abstract

Galicia-Volyn principality

Introduction 3

1. Galicia-Volyn principality 4

2. Social order 5

3. State system 6

4. Political history Galicia-Volyn principality 7

Conclusion 12

References 14

Introduction

The Galicia-Volyn Principality was originally divided into two principalities - Galicia and Volyn. They were subsequently merged. Galician land is modern Moldova and Northern Bukovina.

In the south, the border reached the Black Sea and the Danube. In the west, the Galician land bordered on Hungary, which was located beyond the Carpathians. Rusyns lived in the Carpathians - Chervonnaya Rus. In the north-west, the Galician land bordered on Poland, and in the north - on Volhynia. Galician land in the east adjoined the Kyiv principality. Volyn occupied the region of the Upper Pripyat and its right tributaries. Volyn land bordered on Poland, Lithuania, Turovo-Pinsk principality and Galicia.

Both Galician and Volhynian lands were rich and densely populated. The soil was rich black soil. Therefore, agriculture has always flourished here. In addition, there were salt mines in Galicia. Table salt was also exported to Russian principalities and abroad.

Various crafts were well developed on the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality. At that time there were about 80 cities on these lands. The main ones were Vladimir, Lutsk, Buzhsk, Cherven, Belz, Pinsk, Berestye in Volyn and Galich, Przemysl, Zvenigorod, Terebovl, Holm in Galicia. The capital of the Volyn land was the city of Vladimir.

The Galicia-Volyn principality traded with Byzantium, the Danubian countries, Crimea, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, and also with other countries. There was an active trade with other Russian principalities.

Merchants from different countries lived in the cities of the principality. They were Germans, Surozhians, Bulgarians, Jews, Armenians, Russians. The Galician land was the most developed in Ancient Russia. Large landowners appeared here earlier than princes.

1. Galicia-Volyn principality

The southwestern Russian principalities - Vladimir-Volyn and Galicia - became part of Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century, but the policy of the great Kyiv princes did not receive recognition from the local land nobility, and already from the end of the 11th century. the struggle for their isolation begins, despite the fact that Volhynia did not have its own princely dynasty and was traditionally associated with Kyiv, which sent its governors.

The separation of the Galician principality was outlined in the second half of the 11th century, and its heyday fell on the reign of Yaroslav Osmomysl (gg.), who desperately fought against enemies - the Hungarians, Poles and his own boyars. In 1199, Vladimir-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich conquered Galician Principality and united the Galician and Volyn lands into a single Galicia-Volyn principality with a center in Galicia, and then in Lvov. In the XIV century. Galicia was captured by Poland, and Volhynia by Lithuania. In the middle of the XVI century. Galician and Volyn lands became part of the multinational Polish-Lithuanian state - the Commonwealth.

2. Social order

A feature of the social structure of the Galicia-Volyn principality was that a large group of boyars was formed there, in the hands of which almost all land holdings. The most important role was played by "Galician men" - large patrimonials, who already in the XII century. oppose any attempts to limit their rights in favor of princely power and growing cities.

The other group consisted of service feudal lords. The sources of their land holdings were princely grants, boyar lands confiscated and redistributed by the princes, as well as seized communal lands. In the vast majority of cases, they held the land conditionally while they served. Serving feudal lords supplied the prince with an army consisting of peasants dependent on them. It was the support of the Galician princes in the fight against the boyars.

The large church nobility, bishops, abbots of monasteries, who owned vast lands and peasants, also belonged to the feudal elite. The church and monasteries acquired land holdings at the expense of grants and donations from the princes. Often they, like princes and boyars, seized communal lands, turning the peasants into monastic and church feudal-dependent people. The bulk of the rural population in the Galicia-Volyn principality were peasants (smerdy). The growth of large landownership and the formation of a class of feudal lords were accompanied by the establishment of feudal dependence and the appearance of feudal rent. Such a category as serfs has almost disappeared. Serfdom merged with the peasants who were sitting on the ground.

In the Galicia-Volyn principality, there were over 80 cities. The most numerous group of the urban population were artisans. In the cities there were jewelry, pottery, blacksmith and other workshops, the products of which went not only to the domestic, but also to the foreign market. Salt trade brought large incomes. Being the center of crafts and trade, Galich gained fame as a cultural center. The Galician-Volyn chronicle was created here, as well as other written monuments of the 12th-14th centuries.

3. State system

The Galicia-Volyn principality, longer than many other Russian lands, maintained its unity, although the power in it belonged to the big boyars. The power of the princes was fragile. Suffice it to say that the Galician boyars disposed of even the princely table - they invited and removed the princes. The history of the Galicia-Volyn principality is full of examples when the princes, who lost the support of the top of the boyars, were forced to go into exile. To fight the princes, the boyars invited Poles and Hungarians. Several Galician-Volyn princes were hanged by the boyars.

The boyars exercised their power with the help of a council, which included the largest landowners, bishops and persons holding the highest government positions. The prince did not have the right to convene a council at will, could not issue a single act without his consent. Since the council included boyars who occupied major administrative positions, the entire state apparatus of government was actually subordinate to it.

The Galician-Volyn princes from time to time, under emergency circumstances, convened a veche, but it did not have much influence. They took part in all-Russian feudal congresses. Occasionally, congresses of feudal lords and the Galicia-Volyn principality were convened. In this principality, there was a palace-patrimonial system of government.

The territory of the state was divided into thousands and hundreds. As the thousand and sotsky with their administrative apparatus gradually became part of the palace and patrimonial apparatus of the prince, the positions of voivods and volostels arose instead of them. Accordingly, the territory was divided into voivodeships and volosts. Elders were elected in the communities, who were in charge of administrative and petty court cases. Posadniks were appointed to cities. They possessed not only administrative and military power, but also performed judicial functions, collected tributes and duties from the population.

4. Political history of the Galicia-Volyn principality

After the death of Yaroslav, chaos began. His son Vladimir (), the last of the Rostislav dynasty, began to rule.

Soon the boyars rebelled against his authority, forcing him to flee to Hungary. The Hungarian king Andrei promised to return Vladimir to the throne, but, having come to Galicia, he proclaimed this land his. When popular uprisings began to explode against foreigners, Vladimir made peace with the boyars and expelled the Magyars.

Although Vladimir finally ascended the throne again, he became more dependent on the boyars than ever. This unfortunate episode became typical of what was often repeated over the next 50 years: a strong prince unites the lands; the boyars, fearing the loss of their privileges, give foreign countries a pretext for intervention; then chaos ensues, which continues until another powerful prince enters the arena and takes over the situation.

Although the offering of Galicia convincingly testified to the growing importance of the border regions, its union with Volhynia promised to bring even more significant, even epoch-making consequences for the whole of Eastern Europe.

