How people survive in the tundra. Edge of geography. How to survive in the village among the tundra. Carbon monoxide poisoning

Lost northern villages are torn off not only from mainland but also from each other. What does a place look like where there are no roads and no connection with civilization?

See how people live in a town where there are almost no cars, and “half a day on reindeer” is not a metaphor, but a way of getting around.

1 The village of Novy Port is one of those villages that are called the edge of geography. You can get here either by air or (for a smaller part of the year) by water by ship. There are several streets, and around the endless tundra.

2 Such isolation from the world always affects the way of life, and many of these northern villages are more colorful than distant countries somewhere in Africa.

3 The only thing a tourist can come here for is to get acquainted with the life of reindeer herders. Indigenous people of this land, the Nenets still live in tents made of reindeer skins in the middle of the tundra, and the village serves as the only stronghold of civilization for many kilometers. Only here there are shops, a bank and a post office.

4 Almost everyone wears sunglasses, especially in winter: the snow is too bright.

5 Communications are laid right along the roads. It is useless to bury them in the ground: permafrost.

6 All houses are built on piles, but unlike Far East and you will hardly see them: the foundation is sheathed around the perimeter.

7 In the center of the village - the district administration. There are no fences and guards here, people are constantly scurrying back and forth, going about their business.

8 Among the inhabitants of Novy Port, the Nenets also make up the majority: not everyone likes to live in a hut in the tundra. But traditional clothes are worn, it is practical, and sometimes the only way don't freeze to death.

9 The administration has the only ATM in the entire district. But in grocery stores accept cards for payment!

10 There are practically no passenger cars, as there are no roads. The main transport is snowmobiles and trackers on huge low-pressure wheels.

11 With communication, surprisingly, everything is fine. WiFi hotspots you won't find it here, but Mobile Internet works at least in the range of 3G, and even LTE. True, only one operator - Tele2. I prudently bought a SIM card in Salekhard. It doesn't seem to sell here. MegaFon works from time to time, but Beeline does not catch at all. At the same time, 20 kilometers from the village there is a Gazprom Neft field, where, on the contrary, only Beeline accepts. Bring a phone with two SIM cards.

12 The bank occupies one of the most neglected houses in New Port. To be honest, I expected to see the whole village in such a state. I looked at pictures on the internet. But a lot has changed in a few years, and this was the biggest surprise. To harsh conditions I was (theoretically) ready.

13 public transport no. Who needs buses in the tundra? In the village, people walk, the distances are short. If you are tired of walking or do not know the way, try to stop a private snowmobile - they will give you a lift!

14 You will have to go in a wooden cart-trailer, but this is in the order of things, everyone rides in them.

15 Snowmobiles Meet three varieties: Russian "Buran", Japanese "Yamaha" or absolutely fierce homemade. The number of “Kulibins” per capita is over the top.

16 Actually, the cistern is empty. I checked.

17 There was a time, half the village looked like this. Architectural masterpieces were created from change houses. In the days of the oil "Klondike" there was no time for excesses.

18 There are few enterprises in the New Port. The largest in the village is the local boarding school, where children of reindeer herders study. There is a fishing port active in warm time year, and twenty kilometers away is a large field of Gazprom Neft.

20 Life in the New Port is changing. Three years ago, things looked much worse. The changes can be explained by the proximity to the oil industry, who invest in the development of the village, build housing and improve the coast. I saw what they look like northern places where there is no mining: the difference is impressive. So Yamal will stand out in this regard. I think that's why the helicopter flies here regularly

21 There are five shops in the village. Really cool for a place with less than 2,000 people. I liked the Yamal Deer store the most.

22 Inside is an ordinary storehouse. There are no supermarkets here, of course. You need to stand in line to the saleswoman, during this time having come up with what you want to buy. I always have a stupor in such places.

23 Venison is sold here in all its forms, from steaks to sausages. But there are also regular products. Look at prices. More expensive than central Russia, but much cheaper than Kamchatka and Chukotka.

24 Instead of cafes and restaurants - the only canteen in the village. Works from 10 am to 8 pm. And if you are not a local resident or an oil worker, you have nowhere else to eat.

25 The assortment menu is like two drops of water reminiscent of a school canteen. Rolls, cutlets, meatballs and grilled chicken. This is what I ate all week, alternating with dried venison.

26 You can also buy groceries in the canteen.

27 In my mind, the village should have looked like this.

28 It turned out that most of the buildings were renovated or even recently built. With the support of oil workers, street art artists come here to make the village brighter. Colorful houses have already become hallmark extreme North.

29 The houses themselves are simple, three or four stories high, with several apartments per floor. But they look bright and neat.

30 Doors of entrances are not closed with a combination lock, for the same reason as in Chukotka. A snowstorm will start - run and hide in the first house!

31 These houses are also built on piles.

32 It is unusual to see yards without cars. Instead, snow and all-terrain vehicles are parked near the house.

33 If only all settlements in Russia looked like those in Yamal!

34 Although I was told that everything looks better in winter because of white snow, and in the summer everything is gray. But the infrastructure does not disappear in the summer.

