Each sound of speech is a phenomenon not only physical, but also physiological, since the central nervous system of a person is involved in the formation and perception of speech sounds. From a physiological point of view, speech appears as one of its functions. Pronouncing the sound of speech is a rather complex physiological process. A certain impulse is sent from the speech center of the brain, which travels along the nerves to the speech organs that carry out the command of the speech center. It is generally accepted that the direct source of the formation of speech sounds is a jet of air pushed out of the lungs through the bronchi, trachea and oral cavity. Therefore, the speech apparatus is considered both in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

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AT broad sense into the concept speech apparatus include the central nervous system, organs of hearing (and vision - for writing) necessary for the perception of sounds, and the organs of speech necessary for the production of sounds. Central nervous system is the cause of speech sounds. It is also involved in the perception of speech sounds from the outside and awareness of them.

speech organs, or speech apparatus in the narrow sense, consist of respiratory organs, larynx, supraglottic organs and cavities. The organs of speech are often compared to a wind instrument: the lungs are bellows, the windpipe is a pipe, and the oral cavity is valves. In fact, the speech organs are controlled by the central nervous system, which sends commands to various parts of the speech organs. In accordance with these commands, the organs of speech produce movements and change their positions.

respiratory organs are the lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). The lungs and bronchi are the source and conductor of the air stream, forcing the exhaled air by the tension of the muscles of the diaphragm (abdominal obstruction).

Rice. one. Breathe-helping machine:

1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - bronchi; 5 - terminal branches of bronchial branches; 6 - tops of the lungs; 7 - bases of the lungs

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Larynx, or larynx(from Greek larynx - larynx) - this is the upper expanded part of the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is made up of cartilage and muscles. The skeleton of the larynx is formed by two large cartilages: the cricoid (in the form of a ring, the signet of which is turned back) and the thyroid (in the form of two connected shields protruding at an angle forward; the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage is called Adam's apple, or Adam's apple). The cricoid cartilage is fixedly connected to the trachea and is, as it were, the base of the larynx. On the top of the cricoid cartilage are two small arytenoid, or pyramidal, cartilages that look like triangles and can move apart and shift towards the center, turn inward or outward.

Rice. 2. Larynx

BUT. Larynx in front: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - hyoid bone; 4 - middle shield-hyoid ligament I (connecting the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone); 5 - middle cricoid ligament; 6 - trachea

B. Larynx behind: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - upper horns of the thyroid cartilage; 4 - lower horns of the thyroid cartilage; 5 - arytenoid cartilages; 6 - epiglottis; 7 - membranous (back) part of the trachea

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Across the larynx, obliquely from the top of the front to the bottom of the back, two elastic muscular folds are stretched in the form of a curtain, converging in two halves to the middle - the vocal cords. Top edges vocal cords attached to the inner walls of the thyroid cartilage, the lower ones - to the arytenoid cartilages. The vocal cords are very elastic and can be shortened and stretched, relaxed and tense. With the help of the arytenoid cartilages, they can converge or diverge at an angle, forming glottis various shapes. The air forced by the respiratory organs passes through the glottis and causes the vocal cords to tremble. Under the influence of their vibrations, sounds of a certain frequency are produced. This begins the process of creating speech sounds.

It should be noted that, according to the neuromotor theory of voice formation, the vocal cords actively contract not under the influence of a mechanical breakthrough of exhaled air, but under the influence of a series of nerve impulses. Moreover, the frequency of vibrations of the vocal cords during the formation of speech sounds corresponds to the frequency of nerve impulses.

In any case, the process of creating sounds in the larynx is just beginning. It ends "on the upper floor" of the speech apparatus - in the supraglottic cavities with the participation of the organs of pronunciation. Resonator tones and overtones are formed here, as well as noise from air friction against adjacent organs or from the explosion of closed organs.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus - the extension tube - begins with the pharyngeal cavity, or pharynx(from Greek phárynx-zev). The pharynx may narrow at its lower or middle region by contracting the circular muscles of the pharynx or moving back the root of the tongue. In this way, pharyngeal sounds are formed in Semitic, Caucasian and some other languages. Further, the extension pipe is divided into two outlet pipes - the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. They are separated by the palate (lat.palatum), the front part of which is hard (hard palate), and the back is soft (soft palate, or palatine curtain), ending with a small tongue, or uvula (from lat.uvula - tongue). The hard palate is divided into anterior and middle.

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Depending on the position of the palatine curtain, the air flow leaving the larynx can enter the oral cavity or the nasal cavity. When the veil of the palate is raised and fits snugly against back wall pharynx, then air cannot enter the nasal cavity and must go through the mouth. Then oral sounds are formed. If the soft palate is lowered, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open. Sounds acquire nasal coloring and nasal sounds are obtained.

Rice. 3. pronunciation apparatus

The oral cavity is the main "laboratory" in which speech sounds are formed, since it contains movable speech organs, which, under the influence of nerve impulses coming from the cerebral cortex, produce various movements.

