the discovery of an earlier unknown to him."
2) The types of knowledge include theoretical (scientific) knowledge, folk wisdom, knowledge obtained on the basis of daily on the basis of the perception of artistic images.
3) Knowledge obtained on the basis of everyday experience (ordinary practical knowledge) is non-systemic, unproven, as a rule, unwritten, helps a person navigate the world around him and usually contains errors, contradictions.
13. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the methods and methods of scientific knowledge, and one sentence containing information about the levels of scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) Scientific knowledge is knowledge established and verified using special methods of science, included in the general system of justified knowledge.
2) One of the methods of scientific knowledge is an experiment.
3) There are theoretical and empirical levels of scientific knowledge.
Task 26
1. List any three logical (mental) operations of a person.
Answer: logical operations are:
1) comparison,
2) assimilation,
3) generalization,
4) abstraction, etc.
2. Formulate two statements about the role of practice in the knowledge of the world and illustrate each of them with an appropriate example.
Answer:
1) Practice is the driving force behind the cognitive activity of people (the needs of agriculture and navigation stimulated the development of astronomy and geometry).
2) Practice - a criterion for the truth of knowledge (setting up a scientific experiment to test a scientific hypothesis.
3. Scientific knowledge differs from other types of knowledge in a number of ways. Indicate two features of scientific knowledge, illustrating each with a specific example.
Answer:
1) evidence, validity (for example, historians have provided evidence of the connection between the Decembrist organizations operating in Russia and Masonic lodges in Europe);
2) the use of special methods and methods of cognitive activity, for example, conducting scientific experiments (for example, scientists put forward a hypothesis about the origin of the Universe and tested it by conducting an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider);
3) the objectivity of the acquired knowledge (for example, Newton made discoveries about the laws of universal gravitation, observing natural phenomena, the fall of physical bodies).
4. What is the specificity of social cognition? Justify your answer using three statements.
Answer:
1) In social cognition, the subject of cognition (man) coincides with the object of cognition (society), since the subject himself is a member of this society, i.e. studies himself.
2) The position of the researcher always affects the assessment of the fact, i.e. the researcher is an active subject, his assessment is largely personal and may depend, for example, on the ideology of society, the views of the historical era.
3) In social cognition, the methods of the natural sciences are not entirely acceptable, since society is the world of living people. If natural science is focused on a causal explanation of phenomena, then social cognition is focused on understanding meanings and goals.
5. Society is one of the most complex and interesting cognizable objects. List any three methods of social cognition, illustrating each with a specific example.
Answer:
1) the historical method (for example, the study of the history of the emergence and development of the family from ancient times to the present day);
2) a comparative method (for example, a comparison of the specifics of the early feudal state in Eastern Europe and in Western Europe);
3) methods of qualimetric analysis (quantitative, statistical, (for example, conducting a population census, sociological surveys);
4) carrying out an experiment (for example, studying the behavior of a group of people who are in an isolated space for a long time).
6. Name three aspects of the role of practice in cognition and expand each of them.
Answer: three manifestations of the role of practice in cognition:
Practice is the basis of cognition (it is in interaction with the outside world that people develop certain ideas about reality, they begin to cognize it);
Practice is the goal of knowledge (knowledge is necessary for mankind, first of all, in order to transform the world, improving living conditions, improving social relations);
Practice is the criterion of truth (in practice, a person becomes convinced of the truth or falsity of his ideas, judgments, theories; if they are confirmed in reality, then they can be considered true.
Task 27
1. During the lecture, the scientist expressed the following judgment: "A person must remake himself for the sake of truth, the truth cannot be remade to please a person." What feature of scientific knowledge was pointed out by the philosopher? Explain how you understand these words. Point out any two unmentioned features of scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) The philosopher pointed to such a feature of scientific knowledge as the desire for objective knowledge.
2) True knowledge is objective in its content, i.e. they exist outside the consciousness of man and mankind, independently of them; true knowledge is impersonal, universally valid.
3) Features of scientific knowledge:
The focus of scientific research on obtaining such data that is not only related to today, but can be used in the future;
Use of special means and methods for obtaining, processing and interpreting scientific knowledge;
Universality: the subject of research can be any phenomenon, everything in the human world - whether it is the activity of consciousness, the psyche, or the economic activity of a person.