35 Not every district of Moscow has such garbage sites!

36 I have already shown unusual baby strollers, almost everyone here has them. One of the most vivid impressions in the village!

37 There are no hotels in Novy Port. The nearest one is in the neighboring village of Yar-Sale, but there is only by helicopter. The only way out for a traveler is to rent an apartment. There are few options, but there are. It costs about 2 thousand rubles per day per person.

38 Danil Kolosov and I settled in an empty “odnushka” with basic repairs. The owners left for the "mainland", but left the furniture and things. The room had two sofas, a TV and a crib. No one has ever hung curtains, although how do they fall asleep on a polar day? Daniel is a man of great soul. My camera broke on the trip, and he helped out by sharing photos. It would be a shame to fly so far and leave without photos. Thank you!

39 View from the window, almost like the sea, only on the tundra. And garages are like beach houses.

40 The neighboring high-rise building was celebrating a housewarming party. All home. A good half of the village lined up in front of the entrances. Even two television cameras arrived, a quadrocopter flew in the cold. Event!

41 Keys from apartments and key chains for intercoms. Why, if the entrances are not closed? 😃

42 The commissioning of new housing for Novoport residents is a holiday: there is still enough dilapidated stock, and those who got apartments in this house generally wandered around relatives for a year: they used to live in a hostel, but it burned down.

43 Almost all new construction is financed by Gazprom Neft, they are actively investing in the development of areas near the fields as part of the Native Towns program. This care has a completely understandable reason - social responsibility. The company extracts minerals, but does not forget about local residents improving their conditions.

44 Yamal cats are as frost resistant as people! They stood for half an hour in a twenty-degree frost, waiting for the keys. Not a drop of discontent on their faces, enjoy life, smile! No wonder they say that pets look like their owners.

45 New settlers for the first time step outside the threshold of their apartments.

46 It was not in vain that they brought the cat, he was the first to enter the apartment of his owners, and then he was asked to go through the dwellings of his neighbors.

47 Next time I will tell you about how the indigenous people of this region live and how they celebrate their professional holiday- the day of the reindeer herder. It's for him that I came here.

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Survival in the polar regions depends on proper clothing and shelter. If they meet the requirements environment, then with low temperatures, piercing winds, snow and ice can be dealt with in the same way as any other natural difficulties.

The north polar region is a frozen ocean, the North Arctic Ocean, and the south polar region, or Antarctica, is a land lying at an altitude of 3 - 4 km above sea level. This means that it is very cold and almost completely covered with ice, the thickness of which in some places reaches 3 km.

In the polar regions in winter, the sun can remain below the horizon for several months, so the only source of heat is the wind blowing from more low latitudes. In summer, the sun is low in the sky, warming a little, although above the Arctic Circle (66°33′ N) the sun is above the horizon 24 hours a day for several weeks. Only two species of flowering plants grow in Antarctica, and the animals of the polar regions feed almost entirely on what they get from the sea. In Antarctica, there are almost no animals that live on land, and in the Arctic lives polar bear. The birds come to the Arctic in the summer, but they actually live in the tundra. Seals can be found in both polar regions, and penguins are typical inhabitants of Antarctica.

Tundra animals

The tundra is a huge expanse in northern Asia and Canada, covered with vegetation, devoid of trees.

• Arctic hare. These animals spend the entire winter foraging.
• Canadian deer (caribou). It lives in northern Canada and migrates over long distances.
• Lemming. The most common small herbivore that lives in the tundra. Lemmings migrate, and many of them die trying to overcome water barriers.
• Musk ox. It does not migrate, spending the winter in the Arctic Circle.
• Reindeer. Eurasian variant of the Canada deer, migrates south every winter.

Predators

• Wolf. Hunts the Canadian deer, migrates.
• Ermine. It feeds on lemmings, and in accordance with this, their number varies.
• Fox. Another predatory animal common in the tundra, which, like an ermine, turns white in winter.

land animals

Usually polar bears are found near the coast, and they need to be treated with great care. You can approach them only with a good gun, because they are very dangerous animals.

In spring, seals can be seen lying on the ice near their holes. However, they are very sensitive and difficult to get close to. You will probably be able to kill the seal with a headshot before it slides into the water, because it will be very difficult to get it out of there.

Be careful not to sneak up on you polar bear, which may be attracted by the smell of the blood of a freshly killed seal.

Birds

• Goose. Widely distributed in the polar region, where in summer it breeds chicks.
• Tern. Arctic tern breeds in southern parts Arctic and spends the winter in the Antarctic.
• Merlin.
• Partridge. Lives in the Arctic all year round. Females dig shallow holes in the ground, where they lay 8-13 eggs.
• Swan. She also breeds chicks in the summer.
• Diving duck (including common eider). Dives to the very bottom in search of food.
• Polar owl. Hunts partridge and black grouse.
• Plover. Forages in shallow water.
• Grouse. Also remains in the Arctic.
• Gull. Often rests on the ground.
• Chistik. Dives on great depth and eats fish.

