Lesson of social science on the topic "Social structure and social relations" (Grade 11). Social structure and social relations - what is it
Lesson of social science in the 11th grade on the topic "The social structure of society"
Goals:
Educational: explain to students the essence of the social structure of society, types
social groups, modern understanding social stratification, its influence on the image
life, income, social status person; causes of social inequality;
Developing: to form the ability to analyze the actions of people in accordance with their
social role, the social structure of any society;
Educational: to instill a culture of interpersonal relationships.
Lesson Type: Learning New Lesson educational material
Lesson form: lecture with elements of conversation.
Equipment: textbook "Social Science".
Lesson plan.
1. Organizing time. Introducing students to the lesson plan.
2. Social structure. social groups.
3. Social stratification and differentiation.
4. Criteria of social inequality.
5. Poor sections of society. Middle and upper class.
6. Social mobility.
7. Groups with specific status.
8. Solving exercises and creative tasks (using material from the disk)
9. Summing up and grading.
10. Homework.
During the lecture, material from the electronic textbook "Social Studies" is used.
Dictionary work is carried out using electronic dictionaries.
1. Social structure - stable, orderly relations between different
social groups.
A social group is any set of individuals united by a common interest.
Social groups are subdivided:
1) by number (large and small).
Small - a family, a team of workers, students 11 "G". Big ones are nations, Russian pensioners.
2) according to the method of organizing and regulating interaction (formal and informal).
Formal parties.
Informal - according to interests.
3) to determine the status of a member of society (status groups - classes, layers).
Next, we write in the notebook the scheme “Social groups” (material from the electronic textbook
"Social science") .
2. Differentiation - stratification, expressed in the division of society into lower, middle and higher
layers (classes). There are economic, political and professional differentiation.
Stratification (stratum - layer) is the stratification of society into groups occupying different
position in society.
Social inequality - social conditions under which people have different access to
social benefits. Social inequality has arisen since the appearance of the first states.
3. Criteria of social inequality:
A) K. Marx: the most important criterion is the possession of property by a person and the level of income;
B) M. Weber: belonging of the subject to political parties and authorities;
C) P. Sorokin: main reason inequalities - uneven distribution of rights, duties,
privileges in society.
It is believed that the basis of the stratification system is the natural social
human inequality. The problem of social stratification is very acute and
debatable in sociology. Many scientists dealt with this problem, among them K. Marx, M.
Weber, P. Sorokin and others. In the course of the study, they identified the criteria for social
stratification: income, education, power, prestige. Considering historical forms
stratification, we can distinguish a closed society with low social mobility and
social structure - estates, castes, slavery. And an open society with a high social
mobility and class structure of society. Thus society reproduces,
organizes social inequality on several grounds: the level of wealth, social
prestige, possession political power etc. One can also conclude that all these
hierarchies matter to society because they allow regulation of how reproduction
social ties, and to direct the personal aspirations of people to the acquisition of significant
status societies. This is how society develops.
Social inequality
Closed social group with its own rights and
hereditary obligations
Egalitarianism
Stratification
Strata
Slavery
Caste
estate
social structure
societies
Next, we parse the text.
The social group in which a person is required to be a member
exclusively birth
Economic, social and legal form of enslavement
people, bordering on complete lawlessness and extreme
inequalities
The conditions under which people have unequal access to such
social goods like money, wealth, power
Utopian theory, reduced to redistribution and the equation of private
ownership based on individual farming
The division of society into strata of the stratum
A large group of people differing in their position in
social hierarchy of society
The internal structure of society, ordered by certain
norms.
"Inequality" - N. Smelser - modern American sociologist, vice president
International Sociological Association.
Weber identified three components of inequality. He considered them interconnected and yet in
substantially independent. The first component is wealth inequality.
Wealth means more than just wage; the rich often do not
work, but receive large incomes from property, capital investments,
real estate or shares and securities. Weber pointed out that representatives of various social
classes - peasants, workers, merchants have unequal opportunities for income generation and
the acquisition of goods ... However, Weber felt that it was not all about wealth. He revealed the second
component of inequality - groups of people are honored and respected to varying degrees and have
unequal prestige: he introduced the concept of “status groups” ... But not all status groups are
only from rich people, they can include people of very different incomes. Wealth plays
an important role, but no less important is prestige, which may not depend on wealth at all ...
The mafia leader is rich, but his social prestige is minimal (except for his small
groups).
In addition to wealth and prestige, Weber noted a third factor... It's about about power,
entities of a political nature. refers to the ability of a person or group
carry out plans, take actions, or pursue certain policies, even
over the objections of other individuals and groups. Weber considered the important role
political parties and groups united by common interests in the formation of a system of power
in society.
