Vocabulary limited by the scope of use factor of place. Vocabulary limited by scope. Slang and slang vocabulary

02.11.2019

By functional and stylistic affiliation, all words of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used appropriate in any style of speech ( person, work, good, lot, house) and 2) assigned to a certain style and perceived outside of it as inappropriate (different style): face(meaning "man") work hard(meaning "to work") cool, plenty, living space, building. The second group of words is of particular stylistic interest. functional style is called a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication. In modern Russian, the following book styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business. Some linguists refer to book styles and fiction However, in our opinion, the language of fiction is devoid of any stylistic isolation. It is distinguished by a variety of individual-author's means of creating imagery and the freedom to choose vocabulary dictated by specific artistic tasks. This puts the language of fiction, more precisely artistic speech, in a special position in relation to functional styles. The bookish styles are opposed to the colloquial style, which appears mainly in oral form. Outside the literary and linguistic norm is vernacular.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary. To book vocabulary belong to the words high, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. So, in book styles, ironic vocabulary is used ( beautiful soul, words, quixoticism), disapproving ( pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous ( disguise, venal), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such words, of course, prevail in it (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).
To colloquial vocabulary affectionate words are ( dove, mother), playful ( butuz, mix), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (however, not too rough): zealous, giggle, brag, small fry. As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished. one. Words with strong connotative meaning containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, pioneer, 2.Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. about a human: hat, rag, mattress. 3.Words with subjective evaluation suffixes conveying various shades of feelings: son, daughter-beard.

Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or among a circle of people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Such words are used mainly in oral irregular speech. Dialectisms - cl., sacred to local dialects and standing and standing outside the normalized lithic language. Types:- Lexical dialectisms- words known only to speakers of the dialect and outside of it, having neither phonetic nor derivational variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are words beetroot(beet), cibula(onion). - Ethnographic dialectisms- words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "Pies prepared in a special way." - Lexico-semantic dialectisms- words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- "floor in the hut." Phonetic dialectisms- words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect cai(tea), chain(chain) - the consequences of "clatter" and "clatter", characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(passport), life(life) etc. Word-building dialectisms- words that have received a special affix in the dialect: stump(rooster.). Morphological dialectisms- forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go). Specialist. vocabulary:

socially restricted use terminological and professional vocabulary used by people of the same profession working in the same field of science and technology. Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. professionalism function mainly in oral speech. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. ( ending- "graphic decoration at the end of the book"). Professional jargon has a reduced expressive coloring and is used only in the oral speech of people of the same profession (engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch). Jargon- a social variety of speech used by a narrow circle of native speakers, united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. In modern Russian, they distinguish youth jargon, or slang(English, slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups), professional jargons, in places of deprivation of liberty is used and camp jargon. The speech of certain socially closed groups (thieves, vagabonds, etc.) is called slang. This is a secret, artificial language of the underworld, known only to the initiated and also existing only in oral form. thieves, mokrushnik, pen(knife).

14 Phraseological units, their types, and main features. Stylistic coloring of phraseological units. The stylistic role of Ф and methods of their use. Mistakes in using F. Dictionaries F.

Phraseology- in the section of linguistics, the science of complex linguistic units that have a stable character: upside down, get into a mess, the cat cried. Phraseology also called. The whole set of these stable combinations, complex in composition, is phraseological units. F-ism is a hard-to-define unit. The f-th includes even units that are not essentially f-isms: catchphrases, quotations. Some, due to frequent use, on the contrary, go into class F: soft landing.

Signs of FE:

1. Always complex in composition, are formed by the combination of several components: puzzle, blood with milk.

2. Semantically indivisible, usually have an undivided meaning, a cat. It is possible to express in one word: the cat cried a little, spread the mind, think.

3. Their composition is constant. One or another component of a phrase cannot be replaced by a word that is close in meaning. Instead of the cat cried can't say the cat cried, the kitten cried.

4. fr-we distinguishes reproducibility. Fr-we use. In finished form, as they are fixed in the language . Bosom can only be friend,a accursed-only enemy.

5. Str-ry impermeability: it is impossible to arbitrarily include k-l elements in their composition. Drop your eyes- it is impossible to say "downcast the gaze low", "lower the sad gaze". Truncated and full: measure seven times (... cut once).

6. Stability of the grammatical form of their components: each member of the phrase. The combinations are reproduced in def. Gram. Form, cat. Can't be changed. On bare feet You can't say "on bare feet".