Taiga animals

Taiga is called northern forest, passing in the north into the tundra, and in the south into a deciduous forest and meadows. The taiga stretches from northeast Europe through Russia to Pacific Ocean and across North America from Alaska to Newfoundland. Most of Taiga is located north of the Arctic Circle, and although winters are as cold there as in the tundra, summers are still warmer.

• American Moose. The largest deer in the world. The Eurasian variant is elk.
• Squirrel. Remains active in winter
• Shrew. In winter, it remains active.
• Forest hedgehog. It lives in North America and winters there.
• Forest lemming. In winter it hibernates.
• Vole. Red-backed voles live in burrows and can climb trees well.

Predators

• Big stoat. Turns white in winter.
• The marten is real. These weasel-like carnivores also climb trees well.
• Weasel. The back is brown, the belly is cream or white. The fur of the weasel, which lives in the north, acquires a white color.
• Lynx. Night predator 80 - 100 cm long.

Birds

• Eurasian black grouse. The largest bird of the grouse family.
• Woodpeckers. The northern three-toed woodpecker lives in the northern subarctic hemisphere.

Plants

In the arctic and subarctic regions, smaller plants predominate than in the zone with temperate climate. Some of the large black lichens are edible and are called "lasallia populose". Lichens were used as food by hungry explorers.

There are several types of edible plants among the tundra plants. Eskimos eat bearberries either fresh or mixed with animal fat. Europeans eat cloudberries, blueberries and cranberries. Some mushrooms are also edible.

Keep an eye on where animals and especially birds feed as this will lead you to edible plants. Break off while walking edible plants that come your way, and gradually you will collect a sufficient amount of food.

• Ivan tea (fireweed). It grows in the forest, near streams and on the coast in the polar regions. Tall plant with pink flowers and narrow leaves. Leaves, stems and flowers are edible, especially in spring when they are still soft.
• Iceland moss. Grows exclusively in the Arctic open places. May be grey-green, white or brownish-red. All parts of the plant are edible, but they must be soaked in water and then boiled thoroughly.
• Marsh marigold. It grows in polar and subarctic regions in swamps, lakes and sometimes in streams. It has rounded dark green leaves on a short stem and yellow flowers. All parts of the plant are edible but must be cooked.
• Capsule, or yellow water lily. Grows in shallow, calm water. Yellow flowers turn into bottle-shaped fruits. All parts of the plant are edible. The seeds can be boiled and ground into flour. Roots can be boiled.
• Lasallia is popular. Found on rocks and boulders. The shape of the plant is round, with twisting edges. The top of the plant is usually black in color, Bottom part- lighter. All parts of the plant are edible, but if eaten raw, irritation may occur. Therefore, it must first be soaked for a long time, changing the water, and then thoroughly boiled; after that, for taste, it can be fried over an open fire, then it will be crispy.
• Bearberry (crowberry). Grows in the tundra North America and Eurasia. A low growing shrub with evergreen needle-like leaves. Small black berries can be eaten fresh or dried for future use.
• Northern willow. It grows in the tundra of North America, Europe and Asia. It has rounded leaves and yellow catkins. Contains a large number of vitamin C, you can eat the peeled pulp of young shoots and roots.
• Bearberry. It grows in arctic regions and in areas with a temperate climate. The plant is characterized by leaves thickened at the ends and white or pink flowers. Red berries can be eaten fresh, and tea can be brewed from the leaves.
• Reindeer moss. Grows in open dry places. The gray stems are hollow inside, the branches resemble deer antlers. All parts of the plant are edible and must be soaked for several hours before being boiled.

Travels

The decision to travel when you are in a difficult situation and you have to think about how to survive should be based on the likelihood of getting out of a dangerous situation and serve as an alternative to waiting for rescuers to be able to find you, especially if you are near a large object, such as a crashed aircraft.

Other factors are the weather and your physical state. You must not set out during a snow storm or in the knowledge of one; you need to be aware that you will need considerable strength and large quantity food and water. In addition, during the journey you will have to build shelters. When you have to move across thin ice, lie down and crawl so that your body weight is evenly distributed. The air in the Arctic is very transparent, which, just like in the desert, makes it difficult to accurately determine the distance. There is a danger that you will underestimate the distance, as objects appear closer than they really are. Set up camp early so you have time to build a shelter. If the snow is deep, use snowshoes. They can be made from willow.

You will need to determine your location in this moment, as well as the proposed route. The following may help you with this.

• Stars. In the Northern Hemisphere, north can be determined by the constellation Ursa Major, which points to the North Star, standing above north pole. AT southern hemisphere the direction to the south is indicated by the Southern Cross. Without a sextant and tables, you will not be able to calculate the latitude from the height above the horizon of the North Star.
• . If you know local time accurately, the shadow cast by an upright object perpendicular to the ground at noon will point north and south.
• Sky map. Clouds over non-snow ground or water will appear black, while clouds over snow or ice will appear white. Pack (the most powerful multi-year drifting sea ice that forms in the polar basins. Thickness up to 3-5 meters) ice and snowdrifts create a colorful picture of clouds.
• Birds. Seabirds usually fly out to sea in the morning and return to shore in the afternoon.
• Flora. The moss will be thickest on the north side of rocks or trees. Alder bark is lighter on the south side. There are more lichens on the south side.