Smelzer N. Sociology. - M., 1994. - S. 283-284.
Questions and tasks
1. What aspects of inequality are described in the text of the fragment? Explain what is the point
each component of inequality in the social structure.
2. What, in your opinion, is the reason for social inequality - in abilities, wealth
or status?
Poverty is a situation in which a person systematically lacks the means to
meet your needs. Distinguish between absolute and relative poverty (definitions
students look up these concepts in an electronic dictionary).
The poverty line is the minimum standard of living necessary for man to survive. In Russia it
called the living wage.
Middle and upper class (material from the disk is used).
Social mobility is the transition of a person from one social group to another; this is
change by an individual or group of social status, place, place occupied in the social
the structure of society. Distinguish between horizontal and vertical mobility.
Horizontal mobility is the transition of a person to a group located on the same social
level as the previous one (remarriage, change of citizenship, transition from 11 “A” to 11 “B”, transition to
new place of work, but for the same position).
Vertical mobility is the movement of an individual from one social group to another,
different in level.
There are two types of vertical mobility - upward and downward. Examples of ascending
mobility - the accountant became the chief accountant, the private - the officer. descending
mobility - the officer was demoted to the rank and file, the engineer became a foreman at the factory.
Students give examples of horizontal and vertical mobility.
Question for students: What events can lead to major social displacement?
How to move from one social group to another? After listening to the students' responses, the teacher
P. Sorokin's point of view: the army, the school, the church (the so-called social
elevators). Guys, what do you think, in our time, what can serve as a social lift?
Groups with specific status:
1. marginals (occupy an intermediate position between stable layers) -
unemployed, disabled, persons without a place of residence, without a certain occupation;
moved to the city, but did not adopt the urban way of life.
2.
with illegal behavior (convicts, representatives of the criminal world).
3. lumpen (rags translated from French) - vagabonds, beggars, homeless people. They are called
declassed elements. Declassification is the process by which a person
loses connection with his class, morally falls.
Question for students: guys, give examples of mass marginalization of society from history.
Creative tasks.
The social structure is a fairly constant interconnection of social elements, for example, the social class structure of society. The social structure of society is a relatively permanent pattern of social classifications in a given society, such as the social structure of contemporary Russian society.
The main elements of the social structure of society: social groups, social strata, social communities and social institutions are interconnected by social relations carried by people. There is also a classification that distinguishes such components of the social structure of society as: estates, castes, classes.
11. Social connections and relationships.
social connection- a social action expressing the dependence and compatibility of people or groups. This is a set of special dependencies of some social subjects from others, their mutual relations that unite people in the corresponding social communities and testify to their collective existence. This is a concept that denotes any socio-cultural obligations of individuals or groups of individuals relative to each other.
social relations- these are relatively stable ties between individuals and social groups, due to their unequal position in society and roles in public life
The subjects of social relations are various social communities and individuals
1 - social relations of socio-historical communities (between countries, classes, nations, social groups, town and countryside);
2 - social relations between public organizations, institutions and labor collectives;
3 - social relations in the form of interpersonal interaction and communication within labor collectives
There are different types of social relations:
by the scope of power: horizontal relations and vertical relations;
according to the degree of regulation: formal (certified) and informal;
by the way individuals communicate: impersonal or indirect, interpersonal or direct;
for subjects of activity: between organizational, intraorganizational;
according to the level of justice: fair and unfair
The basis of the differences between social relations are motives and needs, the main of which are primary and secondary needs.
As a result of the contradiction of social relations, social conflict becomes one of the forms of social interaction.
12. Social groups: essence and classification.
social group is a set of individuals interacting in a certain way based on the shared expectations of each member of the group in relation to others.
In this definition, one can see two essential conditions necessary for a set to be considered a group: 1) the existence of interactions between its members; 2) the emergence of shared expectations of each member of the group regarding its other members. The social group is characterized by a number of specific features:
stability, duration of existence;
certainty of composition and boundaries;
general system of values and social norms;
awareness of one's belonging to a given social community;
the voluntary nature of the association of individuals (for small social groups);
association of individuals external conditions existence (for large social groups);
the ability to enter as elements in other social communities.
social group- a relatively stable set of people connected by common relationships, activities, its motivation and norms Group classification, as a rule, is based on the subject area of analysis, in which the main feature that determines the stability of a given group formation is singled out. Seven main signs of classification:
based on ethnicity or race;
based on the level of cultural development;
based on the types of structure that exists in groups;
based on the tasks and functions performed by the group in wider communities;
based on the prevailing types of contacts between group members;
based on various types of connections existing in groups;
on other principles.
13. Social institutions: essence, typology, functions.
social institution- a historically established stable form of organization of joint activities and relations of people, performing socially significant functions.