7. For most fr-mov is characteristic fixed word order. You can not rearrange components in fr everything flows, everything changes; neither light nor dawn; blood with milk.

Phraseological Expressions(free compatibility of all components):

a) quotes and aphorisms (crystals) Time to collect stones.

b) proverbs and sayings The morning is wiser than the evening. Small spool but precious.

c) cliche persona non grata, cold war

d) stamps (newspaper-public trope) black gold (oil), people in white coats (doctors)

System communications FE:

1. Phraseologisms that have a close or identical meaning enter into synonymous relations: smeared with one world - two boots of steam, there is no number - at least a dime a dozen, like uncut dogs. Phrase. Synonyms can be different. Style. Coloring: books, commonly used, colloquial, colloquial. From phrases. The synonym must be distinguished phraseol. Options, structures. the differences of which do not violate the semantic. Identities of phrases: do not lose face - do not lose face, throw a fishing rod - throw a fishing rod.

2. Antonymy of phrases. Antonym. relations in phraseology are less developed than synonymous ones. Seven spans in his forehead - he won’t invent gunpowder, blood with milk - not a blood in his face. Anton stands out in a special group. Fra-we, partially coinciding in composition, but having components, opposed. Meaning: with a heavy heart, with a light heart, turn your face, turn your back.

3. Polysemy of functions. Most fr-s are characterized by unambiguity: a stumbling block is an “obstacle”. But there are also many-valued ones: a wet chicken is a weak-willed person, a person who has a miserable, depressed appearance; to play the fool - to do nothing, to behave frivolously, to do stupid things.

4. Homonymous relations of French arise when fr-we, identical in composition, act in completely different meanings: to take the floor (on their own initiative to speak at a meeting) or to take the floor (from someone).

Cliche- language. Standards, stable speech turns, generally accepted in publ. And official business speech. Public sector employees, branches of government, détente policy, cellular communications.

Stamps- stable expressions. Har-ra, often used. in the newspaper public. and official affairs. styles, rev. into stereotyped turns that have lost their former imagery and with extinct emotion. Coloring. At this stage, to get a residence permit, for lack of funds, an understaffing was found.

Idioms- quotes of famous people that have come into use. Fresh legend, but hard to believe. I wanted the best, but it turned out as always.

The stylistic role of phraseological units. PU = one of the most expressive means of the language. They are widely used as ready-made expressive, figurative definitions, comparisons, fine arts ... A clear analysis of the art of texts helps to determine the style of the role of phraseological units. Unlike words and their NOMINATIVE functions, phraseological units have emotive, expressive functions. For example, "Indian summer", in addition to the nomination, also gives a semantic coloring. Often, to add color, the authors of many novels replace ordinary verbs with phraseological units. Replacing the F components helped Ilf and Petrov bring satire into their novels. There are many examples. Synonymous and antonymic replacements... Rethinking, updating phraseological units allows you to more fully realize their primordially expressive, and often metaphorical essence

Phraseological dictionaries- a type of dictionaries in which not individual words are collected and interpreted, but phraseological units.

The first proper phraseological dictionary - a new type of dictionary - appeared in the late 60s. - this is the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by A. I. Molotkov (M., 1967). The dictionary is a solid collection of Russian set phrases. It contains 4000 dictionary entries, which give definitions of the meanings of phraseological units, their grammatical characteristics, component composition and variability in the use of components, illustrations are given; sometimes etymological information is given, stylistic marks (bookish, colloquial, comic, outdated, etc.).

Before the appearance of this dictionary, phraseological units were placed (and are placed) in general explanatory dictionaries and various collections of "winged words" and expressions. Of the collections of past years, the first printed edition of Russian proverbs is the book by A. A. Barsov "Collection of 4291 ancient Russian proverbs" (M., 1770). In 1848, a large (576 pages) collection "Russian folk proverbs and parables" was published (republished in 1995). Further, we will name the two-volume work of M.I. Mikhelson “Russian Thought and Speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and allegories ”(St. Petersburg, 1902-1903), in which several hundred stable phrases are explained and provided with examples; the work of V. I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian people” is a unique collection of 30,000 proverbs, sayings, jokes (M., 1861-1862, republished in 1984). In 1995, the Dictionary of Figurative Expressions of the Russian Language appeared, edited by V. N. Teliya.