Diseases that occur in cold climates

Dehydration

Layered clothing can cause profuse sweating and therefore dehydration.

Symptoms. Urine acquires a rich yellow color, a headache appears.

Treatment. Make sure that your water intake is sufficient and the balance is maintained. You should know that when your urine becomes clearer and your head stops hurting, it means that everything is in order with you and the cells of your body are filled with water. Stay hydrated because it will affect your ability to think and plan.

Preventive action. Drink the required amount of water daily and don't sweat too much. Clothing must be appropriate for the weather.

Hypothermia

This means that the body temperature is below normal.

Symptoms. Reduced resistance to cold, severe trembling, lethargy of movement and thinking.

Treatment. Restore normal body temperature as soon as possible. Place the torso in warm water (37.7 - 43.3 ° C). Care must be taken in this case, since immersion in warm water of the whole body can cause shock and cardiac arrest. In terms of survival, the victim is best placed in a sleeping bag with someone who has normal temperature. Ideally, if both of them are completely naked. Take action as soon as possible and, if the person is conscious, start giving them hot sugary liquid. After the victim's temperature has returned to normal, you should not immediately remove him from the heat source, because his temperature may again drop. Give him the opportunity to restore the heat in the body and, if necessary, continue to give him hot drinks.

Preventive action. Avoid prolonged exposure to the cold without food, hot drinks or other sources of heat and do not endanger yourself if you get wet and especially if you are in the wind.

If you fall into the water while in the polar region:

• Swim quickly and vigorously towards the shore;
• Roll in the snow, which will absorb some of the water;
• Run quickly to cover and warm up there as soon as possible;
• Before entering the shelter, shake off the snow;
• Dry your clothes, eat and drink a hot drink.

frostbite

Symptoms. This is severe damage to the skin and sometimes other tissues of the body through frostbite or the formation of ice crystals in tissue cells. This usually occurs when the temperature is below -12°C, but can also be at 0°C when the weather scaling factor is present or when the casualty gets wet. Since the cold has an anesthetic effect, the victim may not immediately notice frostbite. Frostbite usually occurs on the least protected parts of the body, namely the face, nose, ears, hands and feet. The first signs are a dull, whitish color of the skin, then the formation of blisters, the death of some skin cells and subcutaneous tissue.

Treatment

• Warm the affected area of ​​the skin and make sure that there is no frostbite again.
• Wrap the frostbitten hands in clothes and keep them pressed to the body.
• Put your frostbitten feet in your comrade's clothes.
• Do not pop the blisters, but powder them with an antiseptic.
• Cover the affected area with a surgical dressing or other clean cloth.
• Do not immerse the affected area in hot water and do not keep near the fire. Instead, use body heat.
• If a person experiences severe pain use morphine.
• Serious cases of frostbite with deep tissue damage should be treated by healthcare professionals.

Prevention measures

• Do not wear tight clothing that impedes circulation and increases the risk of frostbite.
• Avoid exposure to wind as much as possible.
• Do not leave the room in light clothing.
• Keep clothes dry.
• When in the cold, move your limbs and facial muscles.
• Do not touch cold metal with bare hands.
• Be especially careful if you are tired and have no energy.
• Be careful not to get gasoline on bare skin.

trench foot

Symptoms. Long-term exposure to cold and dampness can cause the feet to become numb, cold, white, and stiff. They will begin to swell and hurt when
walking. If you do not take action, then the situation will be serious, so dry your feet and shoes as soon as possible.

Treatment. Do not rub or massage your feet. Wash them with soap and water, pat dry and keep in an elevated position. If your feet hurt, don't walk. Put on dry socks; make sure you always have a spare pair of dry socks with you.

Preventive action. Keep your shoes dry and change your socks often.

snow blindness

It is caused by bright sunlight reflected by snow or amplified by ice crystals in clouds.

Symptoms. Increased sensitivity to bright light. Reddened and watery eyes. Increased redness of the eyes and feeling as if they had sand in them. Loss of vision, sharp pain in the eyes and a red veil before the eyes.

Treatment. Immediately apply a bandage over the eyes and place the victim in a dark room. A cool, damp bandage may help relieve pain. It will take time for the condition of the eyes to normalize.

Preventive action. wear Sunglasses. If they are not available, make yourself goggles from the bark of a tree by cutting slots in it. Rubbing charcoal on the skin around the eyes will help reduce the effects of bright sunlight on the eyes.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

This is especially dangerous in very cold climates because shelters tend to be small, with well-filled crevices and little ventilation. Carbon monoxide, which has neither color nor smell, is emitted by any fuel from any stove.

Symptoms. They are difficult to identify, especially when it happens to you, they include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and sometimes vomiting; the victim may also suddenly lose consciousness.