Typology social institutions can be composed on the basis of the idea that each institution satisfies one or another fundamental social need. The five fundamental social needs (in the reproduction of the family; in security and social order; in obtaining a livelihood; in the socialization of the younger generation; in solving spiritual problems) correspond to five basic social institutions: the institution of the family, the political institution (state), the economic institution (production) , education, religion.
Fixation and reproduction function public relations. Each social institution is created in response to the emergence of a certain social need in order to develop certain standards of behavior among its members.
The adaptive function lies in the fact that the functioning of social institutions in society ensures the adaptability, adaptability of society to changing conditions of internal and external environment both natural and social.
The integrative function consists in the fact that the social institutions existing in society, through their actions, norms, prescriptions, ensure interdependence, mutual responsibility, solidarity and cohesion of the individuals and / or all members of this society that make up them.
The communicative function lies in the fact that information (scientific, artistic, political, etc.) produced in one social institution is distributed both within this institution and outside it, in interaction between institutions and organizations operating in society.
The socializing function is manifested in the fact that social institutions play a decisive role in the formation and development of the individual, in the assimilation of social values, norms and roles, in the orientation and realization of her social status.
The regulatory function is embodied in the fact that social institutions in the process of their functioning ensure the regulation of interactions between individuals and social communities through the development of certain norms and standards of behavior, a system of rewards for the most effective actions that comply with the norms, values, expectations of society or the community, and sanctions (punishments). ) for actions that deviate from these values and norms.
Department of Education and Science of the Tambov Region
MBOU Uvarovschinskaya sosh
Lesson on the topic "Social structure and
social relations"
Developed by: history teacher and social studies Goncharova Larisa Yuryevna.
2013
annotation
The methodological development of the lesson "Social Structure and Social Relations" is written for teachers. The purpose of the methodological development is to clarify the essence of social stratification and mobility, and their influence on the way of life; to form the ability to analyze the social structure; instill a culture of interpersonal relationships.
In the classroom, the teacher needs to use perfect pedagogical technologies. Forms of organization of students' activities can be work in groups with a case. The methods and techniques used by the teacher should encourage thinking, reasoning, searching. An active, creative nature of the lesson will be given by problematic assignments, raising questions that require analysis of educational material, and their evaluation.
Preparatory stage.
Lesson plan.
Lesson methodology.
Introduction.
Main part.
Conclusion.
Application.
Bibliography.
Introduction
The topic "Social structure and social relations" is quite relevant. The study of this topic is intended to reveal the concepts and provisions of social science as a systematized field of knowledge, reveals the most significant social problems of the development of society both in the past and today, as well as the causes of social inequality, the boundaries of social mobility.
This topic helps a person to realize his own social position and possible prospects for its change.
The main goals of studying this topic are the formation of knowledge about the essence of social stratification and mobility, identifying the causes of social inequality, as well as determining the essence of horizontal and vertical mobility.
Within the framework of this topic, the formation of training skills continues: comparative analysis phenomena and processes, distinguishing between facts and assessments, opinions and evidence, correlating generalizations and real processes, as well as thinking critically, expressing one's point of view, and working in a group.
Main part
Preparatory stage. (Preparation of reports)
Lesson Plan
Upper, middle and lower class.
social mobility.
Lesson methodology.
Organization of the lesson: The session should begin by checking on the students present. Organization of students' attention.
The stage of transition to the study of new material is very important, the teacher switches the attention of students to the study of new material, tries to arouse the need for knowledge. At this stage, the teacher reports the topic of the lesson, then a perspective is outlined for studying the material.
Learning new material. Actualization.
1. What is a system in general? Answer: A whole, consisting of individual elements
2. What can you name the elements of the social system? Answer: Social groups, communities, classes
3. How do they relate to each other? Equal or not equal? Those. in society there is a social stratification or ... Social differentiation I.e. we begin to study the first question of the topic.
At the beginning of the lesson, goals are announced and a problem task is set for the group.
The first question "Structure, differentiation and social inequality" is revealed using a verbal method with a presentation. (Slide show presentation).
Structure, differentiation and social inequality.
Social ties and social relations that are carried out between people in the course of their various activities are manifested through their social positions, statuses, political, religious, demographic, professional.
The totality of all statuses characterizes the composition of the population. Behind each status - permanent, temporary, real, nominal, the main ones are social groups (engineers, men, conservatives), therefore the composition of the population is considered as a structure for the formation of social groups.
Social structure is one of the basic concepts in social science. Under the structure understand the connections and relationships of social groups and individuals, together forming a social system. Structure is always a formalized system of differences in position, conditions of life, mode of existence.
