I have dedicated my life to children. Audio recordings and texts for a concise presentation. The word "mom" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle. The young man pronounces with love and deep

14.03.2021

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Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person. In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience. The toy is the key to the consciousness of the little man. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

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When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the “alarm clock” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the countryside, a walk in the forest with a man who “opened his eyes to everything”, the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life. Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be. And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

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No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child may be, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood. The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

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We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years the family did not lay anything solid in the moral sense in a person, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen. The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits. The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

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One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. I didn't do anything good for him. ". Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality. Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way. How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

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Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, somehow remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love? A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him. Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of physicians, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems. And the problems are psychological, because self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to him more important and significant than his own. He sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly - he wants approval from everyone: starting with loved ones and ending with passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation. How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree, if left undisturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again stretch upwards. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves. If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results. Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

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Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history. The moment of man's turning to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends his own characteristics, his life, his place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is it that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole. That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

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War was a cruel and rude school for children. They were not sitting at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life. The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of a bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good. Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget the Time means not to forget the People, not to forget the People - it means not to forget the Time.

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There is simply no and cannot be a universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, only path in life intended for you. And the final choice always remains with the individual. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession. It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

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There are values that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship. People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any moment. The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

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The word "mom" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle, lovingly pronounced by a young man and a deep old man. In the language of any nation there is this word, and in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate. Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life. How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

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In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own? And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this matter that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper it is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society. And what is more in our interests - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must understand each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And, helping people in difficult times, you don't have to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return.

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I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible. And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, animal and plant life. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows. Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it can be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to cover itself with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult. And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calmly and prosperously life develops, we will not calm down until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences. It is only when a really real tragedy happens that we realize how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we clutch our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.

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I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often betray those in whom we have invested our soul. The pattern here is this: the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, the saying of Victor Hugo is recalled: "I am indifferent to the knife blows of the enemy, but the pin prick of my friend is painful to me." Many suffer mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor's conscience will wake up. But what is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, and the traitor does not have it. The traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum. Betrayal accurately destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

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The Great Patriotic War goes further and further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unprecedented feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.

The four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience. But the memory of a person weakens over time, bit by bit the secondary disappears bit by bit: less significant and bright; and then the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If the self-sacrifice and steadfastness of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has nourished literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been made about the life and feat of a man in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the years of the war. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but, mainly, the dead.

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In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theatre, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge impact on it. But literature has a particularly strong effect on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. Yes, and the artists themselves, writers, composers build their works in such a way as to support and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, listeners. But the meaning of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

I give my heart to children

Fourth Edition

Publishing house "Radyanska school"

Kyiv

The author of the book, V. A. Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970) - an outstanding Soviet teacher, Hero of Socialist Labor, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Honored Teacher of the Ukrainian SSR - throughout his pedagogical career dealt with the problems of education and development of schoolchildren.

“I give my heart to children” is one of the few books in modern pedagogical literature that has won the recognition of teachers and parents.

In his book, the author not only poses and solves scientific and theoretical problems, but also acquaints the reader with how for several years, from the day when the little man first crossed the school threshold, until the end of elementary school, he introduced his pupils into the world knowledge of the surrounding reality, helped to master knowledge, awakened mental abilities and affirmed noble feelings, brought up civic dignity, faith in a good beginning in a person, boundless devotion to the Communist Party and the Socialist Motherland, a sense of friendship between peoples, internationalism.

Publishing house "Radyanska school", 1973.

Foreword

"School of Joy"

Head teacher

First Year - Learning Children

Parents of my students

school under blue

Nature is the source of health

Every child is an artist

Caring for the living and the beautiful

Our travels in the world of work

We listen to the music of nature

Winter joys and worries

The first feast of the lark

You live among people, my son

Our team is a friendly family

We live in the Garden of Health

Thoughts on the eve of the first school year

Childhood years

What is an elementary school?

Health, health and more health

Teaching is a particle of spiritual life

Three hundred pages of the "Book of Nature"

From the world of things to society. Where does what come from?

A thousand tasks from a living problem book

Our "journeys" around the globe

What is imperialism?