2. For a long time, people believed that the Earth was flat. What is this idea from the point of view of modern scientific views: relative truth or delusion? Explain your answer and give one example of delusion and relative truth in the knowledge of the world.
Answer:
1) This statement is a fallacy.
2) Fallacy is an unintentional distortion of reality, and relative truth is changeable knowledge as knowledge develops, which is replaced by a new one.
and more accurate knowledge or becomes delusion.
3) Examples of delusion: Columbus believed that the western route to India was shorter.
An example of relative truth: the theory of classical mechanics and the theory of relativity.
3. Your friend read an article devoted to the study of one of the natural phenomena, and told you about the conclusions of the author. You need to make sure that this article is the result of a scientific study of this phenomenon. Formulate three questions, the answers to which will convince you of the validity of one or another judgment regarding the nature of the knowledge presented in the article.
Answer:
1) Is this phenomenon considered objectively, as it is, or does the author introduce something subjective into the consideration of the issue?
4. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map showing the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, in the place marked on the map, Magellan did not find the strait. Then, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, he suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered the strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? Specify three methods.
Answer:
1) put forward a hypothesis;
2) theoretical analysis;
3) practical research (observation).
5. Scientists from one of the US universities selected 25 volunteers who agreed to spend 12 days in the sleep study laboratory. Some were allowed to sleep for 6 hours, and others for 8 hours a day. It was found that in those who slept for 6 hours, the level of substances associated with diseases of the cardiovascular system increased in the blood. Which of the methods of scientific knowledge is reflected in this message? What level of scientific knowledge is represented in it? Justify your answer.
Answer:
1) This message refers to an experiment (observation).
2) We are talking about the empirical level of scientific knowledge
3) The result of the study is a scientific fact (the effect of sleep on the human body), established as a result of the experiment.
6. A student of a specialized biological class, M., on the instructions of a biology teacher, carried out a summer research project. He needed to determine the nesting sites of the crane, observe and describe the process of breeding and training chicks, ring the birds before they fly away. In addition, M., preparing for the implementation of the project, put forward a research hypothesis, compiled an annotated list of scientific literature, studied the various opinions of scientists on the problem of crane nesting, systematized and summarized the conclusions. What groups of methods did M. use in his project? Specify them and confirm each group with three examples, systematizing them in the form of a table:
1st group | 2nd group |
1) finding nesting sites for cranes | 1) putting forward a research hypothesis |
2) observing the nesting of cranes | 2) compiling an annotated bibliography |
3) description of the process of breeding and training chicks | 3) analysis, comparison and comparison of the points of view of scientists |
4) ringing birds before departure | 4) systematization and generalization. |
7. Name any three differences between educational knowledge and scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) If a student “discovers” new knowledge, then it is new for him, and not for science.
2) The student acquires ready-made knowledge set out in textbooks and other sources of knowledge, and the scientist "gets" them.
3) The student uses teaching methods, and the scientist uses the methods of science (for example, a laboratory experiment in educational activities is different from a scientific experiment).
9. A group of archaeologists is excavating in Central Asia. They managed to find Parthian coins and women's gold jewelry. Archaeologists have compiled a description of the finds. Based on the research of the materials found, a hypothesis was put forward about the development of trade relations between the Massaget tribes inhabiting Central Asia in antiquity and the Parthian kingdom. What methods did scientists use in their scientific search? Give the names of the two groups of methods and illustrate each with one example from the assignment.
Answer:
1) empirical (archaeologists conducting excavations, finding ancient Parthian coins and women's jewelry, compiling a description of the finds);
2) theoretical (putting forward a scientific hypothesis about the development of trade relations between the Massaget tribes inhabiting Central Asia in antiquity and the Parthian kingdom).
10. Social scientists know different classifications of sciences. O.Kont built a pyramid of fundamental sciences of mankind, at the top of which are the teachings about society and man. Name two differences between social knowledge and the humanities. What type of knowledge is philosophy? Give two arguments to support your answer.
Answer:
1) Social knowledge is knowledge about relatively stable and systematically reproducible relations between peoples, classes, other social groups (demographic, professional).