The main feature of the structure is its differentiation. In everyday language, the identical concept of “social stratification” is used, which literally means the division of the entire society into layers.
It is customary to distinguish between economic and political differentiation.
Economic differentiation would divide society into rich, middle and poor strata.
Political differentiation divides society into leaders and masses.
To professional differentiation includes the allocation of groups according to the nature of their activities. Any differentiation is based on social inequality, inequality of social positions.
There are several approaches to explaining the origin of inequality.
Representatives of the structural-functional approach (E. Durkheim, T. Parsons) believed that society encourages and provides privileges to the best, capable and talented people.
The representative of the second conflict inequality (K. Marx) substantiated the source of social inequality by different attitudes towards property.
The modern science of sociology is dominated by the Weberian approach to the analysis of social inequality.
M. Weber singled out signs of inequality: wealth, power, prestige. Wealth is viewed as an aggregate material assets belonging to a person, including his income, land and other property.
Power is the ability to bend the will of other people.
Prestige is the recognition and respect of the subject, his actions, which are a role model.
Thus, the essence of social inequality differs in the unequal access of various categories of the population to social benefits. The degree of inequality in different historical eras is different. According to the theory of Gerhard Lenski, the minimum inequality was in primitive societies, it was maximum in the era of slavery and feudalism, and inequality in industrial societies is reduced under the influence of democratic governments, trade unions, social security systems.
According to K. Marx, there was minimal inequality in primitive society. But gradually it began to deepen. His theory is called the "escalation of inequality".
Pitirim Sorokin argued that there is no permanent increase or decrease in inequality in history.
In different eras and different countries inequality either increases or decreases, i.e., fluctuates (fluctuates).
So, despite different approaches to understand, inequality is determined by differences in economic, political, professional educational positions.
The study of this issue contains not only the presentation of the material by the teacher, but also the active activity of students, which consists in answering cognitive questions, such as:
Usually, social inequality is seen through people having power, money, and a prestigious profession. Why do you think? Can there be any other criteria? Justify the answer.
K. Marx believed that the polarization of wealth at one pole of society gives rise to an increase in poverty at the other. G. Sumner objected to him: this provision is true only for the industrial era, in modern society, an increase in wealth contributes to an increase in the standard of living of the entire population, and the democratic order gives everyone a chance to get out of poverty. Who is right?
The second question of the topic “Stratification and its historical types “Classes” using the verbal method and the method of demonstration.
Stratification and its historical types. Classes.
How relevant, in your opinion, are these words for modern Russia?
The concept of stratification ( stratum - layer, facio - I do) came to sociology from geology, where it denotes the vertical arrangement of layers of various rocks.
A stratum is a social stratum of people.
People who are similar in 4 positions (income, power, education, prestige) form a layer or stratum. Society itself can be represented as a multi-layered pie, where each stratum is located in a hierarchical sequence in relation to the other. In society, strata are arranged from top to bottom from the rich, the elite to the middle and poor strata. At the very bottom is the bottom layer.
The formation of strata in a society is called stratification.
The creator of the theory of stratification was Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin (1889-1968), a Russian and American scientist who was born in the Vologda province and died in Winchester (USA), the largest sociologist of our century.
In the history of mankind, there have been various historical types of stratification: slavery, castes, estates, classes. When presenting the question “Historical types of stratification”, an element of advanced learning is used. (The student makes a pre-prepared report and presentation on this topic)
Slavery is an economic, social, legal form of enslavement of people, bordering on complete lawlessness.
At a mature stage, slavery turns into slavery, when one person acts as the owner of another and the lower stratum (slaves) are deprived of all rights and freedoms. It is believed that a soft form of slavery is serfdom.
In the first centuries of our era, a caste system was formed in India. Caste is a group of people characterized by a common origin. The caste position is fixed by the Hindu religion.
There were 4 castes in India:
Priests
Warriors
Merchants
Workers and peasants
The caste system was officially abolished in 1958. Estates were common during the period of feudalism in Europe with 4th to 14th centuries Estates - a social group that has a fixed custom or legal law and inherited rights and obligations. A classic example of a class organization was Europe, where at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. Society was divided into upper classes (nobility and clergy) and an unprivileged third estate (artisans, merchants, peasants).
In Russia since the second half of the 18th century. The class division into the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the peasantry and the bourgeoisie was established. The estate type is being replaced by a class type of stratification. Class is understood in two senses - broad and narrow.
In a broad sense, a class is understood as a social group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social division of labor and is characterized by a specific way of earning income.
In a narrow sense, a class is any social stratum in modern society that differs from others in income, education, power, prestige.
