First aid for biological damage. First aid sequence. in various emergency situations……………………….30

02.11.2019

Resuscitation (revival) - a series of measures aimed at restoring the life of the wounded (sick) with a sudden stop of breathing and heart. Signs of cardiac arrest:

Absence of a pulse in the carotid artery;

Loss of consciousness;

convulsions;

Pupil dilation without their reaction to light;

Loss of breath;

Change in skin color to pale or blue.

Resuscitation should be started as early as possible, as it is most successful when it is carried out within the first 5-6 minutes.

Resuscitation is to maintain breathing and circulation. It must be carried out in the following sequence:

Support breathing;

Support blood circulation.

To restore and maintain airway patency, lay the wounded on his back and perform a triple trick:

Tilt your head back, placing one hand on the wounded man's forehead on the border with the scalp, the other under the back of the head.

Push the lower jaw forward and upward, applying the efforts of the fingers to its corners at the base.

Open the mouth by placing the thumb on the front teeth of the lower jaw so that they are in front of the line of the teeth of the upper jaw.

For those injured in the jaw, use a breathing tube to restore airway patency.

If foreign bodies, blood, vomit get into the oral cavity, remove them with a finger wrapped in a bandage or handkerchief. The head of the wounded person should be turned to the side.

Breathing is maintained by mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose methods.

Method of artificial respiration "mouth to mouth":

Stand on the side of the wounded, pinch his nose with your fingers and take a breath;

Press your lips tightly against the lips of the wounded;

Forcefully exhale air into the respiratory tract of the wounded, watching his chest: it should expand;

After the end of the exhalation, raise your head, the exhalation of the wounded will occur passively.

Repeat artificial respiration with a frequency of 12-15 times per minute.

The method of artificial respiration "mouth to nose" differs only in that the lips are tightly wrapped around the nose of the wounded person, while the lower jaw of the victim is pressed against the upper jaw with the hand so that his mouth is closed.

If possible, artificial respiration should be carried out using a breathing tube.

Maintaining blood circulation is carried out by heart massage.

For this:

Lay the wounded back on the ground;

Stand on the side of him, put your hands on the lower third of the sternum strictly along the midline at a point located 2 transverse fingers above the lower end of the sternum.

At the same time, put your hands in such a way that pressure on the sternum is made only with the palmar surface of the hand, fingers should not touch the surface of the chest. Place the palm of the second hand on the rear of the first to increase pressure. To exercise pressure on the chest with a push with the arms straightened at the elbow joints. Give shocks with a purity of 60-80 per minute with such an effort that the sternum is displaced to the spine by 4-5 cm.

Method of resuscitation by one person:

Put the wounded on his back;

Restore airway patency;

Make three blows of air into the respiratory tract;

Check for the presence of a pulse on the carotid artery, which is palpable on the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea;

In the absence of a pulse, start a heart massage and artificial respiration, alternating 15 massage shocks with two breaths.

When resuscitation is carried out together, one person provides airway patency and artificial respiration, and the second performs a heart massage, while doing 5 shocks per air injection.

The effectiveness of resuscitation is evaluated according to the following criteria:

The appearance of a pulse on the carotid artery;

Constriction of the pupils;

Normalization of skin color;

Restoration of spontaneous breathing;

Recovery of consciousness.

After restoration of spontaneous breathing and blood circulation, but in the absence of consciousness, the wounded person is given a lateral stabilized position.

In this case, the victim is placed on the right or left side, depending on the nature of the injuries he has. The lower leg is maximally flexed at the knee and hip joints. The second leg is straightened and placed on top of the bent one. The underlying arm is shifted behind the back, and the other is bent at the elbow joint and brought to the face, fixing the victim's head with it in a state of maximum tilting. In this position, carry out the evacuation of the wounded. If resuscitation is ineffective, it is stopped after 30 minutes.

^ 31.9 Features of first aid in case of injury

nuclear, chemical and biological weapons

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy must take a radioprotective drug and an antiemetic before entering the lesion site. To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of a filtering and insulating type are used.

The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: "Who is here?", listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then passages are arranged for the removal (exit) of people using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes: extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding; the imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken from the individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), a radioprotective agent is taken.

Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from exposed areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

In the contamination zone, radioactive dust is shaken off or swept away with the help of improvised means from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.

Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

^ First aid for chemical weapons . Chemical weapons are based on toxic chemicals. The high toxicity and rapidity of their action necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

Filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and means for protecting the skin of the insulating type. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-11. Before entering the zone of chemical contamination with nerve agents, personnel must take a prophylactic antidote in advance.

First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage and preventing the development of severe lesions.

The main task of providing first aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is to stop the further flow of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat , as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If toxic chemicals come into contact with unprotected facial skin, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with the IPP-11 degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.

Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food ("tubeless" gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of toxic chemicals from clothes.

When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible.

To put on a gas mask, a person affected by toxic chemicals must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap down, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying the wounded, struck down, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask, valve box, filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.

A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

An antidote is used to provide first aid to those affected by toxic nerve chemicals. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

To administer the antidote from the syringe tube, hold it in one hand, take the ribbed rim with the other and, turning it, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the tube membrane is pierced with the inner end of the needle. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the anterior surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (it is possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote: crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask.

In case of damage by irritating toxic chemicals, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, pain behind the sternum, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the helmet-mask behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

Partial sanitization in case of infection with chemical weapons consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-11).

When contaminated with toxic chemicals, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of IPP-11. For these purposes, in accordance with the instructions, the shell of the IPP-11 package is opened.

To prevent desorption (evaporation) of toxic chemicals from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

The degassing powder bag consists of a plastic bag-brush with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packaging bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the package with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent the recipe from spilling out, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

To process uniforms, it is necessary: by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed agent with a brush.

The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

^ Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burns, by being bitten by infected insects, and by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

The direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency preventive measures available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

^ 31.10 First aid for burns, frostbite,

electric shock, drowning and poisoning

First aid for burns . A burn is damage to body tissue caused by heat (thermal burn) or chemicals (chemical burn).

The severity of the burn is determined by the depth and size of the damaged body surface: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the larger the burnt surface, the more severe the burn.

Burns from napalm and other incendiary mixtures are characterized by particular severity. The burning fire mixture easily sticks to the body and objects, practically does not spread over the surface, burns slowly, causing deep thermal burns. Often these burns are accompanied by severe carbon monoxide poisoning, which is formed during the incomplete combustion of the hot mixture.

When providing first aid for burns, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off burning clothes from him or wrap him up in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material. The fire can be extinguished with water, and in winter with snow, throwing them at burning clothes or, if possible, rolling in the snow and burrowing into it.

Put a bandage on the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after removing burnt clothes from the victim.

If clothing is stuck to the burned area of the body, it must not be torn off. The bandage in this case is applied over the adhering clothes. It is impossible to open the bubbles formed on the burnt place. With significant burns of the limbs and trunk, it is necessary to create a good immobilization of the burnt areas.

The burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic agent from the individual first aid kit (AI). If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly, provided with plenty of fluids and sent to the nearest medical center.

The occurrence of frostbite largely depends not only on the duration of the cold, but also on exposure to moist air, cold wind, excessive sweating of the legs, wearing wet clothes and shoes, prolonged exposure to cold water, blood loss, forced immobility, etc. frostbite can occur when touching metal parts, appliances, weapons and tools with bare hands.

If there are no blisters on the skin during frostbite, you should rub the frostbitten areas of the body well with your hand or a soft cloth. When rubbing snow should not be used, as this can damage the skin and introduce an infection. Simultaneously with rubbing, it is necessary to force the victim to make active movements with his fingers, hand, foot. Rubbing is continued until visible redness of the frostbitten skin area. If necessary, apply a sterile dressing. Recovery occurs in 5-7 days.

If blisters appear on the skin of frostbitten areas of the body, it is necessary to apply a bandage and send the victim to a medical center. To reduce pain during transportation, an analgesic agent from the individual first-aid kit (AIM-3) is introduced, splints made of improvised material are applied to frostbitten limbs.

General freezing is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature. Lethargy appears, speech and movements slow down. In this state, people tend to fall asleep and lose consciousness. Due to the continued decrease in body temperature, respiration and cardiac activity first weaken, and then stop. There comes the so-called clinical death. To save the victim, you should immediately take him to a warm room and take all measures to warm him up. In the absence of breathing and cardiac activity, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.