Treatment

• Take the victim to Fresh air or to a well-ventilated area and make sure he breathes deeply.
• If he is unconscious, apply artificial respiration; the place should be well ventilated.
• If possible, give him oxygen.
• When the victim comes to his senses, he needs to be given rest and drink warm drinks.
• The victim should not perform heavy work until full recovery.

Preventive action. Make sure that the shelters are well ventilated - they should have at least two ventilation holes. Do not forget that the flame should not be too high. Turn off all stoves and lamps before going to bed.

Looking for water

There is no shortage of water in the polar regions, but the amount of water obtained from snow and ice will depend on the amount of fuel needed to melt them. It is better to melt ice than snow because the volume of water will be greater. You should not sacrifice water consumption for fuel economy as this will lead to serious side effects. Limit the amount of water lost through perspiration by wearing lighter clothing when you work.

In summer, water can be taken from streams, lakes and ponds. In the tundra, water due to plants can have Brown color but it is drinkable. Although the water in the polar regions is comparatively less than in other regions of the world, you must purify the water for drinking and, if necessary, filter it.

In winter, water can be obtained more easily from lakes, from under snow and ice. Because the bottom surface of the ice follows the contours of the snow above it, you must dig where the snow is deepest and cut through the ice to find the least cold water.
When you heat the snow, melt it little by little and wait until it completely turns into water, and only then add the next batch of snow. Otherwise, the unmelted snow will absorb all the water, and the pot will burn.

Old sea ice produces better quality water than young sea ice, which still has salt in it. Old sea ice is more rounded and has a bluish tint.

Do not fill your flask completely with water - so that the water does not freeze again, it must overflow in the flask. Also, keep it close to your body.

Looking for food

In very cold weather, you should eat at least two hot meals a day and drink hot drinks several times. In the polar regions you will not find an abundance of food, although in summer months it is not difficult to catch fish and other inhabitants water element in coastal waters, in streams, rivers and lakes. In many places along the Arctic coast, you can easily find edible sea ​​shellfish, bivalve shells, snails, saucers, chitons, sea ​​urchins and king crabs. Don't eat dead shellfish. Avoid the small black and red clams found in the North Pacific - they are poisonous.

Do not eat fish that have sunken eyes, slimy gills, flabby skin and body, or bad odor. Don't eat any jellyfish. Kelp and other types of small algae are edible, although seaweed with long fibers and tendrils should be avoided.

Ice fishing

The thickness of the ice can be up to 4 m, so you need to find a suitable place to drill a hole, where the ice is not so thick that you cannot drill a hole, but thick enough to support your weight. You can hang the line from the end of a small stick with some kind of signal attached to it, such as a handkerchief or a piece of a map. Attach this stick to another one lying across the hole. When the fish grabs the hook, the flag will bounce. (More detailed information for fishing techniques, see the chapter "Setting traps, catching fish and edible wild plants".)

Personal clothing

You should have a top layer that does not allow wind and moisture to pass through - so that melting snow is not absorbed. Airtight fabric is considered ideal. Your clothing should also have an inner insulating layer.

Before traveling to areas with exceptionally cold climates, you should consult with an expert regarding clothing. Fortunately, there is now a wide range of new fabrics to choose from, including polypropylene for underwear and gore-tex for outerwear. Your jacket should have a thin hood that pulls over your head and a second fur-lined hood to keep your face warm from breathing.

If you don't have brand new clothes, then use wool as the inner layers, as it does not absorb moisture well. Do not wear tight or restrictive clothing, and keep it clean and dry. Untie your hat or remove your gloves, but don't let yourself sweat. If you sweat, your clothes will become damp, the insulation will break, and your body will lose heat.

If your socks and gloves become damp, you can dry them by tying them around your belly. Try to bring as many spare socks with you as possible. If possible, dry them over a fire in a shelter.

Waterproof canvas boots, known as Maklaks. Down you need to wear three pairs of socks, which should fit each other in size. If the clothes are or are caked, shake them out, because the air between the layers of the fabric acts as an insulator.

Before entering a shelter or other warm place Be sure to shake off the snow from your clothes. Do not climb into a sleeping bag in wet clothes. Leave a minimum of clothing on yourself, and hang the rest to ventilate and dry. Shake and dry before folding your sleeping bag.

Clothing rules:

• clothing must be clean;
• avoid overheating - ventilate the body;
• wear loose clothing to keep air circulating;
• clothing must be dry both inside and out.

Weather sharpness factor at 0°С air temperature

Shelter

First of all, you need to find a windy place. You can't be outdoors in the winter and survive if you don't move.