Recently, interest in the pedagogical aspect of the description of phraseology has increased. In the 70-80s. educational phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language for non-Russians were created: in 1977, a book by N. M. Shansky, E. A. Bystrova, B. F. Koritsky “Phraseological turns of the Russian language” was published

Vocabulary of general use and limited scope of use The vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of its functioning, is divided into two large groups: commonly used and limited to the scope of use. The first group includes words, the use of which is not limited either by the territory of distribution or by the type of activity of people; it forms the basis of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This includes the names of concepts and phenomena from different areas of society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, which gives reason to single out various thematic groups of words in the composition of the national vocabulary.

Moreover, all of them are understandable and accessible to every native speaker and can be used in a variety of conditions, without any limitation. Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or among a circle of people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Such words are used mainly in oral irregular speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them: writers find in them the means to stylize the artistic narrative, to create the speech characteristics of the characters. Dialectisms, their types Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), have in their composition a significant number of original folk words known only in a certain area.

So, in the south of Russia Rogach called a grip clay pot- fluff, bench- Uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; in an official setting, dialect speakers usually switch to a common language, the conductors of which are radio, television, and literature. The original language of the Russian people was imprinted in the dialects, in certain features of local dialects, relic forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source of restoration of historical processes that once affected our language. Dialects differ from the common national language in various features - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language.

This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features. Lexical dialectisms are words that are known only to speakers of the dialect and beyond that do not have either phonetic or word-forming variants.

For example, in South Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak); in the northern ones - a sash (belt), peplum (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words. Ethnographic dialectisms are words that name objects known only in a certain locality: shanezhki - "pies prepared in a special way", shingles - "special potato pancakes", nardek - "watermelon molasses", manarka - "kind of outerwear", poneva - "a kind of skirt", etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants, etc.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge - "floor in the hut", lips - "mushrooms of all varieties except white", shout (someone) - "call", himself - "master, husband" etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect cai (tea), chep (chain) - the consequences of "clatter" and "choking" characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), paper (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and so on. Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affixal design in the dialect: song (cock), guska (goose), heifers (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (gift), forever (always ), otkul (from where), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), theirs (theirs), etc. Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection that are not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (go, go) ; ending - am for nouns in the instrumental case of the plural (under the pillars); the ending - e for personal pronouns in the genitive case of the singular: at me, at you, etc. Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not constitute the subject of study of the lexical system of the language. Rozental D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Modern Russian language. M.: Iris-Press, 2012 For those who are preparing to take the Unified State Exam, sections are open: and

If the homework is on the topic: » VOCABULARY OF LIMITED USE turned out to be useful to you, we will be grateful if you place a link to this message on your page in your social network.

- Latest news
  - Categories
  - News
  - Related essays
  - Essay rating
    Niobium in its compact state is a brilliant silver-white (or gray in powder form) paramagnetic metal with a body-centered cubic crystal lattice.
    
    Noun. Saturation of the text with nouns can become a means of linguistic representation. The text of the poem by A. A. Fet "Whisper, timid breathing ...", in his

The correct choice of words in oral and written speech in different situations requires great caution and a lot of knowledge. Some words are absolutely neutral, and therefore they can be used in any life situation. Others, on the contrary, carry a certain emotional coloring, and can both emphasize the feelings that the speaker wants to express, and give out what he would like to hide from others.

There is also a separate category of words related to the so-called vocabulary of limited use. It may differ from common vocabulary, for example, by the territory of its distribution or the field of professional activity to which it belongs, or by the social group resorting to these expressions. Therefore, it is very important to understand what is common vocabulary, and which words belong to limited vocabulary (the diagram is given below). First of all, you should understand the division of the vocabulary of the Russian language.

General information

Starting a conversation about the division of the lexical composition of the Russian language into groups, they first of all talk about the vocabulary of the general and the vocabulary of a limited sphere of use. The latter, as already mentioned, is divided into dialectisms, professionalisms and jargon, which includes both words used by "declassed elements" and ordinary youth slang, and the first is more monolithic and is divided only into two groups: stylistically neutral vocabulary and emotionally colored . Guided by this classification, you can outline for yourself an approximate framework for the use of certain words.

Vocabulary of general use

This category is the most extensive, including the main vocabulary of the Russian language, actually representing its lexical core. This part of the vocabulary fund is also called the national one, since the words of general use are used in their speech and understood by all native speakers of the Russian language or their vast majority. This is a kind of base of the literary language, the use of which is possible both in oral and written speech. Moreover, it is the vocabulary of general use that is the foundation on which elements of the vocabulary of limited use are then located - terms, slang, professionalism.