Give your child the joy of intellectual labor, the joy of success in learning

Fairy tale room

Continuation of the fairy tale - our "Island of Wonders"

The song reveals the beauty of the world to the child

A book in the spiritual life of a child

native word

Our beauty corner

At the origins of the life ideal

Thinking about the Communist Party

You can't live a day without worrying about a person

Labor is inspired by noble feelings

You are the future masters of your Motherland, young Leninists

Children join the organization of young Leninists

Fight and win - like Lenin

Link "Bold and fearless"

We say goodbye to summer

Foreword

Dear readers, colleagues - teachers, educators, school directors!

This work is the result of many years of work at the school - the result of thoughts, worries, anxieties, worries.

Thirty-three years of non-stop work in a rural school was a great, incomparable happiness for me. I dedicated my life to children, and after much deliberation, I called my work “I give my heart to children”, believing that I have the right to do so. I would like to tell teachers - both those who work at the school now and those who will come to school after us - about a great period of their lives - a period that is equal to a decade. From the day when a small child, as we teachers often call him, comes to school, to that solemn moment when a young man or girl, receiving a certificate for secondary school from the hands of the director, embarks on the path of an independent working life. This period is the period of the formation of a person, for the teacher it is a huge part of his life. What was the most important thing in my life? I answer without hesitation: love for children.

Perhaps you, dear reader, will not agree with something in my work, perhaps something in it will seem strange, surprising to you, I ask you in advance: do not consider this book as a universal guide for teaching children, adolescents, youths, girls. To put it in the language of pedagogical terminology, this work is devoted to extracurricular educational work (or educational work in the narrow sense of this concept). I did not set myself the task of covering the lesson, all the didactic details of the process of studying the foundations of science. Speaking in the language of subtle human relations, this work is dedicated to the heart of the teacher. I tried to talk about how to introduce a small person into the world of knowledge of the surrounding reality, how to help him learn, facilitate his mental work, how to awaken and affirm noble feelings and experiences in his Soul, how to cultivate human dignity, faith in a good beginning in a person, boundless love for their native Soviet land, how to plant the first seeds of loyalty to lofty communist ideals into the delicate mind and sensitive heart of a child.

The book you have just picked up is devoted to educational work with elementary grades. In other words, it is dedicated to the world of childhood. And childhood, children's world is a special world. Children live by their ideas of good and evil, honor and dishonor, human dignity; they have their own criteria of beauty, they even have their own measurement of time: in the years of childhood, a day seems like a year, and a year seems like an eternity. Having access to the fabulous palace whose name is Childhood, I have always found it necessary to become somewhat of a child. Only under this condition, the children will not look at you as a person who accidentally penetrated the gates of their fairy-tale world, as a watchman guarding this world, a watchman who is indifferent to what is happening inside this world.

I would like to make one more reservation in connection with the content of the book and the nature of the experience. Primary school is, first of all, the creative work of one teacher. Therefore, I deliberately avoided showing the work of the teaching staff and parents. If all this were shown in a book, it would grow to enormous size.

In a book about childhood, it was impossible not to talk about the families from which the children came, about the parents. In some families, especially after World War II, there was a gloomy sometimes depressing situation, some parents could not become an example for children. I couldn't keep silent about it. If I had not given a complete, truthful description of the family situation, the direction of the entire system of educational work would not have been clear. I firmly believe in the mighty power of education - in what N. K. Krupskaya, A. S. Makarenko and other outstanding teachers believed.

“Thirty-three years of non-stop work in a rural school was a great, incomparable happiness for me. I dedicated my life to children and after long deliberation called my work “I give my heart to children”, believing that I have the right to do so. We read Sukhomlinsky.

“Children live by their ideas of good and evil, honor and dishonor, human dignity; they have their own criteria of beauty, they even have their own measurement of time: in the years of childhood, a day seems like a year, and a year seems like an eternity. Having access to the fabulous palace whose name is Childhood, I have always found it necessary to become a child in some way. Only under this condition, the children will not look at you as a person who accidentally penetrated the gates of their fairy-tale world, as a watchman guarding this world, a watchman who is indifferent to what is happening inside this world.