The person who carried out such an association was the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (). From his youth, he plunged into the political struggle. In 1168, when his father, Prince Mstislav of Volhynia, was competing with Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky of Suzdal for the throne of Kyiv in the south, Roman was invited to reign in Novgorod to defend the city. In the north. In 1173, after the death of his father, Roman ascended the Volyn throne, resuming the gutted and neglected estates of his family. In 1199, he was able to unite Galicia with Volyn, creating a new majestic state on the political map of Eastern Europe, headed by an energetic, active and talented prince.

In domestic politics, Roman focused on strengthening princely power, that is, weakening the boyars, many of whom he sent into exile or executed. His favorite proverb was "If you don't kill the bees, you won't eat honey."

As in other European countries, the allies of the prince in the fight against the oligarchy were petty bourgeois and boyars. However, Roman's greatest fame came from his success in foreign policy. In 1203, having united Volhynia with Galicia, he defeated his rivals from Suzdal and captured Kyiv. Consequently, all, with the exception of Chernigov, the Ukrainian principalities fell under the authority of one prince: Kiev, Pereyaslav, Galicia and Volyn.

It seemed that the unification of all the former Kyiv lands that make up the territory of modern Ukraine was about to happen. Considering how close Prince Roman came to the realization of this goal, modern Ukrainian historians give him a special place in their studies.

To protect the Ukrainian principalities, Roman conducted a series of unheard-of successful campaigns against the Polovtsy, at the same time he went far to the north into the Polish and Lithuanian lands. The desire to expand the boundaries of his already vast possessions was the cause of his death. In 1205, going through the Polish lands, Roman was ambushed and died. The territorial association that he created lasted only six years - too a short time so that some stable political entity could crystallize out of it. And yet, Roman's contemporaries, in recognition of his outstanding achievements, called him "Great" and "ruler of all Russia."

Soon after the death of Prince Roman, squabbles broke out again between the princes. Foreign intervention intensified - these three eternal misfortunes, which, in the end, ruined the state that he built it so tirelessly. His sons Daniil were only four, and Vasilko - two years old, and the Galician boyars drove them away along with their strong-willed mother, Princess Anna. Instead, they called three Igorevichs, the sons of the hero of The Tale of Igor's Campaign. For many boyars, this was a fatal mistake. Not wanting to share power with the oligarchy, the Igorovichi destroyed close to 500 boyars, until they were finally expelled (later the Galician nobility took revenge on them by hanging all three Igorovichi). Then the boyars did something unheard of - in 1213 they elected Prince Vladislav Kormilchich from their midst. Taking advantage of the indignation of these daring actions, the Polish and Hungarian feudal lords, supposedly protecting the rights of Daniel and Vasilko, captured Galicia and divided it among themselves. Under such circumstances, young Daniil and Vasilko began to "buy more" land that their father once owned. First of all, Daniel established himself in Volhynia (1221), where his dynasty continued to enjoy favor, both among the nobility and among the common people.

Only in 1238 he was able to regain Galich and part of Galicia. AT next year Daniil got Kyiv and sent his thousandth Dmitry to defend the city from the Mongol-Tatars. Only in 1245, after a decisive victory in the battle of Yaroslav, did he finally conquer all of Galicia.

Thus, it took princely Daniel 40 years to return his father's possession. Having taken Galicia for himself, Daniil gave Volhynia to Vasilkov. Despite such a division, both principalities continued to exist as one under the superficiality of the older and more active Prince Daniel. Domestic policy Daniil, like his father, to counterbalance the boyars, passionately desired to secure support among the peasants and the bourgeoisie. He fortified many existing cities, and also established new ones, including in 1256 Lvov, named after his son Leo. To populate new city cells, Daniel invited artisans and merchants from Germany, Poland, as well as from Russia. The multinational character of the Galician cities, which up to the XX century. remained their typical feature, strengthened by large Armenian and Jewish communities that, with the decline of Kyiv, came to the west. To protect the smerds from the arbitrariness of the boyars, special officers were appointed in the villages, military detachments were formed from the peasants.

The most serious foreign policy problem of Prince Daniel was the Mongol-Tatars. In 1241, they passed through Galicia and Volhynia, although they did not inflict such crushing destruction here as in other Russian principalities. However, the successes of the Romanovich dynasty attracted the attention of the Mongol-Tatars. Shortly after the victory at Yaroslav, Daniel receives a formidable order to appear at the Khan's court. In order not to incur the wrath of evil conquerors, he had nothing better than to submit. To a certain extent, Prince Daniel made a trip to the city in 1246.

Barn - Batiev's capital on the Volga - was successful. He was kindly accepted and that the most important was released alive. But the price of this was the recognition of the superficiality of the Mongol-Tatars. Batu himself underestimated this humiliating fact. Handing Danilov a goblet of sour koumiss, the Mongol-Tatars' favorite drink, he offered to get used to it, for "now you are one with us."

However, unlike the northeastern principalities, located in close proximity to the Mongol-Tatars and more dependent on their direct dikpape, Galicia and Volhynia were lucky to avoid such vigilant observation, their main duty before the new overlords was reduced to the provision of auxiliary detachments during the Mongol-Tatar attacks on Poland and Lithuania. At first, the influence of the Mongol-Tatars in Galicia and Volhynia was so weak that Prince Daniel could conduct a fairly independent foreign policy openly aimed at getting rid of Mongol domination.

Having established friendly relations with Poland and Hungary, Daniel turned to Pope Innocent IV with a request to help gather the Slavs for a crusade against the Mongol-Tatars. For this, Daniel agreed to the transfer of his possessions under the church jurisdiction of Rhyme. Thus, for the first time, he asked a question that would later become an important and constant theme of Galician history, namely, the question of relations between Western Ukrainians and the Roman Church. To encourage the Galician prince, the pope sent him a royal crown, and in 1253 in Dorogochin on Buza, the pope's envoy crowned Daniel as king.

However, the main concern of Prince Daniel was the organization of a crusade and other assistance from the West. All this, despite the assurance of the pope, he never managed to carry out. And yet, in 1254, Daniel launched a military campaign to recapture Kyiv from the Mongol-Tatars, whose main forces were far to the east. Despite the first successes, he failed to carry out his plan and also had to pay dearly for bad luck. In 1259, a large Mongol-Tatar army led by Burundai unexpectedly moved to Galicia and Volhynia. The Mongol-Tatars put the Romanovichs before a choice: either dismantle the walls of all fortified cities, leaving them unarmed and dependent on the mercy of the Mongol-Tatars, or face the threat of immediate destruction. With a stone in his heart, Daniel was forced to oversee the destruction of the walls that he so diligently brought down.