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The oral cavity can change its shape and volume due to the presence of movable pronunciation organs: lips, tongue, soft palate, uvula, and in some cases, the epiglottis. The nasal cavity, on the contrary, acts as a resonator that does not change in volume and shape. The tongue plays the most active role in the articulation of most speech sounds.

Knead the tip of the tongue, the back (the part facing the palate) and the root of the tongue; The back of the tongue is divided into three parts - anterior, middle and posterior. Of course, there are no anatomical boundaries between them. In the oral cavity there are also teeth, which are its solid border of a fixed form, and alveoli (from Latin alveolus - groove, notch) - tubercles at the roots of the upper teeth, which play an important role in the formation of speech sounds. The mouth is covered with lips - upper and lower, representing a soft border of a mobile form.

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. Active organs are mobile, they make certain movements necessary to create barriers and forms of air passage. Passive organs of speech do not perform independent work in the formation of sounds and are 1 the place where the active organ creates a bridge or gap for] the passage of an air stream. The active organs of speech include the vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx, and the lower jaw. Passive organs are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, and also the upper jaw. In the pronunciation of some sounds, the active organs may not take a direct part, thereby passing to the position of passive organs of speech.

The tongue is the most active organ of the human speech apparatus. Parts of the tongue have different mobility. The tip of the tongue has the greatest mobility, which can be pressed against urubam and alveoli, bend up to the hard palate, form constrictions in various places, tremble at the hard palate, etc. The back of the tongue can merge with the hard and soft palate or rise towards them, forming constrictions.

Of the lips, the lower lip has more mobility. It can merge with the upper lip or form a labial with it.

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constriction. Protruding forward and rounding, the lips change the shape of the resonator cavity, which creates the so-called rounded sounds.

The small uvula, or uvula, may tremble intermittently as it closes against the back of the tongue.

In Arabic, the epiglottis, or epiglottis, is involved in the formation of some consonants (hence epiglottis, or epiglottal, sounds), which physiologically covers the larynx at the time of the passage of food into the esophagus.

The structure of the speech apparatus

speech apparatus consists of two closely related parts: the central (or regulatory) speech apparatus and the peripheral (or executive) (Fig. 1).

Central speech apparatus is located in the brain. It consists of the cerebral cortex (mainly the left hemisphere), subcortical nodes, pathways, brainstem nuclei (primarily medulla oblongata) and nerves leading to the respiratory, vocal and articulatory muscles.

Speech, like other manifestations of higher nervous activity, develops on the basis of reflexes. Speech reflexes are associated with the activity of various parts of the brain. However, some parts of the cerebral cortex are of paramount importance in the formation of speech. This is the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the predominantly left hemisphere of the brain (in left-handers, the right). The frontal gyrus (lower) are the motor area and are involved in the formation of their own oral speech(Brock's center). The temporal gyrus (upper) is the speech-auditory area where sound stimuli arrive (Wernicke's center). Thanks to this, the process of perception of someone else's speech is carried out. For understanding speech, the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex is important. The occipital lobe is the visual area and ensures the assimilation of written speech (the perception of letter images when reading and writing). In addition, the child begins to develop speech due to his visual perception of the articulation of adults.

Subcortical nuclei know the rhythm, tempo and expressiveness of speech.

Conducting paths. The cerebral cortex is connected with the organs of speech (peripheral) by two types of nerve pathways: centrifugal and centripetal.

Centrifugal (motor) nerve pathways connect the cerebral cortex with the muscles that regulate the activity of the peripheral speech apparatus. The centrifugal pathway begins in the cerebral cortex at Broca's center.

From the periphery to the center, i.e. from the region speech organs to the cerebral cortex, go centripetal paths.

The centripetal pathway begins in proprioreceptors and baroreceptors.

Proprioceptors are found inside muscles, tendons, and on the articular surfaces of moving organs.

Rice. 1. The structure of the speech apparatus: 1 - brain: 2 - nasal cavity: 3 - hard palate; four - oral cavity; 5 - lips; 6 - incisors; 7 - tip of the tongue; 8 - back of the tongue; 9 - the root of the tongue; 10 - epiglottis: 11 - pharynx; 12 - larynx; 13 - trachea; 14 - right bronchus; 15 - right lung: 16 - diaphragm; 17 - esophagus; 18 - spine; 19 - spinal cord; 20 - soft palate

Proprioreceptors are stimulated by muscle contractions. Thanks to proprioreceptors, all our muscle activity is controlled. Baroreceptors are excited by changes in pressure on them and are located in the pharynx. When we speak, there is stimulation of the proprio- and baroreceptors, which goes along the centripetal path to the cerebral cortex. The centripetal path plays the role of a general regulator of all the activities of the speech organs,

The cranial nerves originate in the nuclei of the trunk. All organs of the peripheral speech apparatus are innervated (innervation is the provision of an organ or tissue with nerve fibers, cells.) by cranial nerves. The main ones are: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and sublingual.

The trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles that move the lower jaw; facial nerve - mimic muscles, including muscles that move the lips, puff up and retract the cheeks; glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves - muscles of the larynx and vocal folds, pharynx and soft palate. In addition, the glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensitive nerve of the tongue, and the vagus nerve innervates the muscles of the respiratory and heart organs. The accessory nerve innervates the muscles of the neck, and the hypoglossal nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor nerves and tells it the possibility of a variety of movements.

Through this system of cranial nerves, nerve impulses are transmitted from the central speech apparatus to the peripheral. Nerve impulses set the speech organs in motion.

But this path from the central speech apparatus to the peripheral one is only one part of the speech mechanism. The other part of it is feedback- from the periphery to the center.

Now let's turn to the structure of the peripheral speech apparatus(executive).

The peripheral speech apparatus consists of three sections: 1) respiratory; 2) voice; 3) articulatory (or sound-producing).

AT respiratory department includes chest with lungs, bronchi and trachea.

Speaking is closely related to breathing. Speech is formed in the exhalation phase. In the process of exhalation, the air stream simultaneously performs voice-forming and articulatory functions (in addition to one more, the main one - gas exchange). Breathing at the time of speech is significantly different from normal when a person is silent. Exhalation is much longer than inhalation (while outside of speech, the duration of inhalation and exhalation is approximately the same). In addition, at the moment of speech, the number of respiratory movements is half as much as during normal (without speech) breathing.

It is clear that for a longer exhalation, it is necessary and more stock air. Therefore, at the time of speech, the volume of inhaled and exhaled air increases significantly (approximately 3 times). Inhalation during speech becomes shorter and deeper. Another feature of speech breathing is that exhalation at the moment of speech is carried out when active participation expiratory muscles (abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles). This ensures its greatest duration and depth and, in addition, increases the pressure of the air jet, without which sonorous speech is impossible.

Voice department consists of the larynx with the vocal folds in it. The larynx is a wide, short tube made up of cartilage and soft tissues. It is located in the anterior part of the neck and can be felt from the front and sides through the skin, especially in thin people.

From above, the larynx passes into the pharynx. From below, it passes into the windpipe (trachea).

On the border of the larynx and pharynx is the epiglottis. It consists of cartilage tissue having the shape of a tongue or petal. Its front surface is facing the tongue, and the back - to the larynx. The epiglottis serves as a valve: descending during swallowing, it closes the entrance to the larynx and protects its cavity from food and saliva.

In children before the onset of puberty (i.e., puberty), there are no differences in the size and structure of the larynx between boys and girls.

In general, in children the larynx is small and grows unevenly in different periods. Its noticeable growth occurs at the age of 5 - 7 years, and then - during the puberty: in girls at 12 - 13 years old, in boys at 13 - 15 years old. At this time, the size of the larynx increases in girls by one third, and in boys by two thirds, the vocal folds lengthen; in boys, the Adam's apple begins to appear.

In children early age the shape of the larynx is funnel-shaped. As the child grows, the shape of the larynx gradually approaches the cylindrical.

More

orthognathia(ortho- + Greek gnathos upper jaw) - a bite characterized by such a closing of the teeth, in which the upper front and side teeth cover the lower ones of the same name (a variant of the normal bite).

Nasopharynx - top part pharynx, located behind the nasal cavity, communicating with it through the choanae and conditionally limited from the oral part of the pharynx by a plane in which the hard palate lies. The nasal passage is the part of the nasal cavity located between the nasal conchas.

resonator cavities(in speech therapy, phoniatry, vocal pedagogy) - four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary (maxillary), frontal (frontal), main and ethmoid; together with the nasal cavity, they act as a voice resonator.

palatine curtain(velum palatinum, palatum molle) - the posterior movable part of the palate, which is a muscular plate with a fibrous base, covered with a mucous membrane.

Violations (defects) of the articulatory apparatus

Any disturbances in the structure of A.A. of a congenital or early acquired (trauma) nature (under the age of 7 years) invariably entail difficulties in the formation and development of speech. Later acquired AA defects, as a rule, do not lead to severe speech pathology, but can significantly affect the quality and individual characteristics of oral speech.

Options for violations of the articulatory apparatus

• Cleft- a congenital gap, or gap, in the palate. The minor fissure includes only the soft palate, although in severe cases it can expand into the hard palate, alveoli, and upper lip.

Cleft of the upper jaw(gnathoschisis) - an anomaly of development: splitting of the alveolar process of the upper jaw due to nonunion in the embryonic period of the maxillary and middle nasal processes. It causes speech disorders such as rhinolalia and voice (rhinophony).

cleft lip- (labium fissum; cheiloschisis; synonym: cleft lip, cleft lip, cheiloschisis) - developmental anomaly: the presence of a gap in the upper lip extending from its red border to the nose. With an isolated defect, there may be a violation or difficulty in articulating labial-tooth sounds.