Humanitarian knowledge considers the inner world of a person, the goals and motives of his activity, spiritual values.
2) Philosophy refers to humanitarian knowledge.
3) A part of philosophy is ethics, axiology, religious studies, and these are sciences, the object of which is the spiritual values of man and mankind.
Philosophy forms the so-called "eternal questions", the answers to which are important for every person.
11. Read a piece of scientific text: “Gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its action on all matter and energy. No objects have been found that have no gravitational interaction at all.” Indicate two criteria that allow us to classify this text as scientific. Based on social science knowledge, name another feature inherent in scientific knowledge.
Answer:
1) Criteria by which the text can be classified as scientific:
Use of scientific concepts;
Reliance on the scientific picture of the world.
2) Features of scientific knowledge:
Putting forward hypotheses;
Experimental verification;
12. A complex scientific experiment is being carried out in the laboratory of the Chemical Institute. Changes are constantly monitored. The received data is processed and analyzed according to the established criteria. Name three methods of scientific research mentioned in the assignment. Based on social science knowledge, indicate and briefly describe another method used in science.
Answer: 1) scientific research methods:
Observation;
Experiment;
System analysis;
2) another method is indicated, for example, modeling.
Modeling is the development of some schematic representations similar to real processes and phenomena in order to highlight and study the most significant properties and relationships.
Task 28
1. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Cognition is the process of spiritual mastering by a person of objects and phenomena of the material world.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Plan.
1. Cognition as a form of adequate reflection of reality.
2. Goals of knowledge:
A) comprehension of the truth;
B) practical use.
3. The structure of the process of cognition.
4. Forms of sensory knowledge:
A) feeling
B) perception;
B) presentation.
5. Forms of rational knowledge:
A) concept
B) judgment;
B) inference.
6. Interaction of the cognizing subject and the cognized object in the process of cognition.
7. Knowledge as a result of knowledge.
2. Make a complex plan for a detailed answer on the topic "Truth and its criteria."
Plan.
1. Truth is the ideal goal of cognitive activity.
2. Types of truth:
A) absolute truth (complete, exhaustive reliable knowledge about the world);
B) relative truth (incomplete, limited knowledge about objects and phenomena of the material world).
3. True knowledge and false knowledge (deliberate lies and delusion).
4. Criteria of truth:
A) practice
B) a system of theoretical evidence;
C) evidence, compliance with common sense;
D) competent opinion of the expert community of scientists.
5. Specificity of comprehension of scientific truth at the present stage.
3. Make a complex plan for a detailed answer on the topic "Scientific knowledge and its main features."
Plan.
1. Scientific knowledge - comprehension of the essence of objects and phenomena.
2. The main features of scientific knowledge:
a) objectivity;
b) evidence;
c) logic;
d) rationality.
3. Levels of scientific knowledge:
A) empirical;
B) theoretical.
4. Methods of scientific knowledge:
A) empirical (observation, description, experiment);
B) theoretical (hypothesis, systematization, generalization, modeling).
5. Specificity of social cognition.
6. Features of scientific knowledge in the information age.
4. Make a complex plan for a detailed answer on the topic "Social cognition and its specificity."
Plan.
1. Social cognition - knowledge of society and man.
2. Specificity of social cognition:
A) the coincidence of the cognizing subject and the cognized object;
B) limited scope of the experiment;
C) the complexity of the object of knowledge - society, etc.
3. Basic methods of social cognition:
A) historical (consideration of social objects in development);
B) comparative (consideration of social objects in comparison, comparison with similar ones);
C) system-analytical ((consideration of social objects in integrity and interaction with each other).
4. Functions of social cognition:
A) identifying the causes and consequences of social processes;
B) understanding the qualitative characteristics of social objects;
C) the use of results in the implementation of social management;
D) coordination of public interests, optimization of social processes.
5. Social cognition as a necessary condition for the improvement and development of society.
5. Make a complex plan for a detailed answer on the topic "Self-knowledge and the formation of the "I"-concept."
Plan.
1. Self-knowledge - a person's knowledge of himself.
2. Basic methods of self-knowledge:
A) self-observation;
B) self-examination.
