Voice setting. The glottis The glottis is located

02.07.2020

(rima glottidis, pna, bna, jna; rima vocalis) a horizontal fissure in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.

Medical terms. 2012

interactive application

The vocal apparatus from bottom to top: diaphragm - lungs - trachea (bronchi) - larynx - vocal folds (ligaments) - soft palate (pharynx) - oral cavity. It should be noted that when we talk about the voice as a musical instrument, the body of which is the person himself, then almost the entire body can be safely attributed to the vocal apparatus - from the frontal sinuses and other voids in the skull to the lower abdominal muscles involved in proper singing breathing. , and even lower. As experienced singers say, "you need to sing in such a way that you feel everything - from the top of your head to the heels resting on the floor."

Diaphragm- (lat. diaphragma) - an unpaired wide muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities, which serves to expand the lungs. Conventionally, its boundary can be drawn along the lower edge of the edges. It is formed by a system of striated muscles, which, apparently, are derivatives of the system of the rectus abdominis muscle.

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes, and just like other muscles in our body, it can be trained. It is often referred to as "vocal support", hence the common expression of many teachers and vocalists: "sing on support". Literally, this means: to sing, leaning on the diaphragm.

The diaphragm is responsible for evenness, sound stability, singing without trembling (not to be confused with vibrato); sound strength (dynamics); partially the brightness of the timbre.

Above the diaphragm are lungs, located in the chest area above the lungs trachea- a branched air duct that connects the lungs to each other and to the larynx.

Larynx(Latin larynx) - a section of the respiratory system that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the vocal apparatus. The larynx is located at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae and is connected by ligaments to the hyoid bone. From above, the larynx is connected to the pharyngeal cavity, from below - to the trachea.

The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is represented by vocal cords- folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx, protruding into its cavity, containing the vocal cord and vocal muscle. The vocal cords originate from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages and insert on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. Above the vocal folds, parallel to them, are the folds of the vestibule.

So how to speak correctly: folds or ligaments?
In professional vocabulary and in old manuals, speech therapists, phoniatrists, vocal teachers often use the term "vocal cords" or "ligaments" instead of "folds". So both names are correct.

The vocal cords (lat. plica vocalis) are the organ responsible for the formation of a sound wave due to the vibration of the vocal muscles. The sound wave, passing through the space of the soft palate (borders: from the vocal cords to the small uvula) and the oral cavity (articulatory apparatus), is converted into a full-fledged scale, which is accessible to normal hearing.

Oral cavity(articulatory apparatus) includes lips, teeth and tongue - all of these organs are important in the formation of sounds. They are associated with such concepts as articulation and diction.

The process of voice formation looks like this: when you inhale, the diaphragm stretches, sinking down with the help of relaxation of the abdominal wall and rib muscles, the vacuum formed in the lungs is filled with air. During exhalation, the rib and abdominal muscles push the diaphragm up, which in turn leads to compression and subsequent release of air from the lungs. Air under pressure passes through the trachea to the larynx, through the vocal cords, where, with the help of vibrations of the ligamentous muscles that hold back the flow of air, it is converted into a sound wave. The sound wave passes through the soft palate (pharynx) and enters the oral cavity, where the sound wave is formed into separate sounds and sound combinations.

For some vocalists, the sound wave does not come out quite right, falling into the nasopharynx and acquiring a characteristic nasal overtone, very noticeable during performance. This is due to the fact that the resulting sound is not given enough space to exit through the oral cavity, and it fills the only free space. To avoid this, you need to monitor the position of the soft palate (pharynx), it should be well open (as in a yawn).

Head resonators

What are resonators

The voice is sound vibrations (mechanical vibrations of air molecules), that is, it propagates in the air. All the organs that air passes through on its way from the lungs to the outer space are cavities filled with air. These cavities represent a system of resonators that creates a unique instrument - the human voice. Cavities - empty spaces - are very similar to the hollow body of other musical instruments: guitars, violins, pianos, flutes, bells, drums, pipes ... All along its path, the sound wave resonates inside our body, which provides singing brightness, sharpness of sound.

The spaces above the vocal folds are called top or head resonators. Together with the nasal cavity, they include four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary (maxillary), frontal (frontal), main and ethmoid. Sometimes this includes the oropharyngeal cavity, consisting of the pharynx and oral cavity.

What do our vocal folds look like when we sing?

Larynx

The author of the article about the larynx is Olga Gurova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Associate Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. (Original article)

The larynx is an organ of the respiratory system that performs the functions of conducting air and voice formation.