V.A. Sukhomlinsky had a unique experience, combining the position of a school director with the activities of not only a teacher, but also a class teacher. Given the modern workload of both school managers and teachers, in our time, the repetition of this experience seems unrealistic. But the classic of pedagogy argued the idea of the mandatory daily practice of communicating with children, the educational work of the director: “Raising children through teachers, being a teacher of teachers, teaching the science and art of education is very important, but only one side of the multifaceted process of school management. If the main educator only teaches how to educate, but does not directly communicate with the children, he ceases to be an educator. Loses the ability to feel the spiritual world of the children ... ". Has the development of the school gone in the wrong direction, if today the director is objectively not free to allocate enough time for communication with children?

As long as a school lives, so many two types of teachers oppose it. Some try to find any opportunities to win over the child, to find approaches to the most difficult students. Others take the side of the accusers, they say, "such and such", they can't do anything and don't want to. But if you ask the latter what they know about the “losers”, what are his interests, family, health, then often you will not get an intelligible answer. “A person who meets with students only in the classroom - on one side of the teacher's table, and on the other side of the students - does not know the child's soul, and whoever does not know the child cannot be an educator. For such a person, the thoughts, feelings and aspirations of children are closed behind seven seals ... It is painful to see how even among teachers who know their subject, education sometimes turns into a fierce war only because no spiritual threads connect the teacher and students, and the soul of the child is buttoned on all button shirt.

Sukhomlinsky assigns a special role to the primary school teacher: “He should be for the child the same dear and dear person as the mother. The faith of a little schoolboy in the teacher, mutual trust between the educator and the pupil, the ideal of humanity that the child sees in his educator - these are the elementary, and at the same time complex, wisest rules of education, having comprehended which the teacher becomes a true spiritual mentor.

Knowing nothing about the Federal State Educational Standard and the system-activity approach, the domestic teacher actually applied and propagated it: “...instead of playing, relaxing, living among nature, they again sit down to a book. The stay of the children at school turns into an endless, tedious lesson ... Why is it so? Because taking children to the lawn, visiting the forest, the park with them is more difficult than giving lessons.

Sukhomlinsky's deep humanism was manifested in his attitude towards children from dysfunctional families: “... one of the important tasks is to return childhood to those who are deprived of it in the family. Life has affirmed the belief that if a small child fails to regain faith in goodness and justice, he can never feel a person in himself, experience self-esteem. In adolescence, such a pupil becomes embittered, for him there is nothing sacred and sublime in life, the word of the teacher does not reach the depths of his heart. Straightening the soul of such a person is one of the most difficult tasks of the educator; in this difficult, most painstaking work, in essence, the main test of human science takes place. To be a human scientist means not only to see, to feel how a child learns good and evil, but also to protect a child's heart from evil.

His words about the influence of parents on children are extremely relevant: “A child is a mirror of the moral life of parents. The most valuable moral trait of good parents, which is passed on to children without much effort, is the spiritual kindness of mother and father, the ability to do good to people. In families where father and mother give a particle of their soul to others, take people's joys and sorrows to heart, children grow up kind, sensitive, cordial. Or here's another very important one: “... many parents, blinded by instinctive love for their children, see only beautiful things in a child, not noticing negative features. In the capricious look, in the pouted lips, in the contemptuous grin of the four-year-old dunce (he relieved himself in front of adults, which aroused the tenderness of his mother), one already guessed a vile creature, from which a scoundrel could turn out, if he was not pulled up, if he was not forced to look at himself through the eyes of others of people". “And it also happens that a mother tries to distract the child’s attention from everything gloomy, sad, making sure that her son does not shed a single drop from a full cup of joy. This is an undisguised school of selfishness. Do not take your child away from the dark sides of human life. Let the children know that in our life there are not only joys, but also sorrows. Let the grief of other people enter the heart of the child.”