With mild electric shock, fainting occurs. Cardiac lesions are accompanied by general convulsions, loss of consciousness and a sharp weakening of breathing and cardiac activity.

^ First aid for electrical injury consists in the urgent release of the victim from the action of electric current: it is necessary to turn off the switch (switches) or, standing on a dry wooden board, a bundle of dry clothes, a piece of glass or rubber, chop the conductor with an ax, a sapper shovel with a dry wooden handle, or discard the conductor with a dry stick, or drag the victim away with hands wrapped in a piece of cloth (overalls, overcoat, etc.). After that, start artificial respiration (“mouth to mouth”) and indirect manual heart massage and carry out these activities until spontaneous breathing appears.

^ First aid for drowning. Immediately after removing the victim from the water, they immediately begin to free the airways from water and foreign objects (sand, vegetation, etc.). To do this, the caregiver puts the victim on his thigh with his knee bent so that his head and torso hang down, and presses his hand on his back until water continues to flow out. The release of the oral cavity from silt, sand, grass is carried out with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief (any fabric), after the convulsively clenched jaws are separated by some object and a wedge is inserted between them (a piece of wood, rubber, a handkerchief knot, etc. . P.). In order to avoid falling of the tongue, which can close the entrance to the larynx, it is pulled out of the mouth and held with a loop made of a bandage, a handkerchief, etc. To save time, the listed activities must be done simultaneously. After that, they begin to carry out artificial respiration ("mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose"). If the victim does not have a heartbeat, an external closed heart massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

^ Antifreeze poisoning. In appearance, taste and smell, antifreeze resembles an alcoholic beverage. 50-100 g of drunk antifreeze cause fatal poisoning. After antifreeze is ingested, signs of typical alcohol intoxication are observed, after which excitement or (more often) depression, drowsiness, lethargy, cyanosis of the skin, cold extremities, numbness of the fingers, coordination disorder, thirst, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of consciousness. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs within 5-6 hours.

First aid consists in freeing the victim's stomach from antifreeze by inducing vomiting by irritating one or two fingers of the pharyngeal mucosa. You can first give the victim to drink 4-5 glasses of water before this. When fainting, it is necessary to inhale ammonia. After providing first aid, the victim must be taken to the nearest medical center.

^ Poisoning with methyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol, methanol) is part of some antifreezes and is widely used as a solvent. Most cases of poisoning are associated with erroneous ingestion. When ingested, 7-10 g causes poisoning, and 50-100 g - death. Signs of poisoning do not develop immediately, but after 1-2 hours or even after 2 days. Initially, there is a state resembling alcohol intoxication, followed by a period of imaginary well-being for several hours. After that, there are general malaise, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, complaints of visual impairment (fog, darkening in the eyes), which, progressing, invariably leads to significant loss of vision or complete blindness.

When providing first aid, it is necessary, first of all, to induce vomiting (washing should be done repeatedly immediately after poisoning and subsequently during the day). If necessary, perform artificial respiration. After providing first aid, immediately take the victim to the medical center.

^ Leaded gasoline poisoning. Leaded gasoline has the ability to be easily absorbed even through intact skin, accumulating in the body.

The symptoms that develop in acute poisoning are associated with impaired activity of the nervous system. In the affected, there are signs of mental disorders, aggressiveness, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations, gastrointestinal disorders, a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the mouth (hair, wires, etc.). In chronic poisoning, patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbance, sweating, fatigue, loss of appetite.

When providing first aid, leaded gasoline that has come into contact with the skin must be removed with a rag (if possible, moistened with kerosene), and then washed with soap and water. If a significant part of the body is flooded with gasoline, clothing should be removed immediately. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, rinse them with clean water or 2% soda solution. If leaded gasoline is swallowed, it is necessary to repeatedly induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water.

^ Dichloroethane poisoning. Dichloroethane is used as a solvent. Penetrates the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and through damaged skin. When ingested, dizziness, sweating, vomiting with an admixture of bile, cyanosis of the skin, blackout of consciousness appear after 5-10 minutes.

First aid should be provided as quickly as possible. In order to remove dichloroethane from the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water. In case of fainting and respiratory failure, give ammonia to sniff.