3. Formation of self-esteem of the individual:
A) adequate self-esteem;
B) low self-esteem;
C) high self-esteem.
4. "I"-concept and the process of its formation.
5. Specificity of objects of self-knowledge:
A) personal needs
B) own capabilities;
C) the meaning of one's own being;
D) awareness of one's own differences from other people.
6. The inseparability of the connection between a person's knowledge of himself and the material world.
6. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Scientific knowledge". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Plan.
1. Scientific knowledge is one of the types of knowledge of the objective world.
2. Features of scientific knowledge:
A) the desire for objectivity (to study the world as it is, regardless of the person);
B) a special language, including special terms, strictly defined concepts, mathematical symbols;
C) special procedures for checking results.
3. Levels of scientific knowledge:
A) empirical knowledge;
B) theoretical knowledge.
4. Methods of scientific knowledge:
A) scientific observation;
B) description;
B) classification;
D) scientific experiment;
D) thought experiment;
E) hypotheses;
G) scientific modeling.
6. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Knowledge as an activity." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Answer:
Plan.
1. Activity as a way of existence of a person and society.
2. Variety of activities.
3. Obtaining true knowledge is the goal of knowledge.
1) the objectivity of truth;
2) criteria of truth;
3) absolute and relative truth.
4. Types of knowledge:
1) sensory knowledge;
2) rational knowledge.
5. Ordinary knowledge: its possibilities and limitations.
6. Features of scientific knowledge.
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What checks task number 25? 1) disclosure of the meaning of the specified basic concept (its essence, main features); 2) disclosure of certain aspects of this concept (its types, types, forms, relationship with other concepts, formulation of judgments, etc.); 3) the nature of the given judgments (availability of information about the phenomenon under consideration, reliance on knowledge of the social science course, meaningful correctness from the point of view of scientific social science).
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Criteria for checking the answer to task No. 25 The meaning of the concept is correctly revealed; in accordance with the requirement of the task, two sentences were drawn up containing information about the relevant aspects of the concept - 3 points The meaning of the concept was correctly revealed; in accordance with the requirement of the task, a sentence (s) containing (s) information about one aspect of the concept was compiled. OR The meaning of the concept as a whole is disclosed (separate inaccuracies in the answer do not distort it in essence); in accordance with the requirement of the task, two sentences were composed containing information about the relevant aspects of the concept -2 points Only the meaning of the concept is correctly disclosed. OR The meaning of the concept as a whole is disclosed (separate inaccuracies in the answer do not distort it in essence); in accordance with the requirement of the task, a sentence (s) was composed (s), containing (s) information about one aspect of the concept - 1 point The meaning of the concept is not explicitly disclosed or disclosed incorrectly with any number of other elements of the answer. OR Wrong answer - 0 points Maximum score - 3
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What does correct definition mean? the graduate understands the essence of this concept, does not distort it (a scientific concept is not required!) As essential characteristics, the correct defining word (phrase) can be read out if it fundamentally correctly conveys the generic affiliation of the concept; signs of a concept, expressed both in the form of its distinctive characteristics, features, and functions of the concept, if they convey its essence.
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if revealing the meaning of the concept, the graduate indicates one of several of its essential characteristics, then this situation is considered in the current assessment system as follows: The meaning of the concept as a whole is disclosed (separate inaccuracies in the answer do not distort it in essence)
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What is it? What is it? What is this for? The rule of law is a generally binding formal rule of conduct established by the state, aimed at regulating the public rights and obligations of each participant and enshrined in legislative acts.
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Task number 25 What is the meaning of social scientists invest in the concept of "thinking"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the basic operations (techniques) of thinking, and one sentence revealing the creative nature of thinking.
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: Thinking - the ability to cognize the essential properties and relationships of objects that go beyond the scope of sensory information and practical experience of a person; (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the main operations (techniques) of thinking, based on knowledge of the course, for example: The main operations (techniques) of thinking are analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction, modeling, generalization; (Another sentence can be drawn up containing information about two or more basic operations (techniques) of thinking.) 3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the creative nature of thinking, for example: Features of a person’s thinking allow him to go beyond the usual ideas, offer ideas that are unparalleled. (Another sentence may be drawn up, revealing the creative nature of thinking.) The sentences must be formulated correctly, not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and / or its aspects. Proposals containing essential errors are not counted in the assessment.