Turning to the history of our state Soviet period, it should be noted that the social structure was represented by two classes - workers and peasants associated with collective farm property and a layer - the working intelligentsia. Research scientists have stated that there are layers within and between classes that differ in the nature of work, level and way of life. In all classes and strata, the share of mental labor increased. Military personnel, ministers of religious cults and employees of the administrative apparatus were referred to specific layers.
In the 1980s, sociologists summarizing the experience presented the social structure of society as follows:
1. The upper class, the basis of which was the nomenklatura, uniting the upper layers of the party, state and economic bureaucracy.
2. Lower class: workers, peasants, intelligentsia.
3. The social stratum between them consisted of those groups that served the nomenclature: journalists, medical staff of special clinics.
Social stratification leads to inequality. Social inequality is determined by the division of society into the upper, middle and lower strata. At present, the division into upper, middle and lower classes is widespread, where not only the economic indicators of wealth, but the value system inherent in these classes play an important role.
The third question of the topic "Upper, middle and lower class" is revealed with the help of an illustrative and demonstrative method. It allows, on the one hand, to facilitate the perception and comprehension of the material being studied, and on the other hand, to act as a source of new knowledge. The video film allows you to illusory travel in geographic space and time.
The upper class includes those who own the maximum number of money. Wealth is expressed as a sum of money, which is calculated by everything that a person owns: a house, a car, a yacht, shares. The rich are otherwise known as millionaires, multimillionaires, and billionaires. If the “old” rich had a fortune formed over several generations, then the “new” rich had it in a few years. The latter include managers of large companies, popular artists, outstanding athletes.
Middle class. This class is distinguished on the basis of income, according to the average level of consumption of material goods. Life Standard: apartment, vacation, education. The middle class is a unique phenomenon in world history. Let's put it this way: it has not been throughout the history of mankind. It appeared only in the 20th century. In society, it performs a specific function. The middle class is the stabilizer of society. The larger it is, the less likely it is that society will be shaken by revolutions, conflicts, cataclysms.
As a rule, the middle class includes those who have economic independence, i.e. owns an enterprise, firm, office, own business, as well as scientists, doctors, lawyers, middle managers - the social backbone of society.
The lower class consists of persons who are mainly engaged in manual and mechanized labor. This includes various categories of workers, low-paid groups in the service sector, trade, and transport. Increasingly, there are those who work in the public sector and those who have higher education among the poor. A special place in the structure of society belongs to the marginalized. ("> These are groups of people who are in a marginal, isolated position in society. In our society, they make up 10%. Marginal groups include homeless people, street children, drug addicts. The peculiarity of marginalization is that, sinking to the bottom, these groups have little chance of fitting into a new life.
The characteristic of important elements of the social structure of society shows its complexity, hierarchy, structuredness.
The activity of students is manifested in the course of their answers to the questions posed. The questions are educational in nature:
The American version of social stratification is as follows:
Group highest status: managers of nationwide corporations, owners law firms, senior military officials, federal judges, stockbrokers, medical luminaries, major architects.
Second status group: mid-sized firm manager, lawyer, college teacher, newspaper publisher
Third status group: bank teller, middle manager, high school teacher
Fourth status group: dentist, insurance company employee, skilled carpenter, supermarket manager.
Fifth status group: auto mechanic, bartender, hairdresser, postal worker, truck driver
Sixth status group: gas station attendant, waitress, porter
Group of the seventh status: domestic servant, gardener, janitor, scavenger
What criteria for the selection of groups underlie this stratification?
At all times, people were worried about the question social inequality. Both thinkers of all times and peoples, as well as ordinary people, were interested in the causes of the social structure and looked for answers to the acute question - “Why is that?” (Students list various versions reasons). Further, the teacher invites students to divide into three microgroups and work with the case “Poverty is not a vice”, determine the causes of poverty and offer their own options for solving this problem.
The fourth question "Social mobility" is revealed using the verbal method.social mobility.
The totality of social movements of people in society, i.e. status change is called social mobility. This topic has interested humanity for a long time. The unexpected rise of a man or his sudden fall is a favorite subject. folk tales: a cunning beggar suddenly becomes a rich man, a poor prince becomes a king, a hardworking Cinderella marries a prince, thereby increasing her status and prestige.
There are two main types of social mobility - vertical and horizontal. Vertical mobility implies a movement from one stratum (estate, class, caste) to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward mobility (social uplift, upward movement) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement). Promotion - an example of upward mobility, dismissal, demolition - an example of outgoing. Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. An example is movement from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one's own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.
social mobility can be group, when an individual goes down or up the social ladder along with his group (estate, class), and individual, when he does it independently of others. The causes of group mobility are such factors as social revolutions, foreign interventions, invasions, interstate wars, civil wars, military coups, change political regimes, replacement of the old constitution with a new one, etc. To the factors of individual mobility, i.e. reasons that allow one person to achieve greater success than another, scientists include the social status of the family, the level of education, nationality, physical and mental abilities, external data, education, place of residence, advantageous marriage.