^ Carbon monoxide poisoning (carbon monoxide), which is formed during the incomplete combustion of various substances. There is especially a lot of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in powder gases. Carbon monoxide has no color, no smell, no taste, therefore it is especially dangerous, since poisoning occurs imperceptibly. The victim develops a throbbing headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, tinnitus. In more severe cases, there is a sharp muscle weakness, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

First aid: in mild cases of poisoning, remove or take the victim to clean air. If this cannot be done, then open hatches, doors, windows or put on a gas mask with a hopkalite cartridge. In more severe forms of poisoning, in case of respiratory arrest, artificial respiration is immediately started. To excite breathing, it is necessary to inhale ammonia from a crushed ampoule. After the restoration of breathing, the victim should be taken to the medical center.

^ Extraction of the wounded from special vehicles. The wounded person is removed from a special vehicle by 2-3 people equipped with standard equipment (special straps, sanitary straps available in the supply) or improvised means (ropes, waist belts, etc.). Usually, a sanitary instructor (orderly) and members of the calculation participate in the extraction, if their state of health allows.

Due to the limited space in the special vehicle, care for the wounded, as a rule, should be provided after removing them from the special vehicle, except in cases where immediate assistance is required (life-threatening bleeding, extinguishing burning clothes, etc.).

When removing the wounded, one person descends into a special vehicle, provides first aid there, if necessary, and puts sanitary straps on the wounded person (Figure 31.11) or a special strap (Figure 31.12). Depending on the conditions, the strap can be applied in several ways.

Figure 31.9 - Special strap:

1 - the strap itself; 2 - steel carabiner; 3 - five-wall buckle; 4 - metal ring; 5 - metal buckle; 6 - tarpaulin patch strip.

Figure 31.8 - Sanitary strap

In the absence of a strap or improvised means, the wounded man is removed manually. If one of the members of the calculation is wounded, then his comrades raise the wounded and serve through the hatch (door). Comrades, who are near the hatch (door) outside, pick up the wounded man and carefully remove him from the car.

^ 31.11 Guidelines for conducting

military medical training

Scheduled military medical training classes are conducted by the unit's doctor (paramedic). Training on practicing first aid techniques - by squad (platoon) commanders under the supervision of medical workers.

The main attention in the classroom is drawn to the assimilation of practical skills by military personnel. The theoretical material should be presented only to the extent necessary for the conscious implementation of practical techniques.

As a result of the training, each serviceman must confidently master the techniques of stopping bleeding, immobilization, bandaging, artificial respiration and indirect manual heart massage.

It is advisable to practice techniques in the classroom in the following sequence: showing the technique by the head, performing the technique by the trainees by elements, training in performing the technique at the time established by the standards. It is recommended to allocate 20-30% of the study time to the demonstration of the reception, 40-50% to the execution and 20-30% to the training. For a better assimilation of practical techniques, it is advisable to divide the unit into groups in which some soldiers alternately designate the wounded, while others work out the technique. It is possible to proceed to the development of the next technique only after mastering the previous one.

FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR AFFECTED NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR AFFECTED NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Rubric (thematic category)	Warfare

Chapter Eight

119. First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the unit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

120. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy 30-40 minutes before entering the lesion site must take a radioprotective drug (cystamine) and an antiemetic (etaperazine). To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of a filtering and insulating type are used.

121. The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

122. When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, it is extremely important to ask loudly: ʼʼWho is here?ʼʼ, listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then passageways are arranged using windows, balconies, and openings in the walls of buildings to carry out (output) people. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

123. Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes:

extraction of victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding; the imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

124. You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

125. To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken - etaperazine (one tablet) from an individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), the radioprotective agent cystamine is taken.

126. Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

127. In the area of infection, radioactive dust is shaken off or swept away with the help of improvised means from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.

128. Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

129. The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

130. First aid in case of defeat by chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are based on poisonous substances (0V). The 0V currently in service with many armies can be divided into groups of toxic agents of the nerve agent (sarin, soman, substances of the Vi-X type), blistering (mustard gas, lewisite), asphyxiating (phosgene, diphosgene), general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives - cyanides), irritating (chloroacetophenone, substances C-Es and C-Ar), psychochemical (substance B-Z) action. The high toxicity and rapid action of modern 0V make it extremely important to use personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes) in a timely manner.

131. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the unit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

132. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against damaging effects 0V must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and skin protection products of an insulating type. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-10. Before entering the focus of chemical damage of nerve-paralytic 0V, personnel must take a prophylactic antidote ʼʼdrug P-10Mʼʼ in advance (taken 1 tablet 30-60 minutes before entering the infection zone, protective action time - 16-20 hours).

133. First aid in case of injury by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of 0V injury and preventing the development of severe lesions.

134. The main task in providing first aid to the affected 0V is to stop the further ingress of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not have them on, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if it is extremely important, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with protective raincoat, as well as the immediate application of antidotes (antidotes). If 0V gets on the unprotected skin of the face, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after treatment

skin with IPP degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

Rice. 8.1. Preparation for putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious

Rice. 8.2. Putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious

135. In the contaminated area, first aid includes:

putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; fastest way out behind hearth limits.

136. Outside the zone of infection: re-introduction of antidotes (if extremely important); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (ʼʼprobelessʼʼ gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate desorption of 0V from clothes.

137. When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible, to restore airway patency.

138. It is worth saying that in order to put on a gas mask for the affected 0B, it is extremely important: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap lowered, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds, if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying down the wounded, struck, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

139. The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask of the valve box, the filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, they check the integrity of the glasses, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box.

140. A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The helper puts the injured person between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected area, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

141. To provide first aid to those affected by the 0V nerve agent, the antidote of Athens is used. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (constriction of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

142. Athens is contained in an individual first aid kit (AI) and a military medical bag (SMV) in a syringe tube with a red cap. A single-use syringe tube contains 1 ml of an antidote solution, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in 1 ml increments, and if it is extremely important, it is re-introduced at the same dose.

143. To administer an antidote from a syringe tube, hold it in one hand, take the ribbed rim with the other and, rotating, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the inner end of the needle pierces the membrane of the tube. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the anterior surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (it is possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

144. In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is extremely important to introduce an inhalation antidote (amyl nitrite): crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask; or intramuscularly inject 1 ml of a 20% anticyan solution.

145. When struck by irritating 0V, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, pain behind the sternum, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the gas mask helmet behind the ear and inhale until the pain subsides.

146. Partial sanitization in case of infection with 0B consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), adjacent uniforms (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-10).

147. When infected with 0V partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of the PPI. For this purpose, the shell of the IPP-8 package is opened, the tampon is removed, the bottle cap is unscrewed, the tampon is abundantly moistened with degassing liquid, the skin and the inner surface of the front part of the gas mask are wiped and put on the victim. To prevent the liquid from getting into the eyes, the skin in this area is wiped with a dry swab. After treating the exposed areas of the skin with the same swab, additionally moistened with liquid from the bag, the cuffs and edges of the collar adjacent to the skin are treated. IPP-10 is opened by turning the lid and pressing it, the recipe (10-15 ml) is poured into the palm of the right hand.

148. Before dressing wounds located on open areas of the body, the skin around the wounds is also treated with PPI fluid.

149. To prevent desorption (evaporation) of 0V from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

150. The degassing powder bag consists of a plastic bag-brush with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packaging bag with a reminder. To use it, it is extremely important to open the packaging with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, fold the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, secure the bag in the palm of your hand, brush up, using a rubber band.

151. Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

152. To process uniforms, it is necessary: by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed 0V with a brush.

Rice. 8.3. Powder degassing package

Rice. 8.4. Silica gel degassing bag

153. The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

154. Prevention of injuries to personnel biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burns, by being bitten by infected insects, and by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

155. Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

156 . The direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency preventive measures available in individual first-aid kits.

157 . Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR AFFECTED NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR AFFECTED NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS" 2017, 2018.

Chapter Eight

119. First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

122. When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, it is necessary to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then passages are arranged for the removal (exit) of people using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

123. Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes:

130. First aid in case of defeat by chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are based on poisonous substances (0V). The 0V currently in service with many armies can be divided into groups of toxic agents of the nerve agent (sarin, soman, substances of the Vi-X type), blistering (mustard gas, lewisite), asphyxiating (phosgene, diphosgene), general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives - cyanides), irritating (chloroacetophenone, substances C-Es and C-Ar), psychochemical (substance B-Z) action. The high toxicity and rapid action of modern 0V necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

131. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

132. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against damaging effects 0V must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and skin protection products of an insulating type. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-10. Before entering the focus of chemical damage of nerve-paralytic 0V, the personnel must take the prophylactic antidote "drug P-10M" in advance (taken 1 tablet 30-60 minutes before entering the infection zone, the protective action time is 16-20 hours).