Larynx- this is a kind of musical instrument of the human body, which allows you to speak, sing, express your emotions in a quiet voice or loud cry. As part of the respiratory tract, the larynx is a short tube with dense cartilage walls. The rather complex structure of the walls of the larynx allows it to generate sounds of different heights and loudness.

The larynx is located in the anterior region of the neck at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae. With the help of ligaments, the larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, as a result of which it descends and rises with it when swallowing. Outside, the position of the larynx is noticeable by the protrusion, strongly developed in men and formed by the thyroid cartilage. In common parlance, this ledge is called "Adam's apple", or "Adam's apple". Behind the larynx is the pharynx, with which the larynx communicates, large vessels and nerves pass from the side. The pulsation of the carotid arteries is easy to feel on the neck on the sides of the larynx. Below the larynx passes into the trachea. In front of the trachea, reaching the larynx, is the thyroid gland.

The solid skeleton of the larynx consists of three unpaired cartilages - the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis - and three paired cartilages, the most important of which are the arytenoids. The cartilages of the larynx are interconnected by joints and ligaments and can change their position due to the contraction of the muscles attached to them.

The base of the larynx forms a cricoid cartilage, resembling a horizontally lying ring: its narrow “bow” is turned forward, and the wide “signet” is turned back. The lower edge of this cartilage connects to the trachea. From above, the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages join the cricoid cartilage. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and is part of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Two quadrangular plates are distinguished in it, connecting to each other at a right angle in men, forming an "Adam's apple", and at an obtuse angle (about 120 °) in women.

The arytenoid cartilages are pyramid-shaped, their triangular base is movably connected to the plate of the cricoid cartilage. From the base of each arytenoid cartilage, the vocal process extends forward, and the muscular process to the side. Muscles are attached to the latter, moving the arytenoid cartilage around its vertical axis. This changes the position of the vocal process, which is connected to the vocal cord.

From above, the larynx is covered with an epiglottis, it can be compared with a “lifting door” above the entrance to the larynx (see Fig. 1). The lower pointed end of the epiglottis is attached to the thyroid cartilage. The wide upper part of the epiglottis descends with each swallowing movement and closes the entrance to the larynx, thereby preventing food and water from entering the respiratory tract from the pharynx.

All cartilages of the larynx are hyaline and can undergo ossification, except for the epiglottis and vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, which are formed by elastic cartilage. As a result of ossification, which sometimes occurs before the age of 40, the voice loses its flexibility and acquires a hoarse, creaky tone.

For the formation of sound, the vocal cords, which are stretched from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, are of paramount importance (Fig. 2). Between the right and left vocal cords is the glottis, through which air passes during breathing. Under the influence of muscles, the cartilages of the larynx change their position. The muscles of the larynx are divided into three groups according to their function: expanding the glottis, narrowing the glottis, changing the tension of the vocal cords.

The cavity of the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane, which is extremely sensitive: the slightest touch of a foreign body to it reflexively causes a cough. Covers the mucous membrane of the larynx, excluding only the surface of the vocal cords, ciliated epithelium with a large number of glands.

Under the mucous membrane of the larynx lies a fibrous-elastic membrane. The cavity of the larynx is shaped like an hourglass: the middle section is strongly narrowed and limited from above by the folds of the vestibule (“false vocal”), and from below by the vocal folds (Fig. 3). On the side walls of the larynx, between the fold of the vestibule and the vocal fold, quite deep pockets are visible - the ventricles of the larynx. These are the remnants of the voluminous "voice sacs" that are well developed in great apes and, apparently, serve as resonators. Under the mucous membrane of the vocal fold are the vocal cord and vocal muscle, under the mucous membrane of the fold of the vestibule is the fixed edge of the fibrous-elastic membrane.

Functions of the larynx

It is customary to distinguish four main functions of the larynx: respiratory, protective, phonatory (voice-forming) and speech.

Respiratory. When you inhale, air from the nasal cavity enters the pharynx, from it - into the larynx, then - into the trachea, bronchi and lungs. When you exhale, the air from the lungs travels all the way through the airways in the opposite direction.
Protective. The movements of the cilia that cover the mucous membrane of the larynx continuously cleanse it, removing the smallest dust particles that enter the respiratory tract. Dust, surrounded by mucus, is excreted in the form of sputum. Reflex cough is an important protective device of the larynx.
Phonatornaya. The sound is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords during exhalation. The sound may vary depending on the tension of the ligaments and the width of the glottis. Man consciously regulates this process.
speech. It should be emphasized that only the formation of sound occurs in the larynx, articulate speech occurs during the work of the organs of the oral cavity: tongue, lips, teeth, facial and masticatory muscles.