The bad luck of the anti-Mongolian policy did not lead to the weakening of the great influence that Daniel of Galitsky corrected him on the western neighbors. Galicia enjoyed great prestige in Poland, especially in the Principality of Mazovia. That is why the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas (Mindovg), whose country was just beginning to rise, was forced to make territorial concessions to the Danilovs in Mazovia. In addition, as a sign of goodwill, Mindaugas had to agree to the marriage of his two children with the son and daughter of Prince Daniel. More actively than any other Galician ruler Daniel participated in political life Central Europe. Using marriage as a means to achieve foreign policy goals, he married his son Roman to the successor to the Babenberz throne, Gertrude, and made an attempt, albeit unsuccessful, to put him on the Austrian ducal throne.

In 1264, after almost 60 years political activity Daniel died. In Ukrainian historiography, he is considered the most prominent of all the rulers of the western principalities. Against the backdrop of the difficult circumstances in which he had to operate, his achievements were truly outstanding. At the same time, with the renewal and expansion of his father's possessions, Daniel of Galicia held back the Polish and Hungarian expansion. Having overcome the power of the boyars, he achieved the elevation of the socio-economic and cultural level of his possessions to one of the highest in Eastern Europe. However, not all of his plans were successful. Danila failed to contain Kyiv, just as he failed to achieve his most important goal - to get rid of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. And yet he was able to reduce the pressure of the Mongol-Tatars to a minimum. Trying to isolate himself from influences from the East, Daniel turned to the West, thereby giving the Western Ukrainians an example that they will inherit in all the following centuries.

For 100 years after Daniel's death, there were no particularly noticeable changes in Volhynia and Galicia. The stereotype of government established by princes Daniel and Vasilko - with an energetic and active prince in Galicia and a passive prince in Volhynia - was inherited to a certain extent by their sons, Leo () and Vladimir () respectively. The ambitious and restless Leo was constantly embroiled in political conflicts. When the last of the Arpad dynasty died in Hungary, he seized Transcarpathian Rus, laying the foundations for future Ukrainian claims to the western slopes of the Carpathians. Leo was active in Poland, which "drowned" in internecine wars; he even sought the Polish throne in Krakow. Despite the aggressive policy of Leo, at the end of the XIII - at the beginning of the XIV century. Galicia and Volhynia experienced a period of relative calm as their western neighbors were temporarily weakened.

turned out to be the opposite of his Galician cousin, and tensions often arose between them. Unwilling to take part in wars and diplomatic activities, he focused on such peaceful affairs as the construction of cities, castles and churches. According to the Galician-Volyn chronicle, he was "a great scribe and philosopher" and spent most of his time reading and copying books and manuscripts. The death of Vladimir in 1289 upset not only his subjects, but also modern historians, because, obviously, the sudden end of the Galician-Volyn chronicle of the same year was associated with it. As a result, a large gap remained in the history of the western principalities, which covers the period from 1289 to 1340. All that is currently known about the events in Galicia and Volhynia in the last period of independent existence is reduced to a few random historical fragments.

After Leo's death, his son Yuri reigned in Galicia and Volhynia. He must have been a good ruler, since some chronicles note that during his peaceful reign these lands "bloomed in wealth and glory." The solidity of the position of Prince Leo gave him reason to use the title "King of Russia". Dissatisfied with the decision of the Metropolitan of Kyiv to move his residence to Vladimir in the northeast, Yuri receives the consent of Constantinople to lay a separate metropolis in Galicia.

two last representatives The Romanovich dynasty was the sons of Yuri Andrei and Lev, who together ruled in the Galicia-Volyn principality. Concerned about the growing power of Lithuania, they entered into an alliance with the knights of the Teutonic Order. With regard to the Mongol-Tatars, the princes pursued an independent, even hostile policy; there are also reasons to believe that they died in the fight against the Mongols-Tatars.

When the last prince of the local dynasty died in 1323, the nobility of both principalities chose the Polish cousin of the Romanovichs, Bolesław Mazowiecki, to the throne. Having changed his name to Yuri and converted to Orthodoxy, the new ruler took over the continuation of the policy of his predecessors. Despite his Polish origin, he reconquered lands previously enthusiastic by the Poles, and also renewed his alliance with the Teutons against the Lithuanians. In domestic politics, Yuri Boleslav continued to support the cities and tried to expand his power. Such a course probably led to a fight with the boyars, who poisoned him in 1340, as if for an attempt to introduce Catholicism and connivance with foreigners.

So their own nobility deprived Galicia and Volhynia of the last prince. Since then, Western Ukrainians have fallen under the rule of foreign rulers.

For a hundred years after the fall of Kyiv, the Galician-Volyn principality served as a pillar of Ukrainian statehood. In this role, both principalities took over most of the Kievan inheritance and at the same time prevented the seizure of Western Ukrainian lands by Poland. Thus, at a turning point in history, they retained among the Ukrainians, or Russ, as they were now called, a sense of cultural and political identity. This feeling will be decisive for their existence as a separate national entity in the evil times that are coming.

Conclusion

As in Kievan Rus, the entire population of the Galicia-Volyn land was divided into free, semi-dependent (semi-free) and dependent.

The ruling social groups - the princes, the boyars and the clergy, part of the peasantry, most of the urban population - belonged to the free. The development of the princely domain in the Galician land had its own characteristics.

The difficulties of forming a princely domain in Galicia consisted, firstly, in the fact that it began to take shape already when most of the communal lands were seized by the boyars and the range of free lands for princely possessions was limited. Secondly, the prince, in an effort to enlist the support of local feudal lords, gave them part of his lands, as a result of which the princely domain decreased. The boyars, having received land holdings, often turned them into hereditary possessions. Thirdly, the bulk of the free community members were already dependent on the boyar patrimony, in connection with which the princely domain was in need of labor force. The princes could attach to their domain only the lands of the communities that were not captured by the boyars. In Volyn, on the contrary, the princely domain united the vast majority of communal lands, and only then did local boyars begin to stand out and strengthen from it.

The most important role in public life the principalities were played by the boyars - "muzhigalitsky". As already noted, a feature of the Galician land was that since ancient times, the boyar aristocracy was formed here, which owned significant land wealth, villages and cities and had a huge influence on the domestic and foreign policy of the state. The boyars were not homogeneous. It was divided into large, medium and small. The middle and petty boyars were in the service of the prince, often receiving lands from him, which they conditionally owned while serving the prince. The Grand Dukes distributed lands to the boyars for their military service- "to the will of the gospodar" (to the will of the Grand Duke), "to the stomach" (until the death of the owner), "to the fatherland" (with the right to transfer land by inheritance).

The ruling group was joined by the top of the clergy, who also owned land and peasants. The clergy were exempt from paying taxes and had no obligations to the state.

Peasants (smerds), with the growth of large land ownership, fell under the rule of the feudal lord and lost their independence. The number of communal peasants decreased. The dependent peasants who inhabited the feudal lands were on the quitrent of that, they had obligations to the feudal state.

The urban population in the Galicia-Volyn principality was numerous, because there were no large centers such as Kyiv or Novgorod. The urban nobility was interested in strengthening the princely power.