• Anterior open bite as a result of prognathia, progeny or absence/defects of anterior teeth.

Progenia(pro- + Greek genys lower jaw) - a bite defect in which the lower jaw protrudes forward (compared to the upper) as a result of its excessive development.

Prognathia(pro- + Greek gnathos upper jaw) - malocclusion in which the upper jaw protrudes forward due to excessive development of the upper jaw, or vice versa, with underdevelopment of the lower jaw. Bite - the relationship of the dentition of the upper and lower jaws when they are closed.

• Anterior closed bite.
• Level bite- Orthogeny (ortho- + Greek genys lower jaw) - bite, in which the upper and lower teeth are in the same frontal plane.
• Diastema(diastema; Greek diastёma distance, gap) - an anomaly in the position of the teeth; excessively wide gap between the incisors of the upper jaw. Distinguish D. true (d. verus) - D. observed at the end of the eruption of all teeth and D. false (d. falsum) - D., observed with incomplete teething.
• Other violations of the integrity of the dentition.
• Short hyoid ligament (Language bridle short) - a congenital defect consisting in shortening of the lingual frenulum (hyoid ligament); with this defect, the movement of the tongue can be difficult. Common cause violations of the pronunciation of the sounds of the upper rise of the tongue.
• Violations of the mobility of the tongue with paralysis and paralysis, as well as with its congenital excessive development (macroglossia - massive tongue) or underdevelopment (narrow - microglossia). Normally, the tongue performs all the movements necessary for the articulation of speech sounds: it easily simplifies, arches, rises to the upper alveoli, descends to the lower alveoli, makes circular movements (licking the upper and lower lips), folds into a tube and even turns into a vertical plane. Based on this ability, a diagnostic and correctional technology("The Tale of the Merry Tongue").
• high and "Gothic" palate - arched palate (Gothic) - palate with an acute angle at the top; seen as a developmental anomaly.

Literature

1. Conceptual and terminological dictionary of a speech therapist / Ed. V. I. Seliverstov. - M.: Humanitarian publishing center VLADOS, 1997. - 400 p.
2. Pravdina O. V. Speech therapy. - M.: Enlightenment, 1973. - 272 p.
3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms: In 3 volumes / Ch. ed. B.V. Petrovsky. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia. - T. 2. - 1983. - p. 217, 218
4. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms: In 3 volumes / Ch. ed. B.V. Petrovsky. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia. - T. 3. - 1984. - P.27.

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• Speech defect

See what the "Voice apparatus" is in other dictionaries:

VOICE DEVICE- (from lat. Apparatus - equipment). The set of organs involved in the formation of speech sounds during their pronunciation (phonation). R. a. can be divided into three groups based on the role of speech organs in the process of phonation: 1) organs that are ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

speech apparatus- Bodies human body adapted for production and perception sound speech. In the broadest sense of the word, the speech apparatus is also the central nervous system, the hearing (and vision) organs necessary for the perception of sounds and correction ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

VOICE DEVICE- [from lat. apparatus] a system of organs involved in the formation of speech sounds and speech production in general. Distinguish the central and peripheral departments of R. and. (see Peripheral speech apparatus, Central speech apparatus) ...

speech apparatus- See organi vocali ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

speech apparatus- The totality of the organs of speech (lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small tongue, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm). see organs of speech ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

speech apparatus- a system of respiratory and chewing organs adapted in the process of human evolution for speech production. In R.'s system and. includes: diaphragm, lungs with intercostal muscles, bronchi, trachea, larynx with vocal folds, pharynx, tongue, lower ... ... Pedagogical speech science

VOICE DEVICE PERIPHERAL- the department of the speech apparatus, which in turn consists of three main departments: respiratory (lungs with a windpipe); voice-forming (larynx with vocal folds and a system of resonator cavities located above them); ... ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

SPEECH DEVICE CENTRAL- the department of the speech apparatus, represented in the brain; consists of cortical centers, subcortical nodes, pathways and nuclei of the corresponding nerves, which provide the production of speech acts with the totality of their work ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

Speech technique

Speech technique

Instead of a preface

Speech apparatus and its work

speech apparatus

- respiratory organs

- organs of speech are passive

- speech organs active

- brain

Organs of speech

Exercises to train the main organs of speech: lips, lower jaw, tongue, larynx

Lip training

Exercise 10 Ultimately, with an effort to collect the lips into a “proboscis” so that at the same time they have a minimum area. Then, just as actively, with an effort, stretch them to the sides, without exposing your teeth. Repeat this movement 10-15 times until a sensation of warmth appears in the muscles of the lips.

Exercise 11 Pull out your lips and squeeze them into a “proboscis”. Turn the proboscis to the right, left, up, down slowly, then make a circular motion with your lips in one direction, then in the other. Repeat the exercise 3-4 times.