About the features of children's thinking:
“I have been convinced a thousand times that by populating the world around them with fantastic images, by creating these images, children discover not only beauty, but also truth. Without a fairy tale, without a game of imagination, a child cannot live; without a fairy tale, the world around him turns into a beautiful, but still a picture painted on canvas; the fairy tale makes this picture come to life.
“Children do not need to talk a lot, stuff them with stories, the word is not fun, but verbal satiety is one of the most harmful satiety. The child needs not only to listen to the word of the educator, but also to be silent; in these moments he thinks, comprehends what he heard and saw ... The ability to let the child think is one of the most subtle qualities of a teacher. And in the midst of nature, the child must be given the opportunity to listen, see, feel.
“Squeezing ready-made truths, generalizations, and conclusions into the heads of children, the teacher sometimes does not give the children the opportunity to even get close to the source of thought and the living word, binds the wings of dreams, fantasy, and creativity. From a living, active, active being, a child often turns, as it were, into a memory device ... ".
“If a child gets everything easily in learning, he is gradually brought up with laziness of thought, which corrupts a person, forms in him a frivolous attitude to life. Strange as it may seem, but laziness of thought most often develops in capable children, if the process of learning does not open up feasible difficulties for them.

About intensive lessons:
“Some children are completely beyond the power of the teacher’s course to ensure that “not a single minute of the lesson is wasted.” I became convinced that this "accelerated" pace is unbearable and harmful even for perfectly healthy children. Excessive mental stress leads to the fact that children's eyes grow dim, their eyes become clouded, their movements become sluggish. And now the child is no longer capable of anything, he would only need fresh air, and the teacher keeps him in a “harness” and urges: hurry, hurry ... "

About grades:
“The deuce is a very sharp and delicate tool that a wise, experienced primary school teacher always has in stock, and he never uses it. If you want to know, in elementary school, this tool should exist so that it will never be used. The pedagogical wisdom of the educator lies in the fact that the child never loses faith in his own strength, never feels that he is not succeeding. Each work should be for the student at least a small advance forward ... "Sometimes a reasonable child stops in amazement before the aggression of caustic gray-haired stupidity," wrote Janusz Korczak. Respect children's ignorance - these words of the Polish teacher have stuck in my memory for the rest of my life.”

About labor education:
“The worst thing that often accompanies the work of children is the thought that they are doing a great favor to adults and therefore deserve great praise, even rewards.”

Comparing the "School of Joy" with the realities of today, I had to smile. I repeat, it looks fantastic now that the director of the school has significant temporary resources, who can personally devote many hours of daily activities to his pupils (grasshopper choir, walks in the forest, equipping a “dream corner” in a cave, growing a garden, etc.), “I did not a detailed plan: what and on what day I will tell the children, where I will take them. There was no petty regulation of the entire school system, which allowed the introduction of a free schedule of classes (for example, from 6 pm); "it was not established how long children should be under the blue sky", on one day the classes lasted 1-1.5 hours, on the other - 4 hours. In addition, the authority of the teacher, trust in him made it possible to use such a flexible schedule, to implement projects , similar organization of a summer camp for a month in huts on the shore of a pond with straw beds, a collective farm cook.Another key difference is the huge role of labor education: arranging baths, a kitchen, a school garden, caring for 20 calves and 2 horses, working as shepherds, buying products, assistance to the cook, haymaking, etc., while now involvement in labor outside the curriculum (technology lessons) is expressly prohibited by law.