The social composition of the inhabitants of cities became heterogeneous: differentiation here was also significant. The top of the cities were "men of the city" and "mystychi". The city elite was the backbone of the prince's power, showed a direct interest in strengthening his power, since they saw in this a guarantee of maintaining their privileges.

There were merchant associations - Greeks, Chudins, etc. Craftsmen also united in "streets", "rows", "hundreds", "brothers". Zgi corporate associations had their elders and their own treasury.

All of them were in the hands of the craft and merchant elite, to which the urban lower classes - apprentices, working people and other "smaller people" were subordinate.

The Galicia-Volyn land was cut off early from the great path from the Varangians to the Greeks, and early established economic and trade ties with European states. The elimination of this route had almost no effect on the economy of the Galicia-Volyn land. On the contrary, this situation has led to a rapid growth in the number of cities and the urban population.

The presence of this feature in the development of the Galicia-Volyn principality determined the important role of the urban population in the political life of the state. In cities, except for Ukrainian, German, Armenian, Jewish and other merchants permanently lived. As a rule, they lived in their community and were guided by the laws and orders established by the power of the princes in the cities.

Bibliography

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6. Rybakov of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. - M.: Nauka, 1s.

The Galicia-Volyn principality is a southwestern Old Russian principality of the Rurik dynasty, created as a result of the unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities by Roman Mstislavich. From the second half of the XIII century it became a kingdom. The Galicia-Volyn principality was one of the largest principalities of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia. It included the Galician, Przemysl, Zvenigorod, Terebovlyan, Volyn, Lutsk, Belz, Polissya and Kholm lands, as well as the territories of modern Podlasie, Podolia, Transcarpathia and Bessarabia.

The Principality pursued an active foreign policy in Eastern and Central Europe. His main enemies were the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans, and from the middle of the 13th century also the Golden Horde and the Principality of Lithuania. To protect against aggressive neighbors, the Galicia-Volyn principality repeatedly signed agreements with Catholic Rome, the Holy Roman Empire and Teutonic Order. Galicia-Volyn Principality Hungary Poland Lithuania Golden Horde Russian Sea Surozh Sea Turkey

The Galicia-Volyn principality fell into decay due to a number of reasons. The main internal factor in the beginning of the decline of the principality was that with the death of Andrei and Lev Yuryevich, as well as Vladimir Lvovich in 1323, the ruling dynasty of Rurikovich (Romanovich) was interrupted in the principality;

This led to the fact that the power of the boyars in the state increased significantly, and Boleslav Troidenovich, who sat on the Galician-Volyn table in 1325, was already much more dependent on the boyar aristocracy than his predecessors, the Rurikovichi. Also, a large role in the fall of the Galicia-Volyn state was played by the foreign policy situation that developed in the middle of the XIV century: at a time when the neighboring Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were on the rise, Volhynia and Galicia still remained in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.

In 1349, the Polish king Casimir III captured Galicia, after which the Galicia-Volyn principality lost its territorial unity. In 1392, Galicia and Volyn were divided between Poland and Lithuania, which put an end to the existence of the Galicia-Volyn principality as a single political entity.

The Galicia-Volyn principality was created at the end of the XII century, by combining the Galician and Volyn principalities. Its lands extended in the basins of the San, Upper Dniester and Western Bug rivers. The principality bordered in the east with the Russian principalities of Turov-Pinsk and Kyiv, in the south with Berlady, and eventually with the Golden Horde, in the southwest with the Kingdom of Hungary, in the west with the Kingdom of Poland, and in the north with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Teutonic Order and Polotsk principality.

The Carpathian Mountains in the northwest served as the natural border of the Galicia-Volyn principality, separating it from Hungary. In the 20s of the XIV century, this border was moved south due to the annexation of some part of Transcarpathia by the Galician princes. The western border with Poland passed along the Jaselka, Wislok, San rivers, as well as for km west of the river Vepr. Despite the temporary capture of Nadsanya by the Poles and the annexation of Lublin by the Russians, this part of the border was quite stable.

Sources by which it is possible to accurately calculate the population of the Galicia-Volyn principality have not been preserved. In the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle, there are references to the fact that the princes conducted censuses and compiled lists of villages and cities under their control, but these documents have not reached us or are incomplete. It is known that the Galician-Volyn princes often resettled inhabitants from the conquered lands to their territories, which gave rise to population growth. It is also known that the inhabitants of the Ukrainian steppes fled to the principality from the Mongol-Tatars, where they settled.

Based on historical documents and topographical names, it can be established that at least a third settlements Volhynia and Galicia arose not later appearance Galicia-Volyn principality, and their inhabitants were mostly Russian Slavs. In addition to them, there were a few settlements founded by Poles, Prussians, Yatvingians, Lithuanians, as well as Tatars and representatives of other nomadic peoples. In the cities there were craft-merchant colonies inhabited by Germans, Armenians, Surozhans, Jews [ [

The unification of Galicia and Volhynia was accomplished by the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich, the son of Mstislav Izyaslavich. Taking advantage of the unrest in Galicia, he first occupied it in 1188, but could not keep the Hungarians under pressure, who also invaded Galician land at the request of local boyars. For the second time, Roman annexed Galicia to Volhynia in 1199, after the death of the last Galician prince Vladimir Yaroslavich of the Rostislavich family. He severely suppressed the local boyar opposition, which resisted his attempts to centralize government, and this laid the foundation for the creation of a single Galicia-Volyn principality.

At the same time, Roman intervened in the struggle for Kyiv, which he received in 1204, and took the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv. In 1202 and 1204, he made several successful campaigns against the Polovtsians, thereby gaining popularity among the common population. A contemporary Galician chronicler called him the "Grand Duke", "Autocrat of All Russia" and "Tsar in the Russian Land". Killed at the Battle of Zavikhost in 1205 during his Polish campaign

Due to the unexpected death of Roman, a power vacuum arose in the Galicia-Volyn principality. Galicia and Volhynia were seized by a series of ongoing civil strife and foreign interventions. The Volhynian petty princes became independent, and the Galician boyars refused to recognize the power of the young Romanovichs Daniel and Vasilko. Under the guise of protecting the sons of the late Roman, neighbors Poland and Hungary intervened in the affairs of the principality.

The first to start a struggle for power in the principality were Vladimir Igorevich, Svyatoslav Igorevich and Roman Igorevich, the sons of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich of Novgorod-Seversky, sung in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. They reigned in Galicia from 1206 to 1212, however, due to a conflict with the boyar elite, they were defeated. As a result, in 1213, the princely throne in Galicia was usurped by the boyar Vladislav Kormilich, the leader of the pro-Hungarian grouping of the Galician nobility. After his expulsion in 1214, Andras II, King of Hungary, and Leszek the White, Prince of Krakow, taking advantage of the weakness of the Galician lands, invaded them and divided them among themselves. Soon the Hungarians quarreled with the Poles and took possession of the whole of Galicia.