Exercise 12 Starting position - the mouth is closed. Lift the upper lip to the gums, purse the lips, lower the lower lip to the gums, purse the lips. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

Exercise 13 Bare your teeth by raising the upper lip and lowering the lower. The teeth are clenched. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

Exercise 14 Starting position - the mouth is half open. Pull the upper lip over the upper teeth, then gently return it to its place; pull the lower lip over the lower teeth, then return to its original position. Perform 5-6 times.

Exercise 15 Perform the movements of the upper and lower lips from exercise 14 at the same time. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

lower jaw training

Exercise 16 Calmly, without tension, lower the lower jaw (open your mouth) by 2-3 fingers, while the lips should be in the shape of a vertical oval, the tongue lies flat on the bottom of the mouth, and the palatine curtain is pulled up as much as possible. After 2-3 seconds, calmly close your mouth. Repeat 5-6 times.

Tongue training

Exercise 17 The mouth is open for two fingers, the lower jaw is motionless. Touch the hard palate with the tip of your tongue, inside first on the left and then on the right cheek, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 18 The mouth is half open. Try to touch the nose with the tip of the tongue, then the chin, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 19 The mouth is half open. With the tip of your protruding tongue, write the letters of the alphabet in the air, after each letter, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 20"Click". The tip of the tongue is firmly pressed against the alveoli, then with a push it breaks off and jumps closer to the soft palate. In this case, a click occurs, similar to the clatter of hooves. Repeat 8-10 times.

Larynx training

Exercise 21 With any volume, say alternately the sounds I - U (I-U-I-U-I-U) 10-15 times. Exercise develops the mobility of the larynx.

Voice- this is a sound formed in the larynx by the vibration of tense vocal cords close to each other under the pressure of exhaled air. The main qualities of any voice are strength, height, timbre. A well-trained voice is also characterized by such properties as euphony, flight, mobility and variety of tone.

The power of the voice- this is its loudness, depending on the activity of the respiratory and speech organs. A person should be able to vary the strength of the voice depending on the conditions of communication. Therefore, the ability to speak both loudly and quietly is equally necessary.

Voice pitch- this is his ability to tonal changes, that is, his range. An ordinary voice is characterized by a range of one and a half octaves, but in everyday speech a person most often uses only 3-4 notes. Expanding the range makes speech more expressive.

The timbre of the voice called its unique individual color, which is due to the structure of the speech apparatus, mainly the nature of the overtones formed in the resonators - lower (trachea, bronchi) and upper (oral and nasal cavity). If we cannot arbitrarily control the lower resonators, then the use of the upper resonators can be improved.

Under euphony of voice the purity of its sound, the absence of unpleasant overtones (hoarseness, hoarseness, nasality, etc.) are understood. The concept of euphony includes, first of all, sonority. A voice sounds loud when it resonates at the front of the mouth. If the sound is formed near the soft palate, it turns out to be deaf and dull. The sonority of the voice also depends on the concentration of the sound (its concentration at the front teeth), on the direction of the sound, and also on the activity of the lips.

The euphony of the voice implies, in addition, the freedom of its sound, which is achieved by the free work of all organs of speech, the absence of tension, muscle clamps. This freedom comes at the cost of long practice. The euphony of the voice should not be equated with the euphony of speech.

euphony of speech- this is the absence in speech of a combination or frequent repetition of sounds that cut the ear. The euphony of speech implies the most perfect combination of sounds, convenient for pronunciation and pleasant for hearing. For example, it causes a cacophony (that is, it is assessed as bad-sounding) repetition within a phrase or phrase of whistling and hissing sounds without special stylistic purposes: "in our class there are many students who are conscientiously preparing for the upcoming exams, but there are also loafers"; stringing words with several consonants in a row: "there is a nobler look of all feelings"; it is not recommended to build phrases in such a way that a gaping vowel is obtained: "and in John." However, the problems of its euphony do not apply to the technique of speech.

Mobility of the voice- this is his ability to change without tension in strength, height, pace. These changes should not be involuntary; in an experienced speaker, a change in certain qualities of the voice always has a specific goal.

Under tone of voice imply an emotionally expressive coloring of the voice, contributing to the expression in the speech of the speaker of his feelings and intentions. The tone of speech can be kind, angry, enthusiastic, official, friendly, etc. It is created by means such as increasing or weakening the strength of the voice, pausing, speeding up or slowing down the tempo of speech.

Speech rate is not a direct property of the human voice itself, however, the ability to vary, if necessary, the speed of pronouncing words and phrases can also be attributed to those skills that should be improved by the discipline "Speech Technique".

Exercise 22. Read the texts, changing the strength of the voice depending on the content:

There was silence, silence, silence.
Suddenly, it was replaced by a roar of thunder!
And now it's raining softly - do you hear? -
Draped, dripped, dripped on the roof.
He's probably going to drum now.
Already drumming! Already drumming!

Say louder the word "thunder" -
The word rumbles like thunder!