Shelter area

• In winter, do not build shelters at the foot of slopes and rocks from which snow can slide and you will find yourself buried in shelter.
• During the summer, don't camp in lowlands, as they can be damp, or in places that can be flooded.
• Choose a spot with a cool breeze that is free of insects.
• If you are on sea ​​ice, choose the place with the thickest ice and build a shelter on the largest ice floe. Beware of thin ice.
• Don't use an airplane or car as a cover unless you have good insulation, as the metal absorbs heat.
• The shelter must be well ventilated to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, especially if the fire is built inside the shelter.
• The shelter should be large enough to accommodate you, your comrades, and equipment, but not so large that it absorbs the heat from your bodies.
• Shelter should be compact and comfortable.

natural hiding places

Caves and overhanging rock outcroppings can serve as dry shelters. They should have good insulation in winter and be free of insects in summer.

A natural cover in deep snow, if you dig a hole around the base of the tree, is spruce, with the lower branches forming a canopy. Depending on how long you intend to stay in the shelter, or how well the lower branches provide cover, you can build a roof with cut branches and branches, being careful not to disturb the snow on the tree you are hiding under. Insulate the hole with branches.

Fallen tree cover

Remove snow from under the tree. If necessary, chop branches under the tree to cover the floor.

Snow Shelter

Hard snow, on which shallow traces of a person remain, can be considered an ideal material for construction. The size of the blocks cut from the snow should be as follows: 45 cm wide, 50 cm long and 8 - 10 cm thick. This will provide insulation and light in the shelter.

Trench in the snow

In the trench you can take shelter from the wind and snow. You can use snow blocks for roof and door.

Draw a rectangle on the snow. When cutting blocks out of the snow, dig a trench more than 1 m deep. Cut steps in an "L" shape, 15 cm deep and 15 cm wide, starting from the top edges and sides of the trench. Leaning the blocks against each other, build a roof, starting from the edge of the trench opposite the entrance. Make sure that one edge of the block comes over the other so that the next block falls into place and has support. Close each end with a block and dig a hole on one side, as in a hole. You can build a roof in another way - by placing blocks vertically along the edges of the trench and covering them across, horizontally, with blocks for the roof.

Igloo or snow slab house

Building an igloo requires some skill and experience. In addition, you will need a special knife for dense snow. Draw a circle in the snow with a diameter of 2.5-3 m, indicating the inner area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house. Cut the snow into about 12 slabs.

Lay the slabs in a circle, with the sides of each slab at an angle to the center of the igloo, with the top of the slabs sloping into the interior of the house. Steshite upper part plates of this row in such a way that a slope is obtained to form the first ring of the spiral. Build next row plates, sawing them in such a way that the rows of the spiral twist inward. When installing the last plate, make sure that the hole is not wide, but deep, so that the block passes through the hole and can be closed with it. When the house is ready, sprinkle it with fine snow so that it clogs any small cracks. Eskimos sometimes insert transparent pieces of ice instead of windows.

Cut out the needle inside underground entrance, two levels - for sleeping and cooking. At the sleeping level, you will need insulation. Position your sleeping bags so that your head is closer to the entrance. As a door, use a slab of snow; during the day, the door should
be open. Don't forget to make ventilation holes.

Eskimo igloo

Instead of glass, insert a transparent piece of ice or a piece of seal gut. Near the entrance, make a hinged door of sealskin so that it does not let the wind through. As a place to sleep, put a frame of willow branches and cover it with fur skins.

Shelter with pitched roof

You can support a crossbar between two trees or posts and fold down the branches and branches of the trees, leaving enough space inside so that you can lie there and store equipment. The roof can be covered with pieces of sod, which must be laid obliquely, like tiles. Build snow walls on the sides for extra insulation. Set up a fire near the shelter, behind which you will install something like a screen from logs or something else so that the heat goes into the shelter.

Shelter with a frame of willow branches

Such a shelter is constructed either from straight or curved branches. The frame can then be covered with parachute material or twigs, with turf or snow on top.

Shelter with molded domed roof

For the construction of this type of shelter, neither a lot of time nor great skill is required, as for the construction of an igloo. Make a large pile of twigs, branches and bark and cover with a poncho or other material and shovel snow on top, leaving a hole. When the snow hardens, remove the material and all branches. You will have a domed shelter. Cover the floor with freshly cut branches and make a shelter door in the same way, using small twigs, etc.

There should always be more than one vent in a shelter.
Well mark the entrance to the shelter.
The thickness of the roof of the shelter must be at least 30 cm.
Level the snow on the site well before building the shelter.
Keep shovels and others inside the cover in case you have to dig a way out.

Campfire

To build a fire, use whatever tools you have in your emergency kit, or a stove that you may be carrying with you. To build a fire, you will need to clear the site, find kindling and fuel.

Do not build a fire under a tree covered with snow, otherwise the fire may go out. The fire should be built on a solid platform made of freshly cut tree branches or stones. If this is not the case, you can dig a hole, at the bottom of which there will be solid earth. If you need to cook over a fire, build a structure to hang a pot on. If you need to heat the shelter, make a screen.

Fuel

Collect everything you find for the fire during the day. The best combustible material is dry wood, although birch logs and green branches also burn well. When there are no other trees, the Eskimos use evergreen heather as fuel. In addition, peat, manure and tufts of dry grass can be used as fuel.