The war against foreign invaders was led by Mstislav Udatny, a native of the petty princes of Kyiv, who had previously reigned in Novgorod. With the help of the Polovtsy, he defeated the Hungarian troops in the general battle near Galich in 1221 and, having liberated the Galician principality, began to rule in it. To strengthen his power, Mstislav entered into an alliance with the young princes, married his daughter to Daniel. However, the princes soon quarreled, after which Mstislav, at the direction of the boyars, bequeathed to the son of the Hungarian king András II Andrei

Meanwhile, after the death of Roman, Volhynia broke up into small specific principalities, and its western lands were captured by Polish troops. The legitimate rulers of the Galicia-Volyn principality, the juvenile Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich, held only minor territories of the principality. 1. in 1215 they decided to take back Vladimir, 2. in 1219 they made the first successful campaign against Poland. Vladimir Kingdom of Poland Hungary Galicia-Volyn Principality Russia Golden Horde

In 1227, Daniel and his brother: 1. freed themselves from the Polish protectorate due to the death of the Polish king, 2. defeated the specific Volyn princes, 3. by 1230 united Volyn in their hands. Thus, Daniil and Vasilko regained half of the lands that belonged to their father. For the next eight years they fought for Galicia, which was occupied by the Hungarians. In 1238, Daniel occupied Galich, expelled the foreigners and recreated the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Having united the fragmented possessions of Father Roman, the brothers Daniil and Vasilko peacefully distributed power. Daniel sat in Galich, Vasilko in Vladimir. The leadership in this duumvirate belonged to Daniel, since he was the eldest son of Roman Mstislavich. Daniil Vasilko Vladimir Galich

Before the Mongol invasion of Russia, the Galicia-Volyn principality managed to expand its borders: 1. In 1238, Daniil Romanovich returned the northwestern lands of Beresteyshchyna and occupied the city of Dorogochin in the north, which had previously been in the hands of the Dobuzhin order of the crusaders, 2. also in 1239 annexed to his lands the Turov-Pinsk and Kiev principalities in the east, together with the capital of Kievan Rus, Kyiv. Vasilko Daniil Vladimir Galich Dorgochin Principality of Turov-Pinsk Principality of Kiev Principality of Kiev

With the arrival of the Mongols, the positions of the Galician-Volyn princes were shaken. 1. In 1240, the Horde took Kyiv, 2. in 1241, they invaded Galicia and Volyn, where they plundered and burned many cities, including Galich and Vladimir. Since the princely power could not resist the Mongols, the boyar elite opposed it. The weakness of the principality took advantage of its neighbors, who tried to capture Galich. In response, the Galicians captured Polish Lublin in 1244, and in 1245 defeated the Hungarians, Poles and rebel boyars in the battle of Yaroslav. The boyar opposition was finally destroyed, and Daniel was able to centralize the administration of the principality. Vasilko Daniil Vladimir Galich Dorgochin Principality of Turov-Pinsk Principality of Kiev Golden Horde Golden Horde

Daniil, having not found allies, fought against the Mongols himself, repulsed the attack on Lutsk by the Lithuanians, whom the pope allowed to fight the Russian land already in 1255. The first war () against the troops of Kuremsa was victorious, but in 1258 the Mongol troops were led by Burundai, who in the next two years, together with Vasilko Romanovich, conducted military campaigns against Lithuania and Poland, and also forced the fortifications of several Volyn cities to be demolished. In 1264, Daniel died without having liberated the Galicia-Volyn principality from the Horde yoke.

The economy of the Galicia-Volyn principality was mostly natural. It was based on agriculture, which was based on self-sufficient yards. These economic units had their own arable lands, hayfields, meadows, forests, places for fishing and hunting. The main agricultural crops were mainly oats and rye, to a lesser extent wheat and barley. In addition, animal husbandry was developed, especially horse breeding, as well as sheep and pig breeding. The important components of the economy were beekeeping, hunting and fishing.

Among the crafts were blacksmithing, leather, pottery, weapons and jewelry. Occupations of the inhabitants of the principality: The principality was located in the forest and forest-steppe zones, which were densely covered with forests, woodworking and construction reached a special development. Salt making was one of the leading industries. The Galicia-Volyn principality, together with the Crimea, supplied salt for the entire Kievan Rus, as well as for Western Europe. The favorable location of the principality on the black earth, especially near the rivers San, Dniester, Vistula, and others, made it possible for the active development of agriculture.

Trade in the Galicia-Volyn lands was not developed properly. Most of the manufactured products went to domestic use. The lack of access to the sea and large rivers prevented the conduct of extensive international trade, and, of course, the replenishment of the treasury. The main trade routes were overland. In the east, they connected Galich and Vladimir with the principalities of Kyiv and Polotsk and the Golden Horde, in the south and west with Byzantium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and the Holy Roman Empire, in the north with Lithuania and the Teutonic Order. The Galicia-Volyn principality exported mainly salt, furs, wax and weapons to these countries. Imported goods were Kyiv art and jewelry, Lithuanian furs, Western European sheep wool, cloth, weapons, glass, marble, gold and silver, as well as Byzantine and Oriental wines, silks and spices.

Trade took place in the cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality, of which there were more than eighty by the end of the 13th century. The largest of them were Galich, Kholm, Lvov, Vladimir (Volynsky), Zvenigorod, Dorogochin, Terebovlya, Belz, Przemysl, Lutsk and Berestya. The princes encouraged international trade, reducing taxes from merchants on trade routes and city squares. The state treasury was replenished at the expense of tribute, taxes, extortions from the population, wars and confiscation of possessions from objectionable boyars. Russian hryvnias, Czech pennies and Hungarian dinars circulated on the territory of the principality.

Head and highest representative power in the principality was the prince. He united in his hands: 1. legislative, 2. executive, 3. judicial branches of power, 4. and also had a monopoly on the right to conduct diplomatic relations. Trying to become an absolute "autocrat", the prince was constantly in conflict with the boyar entourage, which sought to maintain its independence and turn the monarch into its own political instrument.

The strengthening of princely power was also hampered by the duumvirates of princes, the fragmentation of principalities and the intervention of neighboring states. Although the monarch had the right to make decisions on his own, he sometimes convened boyar "thoughts" to decide critical issues and problems. These meetings became permanent from the 14th century, finally blocking the "autocracy" of the prince, which became one of the reasons for the decline of the Galicia-Volyn principality. [[

The princely central administration consisted of the boyars appointed by the prince and was quite differentiated; had a number of special titles, such as "court", "printer", "scribe", "steward" and others. But these were rather titles than positions, since the persons occupying them often performed orders from the prince that were not related to them. official duties. That is, in the Galicia-Volyn principality there was no effective bureaucracy, and specialization in management had not yet been consistently carried out. This was a characteristic feature for all European states of the Middle Ages.