133. First aid in case of injury by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of 0V injury and preventing the development of severe lesions.

134. The main task in providing first aid to the affected 0V is to stop the further flow of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat, as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If 0V gets on the unprotected skin of the face, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after treatment

First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). This work is carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.
The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy must take a radioprotective drug and an antiemetic before entering the lesion site. To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of filtering and insulating types are used.
The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by bypassing (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.
When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, it is necessary to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then for the removal (exit) of people arrange passages using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.
Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes: extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding; the imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.
You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.
To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken from the individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), a radioprotective agent is taken.
Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.
In the contamination zone, radioactive dust is shaken off or swept away with the help of improvised means from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.
Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, the victim should be allowed to rinse the mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.
The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

First aid in the event of a chemical attack. Chemical weapons are based on poisonous substances. The high toxicity and rapidity of their action necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and personal medical protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).
In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against the damaging effects of chemical weapons must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating type skin protection products. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with a liquid from a package of individual anti-chemical IPP-11. Before entering the focus of chemical damage by nerve agents, the personnel must take a prophylactic antidote in advance.
First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage and preventing the development of severe lesions.
The main task of providing first aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is to stop the further flow of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat , as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If poisonous substances get on the unprotected skin of the face, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with the degassing liquid of the IPP-11 package. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).
In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.
Outside the infection zone, first aid includes: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (tubeless gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing of uniforms, equipment and footwear using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1) to eliminate the desorption of toxic substances from clothing.
When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible.
To put on a gas mask, a person affected by poisonous substances must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap lowered, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.
A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after putting the wounded, struck down, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.
The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask, valve box, filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.
A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.
An antidote is used to provide first aid to those affected by nerve agents. It is administered by an orderly in such cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupils, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).
In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote: crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask.
In case of damage by irritating substances, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, chest pain, nausea, you need to put one or two ficilin ampoules crushed in a gauze case under the helmet-mask behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.
Partial sanitization in case of infection with a chemical weapon consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of the IPP-11 package.
In case of infection with toxic substances, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of the IPP-11 package. For these purposes, in accordance with the instructions, the shell of the IPP-11 package is opened.
To prevent desorption (evaporation) of toxic substances from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).
The degassing powder bag consists of a plastic bag-brush with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packaging bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the package with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, fix the bag in the palm of your hand with the brush upwards using a rubber band.
Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.
To process uniforms, it is necessary: by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed: not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed poisonous substance with a brush.
The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, drinking contaminated water and food, microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, being bitten by infected insects, as well as by contact with sick people, animals, contaminated objects, and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.
Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.
Direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological agents by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylactic equipment available in individual first-aid kits.
Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons, military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to contact the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, it is necessary to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then passages are arranged for the removal (exit) of people using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

First aid in the event of a chemical attack. Chemical weapons are based on toxic chemicals. The high toxicity and rapidity of their action necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage and preventing the development of severe lesions.

In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.

Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of toxic chemicals from clothes.

Powder degassing package consists of a perforated plastic brush bag, two polydegassing powder formulation packs, a rubber band and a packing bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the package with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent the recipe from spilling out, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burns, by being bitten by infected insects, and by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

FIRST AID FOR BURNS, Frostbite,
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DROWNING AND POISONING

First aid for burns. Burn damage to body tissue caused by heat (thermal burns) or chemicals (chemical burns) is called tissue damage.

The severity of the burn is determined by the depth and size of the damaged body surface: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the larger the burnt surface, the more severe the burn (Fig. 98).

Rice. 98. Classification of burns by severity

When providing first aid for burns, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off burning clothes from him or wrap him up in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material. The fire can be extinguished with water, and in winter with snow, throwing them on burning clothes or, if possible, rolling in the snow and burrowing into it.