Kindling a fire

Before you start lighting a fire, prepare everything in advance for this. If you have matches, take one to light a candle or a bunch of twigs to start a fire. When you manage to ignite the kindling, gradually add fuel, but do not put it too tightly. Fan the fire if necessary. For more information on how to make a fire, see the chapter Making a Fire, Making Tools and Weapons.

Literature: Survival technique in extreme conditions

A person can survive in any conditions, even in the harsh tundra. An equipped traveler is able to spend the winter in the north; it is more difficult for those who find themselves in extreme conditions unexpectedly, for example, after a plane crash. But even without special training possible to survive in the tundra.

You will need

• - knife;
• - matches;
• - warm clothes and footwear;
• - parachute;
• - ropes;
• - skis;
• - compass;
• - a flask for water.

Instruction

If your plane crashed in tundra, stay near the wreckage. From parts of the fuselage, build a shelter that will protect from the wind. If you decide to look for a settlement to report a disaster, take everything you need with you: a supply of clothes, parachutes, fresh water, knife, matches.

Select the direction of travel. Siberian rivers flow to the north, and people live mainly in the south, so go against the current. In winter, navigate by the stars, the North Star will point you to the north or make a compass from a magnetized needle.

Walk around in winter boots made from parachute straps so you don't sink into the snow as you walk. Do not go out on the river ice in spring and autumn, walk along the shore. In summer, use a pole to check the soil for unsteadiness: the soil of the tundra is swampy.

Change clothes regularly to dry, if possible, dry wet. The jacket and trousers should protect from wind and cold, wear warm clothes underneath, and sweat-absorbing underwear on the body. Prevention of colds will allow you to survive in tundra.

AT summer time take fresh water in ponds and rivers, but be sure to boil it. Use an empty tin as a container. In winter, melt ice or snowballs. To save fuel, put a piece of ice on a dark tarp and wait for the sun to melt it, collect the water in a prepared container.

For the night, make a shelter or find shelter among the rocks. Stick sticks into the ground or snow, pull the parachute dome over the top. Do not make the hut large, because you have to warm yourself in it with the help of breathing and body heat. Build a couch from branches and moss. In winter, make a more reliable and stable shelter from snow blocks and ice, you will need a knife to craft parts. In the summer, if you don't have a parachute, build a canopy with a wall that will protect you from the wind.

Build a fire in a place protected from the wind. To do this, surround the fire with stones or dig a hole in the snow. If the fire is going to be built in an ice hut, then make a hole in the top of the roof to let the smoke out. Light the fire with dry branches and moss. If you're lucky enough to come across coal seams, stock up on them and use them to keep the fire going.

In the famous song, the tundra was sung as an endless snowy wasteland, on which they move on deer. However, the nature of the tundra is incredibly diverse, its views are simply amazing, and with the help of watercolors you can convey its unique beauty.

You will need

• A sheet of paper, a simple pencil, watercolors, brushes.

Instruction

Consider the landscapes of the tundra - they can be incredibly diverse. Mountain tundra is otherwise called alpine meadows. arctic tundra very poor in vegetation - there are not even shrubs, only mosses and lichens. In the middle (typical) tundra, mosses mainly grow, but dwarf birches and creeping willows also appear. Of the animals in the tundra, reindeer, foxes, wolves, bighorn sheep. In addition, there are many reservoirs in the tundra.

After studying the features of the tundra, come up with a landscape that you would like to portray. For example, it can be the autumn tundra - an incredibly colorful picture. First sketch out the horizon line - depict a mountainous area in the background. With a few strokes outline the mountains. Now you can either draw the landscape with a simple pencil or immediately work with paints. It is very convenient to depict the tundra in watercolor. Light blue watercolor paint over the sky, typing on the brush more water. Leave white areas - clouds.

Type dark gray paint on a thin brush and mark the lines of the mountains with it. Paint the rest of the mountains in pale gray. Then, with bright colored spots, begin to paint over the flowers and yellowed leaves of shrubs. Color the moss and grass green. dark paint mark the lines of cobblestones.

Another beautiful landscape of the tundra is a meadow with reindeer grazing on it. Paint over the meadow with bright spots - here are greenery, and blood-red flowers, and yellowed grass, and gray lichens. Conditionally divide the meadow into two parts - upper and lower. Rinse the top a little with water. When the background dries, draw a deer - with a powerful croup and large, thick branched horns. tail reindeer white, as is the throat area. The body and legs are much more powerful than those of an ordinary forest deer. Deer can also be depicted on a white, snowy background, which is traditionally represented with the word "tundra".

Related article

A person is capable, whether it be taiga, desert or tundra. A trained person can spend quite a lot of time in such conditions. It is more difficult for those people who have fallen into such circumstances by accident and the new environment for them is emergency. Therefore, it is extremely important to be aware of the actions to be taken when faced with severe weather conditions.