Group mobility is especially active in times of crisis, turning points for society. These include, in particular, industrialization, which opens up new vacancies in the stratification pyramid. The development of industry three centuries ago required the transformation of the peasantry into a proletariat. In the late stage of industrialization, the working class became the largest part of the employed population.
As unskilled labor was reduced, the need for employees, managers, businessmen grew. The sphere of industrial and agricultural labor narrowed, while the sphere of service and management expanded. The small farmers became the respectable petty bourgeois class, and the agricultural laborers were added to the ranks of the working class. The stratum of professionals and managers doubled over that period. The number of trade workers and clerks increased by 4 times.
The ways and mechanisms by which people rise to the top are called vertical mobility channels. Since vertical mobility exists in any society, even in a primitive one, there are various “holes”, “elevators”, “membrane” between the strata, along which individuals move up and down. The most famous channels are army, church, school, family, property.
Army functions as a vertical mobility channel in wartime. Large losses among the command staff lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. Soldiers move up the social ladder through talent and bravery. Having risen in rank, they use the received power as a channel for further advancement and accumulation of wealth. It is known that out of 92 Roman emperors, 36 rose to power, starting from the lower ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12 advanced through military careers. Napoleon and his entourage, marshals, generals and the kings of Europe appointed by him, came from commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and thousands of other commanders have risen to the highest positions thanks to the army.
Church as a channel of social mobility moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top of society. Gebbon, Archbishop of Reims, was a former slave. Pope Gregory VII - the son of a carpenter. Sociologist P. Sorokin studied the biography of 144 Roman Catholic popes and found that 28 came from the lower classes, and 27 from the middle strata. The institution of celibacy (celibacy), introduced in the 11th century. Pope Gregory VII ordered the Catholic clergy not to have children. Due to this, after the death of the ministers of the church officials, the vacant places were filled with new people. In addition to the upward movement, the church was a channel for the downward movement. Thousands of heretics, pagans, enemies of the church were brought to justice, ruined and destroyed. Among them were many kings, dukes, princes, lords, aristocrats and nobles of high ranks.
School. The institutions of education and upbringing, no matter what concrete form they take, have served in all ages as a powerful channel of social circulation. Democratic countries refer to societies where schools are available to all its members. Large competitions for colleges and universities in many countries are explained by the fact that education is the fastest and most accessible channel of vertical mobility. In such a society, the "social elevator" moves from the very bottom, passes through all floors and reaches the very top. An example is ancient China. During the era of Confucius, schools were open to all classes. Examinations were held every three years. Best students regardless of their marital status, were selected and transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from where they got to high government posts.
Own most clearly manifests itself in the form of accumulated wealth and money. They are one of the simplest and most effective ways of social promotion. AT XV - XVII centuries European society began to rule money. Achieved a high position only those who had money, and not a noble origin. The last periods of the history of Ancient Greece and Rome were the same. P. Sorokin found that not all, but only some occupations and professions contribute to the accumulation of wealth. According to his calculations, in 29% of cases this allows the employment of a manufacturer, in 21% - a banker and a stockbroker, in 12% - a trader. The professions of artists, artists, inventors, statesmen, miners and some others do not provide such opportunities.
Family and marriage become channels of vertical mobility in the event that representatives of different social statuses join the union. In European society, the marriage of a poor, but titled partner with a rich, but not noble, was common. As a result, both moved up the social ladder, getting what each wanted. We find an example of downward mobility in antiquity. According to Roman law, a free woman who married a slave became a slave herself and lost the status of a free citizen. The family has become the main mechanism of social selection, determination and inheritance of social status. The origin of their noble family does not automatically guarantee a good heredity and a decent education. Parents cared about the best possible upbringing of children; this became a mandatory norm for the aristocracy. In poor families, parents could not give proper education and upbringing. They could be given by noble families. Of these, the administrative elite was recruited. The family has become one of the institutions for the distribution of members of society by strata.
After presenting the material, students are asked to answer the following questions:
Why do you think P. Sorokin singled out the following elevators.
What kind of “elevators” do you think have appeared over time and exist today? (marriage, connections, politics, crime, civil service)
Assignment: “In countries with an efficient market economy, the model of the social structure of society is like a lemon - with a developed central part(middle strata), relatively low poles of the upper class (elite) and groups of the poorest strata. In Latin American countries, it resembles the Eiffel Tower with a wide base (poorer layers), an elongated middle part (middle layers) and a top (elite). The third model is typical for Russia: it is a kind of pyramid pressed to the ground, the base of which is approximately 80% of the population (the poor), 3-5% is its top, while the middle class, numbering approximately 13% of the population, occupies a very thin strip between them. . Depict graphically each of these models. Which of them gives the greatest stability to society? Explain why.