The first is the voice, the second is the melody

The ability of a person to produce sounds of different strength, pitch and timbre is associated with the movement of the vocal cords under the influence of a jet of exhaled air. The strength of the sound produced depends on the width of the glottis: the wider it is, the louder the sound. The width of the glottis is regulated by at least five muscles of the larynx. Of course, the strength of the exhalation itself also plays a role, due to the work of the corresponding muscles of the chest and abdomen. The pitch of a sound is determined by the number of vibrations of the vocal cords in 1 second. The more frequent the vibrations, the higher the sound, and vice versa. As you know, strongly stretched ligaments vibrate more often (remember a guitar string). Provide the necessary tension of the vocal cords of the muscles of the larynx, in particular the vocal muscle. Its fibers are woven into the vocal cord along its entire length and can be contracted both as a whole and in separate parts. The contraction of the vocal muscles causes the vocal cords to relax, resulting in a decrease in the pitch of the sound they produce.

Possessing the ability to vibrate not only as a whole, but also in separate parts, the vocal cords produce additional sounds to the main tone, the so-called overtones. It is the combination of overtones that characterizes the timbre of the human voice, the individual characteristics of which also depend on the condition of the pharynx, oral cavity and nose, movements of the lips, tongue, and lower jaw. The airways located above the glottis act as resonators. Therefore, when their condition changes (for example, with swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses with a runny nose), the timbre of the voice also changes.

Despite the similarity in the structure of the human larynx and great apes, the latter are not able to speak. Only gibbons are capable of reproducing sounds that are vaguely reminiscent of musical ones. Only a person can consciously regulate the strength of the exhaled air, the width of the glottis and the tension of the vocal cords, which is necessary for singing and speech. The medical science that studies the voice is called phoniatry.

Even in the time of Hippocrates, it was known that the human voice is produced by the larynx, but only 20 centuries later Vesalius (XVI century) expressed the opinion that the sound is produced by the vocal cords. Even at present, there are various theories of voice formation based on certain aspects of the regulation of vocal cord vibrations. As extreme forms, two theories can be cited.

According to the first (aerodynamic) theory, voice formation is the result of the vibrational movements of the vocal folds in the vertical direction under the action of an air stream during exhalation. The decisive role in this case belongs to the muscles involved in the exhalation phase and the muscles of the larynx, which bring together the vocal cords and resist the pressure of the air stream. Adjustment of the work of the muscles occurs reflexively when the mucous membrane of the larynx is irritated by air.

According to another theory, the movements of the vocal folds do not occur passively under the action of an air stream, but are active movements of the vocal muscles, carried out at the command from the brain, which is transmitted through the corresponding nerves. The pitch of the sound associated with the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords thus depends on the ability of the nerves to conduct motor impulses.

Separate theories cannot fully explain such a complex process as voice formation. In a person with speech, the function of voice formation is associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, as well as lower levels of regulation, and is a very complex, consciously coordinated motor act.

Larynx in nuances

A specialist can examine the condition of the larynx using a special device - a laryngoscope, the main element of which is a small mirror. For the idea of this device, the famous singer and vocal teacher M. Garcia in 1854 was awarded the title of honorary doctor of medicine.

The larynx has significant age and gender characteristics. From birth to 10 years of age, the larynx of boys and girls does not actually differ. Before the onset of puberty, the growth of the larynx in boys increases dramatically, which is associated with the development of the sex glands and the production of male sex hormones. At this time, the voice of the boys also changes (“breaks”). The voice mutation in boys lasts about a year and ends at 14-15 years of age. In girls, the mutation occurs quickly and almost imperceptibly at the age of 13-14 years.

The larynx of a man is on average 1/3 larger than the female, the vocal cords are much thicker and longer (approximately 10 mm). Therefore, the male voice, as a rule, is stronger and lower than the female one. It is known that in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in Italy castrated boys 7-8 years old, who were supposed to sing in the papal choir. Their larynx during puberty did not undergo any special changes and retained children's sizes. This achieved a high tone of voice, combined with the masculine power of performance and a neutral timbre (between childish and masculine).