Before late XIII centuries, regional administration was concentrated in the hands of specific princes. From the beginning of the XIV century, in connection with the transformation of the specific principalities of the Galicia-Volyn state into volosts, in the hands of princely volost governors. Most of the governors the prince chose from the boyars, and sometimes from the clergy. In addition to volosts, princely governors were sent to cities and large urban areas.

The structure of cities in the XII-XIII centuries was the same as in other lands of Kievan Rus, with the advantage of the boyar-patrician elite, with a division into units of taxation hundreds and streets, with a city council veche. During this period, the cities belonged directly to the princes or boyars. In the XIV century, with the penetration of Magdeburg law into the Galicia-Volyn principality, a number of cities, including Vladimir (Volynsky) and Sanok, adopted a new semi-self-governing system. The judiciary was combined with the administrative. The supreme court was conducted by the prince, and below the tivuns. The provisions of Russkaya Pravda remained the basic law. The city court was often based on German law.

The army of the Galicia-Volyn principality was organized following the example of the traditional Russian. It consisted of two main parts of the "team" and "wars". The squad served as the basis of the prince's army and was formed from the divisions of the boyars. The "big" boyars were obliged to go on a campaign personally with a certain number of cavalry and their subjects, the number of which could reach a thousand people.

Ordinary boyars were required to arrive at the positions only accompanied by two soldiers, a heavily armed gunsmith and an archer archer. The young boyars "youths" made up a kind of guard of the prince, constantly staying with him. In turn, the warriors were a people's militia and were formed from " ordinary people» townspeople and villagers; they were used only in emergency situations. However, due to the constant internal struggle, the prince could not always count on the help of the boyars.

Daniil Romanovich's military reforms became epochal for the Galicia-Volyn state. He was the first in the space of the former Kievan Rus to create a princely army independent of the boyar squad, recruited from ordinary people and landless boyars. It was divided into: 1. heavily armed gunsmiths 2. lightly armed archers. The former performed shock functions, both cavalry and infantry, and the latter the role of the instigator of the battle and cover units.

This army did not have unified weapons, but used a modernized Western European-style arsenal of lightweight iron armor, spears, sulits, horns, swords, lightweight Rozhan bows, slings, crossbows, as well as medieval artillery with "martial and hail vessels". This army was personally commanded by the prince or the voivode loyal to him or the thousandth.

§15 s, lesson summary, questions at the end of the paragraph.

Galicia-Volyn principality

The Galicia-Volyn land stretched from the Carpathians and the Dniester-Danube Black Sea region in the south and southwest to the lands of the Lithuanian Yotvingian tribe and Polotsk land in the north. In the west, it bordered on Hungary and Poland, and in the east, on Kievan land and the Polovtsian steppe. Galicia-Volyn land was one of the oldest centers of arable agricultural culture of the Eastern Slavs. Fertile soils, mild climate, numerous rivers and forests, mixed with steppe spaces, created favorable conditions for the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and various crafts, and at the same time feudal relations, large feudal princely and boyar land ownership. High level reached handicraft production; its separation from agriculture contributed to the growth of cities, of which there were more here than in other Russian lands.

Completion in the second half of the XII century. the process of formation of a system of separate principalities contributed to the separation in the southwestern regions of the Old Russian state of Galich and Volhynia.

In the XII century. Galician Principality is experiencing a period of economic growth and rapid growth political power. This was facilitated by the favorable geographical location of the Galician land (Galician land occupied the entire Carpathian region). Due to the fall international importance the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks", which was under attack by the Polovtsians, the trade routes moved west and lay across the Galician land. The result of princely strife and Polovtsian raids on Russia was the growth of the colonization movement not only to the northeast, but also to the west, in particular to the Galician land. On this basis, the strengthening of the Galician cities, the growth of their commercial and political significance.

On the other hand, being at the junction of the three most important Eastern European countries - Russia, Poland and Hungary, the Galician land has acquired a very significant weight in international affairs. This favored the growth of the political power of the princely power in Galich. The strengthening of princely power caused a struggle against the prince by the local boyars, turning the principality into an arena for a long struggle between the princes and the oligarchic aspirations of the local boyars. Princely power in the Galician land appeared relatively late, already with highly developed feudal relations. The class of landowning boyars wielded exceptional economic and political power here. This gave special strength and sharpness to the struggle between the grand ducal power and the boyars.

Volyn land was located next to Galicia, located along the banks of the Bug. Separated from Kyiv in the middle of the XII century. and entrenched as a family homeland for the descendants of the Kyiv Grand Duke Izyaslav Mstislavich, in Volyn, in contrast to the neighboring Galician land, a large princely domain (hereditary land holdings) formed early. Boyar landownership here grew mainly due to princely grants to the serving boyars, whose support allowed the Volyn princes to begin an active struggle to expand their homeland. As a result, in 1199 Volyn Prince Roman Mstislavich managed to unite the Galician and Volyn lands, and with his occupation of the Kyiv throne in 1203, all of Southern and South-Western Russia came under his rule - a territory equal to large European states that time. The reign of Roman Mstislavich (died in 1205) was marked by the strengthening of the all-Russian and international position of the Galicia-Volyn land, success in the fight against the Polovtsy, the fight against the recalcitrant boyars, the rise of Western Russian cities, crafts and trade. However, cut off from the rest of the Russian lands as a result of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars (but previously forming together with them a single Russia), weakened by the incessant invasions of the Golden Horde and aggression from the west, the South Russian and West Russian principalities could not defend their integrity and independence and during the XIV century . became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, partly were captured by Poland and Hungary. Their historical development went its own way, laying the foundation for the history of the fraternal peoples - the Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

A feature of the social structure of the Galicia-Volyn principality was that here, along with princely autocracy, a strong aristocracy arose in the form large group the boyars, in whose hands almost all land holdings were concentrated. The princes were forced to reckon with boyar self-will, which is on a par with external enemies turned into a destructive force, weakening the state.

In general, the social composition of the society of the Galicia-Volyn principality in the period under review did not undergo any special changes compared to the initial period of Russian statehood. The entire free population of the Galicia-Volyn principality did not know class divisions and enjoyed the same rights, although population groups differed in their actual position, wealth and influence in society.

The social leaders were represented by people or men, in particular "Galician men". These were large estates that played the most important role, which already in the XII century. oppose any attempts to limit their rights in favor of princely power and growing cities. This also includes the military-commercial aristocracy, as well as the armed merchants of large and small trading cities.

To the middle social strata can be ranked the rank and file of the prince's combatants and the average urban merchant class.