Examples include the following words: go, eat, work, read, book, food, water, fruit, animal, winter, spring, summer, word, girl, head and others.

Besides? vocabulary of general use can be divided into two broad groups: stylistically neutral words and emotionally charged ones. The latter is more common in oral speech, journalistic or artistic text. It makes speech more lively, prevents it from becoming like a dry text of a dictionary or encyclopedia article, helps to express the feelings of the speaker or the attitude of the author of the article to what he writes about.

It should also be noted that there is a constant exchange between common and limited vocabulary. Sometimes neutral words move into the category of jargon or professionalism, and, to become the vocabulary of general use.

Limited vocabulary: types

This part of the lexical composition of the Russian language includes several groups, within which some division can also be made. The vocabulary of limited use, for example, includes words inherent in any dialects, special vocabulary, which includes terms and professionalism, any jargon (including slang). At the same time, the first and last types are not included in the literary norm of the Russian language and are often used only in oral communication.

Dialect vocabulary

The language in each individual region of the country has its own specific features: phonetic, grammatical and, of course, lexical. Often, it is lexical features that make it difficult for visitors to understand the speech of the local population. In general, dialect vocabulary can be divided into several groups:

phonetic dialectisms;
grammatical dialectisms;
lexical dialectisms.

Phonetic dialectisms differ from the literary norm only in the pronunciation of words, and therefore do not complicate the understanding of what has been said too much. As an example, the replacement of the sound "c" with the sound "ch" and vice versa in some northwestern dialects: tselovek, nemchi. Or the softening of the syllable "ka" characteristic of southern dialects: bochkya, Vankya.

Grammatical dialectisms are words that are used differently than in the normalized version of the language. For example, South Russian dialects are characterized by the use in the feminine gender of those words that, according to the literary norm, are words of the middle gender: the whole field, whose meat.

Lexical dialectisms are the most specific, often it is by them that the dialect of one locality is distinguished from the dialect of another locality. In the dialect vocabulary, a special group is distinguished, called ethnographisms - words that denote objects and concepts that are characteristic of a particular area. Such words are often used in fiction, due to them a special expressiveness is given to the literary text, and the speech of the characters - reliability, "naturalness".

Special vocabulary

The words of limited use vocabulary also include professionalisms used exclusively in a certain field of activity. Often such words are commonly used words that have acquired an additional meaning that is understandable to all representatives of any profession. At the same time, some of the professionalisms are the unofficial name of any subject or process, and the official name will already be a term.

For example, the term used to refer to metal frozen in a ladle is frozen, but at the same time the metallurgists themselves call it a "goat". In this case, it is the "goat" that will be professionalism.

"Skin" - professionalism, used outside the environment of specialists. The corresponding official name would be "sandpaper".

It should be noted that professionalisms are less "systemic" - they are born in oral speech, exist for a certain amount of time, and then disappear, being replaced by new words. But sometimes they are fixed, becoming full-fledged terms. There is an exchange between professional words and terms, similar to the exchange between general vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use - some words constantly move from one group to another.

Subspecies of special vocabulary - terms

A term is a word denoting a certain object or concept, and, as a rule, having no additional meaning, unambiguity is a mandatory feature for words of this category, and the terminological "base" of any sphere covers all objects, phenomena and processes that take place in it . Unlike other words and their meanings, terms are created on purpose. Careful work on them implies the elimination and establishment of a clear framework for its use, its relationship with other terms from this field of activity.

Jargon

Argo, or, as it is also called, jargon, is that layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, the use of which is typical for certain social groups, these are words that are understandable only to "their own". Over time, some of the slang words seep into the vocabulary of general use, becoming words that are used by all native speakers, regardless of social status and social circle. Examples are the words swindler, smart, linden (meaning "fake").

They are also found in fiction, performing approximately the same role as dialect vocabulary. Due to them, the speech of fictional characters becomes more natural. In addition, with their help, the author can embody the stylistic idea and the general idea of the work, which fully justifies the use of "reduced" vocabulary.

For example, in the novel "After the Wedding" by Granin, in the speech of the main characters, one can find the expression "It's me in the order of chatter", that is, "I'm just talking about nothing."

Youth slang

Since youth is a fairly large social group, its slang should be taken out as a separate item, since it is very extensive, even without touching on the slang of various subcultures and movements. Here you can find many examples of "rethinking" common words, which is why "wheelbarrow" becomes synonymous with the word "car", parents become "ancestors", and they say "he faded away" about a person who has quietly passed away.