I sit and listen without breathing
The rustle of rustling reeds.
The reeds whisper:
- Shea, shea, shea!
- What are you whispering softly, reeds?
Is it good to whisper like that?
And in response, rustling:
- Shaw, sho, sho!
- I don't want to talk to you!
I will sing over the river and dance
I won't even ask permission!
I will sleep at the very reeds!
The reeds whisper:
- Sha, sha, sha...
As if asking in a whisper:
- Don't dance!
What shy reeds!

Thunder rumbles - boom! Fuck!
Like destroying mountains.
Silence in fright - ah! -
Plugs ears.

Flow, flow, rain, rain! I want to grow, grow!
I am not sugar! I'm not a shortbread! I'm not afraid of damp!

I go forward (tirlim-bom-bom) -
And it's snowing (tirlim-bom-bom)
Even though we are completely, not at all on the road!
But only here (tirlim-bom-bom)
Say, from - (tirlim-bom-bom),
Tell me, why are your feet so cold?

Exercise 23 Pick up chants, noise makers, counting rhymes (folklore or literary), other poetic works that, in your opinion, can be used to train the power of the voice.

Working on the tone of speech

Exercise 38 Say the phrase "What is his profession" so as to express: admiration; sympathy; contempt; neglect; question; envy; question-request; astonishment.

Exercise 39 Read the text in accordance with the author's remarks:

Came?! I'm scared for you! - - -(with fear)
Blame yourself for everything! - - -(with fear)

Came?! Where is selfishness? - - - (with condemnation)
Behind him like a faithful dog everywhere! - - - (with condemnation)

Came!? So fool me! - - - (with contempt)
You're not a man, you're a jerk! - - - (with contempt)

Came?! That's it, friend! - - - (with malice)
You can't fool me all of a sudden! - - - (with malice)

Came! Know, so be it! - - - (happily)
We can't live without each other! - - - (happily)

Gone! .. Will he come or not? Mystery. - - -(with anxiety)
I treated him so badly! - - -(with anxiety)

Gone! The mountain has fallen off my shoulders! - - -(relief)
God bless these meetings! - - -(relief)

Exercise 40. Connect the replicas of the characters and the author's words:

replicas

"Sasha, stop being angry! Excuse me if I offended you..."

"And you're still kidding? And you still dare to ask?"

"I'm not angry with you at all. I swear."

"I'm not to blame for anything!"

"Yes-ah-ah, you can't cook porridge with you ..."

She drawled regretfully.

She said softly but decisively.

She screamed and even squealed, waving her arms.

Exercise 41. Determine the tone in which the father, stepmother, sisters, fairy, prince speak to Cinderella. Words for reference: kind, angry, enthusiastic, indifferent, rude, gentle, surprised, frightened, sad, official, friendly.

Exercise 42. Tell us about the student being late for the lecture on behalf of the professor who gave the lecture, the student himself, the janitor.

Exercise 43. come up with speech situation in which one and the same event can be told on behalf of different characters. Pay attention to the tone of speech.

Exercise 44. Choose an excerpt from a work for children with direct speech of heroes. Analyze the tone in which the remarks should be read. What means in the test help to choose the right tone of speech?

Diction

Diction- this is the degree of distinctness in the pronunciation of sounds, syllables and words in speech. The clarity and purity of the sound of speech depend on the correct and active work of the articulatory apparatus.

Speech therapy is engaged in correcting such shortcomings in diction as burr, lisp, nasality. In the speech technique course, attention is paid to less pronounced, but nevertheless much more common shortcomings: fuzziness, indistinct pronunciation of vowels and consonants. Special exercises should contribute to the improvement of diction. However, success can only be achieved through systematic work.

In the "Speech Technique" section, each vowel and consonant sound is worked out in the following sequence:

Determine the features of sound articulation (you can refer to any textbook of the modern Russian language, to books on speech therapy);

Check the position of the organs of speech in front of the mirror when pronouncing this sound;

Work out the correct pronunciation of the sound: first mentally, then in a whisper, then loudly;

Work out the pronunciation of individual words with this sound, and then - texts;

If possible, you should refer to the recording of your voice in order to analyze possible shortcomings from the outside.

Tips for a beginner speaker

A good public speech should be, first of all, meaningful, purposeful.

A good public speech must be absolutely literate both in the field of pronunciation and in the field of grammatical expression of thought.

A good public speech is least of all like a recitation, its highest quality is a relaxed conversation (conversation) with the audience on an interesting burning topic.

A good public speech cannot be chaotic. It must be consistent and reasonable in all respects.

Mastering the art of speech, we must remember that you can learn not only correct pronunciation but also to correct, orderly thinking.

Perseverance, perseverance and patience - this is what a novice speaker needs first of all.

The topic of your speech must be interesting for you and for your listeners.

When preparing for a speech, read more than one article, but several, compare the points of view of various authors. Use, if necessary, dictionaries and reference books.

Make a clear and harmonious plan of your speech according to the scheme: introduction, main part, conclusion.