Do not leave the scene of the accident

One thing is clear that no one goes for a walk on the tundra just like that. Most often, a person finds himself in such conditions as a result of an accident. Perhaps this is a breakdown of equipment or a crash, say, of an aircraft. So, in any case, you should not leave the accident site and try to somehow make your way through the snowy desert. From the wreckage or parts of equipment, you can build yourself a shelter, which will be extremely necessary in such conditions. It will help to hide from the wind and blizzard. If you still decide to go in search of locality or decide to return to your starting point, be sure to bring a supply of water, food, dry clothes, matches, and a knife.

Choose your direction of travel

Deciding to go hiking through the endless expanses of the tundra, you should know about some of the nuances. All Siberian rivers flow to the north, and people mainly settle in the south. Therefore, going in search of people and settlements, it is necessary to go against the flow of the river. AT winter time you need to navigate by the stars. The North Star will help you figure it out and always points north.

In winter, move on the wreckage of equipment

Try to find either something like slings, or try to break off the flat parts of the body of your vehicle. In winter, very large snowdrifts form in the tundra, so it is necessary to distribute the load on the snow evenly, similar to how skis distribute it. This will allow you not to fall through the snow and get bogged down in a snowdrift forever.

In no case do not go out on the ice in spring and autumn. At this time of the year, it is extremely unsafe and fragile. You can suddenly fail and at least wet your clothes and supplies. This will only aggravate the situation or even deprive you of a chance for salvation. In the summer, it is necessary to stock up on a long stick in advance. With it, you need to check the soil before stepping on it. Remember, the soil in the tundra is swampy, so you can easily fall into the bog trap.

Change clothes regularly

When planning a trip through the tundra, be sure to collect a supply of clothes. It is necessary to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics, such as cotton, wool, flannel. Outerwear must be waterproof. Your clothes should always be dry, so be sure to change them regularly. Wet clothes must be dried in the wind, making a halt. Outerwear, such as a jacket or trousers, should protect you primarily from the wind. Next, you need to wear something warm, and be sure to wear underwear that absorbs moisture well on your body. Thus, you protect yourself from infection colds that will only help you survive in the tundra.

Take care of your water supply

If, as a result of the accident, water reserves did not survive, then it is necessary to extract it in extreme conditions. In the summer, get water from fresh rivers and lakes. Just do not forget to boil it to destroy the microorganisms that live in it, so as not to get poisoned or infected with E. coli. In winter, you can melt snow or pieces of ice, and also boil the resulting water. To conserve supplies of matches or fuel, in case you managed to stock up on them, snow or ice can be placed on a dark tarp and wait until the bright sun melts it. Collect the resulting water in a pre-prepared container.

In the tundra, you will have at your disposal fish to be caught, or small animals and birds. True, they also need to be caught, having previously placed traps on them. In no case do not eat raw meat and fish, so as not to become infected with microorganisms. Caught prey must be stored suspended on tree branches or in a hole dug in advance.

Build an overnight stay

Remember that the temporary shelter should not be large, because it will have to warm itself with the help of breathing and the heat of your own body. Therefore, in winter, try to build it from snow or pieces of ice. You can use a knife for this. In the summer, try to make a canopy from tree branches, and use moss or branches as a mattress coniferous trees. The main task of your shelter is protection from the piercing wind, so try to build it so that one of the sides protects you reliably. Don't forget to light a fire. To do this, also choose a place protected from the wind. In winter, you can dig a hole in the snow, and in summer, respectively, in the ground.

Tundra- translated from local Sami dialects, means " Dead ground". Quite often I had to see TV shows on the topic survival in the tundra, where certain specialists in this field, having loaded a lot of equipment on themselves, go to survive. But what if, by the will of terrible circumstances, an inexperienced person finds himself imprisoned in the arms of a disastrous, forever frozen deserts? Let's say it crashes while flying, having survived the horrors of the fall. Anyone who values ​​their life even a little will thank God that they are alive, not realizing that the most difficult is yet to come.

How to survive in the tundra

It would be wise stay at the scene of the accident and wait for rescuers, to attempt get in touch. First of all, it is necessary find shelter which can be built from debris or whatever comes to hand, because if not shelter from the wind death will not be long in coming. Also at the crash site you can always find both food, and medicines.

In general, the tundra - not a place to walk, but if circumstances require, for example, to find nearest settlement, then you will have to thoroughly stock up what can be found and be prepared for the worst.

If possible, try to have a list of necessary things that will greatly help in overcoming the trouble.

• Knife. Required item survival in any conditions.
• Matches, lighter or flint. Everything that will help get fire.
• Warm clothes and shoes. It is not for nothing that the tundra is called dead land, but therefore, find as many clothes as you need to not to freeze on my way.
• Rope. Or everything that can be used as her.
• Compass. For a lost traveler or a survivor in the tundra, the compass is the best friend.
• Water tank.- A person can live only three days without water, therefore, make sure that what to pick it up.

Where to go to survive

If you still decide do not perish in the dead lands, you need to know how choose direction. As is known, people substantiated mainly on South and that's where you need to go. Please note that here Reki flow in the direction on North, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Better of course don't turn out in the tundra randomly, but if suddenly it happened - God help you.