A separate group are the words of student slang. Therefore, the “tails” of failed exams trail behind the negligent student, in the test book there is a nest of “boas” (the grade is “satisfactory”), and the “late Styopa” or “stipukha” turns out to be just a scholarship that fellow students can’t wait for.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the lexical stock of the Russian language is incredibly extensive and only enriches itself over time. Moreover, the division of words into any groups is very conditional, because the process of transition of words from one category to another is continuous and inevitable. It helps to avoid creating rigid frameworks and unnecessarily strict rules for the use of a particular word, leaving the speaker free to choose means that correspond to the purpose of a particular statement.

Vocabulary in terms of the scope of its use "

Common vocabulary- this is the common vocabulary of all Russian speakers. These words are used in any style of speech.

Limited vocabulary- this is a part of the national language, which consists of words used by a limited number of Russian speakers, connected by a territorial, professional or social community and in constant and direct linguistic communication. This vocabulary includes dialectisms, terms and professionalism, jargon.

Dialectisms are words that are limited in their use to a certain territory. Dialecticisms are considered as deviations from the linguistic norm. Differ phonetic, grammatical, derivational, lexical dialectisms.

Phonetic dialectisms are characterized by certain sound features, reflect the features of the sound system of speech.

Grammar and derivational dialectisms reflect the features of form formation and word formation.

Lexical dialectisms- these are words that are dialectal not in some part (sound, suffix), but in general. Lexical dialectisms are divided into proper lexical, ethnographic, semantic.

Proper lexical dialectisms are local names of nationwide concepts, phenomena, objects. These words, being non-literary, have synonyms in the literary language.

Ethnographic dialectisms- words that name objects, phenomena that are not included in public use. These words reflect the peculiarities of local life, the specifics of the work of people living in a certain territory.

Semantic dialectisms are local meanings of common words. In relation to them, the words of the literary language act as homonyms.

Special vocabulary- these are words and expressions that are used in special areas of human activity. Special vocabulary is divided into 2 groups: terms and professionalism.

Term(from lat. terminus - border, limit) - a word or phrase that is the exact name of any concept used in science, technology or art.

Professionalism- a semi-official word, common (more often in colloquial speech) among people of one or another professional group and not being a strict, scientific designation of concepts.

Terminological vocabulary consists of highly specialized and commonly used terms .

Widely used terms are generally understood and are included in the book vocabulary of the national language.

Highly specialized terms are the property of specialists only.

Jargon(fr. jargon) - a special language of a narrow circle of people united by a common interest, joint pastime, etc. There are student jargon, army, computer, etc.

jargon- these are words and expressions of slang speech that are used outside of it.

Argo (fr. - argot) - a kind of jargon, which is a conditional, classified speech of declassed elements.

Argotisms are words and slang expressions used in general speech.

Dialect vocabulary

In the Russian lexical system, groups of words are distinguished, the scope of which is limited by one or another territorial fixation. Such groups are called dialects. At their core, these are the dialects of the peasant population, which still retain separate phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical-semantic features. This makes it possible to single out phonetic dialectisms (w[o]na instead of wife, p[i]snya, m[i] hundred instead of song, place; dum[a]t instead of thinks in Northern Russian dialects; n[i]su, r[ I] ka instead of carrying, river; [hv] artuk instead of an apron, etc. in South Russian dialects); morphological dialectisms (for example, I saw with my own [eyes], spoke with smart [th] people [pits], where there is a coincidence of the endings of creative and dat. plural cases in northern dialects, and nisho [t], let's go [t] instead of carries, will go or at m[i]n[e], at s[i] b[e] instead of at me, at home - in the south) and lexical dialectisms, among which stand out proper lexical and lexico-semantic .

Actually lexical dialectisms are called words that coincide with general literary ones in meaning, but differ in their sound complex. They name the same concepts as the words of the literary language that are identical to them, i.e. are synonyms. So, actually lexical dialectisms are the words: golitsy, fur coats (sev.) - mittens; Basque (northern) - beautiful; veksha (sev.) - squirrel; stitch (southern) - path; row (southern) - disdain, neglect; beam (southern) - ravine, guy (southern) - forest, etc.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with literary ones, but differ from them in their meaning. Such dialectisms are homonyms in relation to literary words. For example: whiskey (Kursk, Voronezh) - hair on the whole head and temples (lit., pl. from the temples) - the side of the skull above the line running from ear to eye; hair growing on the side of the skull in front of the ear; peppy (Southern, Ryazan) - smart, beautifully dressed and peppy (lit.) - full of strength, healthy, energetic; goat (southern, kaluga, orlov, kursk) - snake and goat (lit.) - wild goat; wad (volzh.) - the bow of the ship, the very front of it; wad (north, east) - hemp chaff and wad (lit.) - a bundle of hemp, fabric, paper for driving a charge.