Do not try to show off your knowledge, avoid unnecessary details and evidence - take only the most essential for speech.

Avoid jumps and omissions, finish the thought to the end.

Take care of the outside of speech. Don't get carried away with gestures. Speak slowly.

Practice giving speeches on a variety of topics.

Be careful and careful in pronouncing the combinations AE, EE, OE, UE in personal forms of the verb.

Don't skip vowels.

Do not double or triple consonants.

Make sure that the consonants V and M, which are between vowels, are clearly audible; don't swallow them.

Pronounce the initial consonant clearly, especially when it is followed by another consonant.

Match the ends of words (do not swallow them), especially in adjectives ending in -GIY, -KIY, -HIY, and in proper names on -KIY.

Don't compress words. Do not create meaningless and ridiculous combinations.

Listen carefully to the speech of the masters artistic word, artists drama theaters and cinema, as well as in the speech of the announcers of the central radio and television.

Watch your pronunciation.

If possible, record your speech on a voice recorder. Listen to the recording several times, noting the flaws and errors in pronunciation.

Afterword

Our team was motivated to create the Speech Technique project by the desire to help everyone who wants to master correct and clear speech.

It is our deep conviction that correct and clear speech is even more self-confidence, the power of your voice and words.

However, correct speech is not possible without the Russian literary language, which serves as a single means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a means of communication between Russian-speaking people. It includes all the wealth of speech and visual means created by the people over the centuries. However, not everything that the national language has is selected into the vocabulary of the literary language.

Outside the literary language remain:

Some words and expressions characteristic of a particular dialect and incomprehensible to people living in places where this dialect is unknown;

Jargon - special words and expressions specific to different groups the past (merchants, artisans, etc.);

The so-called argotic words and expressions inherent in the language of thieves, gamblers, cheaters and swindlers;

Swearing (obscene) words and expressions.

However, literary language is closely connected with the so-called vernacular - the everyday everyday vocabulary of the people, which has great figurative power and accuracy of definitions.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that those who have "lame" diction or pronunciation will need a lot of time to bring their speech apparatus to a state where a diction or pronunciation error becomes impossible, and in this, we are absolutely sure, our project will help "Speech Technique".

Working on the project, we decided for ourselves that "beauty is in simplicity." Therefore, we did not use databases and other technologies that slow down page loading, but went along the classical path.

Our team expresses gratitude to all the authors whose books were used in writing a collection of tasks and exercises that contribute to the development of the necessary skills in the setting of breathing, voice, diction, called "Technics speech" (Technics speech), as well as thanks to all the authors who Their books are cited by the mentioned authors, to whom we have expressed our gratitude earlier.

All rights to the idea, design, texts and drawings of the Technics speech project belong to the team of authors of the named project. When reprinting materials, an active hyperlink to the source is required.

http://technics-speech.ru/

Speech technique

Speech technique is the art of public speaking business communication people through language constructions created on the basis of certain rules of oratory, associated with strength, height, euphony, flight, mobility, tone of voice and diction.

Probably everyone in childhood dreamed, listening to a clear and well-placed voice of a central television or radio announcer, to master the technique of speech and speak just like them. Unfortunately, to clearly and articulately convey your thoughts to others, due to different reasons, not everyone is given. Many do not notice this for themselves, someone does not attach importance to this, and only a few feel out of place.

Overcoming various deviations in the sound structure of speech is of great importance. Timely elimination of pronunciation shortcomings helps to prevent those huge difficulties that may arise due to speech defects.

One cannot ignore the fact that pronunciation deficiencies, like other speech disorders, can often cause serious deviations in the development of the psyche, especially in children. Children who pronounce words incorrectly often avoid verbal communication with friends, do not participate in children's performances at matinees, and do not show activity. For adults, the mentioned shortcomings can serve as a kind of obstacle in moving up the career ladder.

Regular exercises according to the proposed method will help to cope or significantly reduce the discomfort of stuttering. Everything is very simple. Each person has developed the so-called inner speech, which is not pronounced aloud, but exists only in our brain and which we turn to ourselves. When we mentally talk to ourselves, we do not stutter. inner speech, although it is soundless, is not so different from external, sounding speech. Both are controlled by the same speech mechanisms.

It should be remembered that only with considerable perseverance and regular training can one achieve the desired goal and achieve positive results in rhetoric, diction and eloquence.

Instead of a preface

Meaningful and refined speech cannot have the desired effect if it is dull in its form or mode of implementation. Therefore, representatives of those professions who constantly have to communicate with people, and even more so achieve their goals, should pay close attention to the technique of their speech and make efforts to improve the technique of speech.

Work to improve the level of speech culture is unthinkable without improving the speech apparatus. You can not speak to the audience, chewing the text, eating the beginning and end of words, replacing some sounds with others, or combining individual words into one meaningless combination. Such speech distorts the meaning of the statement and produces an unpleasant impression.