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What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "constitutional system"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the separation of powers in the Russian Federation, and one sentence revealing the principle of ideological diversity operating in the Russian Federation.
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The correct answer should contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: the constitutional system is a system of fundamental basic social relations established and protected by the constitution and other constitutional legal acts of the state; (Another, similar definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the separation of powers in the Russian Federation, based on knowledge of the course, for example: State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative (Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation), executive (the Government of the Russian Federation, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and judicial (the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the system of courts of general jurisdiction, etc.); (Another sentence containing information about the separation of powers in the Russian Federation can be drawn up.) 3) one sentence, which, based on knowledge of the course, reveals the principle of ideological diversity in the Russian Federation, for example: In the Russian Federation, no ideology can be established as a state or mandatory. (Another proposal may be drawn up, revealing the principle of ideological diversity operating in the Russian Federation.) Proposals must be formulated correctly, not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and / or its aspects. Proposals containing essential errors are not counted in the assessment.
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What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "inflation"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of inflation depending on the rate, and one sentence revealing any consequence of inflation.
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The correct answer should contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: inflation is the process of depreciation of money and a decrease in its purchasing power, manifested in an increase in the general price level; (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the types of inflation depending on the rate, for example: Depending on the rate of inflation, inflation is conventionally distinguished as moderate (creeping), galloping, high and hyperinflation . (Another sentence could be drawn up containing information on the types of inflation depending on the rate.) 3) one sentence, based on knowledge of the exchange rate, any consequence of inflation, for example: perfect technology. (Another proposal could be made, revealing, on the basis of knowledge of the exchange rate, any consequence of inflation.)
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What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "truth"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the methods of knowing the truth, and one sentence revealing the essence of absolute truth.
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: truth is knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge (or an adequate reflection of reality in the human mind); (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the methods of knowing the truth, based on knowledge of the course, for example: Methods of knowing the truth include observation, experiment, modeling, etc. (Maybe another sentence about two or more methods of knowing the truth should be drawn up.) 3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the essence of absolute truth, for example: Absolute truth is complete, exhaustive knowledge about an object, phenomenon, process. (Another sentence can be made to reveal the essence of absolute truth.)
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What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social norm"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of social norms, and one sentence revealing the general (universal) nature of social norms
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: Social norm - these are the rules established in society, patterns, standards of expected behavior of people; (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the types of social norms based on knowledge of the course, for example: The following types of social norms are distinguished: moral norms, legal norms, traditions and customs, religious norms, etc.; (Another sentence can be drawn up containing information about two or more types of social norms.) 3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the general (universal) nature of social norms, for example: A social norm, fixing some rule of behavior, affects not on a specific individual, but on all people in similar situations. (Another proposal can be drawn up, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, the general (universal) nature of social norms.)
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Characterizing vertical social mobility, social scientists talk about the channels of social mobility. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "channels of social mobility"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the existing channels of social mobility, and one sentence revealing the connection between the processes of social mobility and the democratization of society.
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The correct answer should contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: channels of social mobility are the ways (methods) along which people move from one social group to another; (Another definition that is close in meaning can be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the existing channels of social mobility, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: The most important channels of social mobility are: education, the army, marriage, political, economic and professional organizations. (Another sentence containing information on the existing channels of social mobility can be drawn up.) 3) one sentence that, based on knowledge of the course, reveals the connection between social mobility processes and the democratization of society, for example: In a democratic society there are no social barriers that are insurmountable for citizens, therefore everyone, exercising his rights and freedoms, he can take a social position that suits him. Another proposal can be drawn up, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, the connection between the processes of social mobility and the democratization of society.
The book of life is open not only to the eyes of a scientist, it is open to everyone who is able to perceive things, feel and think. If we proceed from the fact that the basis of all knowledge is experience in the broadest sense of the word, then the types of human knowledge are distinguished primarily by the nature of experience on which they are based.