In their bulk, dialect words are not included in the general literary language. But through colloquial speech (especially through vernacular), dialectisms penetrate into the literary language.

Some names associated with the cycle of agricultural work, various kinds of crafts, qualities, actions, phenomena, etc. came from dialects into the literary language. for example: harrow (harrow), furrow, spindle, fork (cabbage), cake, creepy, bin (bin), strawberry, swell, mop, caulk, uproot, hairy, mumble, dragonfly, pothole, frail, heron, etc.

One of the ways dialect words penetrate into the literary language is their skillful, moderate use in newspaper publications, in the language of fiction. The abuse of local speech means clogs the language and deprives it of the ability to perform its main function - communicative (lat. communicatio - message, connection), and also reduces its impact on the reader.

So, if in the literary language there are, for example, the words fork, pot, washcloth and others, then there is no need to introduce dialectisms equivalent to them rogach, mahotka, vehotka (from the word vehot - this is how a washcloth is called in the Ural dialects). Russian writers of the 20th century also use words from local dialects, to whom they also serve as a means of giving special expressiveness to speech, creating local color.

For the modern literary language, dialectisms provide less and less figurative means even when people from a peasant environment are depicted, since the growth of the culture of the entire population, as well as the influence of the media, contribute to the fact that the process of convergence of local dialects with the literary language is taking place more and more actively. This process captures the entire system of the dialect, but the most permeable is the lexical system. At the same time, a complex, multi-stage process of a radical restructuring of dialect vocabulary is observed: the narrowing of the scope of use of individual dialectisms until their complete disappearance from the vocabulary of dialect due to changes in agricultural methods, the extinction of individual crafts, the replacement or disappearance of many social and everyday realities, etc.

Special vocabulary

Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings (`money, checks, bills, letters of credit, from which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners can be repaid`), dividend (`part of the profit received by the shareholder`), convertible currency (`currency that can be freely exchanged for another currency`) - words related to the field of economics -

Among special words terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.

Term (from lat. terminus - `border, limit`) - a word or combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of this terminology (i.e., in the system of a given scientific discipline or a given scientific school), the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.

Among the terms differentiate between specialized and general(they are also called generally understood), meaning by the latter words understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the first medical: immobilization (`creation of immobility, rest`), hemothorax (`blood accumulation in the pleura`), pericarditis (`inflammation of the pericardial sac`), etc.; linguistic: simplification (`the transformation of a previously segmented stem of words into an indivisible one, into a new root`, cf .; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis (ʻappearance of an additional sound in the absolute beginning of a word`, cf.: "eight" and "eight", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the second– medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris, etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix, etc.

The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective factors.. One of these factors- raising the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Of great importance is the role of a particular science, branch of the economy, area of culture in any period of the life of society. The awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements is associated with the promotion of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out with the means at the disposal of society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, and finally, modern mass media - print, radio, television. For example, the enormous public interest that the development of astronautics aroused, the constant coverage of its achievements in the periodical press determined the exit of a number of relevant terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, sound chamber, soft landing, selenology, etc.

Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with maritime terms: avral, brig , drift, cables, cockpit, cabin, schooner, knot, etc. Science fiction writers have brought a considerable number of scientific terms closer to readers, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field, etc.

The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of commonly understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily assimilated, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism, etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices that are similar in appearance, function, etc. with household items: fork, wiper, hammer, skid, apron. Wed also the anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx (knee), apple (eye), the term of cybernetics memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements that were previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of acquaintance with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto like apse, attic, litote, nave, prosthesis, tanka and under.

Entering into literary use, many terms are subjected to metaphorization and thus serve as a source of figurative means of the language. Compare, for example, such metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) that appeared at different times as agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo; center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, weightlessness, etc.

Special vocabulary also includes professionalisms. Professionalisms are such words and phrases that are not currently officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in in cases where it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they already begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be demonstrated by the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilina (M., 1960), among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" mistake, "reins", "corridor" were classified as "siege the marashka" and "hat" (marashka - typographical marriage in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space material appearing on a sheet; cap - a large headline in a newspaper, common to several materials).