Consolidation and deepening of students' knowledge. Activation.
Reinforcement is understood as a secondary comprehension of the material studied in the lesson.
This method allows you to check and evaluate the knowledge of all students, contributes to the development of logical thinking.
You can offer students to solve a crossword puzzle (Appendix No. 1), which will diversify the form of work with students when checking the assimilation of special terminology. Students are then asked to answer problematic issue, which was set at the beginning of the lesson "Why is it impossible to eliminate inequality in society and create a socially homogeneous society?". After that, students collectively answer the question about the reverse effect of the social "elevator"Students are also invited to work with a cluster, the work on which will allow to systematize the knowledge gained in the lesson.
Homework assignment. (Instruction).The teacher must reach students' understanding of the purpose, the content of homework.
The purpose of homework is repetition and deeper assimilation of the studied material. It should be specific and consistent with the purpose of the lesson, be feasible and accessible.
Wrap-up stage.
Evaluation of student work in class.
Reflection on the lesson from the side of the guys:
What questions did you find most interesting?
What seemed difficult when studying this topic.
Conclusion
In the process of conducting the lesson "Social Structure and Social Relations", the main goals and objectives set for the teacher and students were achieved.
The guys got acquainted with the essence of social stratification and mobility, identified the causes of inequality, and also determined the essence of horizontal and vertical mobility.
Literature
1. Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu. Social science. 10th grade, - M., "Enlightenment", 2003.
2. Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu. Social science. Grade 11, - M., "Enlightenment", 2003.
3. Bogolyubov L.N. Social science: lesson plans - 11kl, .- M., "Enlightenment", 2007.
4. Bogolyubov L.N. Evaluation of the quality of training of graduates of the basic school in social science. - M., Drofa, 2001.
Application No. 1
OPTION #1
Test tasks
TEST ON THE DISCIPLINE "SOCIAL STUDIES"
OPTION #2
Test tasks
Application number 2.
Having solved the crossword puzzle, we will find out what the deprivation or insufficiency of the conditions necessary for a normal life is called.- The economic and socio-cultural state of people who have a minimum number of values and limited access to social benefits. (poverty) Type of differentiation involving the division of people into rich, middle class and poor (economic) One of the castes in India (merchants)
definition
Very high Ruling elite, big businessmen and the flower of the creative intelligentsia Middle class Prosperous to satisfactory Medium and small businessmen and people with permanent employment and regular income lower class Low and very lowPeople living near and below the poverty line horizontalwealth
income
power
education
profession
Application No. 5
The main strata of modern Russian society.
Main strata
24social relations are an important form of manifestation of relatively stable social ties between individuals and social groups and are analyzed primarily in the context of their opposition to natural relations.
Social ties unite individuals into an integral social system, and relations appear as a system of interdependencies of individuals in the process of their behavior in society, aimed at satisfying social needs. They constitute a system of social ties, the basis of which is the exchange of information within the framework of social interaction. The regulator of social relations is the moral and ethical dimension of social consciousness, or social and individual values.
An important component of social relations is power relations, which provide for a system of subordinate ties in society, are fixed at the level of power and authority and require appropriate regulation in the field of social security of the individual. In this context, it is appropriate to recall such an essential dimension of social relations as freedom and responsibility for socially significant actions. An essential dimension of social relations is social and labor relations, the content and essence of which is revealed at the level of distribution of social benefits. One of the main roles in society is played by social group, status relations, due to the internal stratification of society.
Accordingly, social relations are relations that reveal social ties between social strata and groups, as well as between individuals who are representatives of these groups. Therefore, they mainly arise in the form of relations of domination and subordination, relations of social inequality. The main factors of such inequality are, as a rule, gender and age features, intellectual abilities, professional roles, social status, property relations, etc. ).
There are various criteria for distinguishing social relations, for example, according to the degree of social regulation, formal (official) and informal social relations are distinguished. Depending on the method of communication, mediated and direct social relations, etc. are distinguished. Important components of social relations are individual motives and needs, which significantly complicate social ties and can lead to social conflict. The latter, in turn, contributes to the mobilization of intergroup contradictions in social relations, which can develop both at the level of social groups and at the level of institutions.