As for the lower strata, it was the urban and rural common people, who bore the general name of smerds, but mainly the word smerds meant the rural or peasant population. Smerds in the Galicia-Volyn principality made up the bulk of the population. The growth of large landownership and the formation of a class of feudal lords was accompanied by the establishment of feudal dependence and the emergence of feudal rent (rent is any regular income from capital, land, property that does not require from the recipient entrepreneurial activity). With the growth in the number of people dependent on the feudal lord, the use of their labor in the patrimonial economy became the basis of the economic power of the feudal prince. Therefore, such a category as serfs has almost disappeared. Kholopstvo merged with the peasants who sat on the ground, turned into a palace servant, attached to the land, endowed with legal personality (serfs - in the Russian state a category of feudally dependent population as an element of the rudimentary - a relic of an underdeveloped, disappearing, residual phenomenon - patriarchal slavery).

As already noted, there were many cities in the Galicia-Volyn principality. There were more than 80 of them in the pre-Mongolian period. The largest of them were Vladimir-Volynsky, Przemysl, Terebovl, Galich, Berestye, Kholm, Drogichin, Kolomyia, Yaroslavl, Zvenigorod and others.

From the time when the Galician and Volyn lands united into a single Galicia-Volyn principality (1199) and constituted a strong independent state, Galich became its center, that is, the capital city. It is located on the right elevated bank of the Dniester. Its main shrine was the cathedral church of the Mother of God, which in its style did not differ from the ancient Kiev churches. However, the Galician region lay closer to Byzantine Empire than other Russian lands, and was with her in business relations, trade, political and especially church. Cathedral of the Virgin, distinguished large sizes and the strength of its construction, has survived to our time with all the upheavals and alterations that have befallen it.

A significant part of the inhabitants of the cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality were artisans and merchants. In the cities there were jewelry, pottery, blacksmith and other workshops, the products of which went not only to the domestic, but also to the foreign market.

A feature of the state structure of the Galicia-Volyn land was that it long time it was not divided into appanages, i.e., unlike many other Russian lands, it retained unity, although power in it belonged to the big boyars. The power of the princes was unstable, although it was inherited: the place of the deceased father was occupied by the eldest of the sons. However, the balance of class forces was such that the Galician boyars even controlled the princely table, that is, they invited and replaced princes at their own discretion. The history of the Galicia-Volyn principality is full of examples when the princes, who lost the support of the top of the boyars, were forced to go into exile. To fight the princes, the boyars actively used the help of European knights (Hungarian and Polish). Several Galician-Volyn princes were hanged by the boyars.

The boyars exercised their power with the help of a council, which included the largest landowners, bishops and persons holding the highest government positions. The prince did not have the right to convene a council at will, could not issue a single act without his consent. Since the council included boyars who occupied major administrative positions, the entire state apparatus of government was actually subordinate to it.

The Galician-Volyn princes from time to time convened a veche under emergency circumstances, but it did not have much influence. The princes took part in all-Russian feudal congresses. Occasionally, congresses of feudal lords and the Galicia-Volyn principality were convened. Here, earlier than in other Russian lands of the period of feudal fragmentation, a palace and patrimonial administration arose.

The territory of the state was divided into thousands and hundreds. As the thousand and sotsky with their administrative apparatus gradually became part of the palace and patrimonial apparatus of the prince, the positions of voivods and volostels arose instead of them. The territory of the principality, respectively, was divided into voivodeships and volosts. Elders were elected in the communities, who were in charge of administrative and petty court cases. Posadniks were appointed to cities by princes. They possessed not only administrative and military power, but also performed judicial functions, collected tributes and duties from the population.

The legal system of the Galicia-Volyn principality did not differ much from the legal systems that existed in other Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation. Here, the norms of Russian Truth continued to operate, only slightly modified (Abridged edition of Russian Truth).

Galicia-Volyn princes issued, as a rule, their own normative and legal acts, since they had certain administrative, military and legislative powers.

Comparative characteristics

Based on the above information, we can conclude that the main difference between the Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities lies in the state structure and the degree of influence of the princely, boyar and church authorities. So in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, absolute power was in the hands of the prince and the church had a strong influence, and in the Galicia-Volyn principality, on the contrary, large feudal landowners and merchants had a strong influence. Also, in connection with different natural and geographical conditions, crafts, agriculture and trade were developed in different proportions and with their own specifics. While the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality made attempts to unite the lands of Russia under its own rule, the Galicia-Volyn Principality sought to develop active ties and maintained close cooperation with the countries of Eastern and Central Europe.

Preventive war - suicide for fear of death

Otto von Bismarck

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Russia. With the beginning of feudal fragmentation, the principality separated from the Kyiv authorities and really claimed the leading role in Russia. This principality was distinguished by the presence of fertile soils, forests, trade routes and a specific management system.

princes

Princes of Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187). Ruled in Galicia.
• Roman Mstislavich. From 1170 he ruled in Volhynia, and in 1199 he subjugated Galich, forming a single principality. Ruled until 1205.
• Daniel Romanovich. 1205-1219 - rule under the guardianship of the mother. Next is self-management.

In times of fragmentation, the boyars enjoyed great influence. suffice it to say that both Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich waged the main struggle not with neighboring principalities and kingdoms, but with their own boyars. The results were not the best. In 1205, after the death of Roman, his young children were expelled from the principality. Leapfrog began with the invitation of the rulers. It came to the point that for some time the boyar Volodyslav Kormilichich became the prince of the Galicia-Volyn principality. It was a unique case of a local interruption of the Rurik dynasty in a separate principality.

In 1254, Daniel proclaimed himself king, and the principality became a kingdom. After the death of the prince-king in 1264, the principality broke up into a number of small regions that existed until 1352, when Galicia passed to Poland, Volhynia to Lithuania.

Development

The Galicia-Volyn principality, the development of which was carried out in the 12th-13th centuries, can be reduced to the following main dates:

• 1199 - unification into a single principality. Before that, there were 2 centers - Volyn and Galich.
• 1214 - Treaty of Seles between Hungary and Poland. The Hungarians planned to take Eastern Galicia for themselves, and the Poles Western.
• 1234 - Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigov occupied Galich.
• 1236 - Daniil Romanovich captures Galich.
• 1240 - he also captures Kyiv.
• 1264 - the principality was divided into many smaller ones.
• 1352 - Poland captured Galicia, and Lithuania captured Volhynia.

The favorable geographical position of the principality led to constant attempts by neighbors to seize this territory. It is not only about the fight against other specific principalities, but also the confrontation with Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. All these countries have repeatedly equipped military campaigns against the principality.

Geographic location and land

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Russia between the Dniester and the Prut, as well as with access to the Carpathians. the main characteristic of the geographical position of the principality is the presence of a mild climate and fertile lands. There were chernozem lands, vast forests and deposits rock salt, thanks to which the principality managed to grow rich. The chronicles indicate that salt was traded with Byzantium, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries.