Worldly knowledge and knowledge is based primarily on observation and ingenuity, it is empirical in nature and is better consistent with generally accepted life experience than with abstract scientific constructions. ...As a rule, worldly knowledge comes down to stating facts and describing them.
Scientific knowledge also presupposes an explanation of facts, their comprehension in the entire system of concepts of a given science. Worldly knowledge states, and even then very superficially, how this or that event proceeds. Scientific knowledge answers the question not only how, but also why it proceeds in this way. (In any case, the answer to such a question is the ideal of scientific knowledge.) Scientific knowledge does not tolerate lack of evidence: one or another statement becomes scientific only when it is substantiated.
The essence of scientific knowledge lies in the understanding of reality in its past, present and future, in a reliable generalization of facts, in the fact that behind the accidental it finds the necessary, regular, behind the individual - the general, and on this basis it predicts various phenomena.
The process of scientific knowledge is by its very nature creative. The laws that govern the processes of nature, society and human existence are not just inscribed in our immediate impressions, they constitute an infinitely diverse world to be explored, discovered and comprehended. This cognitive process includes intuition, conjecture, fiction, and common sense...
Practical knowledge is also closely related to scientific knowledge. The difference between them lies mainly in the target setting. If the main figure of scientific knowledge is a scientist, a member of the academic community, then for practical knowledge it is an engineer or an industrial manager. The goal of the scientist is the discovery of a pattern, a general principle, the “recognition” of a new idea. The goal of an engineer is to create a new thing (instrument, device, computer program, industrial technology, etc.) on the basis of already fully known, fixed principles.
(A.G. Spirkin)
C2. Based on the text, formulate two differences between practical knowledge and everyday knowledge.
C3. On the basis of the text, indicate any two differences between scientific knowledge and everyday knowledge. Based on social science knowledge, media materials, and your own social experience, illustrate each of these differences with an example.
C4. Based on the knowledge of the course, name three methods (means) by which scientific knowledge is carried out. Specify one of them.
Thinking
Rational knowledge is most fully and adequately expressed in thinking...
Thinking is an active process of generalized and indirect reflection of reality, carried out in the course of practice, which ensures the disclosure of its regular connections on the basis of sensory data and their expression in a system of abstractions (concepts, categories, etc.).
Thinking is carried out in close connection with speech, and its results are recorded in the language as a certain sign system, which can be natural (ordinary, colloquial language) or artificial (the language of mathematics, symbolic logic, chemical formulas, etc.).
Reason is the initial level of thinking, at which the operation of abstractions takes place within the limits of an invariable scheme, a given template, a rigid standard. Here they consciously digress (and do not ignore!) from the development, the interconnection of things and the concepts expressing them, considering them as something stable, permanent.
Reason is dialectical thinking, which is characterized by creative operation with abstractions and a conscious study of their own nature (reflection). Only at this highest level can thinking comprehend the essence of things, their laws, causes and contradictions, and adequately express the logic of things in the logic of concepts. The latter, like the things themselves, are taken in their interconnections, development, comprehensively and concretely...
Forms of thinking (logical forms) are ways of reflecting reality through interrelated abstractions, among which concepts, judgments and conclusions are the initial ones.
(V.P. Kokhanovsky)
C2. Based on the text, formulate two goals to which the process of dialectical thinking is directed.
C3. Using the knowledge of the social science course, give a brief description of each of the initial forms of thinking (logical forms) named by the author.
C4. Actor writes that "thinking is carried out in the closest connection with speech." Based on the knowledge of the social science course, indicate three aspects of this connection.
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms (types, types) of non-scientific knowledge, and one sentence revealing any feature of one of these forms (types, types).
2. Name any three forms of knowledge of the world and illustrate each of them with an example.
3. Name any two features of everyday experience as a form of cognition of the objective world and illustrate each of them with an example.
4. In art, fiction is allowed, the introduction from the artist himself of something that does not exist in this form, has not been and, perhaps, will not be in reality. Why, despite this, is art considered one of the forms (ways) of knowing the objective world? Based on social science knowledge, indicate two features of this form of cognition.
5. Formulate a judgment about the role of thinking in human life and illustrate it with the help of three examples.
6. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Knowledge of the World". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
7. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer to the topic "Various ways of knowing the world." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.