Put a bandage on the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after removing burnt clothes from the victim. If clothing is stuck to the burned area of the body, it must not be torn off. The bandage in this case is applied over the adhering clothes. It is impossible to open the bubbles formed on the burnt place. With significant burns of the limbs and trunk, it is necessary to create a good immobilization of the burnt areas.

emergence frostbite largely depends not only on the duration of the cold, but also on exposure to moist air, cold wind, excessive sweating of the legs, wearing wet clothes and shoes, prolonged exposure to cold water, blood loss, forced immobility, etc. At low temperatures Frostbite can occur when touching metal parts, appliances, weapons and tools with bare hands.

If blisters appear on the skin of frostbitten areas of the body, it is necessary to apply a bandage and send the victim to a medical center. To reduce pain during transportation, an analgesic agent is introduced from an individual first-aid kit, splints from improvised material are applied to frostbitten limbs.

With lungs electric shock fainting occurs. Moderate lesions are accompanied by general convulsions, loss of consciousness and a sharp weakening of breathing and cardiac activity.

First aid for electrical injury consists in the urgent release of the victim from the action of electric current: it is necessary to turn off the switch (switches) or, standing on a dry wooden board, a bundle of dry clothes, a piece of glass or rubber, chop the conductor with an ax, a sapper shovel with a dry wooden handle, or discard the conductor with a dry stick, or drag the victim away with hands wrapped in a piece of cloth (overalls, overcoat, etc.). After that, start artificial respiration (“mouth to mouth”) and indirect manual heart massage and carry out these activities until spontaneous breathing appears.

First aid for drowning. Immediately after removing the victim from the water, they immediately begin to free the airways from water and foreign objects (sand, vegetation, etc.). To do this, the caregiver puts the victim on his thigh with his knee bent so that his head and torso hang down, and presses his hand on his back until water continues to flow out. The release of the oral cavity from silt, sand, grass is carried out with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief (any fabric), after the convulsively clenched jaws are separated by some object and a wedge is inserted between them (a piece of wood, rubber, a handkerchief knot, etc. . P.). In order to avoid falling of the tongue, which can close the entrance to the larynx, it is pulled out of the mouth and held with a loop made of a bandage, a handkerchief, etc. To save time, the listed activities must be done simultaneously. After that, they begin to carry out artificial respiration ("mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose"). If the victim does not have a heartbeat, an external closed heart massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

Antifreeze poisoning. In appearance, taste and smell, antifreeze resembles an alcoholic beverage. 50-100 g of drunk antifreeze cause fatal poisoning. After antifreeze is ingested, signs of typical alcohol intoxication are observed, after which excitement or (more often) depression, drowsiness, lethargy, cyanosis of the skin, cold extremities, numbness of the fingers, coordination disorder, thirst, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of consciousness. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs within 5-6 hours.

Methyl alcohol poisoning. Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol, methanol) is part of some antifreezes and is widely used as a solvent. Most cases of poisoning are associated with erroneous ingestion. When ingested, 7-10 g causes poisoning, and 50-100 g - death. Signs of poisoning do not develop immediately, but after 1-2 hours or even after 2 days. Initially, there is a state resembling alcohol intoxication, followed by a period of imaginary well-being for several hours. After that, there are general malaise, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, complaints of visual impairment (fog, darkening in the eyes), which, progressing, invariably leads to significant loss of vision or complete blindness.

Leaded gasoline poisoning. Leaded gasoline has the ability to be easily absorbed even through intact skin, accumulating in the body. The symptoms that develop in acute poisoning are associated with impaired activity of the nervous system. In the affected, there are signs of mental disorders, aggressiveness, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations, gastrointestinal disorders, a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the mouth (hair, wires, etc.). In chronic poisoning, patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbance, sweating, fatigue, loss of appetite.

Dichloroethane poisoning. Dichloroethane is used as a solvent. It enters the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and through damaged skin. When ingested, dizziness, sweating, vomiting with an admixture of bile, cyanosis of the skin, blackout of consciousness appear after 5-10 minutes. First aid should be provided as quickly as possible. In order to remove dichloroethane from the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water. In case of fainting and respiratory failure, give ammonia to sniff.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) poisoning which is formed during the incomplete combustion of various substances. There is especially a lot of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in powder gases. Carbon monoxide has no color, no smell, no taste, therefore it is especially dangerous, since poisoning occurs imperceptibly. The victim develops a throbbing headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, tinnitus. In more severe cases, there is a sharp muscle weakness, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

First aid for biological damage. First aid sequence. in various emergency situations……………………….30

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