In preparing this collection, we have collected and summarized theoretical materials on the technique of speech, tasks and exercises that contribute to the development of the necessary skills. However, the expressiveness of speech can be achieved only as a result of systematic work aimed at both training and development of the organs of speech, and improving the properties of the voice.

Our collection consists of several sections, where the structure of the speech apparatus, the main properties of the voice are analyzed, techniques and exercises are given that contribute to the improvement of specific oral speech skills. It is addressed to everyone who sets a goal to improve their speech skills.

Speech apparatus and its work

speech apparatus is a set of human organs necessary for the production of speech. It includes several links:

- respiratory organs, since all speech sounds are formed only when exhaling. These are the lungs, bronchi, trachea, diaphragm, intercostal muscles. The lungs rest on the diaphragm, an elastic muscle that, when relaxed, has the shape of a dome. When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the chest increases and inhalation occurs, when they relax, exhalation;

- organs of speech are passive are immovable organs that serve as a fulcrum for active organs. These are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx;

- speech organs active- These are movable organs that perform the main work necessary for the formation of sound. These include tongue, lips, soft sky, small uvula, epiglottis, vocal cords. The vocal cords are two small bundles of muscles attached to the cartilage of the larynx and located almost horizontally across it. They are elastic, can be relaxed and tense, can be moved apart to different widths of the solution;

- brain, which coordinates the work of the organs of speech and subordinates the technique of pronunciation to the creative will of the speaker.

Organs of speech are shown in the following figure:

1 - hard palate; 2 - alveoli; 3- upper lip; 4 - upper teeth; 5 - lower lip; 6 - lower teeth; 7 - front part of the tongue; 8 - the middle part of the tongue; 9 - back of the tongue; 10 - the root of the tongue; 11 - vocal cords; 12 - soft palate; 13 - tongue; 14 - larynx; 15 - trachea.

Components of the vocal apparatus:

- breathing apparatus (breathing mechanism)
- speech apparatus (articulatory)
- larynx with vocal cords and resonators

The mechanism of respiration includes the nasal cavity and pharynx (nasopharynx), trachea, bronchi, right and left lungs.

The lungs are made of delicate porous tissue. This delicate tissue is a collection of vesicles (alveoli). The trachea, together with the bronchi, forms the bronchial tree. At the bottom, the trachea passes into the bronchi, at the top - into the larynx.
The lungs hold about five to six liters of air. The usual calm breath is about half a liter of air, and a deep one is one and a half liters.

speech apparatus includes the lower jaw, lips, tongue, teeth.

Larynx is a conical tube. Consists of cartilages: thyroid, arytenoid, carob, cricoid.
The vocal cords are attached to the larynx through cartilage.

Vocal cords are two muscle folds. Unlike other muscles, ligament muscles contract in different directions. Due to this, the ligaments acquire elasticity and elasticity, and can fluctuate not only completely, but also at the edges, in the middle.

Between the cords is the glottis, which looks like a triangle during phonation.
In a healthy state, the ligaments resemble the color of mother-of-pearl, the color of ivory, and when the voice is not in order, the ligaments turn red.
Ligaments are a delicate and fragile part of the vocal apparatus. They must be treated with care so that the voice does not get tired.

In men and women, the length and thickness of the ligaments is different. In low basses, the thickness of the ligaments is about five millimeters, the length is twenty-four to twenty-five millimeters. The length of the vocal cords in high sopranos is fourteen to nineteen millimeters, and the thickness is about two millimeters.

Voice resonators

Resonators located above the larynx - upper (head). This includes the pharynx, mouth, and nose.
Those resonators that are below the larynx - lower (chest). These are the trachea and bronchi.

If we use the resonators correctly, send the sound correctly, then when lower sounds sound, the chest vibrates, and when high sounds sound, the bridge of the nose vibrates.

sound attack

The sound appears at the moment when the air breaks through the closed glottis, and the cords begin to vibrate.

The very first moment after the breath is taken and the sound appears is the attack of the sound.

There are three types of sound attack:
- solid
– soft
- aspirated

Solid attack
Solid attack - complete closure of the ligaments until a sound occurs, and then an energetic breakthrough of the ligaments with air. A solid attack makes it possible to accurately move from sound to sound without any "entrances". To develop accurate intonation, works performed on a solid attack will help - strong-willed, marching, energetic.

soft attack
A soft attack is the closure of the ligaments at the moment the sound occurs. Therefore, a barely noticeable, calm singing appears. On a soft attack, lyrical, melodious works are sung, for example, lullabies. Such works are recommended for performance if the vocalist's sound does not “flow”, does not “stretch”.

Breath attack
Breathing attack is sometimes used as a means artistic expressiveness like coloring. The sound appears when the ligaments are not completely closed, and then, as if belatedly, the ligaments are completely closed.
In singing, they use hard and soft attack. And only rarely, for example, to convey the intonations of a sigh, crying, they use an aspirated attack.