The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activity, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". Such occupations include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in the exact terms of the law).

Professional jargons adjoin the terms and professionalisms - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which are common in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glassblowers - glassblowers; in the speech of the military (and those who have served military service) the guardhouse is a lip, guarding the guardhouse is a governor, civilian life is a citizen, demobilization is a demobilization; sailors have a boatswain - a dragon, a captain - a cap, a mechanic - a grandfather, to tell stories or just to amuse, amuse - poison, etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.

Argo. Jargon. Slang

Terms slang and jargon - French in origin argot, jargon), slang - english (english, slang). These terms are often used interchangeably. However, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts behind these names: slang – it, unlike jargon, is more or less a secret language created specifically to make the speech of a given social group incomprehensible to outsiders. Therefore, the phrases "thieves' slang", "argo ofenei" - wandering merchants in Russia in the 19th century, are preferable to "thieves' jargon", "argo ofenei" ..

Before the revolution, slang developed completely autonomously from the common language; in fiction, slang and other slang vocabulary was used almost exclusively for the speech characterization of individual characters. In the USSR in the 1920s, due to a sharp increase in the social mobility of the population, the language norm was destabilized, everyday language was permeated with words of criminal origin, some of them were firmly fixed in a colloquial style, and soon their origin ceased to be recognized: junk, by pull, fake(in the meaning of "fake"), etc.

Since the 1930s, in connection with the strengthening of official control over written texts, they have become more normative, but oral speech, primarily youth, army and other jargons, due to the constant mass contacts of representatives of all walks of life with the penitentiary system, is under a noticeable influence of slang. Argotic vocabulary is widely used in uncensored fiction (cf. I. Brodsky: Jaw with fixa glitters with golden permafrost; In these boxes you're like a yankee; I am the true law knocked up .

Argo borrowings can change meanings noticeably. For example, lower(in slang - "to give the lowest possible social status through homosexual violence") in the speech of modern journalists and politicians means "put in place, humiliate"; gopnik(the original, from the 19th century, meaning in slang - "ragged", then also "robber") in modern youth jargon acquires as the main meaning "an uncultured aggressive teenager;" jock ";" luber "", as well as "amateur" pops", low-grade, from the point of view of the speaker, music". When transferring criminal phraseology to a colloquial or jargonized version of a common language, the inner form is often lost, cf. give in / on the paw"give a bribe" (from criminal. give paw, where is the word paw means "bribe"); without bullshit"seriously, without deceit" (from without bulldozer, where Bulda, previously bullda, meaning "pederasty"); naked Vasya"empty, hopeless" (from naked wasser, same meaning).

Term slang more characteristic of the Western linguistic tradition. In terms of content, it is close to what is denoted by the term jargon.

Argo, jargon, slang are varieties of sociolect. The specificity of each of these language formations may be due to the professional isolation of certain groups or their social limitations from the rest of society. Computer jargon (slang) - an example professionally specific language formations, thieves' slang, student slang - examples socially specific subcodes. Sometimes a group can be isolated both professionally and socially; the speech of such a group has the properties of both professional and social jargon (slang, slang). An example is soldier's jargon, since military science is a profession, and people engaged in this profession live their own life, quite isolated from the rest of society.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL No. 147 p. NAGAYEVO

OCTOBER DISTRICT OF UFA CITY DISTRICT

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

ARGATIC VOCABULARY

DECLASSED

ELEMENTS

Fulfilled: 9th grade student

Nikolaev Alexey

Supervisor:

teacher of Russian language

Kalikina N.A.

Introduction

In the 20th century, a technical revolution took place, the pace of life noticeably accelerated, vocabulary increased, because each new concept must correspond to at least one word. Accordingly, the vocabulary of the language is expanding, thousands of new words have been added to reflect political and social changes. New words also arise in order to refresh old concepts.

The term "slang" appeared, which combined all the elements of speech that do not coincide with the norm of the literary language.

Slang is opposed to the official, generally accepted language and, according to lexicographers, is fully understood only by representatives of a narrow circle of people belonging to one or another social or professional group that introduced this word or expression.

The difference between common speech and slang is expanding every day due to not just democratization, but also the "vulgarization" of public life. Jargon crowds out respectable speech and, thanks to mass culture, leaves its mark on the language of the whole nation.