Having a first-grader child in the family, of course, he could not help but be interested in the ideas of V.A. Sukhomlinsky separately for educating preschoolers and children of primary school age:
- as many outdoor activities as possible, in natural conditions (lawns, meadows, forests). The book of nature is the most wonderful book in the world
- observation of nature (birds, plants, landscapes) at any time of the year, including a visit to the winter forest (bonfires, porridge); whole days outdoors on quiet days and moderate frosts
- in the summer - walking barefoot, swimming, taking a shower outside to harden
- periodically - life outside the home, for example, in a tent on the shore of a pond
- compiling fairy tales and stories (“A child’s heart stops when he listens or pronounces words that create a fantastic picture. I can’t imagine studying at school not only without listening, but also without a fairy tale”) - observing nature, clouds, frozen glass, etc. .
- compiling homemade picture books
- gazebo in the garden for doing lessons from early spring to late autumn
- solving riddle problems as an indispensable means of training the mind
- design of the "fairy tale room" (making figurines, towers and other props)
- a special selection of music for listening: Tchaikovsky's "Song of the Lark", "Snowdrop", "The Grass is Greener", from the ballet "The Nutcracker" - "Dance of the Shepherds", "Dance of the Dragee Fairy", from the ballet "Swan Lake" - "Dance of the Little Swans" ”, “March of Wooden Soldiers”, “Doll Disease”, “Children's Song”, “Italian Song”; Mozart "Lullaby", Schumann "The Bold Horseman", "The Merry Peasant"; Grieg "In the cave of the mountain king", "Norwegian dance", "Kobold", "Dance of the elves"; N. Lysenko "Koza-dereza" (children's opera), Glinka "March of Chernomor", Gounod march from the opera "Faust"; Rimsky - Korsakov "Flight of the Bumblebee", Schubert "Ecossaises"; I. Dunaevsky "The Starlings Have Arrived" and others (before listening to the story about the reality or fantastic images that are reflected in the music)
- Holidays of flowers.

Texts of presentations from the open bank of tasks FIPI

TEXT 1

In order to appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must certainly experience it yourself. It is necessary to perceive the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of all life. Kindness comes not out of duty, not out of duty, but as a gift.

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something more, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, during these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “one’s own” are forgotten, someone else’s disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me”. And for enmity and hatred there is no place in the soul.

If a person's ability to dream is taken away, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a beautiful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should predict the future and make us feel that we are already living in this future and becoming different ourselves.

Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we must rest on our laurels and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful.

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What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden the horizons of a person, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. And it is also important to read books because it increases the vocabulary of a person, develops a clear and precise thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classical work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

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What is a good book? First, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages, there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

Do not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. In great works there is disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read non-fiction literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What does true culture carry in the first place? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, what its significance is.
Such concepts as peace, truth, beauty can become the key note of culture. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, and clothes. She did not do all these works alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their bearers. It was necessary to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond with kindness or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people.

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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. He has a clear goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase good in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that pass from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

Some believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this, you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

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What is friendship? How do they become friends? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equally from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

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Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.

For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels that he is valued as a person, respected for his dignity and helped him not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, for friendship, for example, common moral values are important. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it hard to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show deep respect for a friend and, perhaps, trust, if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and consider this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendship does not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But without friendship, life is unthinkable.

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One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him…” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

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The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

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Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has a bright and tender memory associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract the same attention as virtual ones. But despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and indispensable in its kind, because nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even acquire vitality. experience.

A toy is the key to the mind of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring to his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as the value system and worldview. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

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If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Imagine how uncomfortable the addict feels: other people's assessments seem to him much more important and significant than his own; he sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone, from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess life situations.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

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Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be.

And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

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No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child is, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, there is a discovery every day. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

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A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

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The moment of man's turning to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends his own characteristics, his life, his place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is it that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

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The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of a bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.

Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget the Time means not to forget the People, not to forget the People - it means not to forget the Time.

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One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him…” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, presumably, this person met more than once
with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

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Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were weary of the guests. Now that time is the price of achieving one's goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here is a paradox: before, the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

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But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

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Many suffer mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor's conscience will wake up. But what is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, and the traitor does not have it. The traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.

Betrayal completely destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

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People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines, then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitude to certain phenomena of life is different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

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The word mother is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle, lovingly pronounced by a young man and a deep old man. In the language of any nation there is this word, and in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.

Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word mother becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

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In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. Human society has just been formed and continues to exist, thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own? And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish, the point is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined.

You understand how much deeper it is than it seems, because individualism destroys society, and therefore weakens each of us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And what is more in line with our common interests: mutual benefit or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must help each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And when helping people in difficult times, you don’t have to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself, and then they will help you in return, of course.

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I remembered hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not educated in childhood, you will never educate them, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

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What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is needed the most. He will not only help in trouble, but will sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you. But, unfortunately, such relations are gradually fading away.

Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, profitable friendship is rapidly crowding out disinterested friendship.