Many organs and systems of the body take part in the formation of the voice, and this requires their normal functioning. Therefore, voice and speech are an expression not only of the normal activity of individual organs and systems, including the human psyche, but also of their disorders and pathological conditions. By changing the voice, one can judge the state of a person and even the development of certain diseases. It should be emphasized that any changes in the hormonal background in the body (in a woman - the use of hormonal drugs, menstruation, menopause) can lead to voice changes.

The sound energy of the voice is very small. If a person continuously talks, then in only 100 years he will produce the amount of thermal energy necessary to brew a cup of coffee. However, the voice (as a necessary part of human speech) is a powerful tool that changes the world around us!

OUR LEARNING MATERIALS

Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary.

See what "VOICE SCREW" is in other dictionaries:

SCREW, and, pl. and, she, w. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (rima glottidis, PNA, BNA, JNA; rima vocalis) a horizontal gap in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) by the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages ... Big Medical Dictionary

GLOTTIS- a horizontal gap across the larynx in the form of an isosceles triangle with an anterior apex, bounded on both sides by true vocal folds ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

See glottìde… Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

GLOTTIS- An opening between the vocal folds or cords... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

See the slit of the vestibule ... Big Medical Dictionary

Exist., f., use. often Morphology: (no) what? holes, what? gaps, (see) what? gap, what? crack, about what? about the crack and in the crack; pl. what? gaps, (no) what? cracks, what? cracks, (see) what? cracks, what? cracks, about what? about cracks and about cracks 1. In wooden ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

SCREW, cracks, pl. cracks, cracks, wives. Narrow longitudinal well, through fracture. “Lights lit up in the windows of the houses and in the crevices of the shutters of the dugouts.” L. Tolstoy. A gap in the floor. Blows from all cracks. Look through the crack in the door. || Narrow cavity (anat.). Voice… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

SCREW, and, pl. and, she, wives. 1. Narrow longitudinal hole, well. Shield in the floor. Lookout (in the tank). 2. Shelter from fragments (in 2 values) in the form of a trench. Take cover in the Glottis (special) is a narrow space between the vocal folds, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

slot- and, preposition; o shche / whether, in the crack / and in the crack / whether; pl. shche / whether, e / d; and. see also slit, slotted 1) a) Narrow oblong hole, well. A gap in the floor. It blows in all the cracks ... Dictionary of many expressions

Glottis- a horizontal gap less than 25 mm in length in the middle part of the larynx, bounded by two vocal folds and (in the posterior region) by the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages, passes into the trachea.

When the vocal cords vibrate, its dimensions change. In the glottis, an anterior large section is distinguished, located between the ligaments themselves and called the intermembranous part, pars intermembranacea, and a smaller posterior one, located between the vocal processes, processus vocalis, arytenoid cartilages - the intercartilaginous part, pars intercartilaginea.

Which doctors to contact for examination of the Glottis:

Otolaryngologist

What diseases are associated with the glottis:

What tests and diagnostics need to be done for the Glottis:

Are you worried about something? Do you want to know more detailed information about the Glottis or do you need an examination? You can book an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolaboratory always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, advise you, provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolaboratory open for you around the clock.

How to contact the clinic:
Phone of our clinic in Kyiv: (+38 044) 206-20-00 (multichannel). The secretary of the clinic will select a convenient day and hour for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are indicated. Look in more detail about all the services of the clinic on her personal page.

If you have previously performed any research, be sure to take their results to a consultation with a doctor. If the studies have not been completed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

You need to be very careful about your overall health. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. To do this, you just need to several times a year be examined by a doctor not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the body as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read self care tips. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need on the forum. Also register on the medical portal Eurolaboratory to be constantly up to date with the latest news and information updates about the Voice slit on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by mail.

Other anatomical terms starting with the letter "G":

Head

Eye

Pharynx

Throat

Breast

Rib cage

glans penis

Shin

Pituitary

Brain

Hypothalamus (hypothalamus)

Larynx

Voice apparatus

vocal fold

vocal process

Laryngeal ventricle

Genes

Blood type

Hemoglobin

Sternum

Thoracic vertebrae

Ankle joint

Voice setting. The glottis The glottis is located

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is VOICE SCREW in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

interactive application

Head resonators

What are resonators

What do our vocal folds look like when we sing?

Larynx

Functions of the larynx

The first is the voice, the second is the melody

Larynx in nuances

See what "VOICE SCREW" is in other dictionaries:

Which doctors to contact for examination of the Glottis:

What diseases are associated with the glottis:

What tests and diagnostics need to be done for the Glottis:

Report a typo

Text to be sent to our editors:

Your comment (optional):