Linguistic innovations are reflected in the media, naturally, they are reflected in the jargon. It is a challenge to the “correct” life.

Slang faster than other language layers reflects the tendency of "conciseness" in the word. This trend is observed quite strongly in colloquial speech.

A special place among social dialects is occupied by the slang of declassed elements, which existed in ancient times.

Argo (French argot), a term used to refer to a set of linguistic means (mainly special words and idiomatic expressions) developed by members of certain social groups for the purposes of intra-group, often secret communication. The fact that slang is intended to be understood only within a certain limited group of people distinguishes it, on the one hand, from slang, i.e. many expressions, essentially intended for general use, and, on the other hand, from jargon, which, although it is the special language of a certain class or profession, is not intentionally limited to the framework of one or another specific group. Taking into account these terminological differences, it is necessary, however, to keep in mind that in everyday word usage (and even in scientific practice) they are not always carried out consistently, and besides, somewhat differently in different national traditions. In particular, in the Russian tradition the word "jargon" is often used broadly, to refer not only to jargon itself, but also to slang and slang (in the latter case, they sometimes speak of "general jargon" or "general vernacular").

The problem of the emergence of slang and its mechanism of transition to the literary language was of interest to many linguists and lexicographers (for example, M.A. Grachev, D.S. Likhachev, V.V. Shapoval, V.D. Bondaletov, etc.).

Argotic words make up an insignificant percentage in relation to the vocabulary of the national language. The Russian public has always fought against the widespread penetration of slang vocabulary into literature and colloquial speech.

By the prevalence of slang, one can study the levels of development of crime in the country, judge the degree of its organization and professionalization. The better crime is organized, the more corporate it is, the greater the need for criminal communities in their own language, the faster the slang vocabulary develops.

This became the basis that determined the choice of the research topic, goals and objectives.

Object of study– study of the composition of slang vocabulary.

Target our work is to identify the lexical composition of slang, its main functions and thematic groups.

tasks of our research are:

1) explain the difference between slang vocabulary and commonly used vocabulary;

2) to consider ways of forming argotic vocabulary, taking into account its ability to transition to other layers of vocabulary;

3) differentiate slang vocabulary by semantics.

The role of slang as a means of communication has been underestimated in the past. Until relatively recently, in the domestic science of the Russian language, it was believed that slang does not have a social basis for its existence.

In modern conditions, prison camp jargon finds a new "habitat" (it is used by businessmen, journalists, politicians, teenagers) and is modified, replenished with new formations and changing the meanings of traditionally used lexical units. Therefore, the study of slang remains relevant and requires further study in modern conditions of life.

Chapter 1

1.1. Layers of vocabulary by usage

Vocabulary (from the Greek lexikos - verbal, vocabulary) is a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language.

In each language, the vocabulary did not arise immediately, but grew and developed gradually. Therefore, vocabulary can be studied from two sides:

1) in the process of emergence and development, i.e. historically.

2) as an established system, i.e. describe the current state of the vocabulary.

Words in the lexical system of the modern Russian language differ not only in their origin, expressive and stylistic properties and belonging to the active and passive composition, but also in the scope of their use in the socio-dialectal relation.

The heterogeneity of modern Russian vocabulary in terms of its use is immediately visible, with the most elementary analysis of several randomly selected words. Some words turn out to be well-known and popular, others act as limited in their use by one or another group of people, one or another speaking group. Therefore, two large layers are distinguished in the vocabulary:

1) commonly used layer;

2) layer of limited use.

common layer vocabulary is characterized by the fact that these words are used everywhere and by everyone, regardless of education, place of residence, social stratum of the speakers. Such vocabulary forms a stable basis of the modern Russian language. The most diverse lexico-semantic paradigms can be distinguished in it by thematic feature: words that name phenomena, concepts of social and political life; economic concepts; phenomena of cultural life; household names, etc. These are words like water, house, right, law, inflation, pension, poster, visit etc.

Limited vocabulary does not occur everywhere. Not all segments of society use it. Their use is determined by territorial boundaries and social conditions.

Territorially limited vocabulary is characterized by the fact that it is found in certain regions - these are dialectisms.

Socially limited vocabulary is characterized by the fact that some words are found in the speech of persons of a certain profession - professional vocabulary, other words in the social stratum - slang vocabulary.

Vocabulary limited by the scope of use factor of place. Vocabulary limited by scope. Slang and slang vocabulary

Latest news

Categories

News

Related essays

Essay rating