Neighbors of the Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Kingdom of Hungary
• Polish kingdom
• Lithuanian principality
• Polotsk principality
• Turov-Pinsk Principality
• Kiev principality
• Polovtsian steppes

To the south were undeveloped lands, views of which were not only the Galician-Volyn princes, but also the Polovtsy with the Hungarians.

Large cities: Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Berestye, Lutsk, Lvov, Dorogobuzh, Terebovl.

Map

Map of the Galicia-Volyn principality with a geographical position within the Specific Rus.

Economic development

Peculiarities economic development Galicia-Volyn principality should be sought in geographical position. Fertile lands had an impact on the wealth of the region, but much more important was the presence of salt mining, the trade of which brought a lot of money to the treasury. Another important economic feature of the region is that international trade routes passed through the principality.

culture

In the Galicia-Volyn principality, chronicle writing flourished. The peak of this process fell on the period of the reign of Daniel Romanovich. This prince in the annals is called an ideal ruler, as well as a magnificent warrior: daring, fearless and wise. If we consider the annals of these lands, they are more like a colorful story. If in other chronicles there is an enumeration of facts and events, then in this case the situation is different - the whole narrative goes in the form of a story.

The architecture of Galich and Volhynia is unique. European culture left an imprint on it, as well as the proximity of Kyiv with its traditions. As a result, an amazing color was achieved, and the cities began to amaze with their beauty and grace. Architects in construction used colorful glasses that let light through, decoration of buildings inside and out, relief images, gilding and much more. These were rich cities, which was reflected in the culture.

Peculiarities

The political features of the Galicia-Volyn principality relate to the management system. schematically, it can be depicted as a horizontal straight line.

Power was distributed almost equally between the prince, the veche and the boyars. Therefore, the positions of the boyars were so strong, and therefore there was a struggle for power between rich people and the prince. after all, in other large principalities, triangles of control were traced, where someone was at the top and received a dominant role. This was not the case in this kingdom.

General features of the development of the principality during the period of feudal fragmentation (11-13 centuries):

• Struggle with Kyiv for supremacy in Russia
• Active development of rock salt mining.
• A large number of arable land and forests.
• Active foreign trade and urban growth at this expense.

Galicia-Volyn principality. The Galicia-Volyn principality (lat. Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae, Regnum Rusiae - the kingdom of Galicia and Vladimiria, the kingdom of Russia; 1199-1392) is the southwestern Russian principality of the Rurik dynasty, created as a result of the unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities by Roman Mstislavich. From the second half of the XIII century it became a kingdom. Galicia-Volyn principality in the XIII century. The Galicia-Volyn principality was one of the largest principalities of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia. It included the Galician, Przemysl, Zvenigorod, Terebovlyan, Volyn, Lutsk, Belz, Polissya and Kholm lands, as well as the territories of modern Podlasie, Podolia, Transcarpathia and Bessarabia. The Principality pursued an active foreign policy in Eastern and Central Europe. His main enemies were the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans, and from the middle of the XIII century - also the Golden Horde and the Principality of Lithuania. To protect against aggressive neighbors, the Galicia-Volyn principality has repeatedly signed agreements with Catholic Rome, the Holy Roman Empire and the Teutonic Order. Capital Vladimir (1199-1205, 1387-1392) Galich (1238-1245), Lvov (1272-1349) Lutsk (1349-1387) Languages) Old Russian Religion orthodoxy Form of government monarchy Dynasty Rurikovichi Story Creation of the Principality Reunion Coronation of Daniel Creation of the metropolis Conquest of Galicia The conquest of Volhynia, the cessation of existence

The Galicia-Volyn principality fell into decay due to a number of reasons. The main internal factor in the beginning of the decline of the principality was that with the death of Andrei and Lev Yuryevich, as well as Vladimir Lvovich in 1323, the ruling dynasty of Rurikovich (Romanovich) was interrupted in the principality; this led to the fact that the power of the boyars in the state increased significantly, and Yuri II Boleslav, who sat on the Galician-Volyn throne in 1325, was already much more dependent on the boyar aristocracy than his predecessors Rurikovich. Also, a large role in the fall of the Galicia-Volyn state was played by the foreign policy situation that developed in the middle of the XIV century: at a time when the neighboring Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were on the rise, Volhynia and Galicia still remained in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. In 1349, the Polish king Casimir III captured Galicia, after which the Galicia-Volyn principality lost its territorial unity. In 1392, Galicia and Volyn were divided between Poland and Lithuania, which put an end to the existence of the Galicia-Volyn principality as a single political entity.

Evangelist Mark (Vladimir, XIII century, Volyn Gospel).

On the territory of the Galicia-Volyn principality, an original culture was formed, which not only inherited the traditions of Kievan Rus, but also absorbed many innovations from neighboring countries. Most of the modern information about this culture has come down to us in the form of written evidence and archaeological artifacts.

The main cultural centers of the principality were large cities and Orthodox monasteries, which at the same time played the role of the main educational centers of the country. Volyn played a leading role in the cultural life of the country. The city of Vladimir itself, the main city of the Volyn principality, was an ancient stronghold of the Rurikovich. The city became famous thanks to Prince Vasily, whom the chronicler recalled as "a great scribe and philosopher, which was not on the whole earth and will not be after him." This prince developed the cities of Berestya and Kamenets, created his own library, built many churches throughout Volyn, to which he gave icons and books. Other significant cultural center was Galich, famous for its metropolitan cathedral and the church of St. Panteleimon. In Galicia, the Galician-Volyn Chronicle was also written and the Galician Gospel was created. Poloninsky, Bogorodichny and Spassky were ranked among the largest and most famous monasteries of the principality.

Little is known about the architecture of the principality. Written sources describe mainly churches, without mentioning the secular houses of princes or boyars. Data archaeological sites also not many, and they are not enough for an accurate reconstruction of the then structures. The remains of the temples of the principality and records in the annals make it possible to assert that the traditions of the architecture of Kievan Rus remained strong in these lands, but new trends of Western European architectural styles were felt ..

The fine arts of the principality were strongly influenced by the Byzantine. Galicia-Volyn icons were especially valued in Western Europe, many of them ended up in Polish churches after the conquest of the principality. The art of icon painting of the Galicia-Volyn lands had common features with the Moscow icon-painting school of the XIV-XV centuries .. Although Orthodox traditions they did not encourage the development of sculpture in connection with the fight against idolatry, the pages of the Galicia-Volyn chronicle mention sculptural masterpieces in Galich, Przemysl and other cities, which testifies to the Catholic influence on the masters of the principality. fashion in decorative arts, especially in the processing of weapons and military devices, Asian countries, in particular the Golden Horde, dictated.

The development of culture in the Galicia-Volyn principality contributed to the consolidation historical traditions Kievan Rus; for many centuries they have been preserved in architecture, fine arts, literature, chronicles and historical works. But at the same time, the principality fell under the influence of Western Europe, where the Galician-Volyn princes and the nobility sought protection from aggression from the east.