We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life - warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, and not destruction.

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When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and I would be surrounded by other people. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But real friends, old, true friends, are acquired in youth. Youth is a time of rapprochement.

Therefore, take care of youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things that you acquired in your youth, do not lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth goes unnoticed. Good youth skills make life easier. The bad ones complicate it and make it more difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from a young age"? All the actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will make you happy. The wicked will not let you sleep.

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Many people think that being sincere means to openly and directly say what you think and do what you say. But here's the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, or even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off the masks, get out of the usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you don’t really need at all.

If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your life path. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his "I". It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What are the paths to get to it? What moral values carry weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, we do not do very well: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - there are no words. Selfish people cause a feeling of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his “I”. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true value of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called small ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

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It just seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, the only one of its kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, rethought, reasons, answers are found and imprinted on the pages of fiction. The case is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.

Literature, opening the world with the help of the word, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But there comes an hour when we feel the need to open the book in order to delve into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.

Here we are with the book. What is happening in our soul? With each book we read, which opens up the pantries of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a person. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

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Sukhomlinsky's pedagogical trilogy - "I give my heart to children", "The birth of a citizen", "Letters to my son". Childhood, adolescence, youth, respectively.

“Dear readers, colleagues - teachers, educators, school directors! This work is the result of many years of work at the school - the result of thoughts, worries, anxieties, excitement. Thirty-three years of non-stop work in a rural school was a great, incomparable happiness for me. I dedicated my life to children and after long deliberations called my work “I give my heart to children”, believing that I have the right to do so. I would like to tell the teachers - both those who work at the school now and those who will come to school after us - about a great period of their lives - a period that is equal to a decade. From the day when a small child, as we teachers often call him, comes to school, to that solemn moment when a young man or girl, receiving a certificate for secondary school from the hands of the director, embarks on the path of an independent working life. This period is the period of the formation of a person, for the teacher it is a huge part of his life. What was the most important thing in my life? I answer without hesitation: love for children. Perhaps you, dear reader, will not agree with something in my work, perhaps something in it will seem strange, surprising to you, I ask you in advance: do not consider this book as a universal guide for teaching children, adolescents, youths, girls. To put it in the language of pedagogical terminology, this work is devoted to extra-curricular educational work (or: educational work in the narrow sense of this concept). I did not set myself the task of covering the lesson, all the didactic details of the process of studying the foundations of science. Speaking in the language of subtle human relations, this work is dedicated to the heart of the teacher. I tried to talk about how to introduce a small person into the world of knowledge of the surrounding reality, how to help him learn, facilitate his mental work, how to awaken and affirm noble feelings and experiences in his soul, how to cultivate human dignity, faith in a good beginning in a person, boundless love for their native Soviet land, how to plant the first seeds of loyalty to lofty communist ideals into the delicate mind and sensitive heart of a child. The book you have just picked up is devoted to educational work with elementary grades. In other words, it is dedicated to the world of childhood. And childhood, children's world is a special world. Children live by their ideas of good and evil, honor and dishonor, human dignity; they have their own criteria of beauty, they even have their own measurement of time: in the years of childhood, a day seems like a year, and a year seems like an eternity. Having access to the fabulous palace called Childhood, I have always found it necessary to become somewhat of a child. Only under this condition, the children will not look at you as a person who accidentally penetrated the gates of their fairy-tale world, as a watchman guarding this world, a watchman who is indifferent to what is happening inside this world. I would like to make one more reservation in connection with the content of the book and the nature of the experience. Primary school is primarily the creative work of one teacher. Therefore, I deliberately avoided showing the work of the teaching staff and parents. If all this were shown in a book, it would grow to enormous size. In a book about childhood, it was impossible not to talk about the families from which the children came, about the parents. In some families, especially after World War II, there was a gloomy, sometimes depressing situation, some parents could not become an example for children. I couldn't keep silent about it. If I had not given a complete, truthful description of the family situation, the direction of the entire system of educational work would not have been clear.

I have dedicated my life to children. Audio recordings and texts for a concise presentation. The word "mom" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle. The young man pronounces with love and deep

Foreword

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