Modern socio-philosophical research in the field of conflictology shows both destructive and integrative functions social conflicts. Moreover, it is believed that conflict is one of the most important forms of social relations, since its dynamics contributes to the value-normative development of the social system in the direction of fixing or destroying one form or another of social relations. With the help of actualization of various motives, interests and needs, there is a search for ways to optimize, balance and stabilize individual and group interests. Therefore, on the one hand, according to the logic of K. Marx, the conflict can be considered a temporary state of society, it is overcome, and on the other hand, according to L. Koser and R. Dahrendorf, it can also be considered as a normal state of the social system, which is due to the contradictory nature social life and the need for its renewal.
rental block
Social differentiation is the division of society into groups occupying different social positions and differing in the scope and nature of rights, privileges and duties, prestige and influence.
Types of differentiation Economic: Income level; Standard of living; Poor, rich, middle class
Political: Governing and ruled; political leaders and masses Professional: Professions; Type of activity and occupation; prestige
Social groups are relatively stable populations of people with own interests, values and norms of behavior that develop within the framework of a historically defined society.
Social groups Large Small Estates;Classes;Social strata;Ethnic communities;Professional groups Family;School class;Sports team;Company of friends;Brigade of workers
Estates are large groups of people, differing in rights and obligations enshrined in custom or law and inherited.
- Princes;
- Clergy;
- Peasants;
- Townspeople;
- Slaves.
Modern theories in the description of social structure Class theory (V. I. Lenin) Theory of stratification
Classes are large groups of people that differ:
According to the place in the system of social production In relation to the means of production (main feature) According to the role in the social organization of labor According to the methods of obtaining and the amount of disposable social wealth
Theory of the emergence of classes:
Biological Classes exist due to the age-old biological or psychological inequality of people, the biologically inferior inevitably fall into submission to the strong, the chosen. various sources and the amount of income received (rent, profit, wages) political, military violence Marxist-Leninist Class division the result of the emergence (in various ways) of private property, which leads to property inequality
Theory of stratification (strata) - these are social strata that differ:
- By level and source of income;
- By level of education;
- by profession;
- According to living conditions;
- By social prestige;
- By quality of life.
At the core: public distribution of the results of labor (i.e. social benefits)
Variant of social stratification Upper class Economic and political elite Middle class Scientists, engineers, managers, lawyers, economists Lower class Manual workers, unemployed, lumpen
Feudal lords These are large landowners. In Russia, I call them landowners: Spiritual (clergy class); Secular (noble class). Peasants: As a class of feudal society (dependent or serfs); As professional group(workers on the land, farmers). The bourgeoisie (capitalists) is a class of owners of the means of production using hired labor: Owners of manufactories, factories, plants; Merchants; Owners of banks and securities; Owners of land. In Russia, they are called kulaks (kurkuly). The proletariat (from Greek deprived of everything) is hired workers: Industrial; Rural, or farm laborers; Proletarians of mental labor. The intelligentsia is a social stratum, a stratum of people of mental labor: Humanitarian; Scientific; Military; Creative; Engineering and technical. Marginals is a social layer of people who have fallen out of their traditional social environment (temporarily or permanently): Negative (Ph.D. cleans snow); Positive (Ph.D. Manager). certain place residence, without a permanent income, without a permanent occupation (homeless people, beggars, the poor).
Social mobility is the movement of people from one social group to another.
Social mobility Horizontal Vertical This is a transition to a group of the same level This is a transition from one step of the social hierarchy (ladder) to another Moving from one city to another, remarriage, etc. Up: from worker to factory owner Down: from factory owner to employee manager
The higher the social mobility, the more open the society.
Social elevators are social mechanisms that move people from one social stratum to another.
Social elevators (P. Sorokin)Army Church School (education)G. K. Zhukov, Napoleon, J. Washington Patriarch Nikon, Pope Gregory VIIM. V. Lomonosov, M. Luther Additional social lifts Mass media (media) Party or social activities Marriage with representatives of the upper classA. Kashpirovsky, A. RazinA. Hitler, J. V. Stalin, C. de Gaulle P. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova, Catherine I
Social structure is internal organization society, a set of interconnected and interacting human communities and relations between them.
Social relations are the diverse connections between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them, in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity.
The nomenklatura is a privileged, dominant and ruling, exploiting class that exercises dictatorship in hierarchical societies and owns collective property.
Bureaucracy is a special social group of officials exercising state power.
Elite is the highest, privileged layer (layers) of the social structure of society, which implements the state, socio-economic and cultural policy.
Types of elites Political Economic Intellectual Exercises power and organizes state administration Influences power with material capabilities, participates in decision-making Develops science and culture, provides ideological and moral influence to power
Society. Social science. Consciousness and activity. Spiritual life of society. Socialization of the individual. Politics and political culture. Law and legal culture. Economy. Basic definitions and concepts in a condensed content. Summary.
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