The role of the UN in the modern world economy. The role and place of the UN in the development of international economic relations. The main functions of the junctad are

08.03.2020

International economic organizations that regulate the system of the world economy can be classified according to two main principles: according to the organizational principle and according to the sphere of multilateral regulation.

Share work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, there is a list of similar works at the bottom of the page. You can also use the search button

named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Faculty of Education

Department of Natural Sciences

Coursework by disciplineEconomic social and political geography

TOPIC: The United Nations, its role in the global economy

Completed by: Kusainova

Nurgul Tanatarovna

specialties Geography

4 courses O/O

supervisor

Munarbaeva B. G.

Senior Lecturer

Kostanay

2012

Kostanay Social and Technical University

named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Department of Natural Sciences

Discipline _______________

APPROVE

Head department _______

"___" _______ 20__

EXERCISE

for student coursework

__________________________________________________________________

Theme of the course work ______________________________________________

Target setting ____________________________

The scope of the course work - _________________________________________________

The term of the report to the head on the progress of the development of the course work:

a) a report on the collected material and the progress of the development of the course work

to "" 20___

b) a report on the progress of writing a term paper until "____" ___________ 20____.

Deadline for the course work - "____" ________ 20_.

Course leader: __________________

"___" _____________ 20_

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………

1 International economic organizations……………………………….

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations………...

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activity of international organizations…………………………………………………………………………

2 The United Nations, its role in the world economy……….

2.1 Establishment of the UN……………………………………………………………...

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies…………………….

3 The General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions………………………..

3.1 Economic and Social Council…………………………………….

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)……………….

3.3 Activities of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)……………………………………………………………………

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..

LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………………..

INTRODUCTION

Countries trade with each other, they (and their companies) enter into agreements, agree on common rules for conducting various kinds of business - trade in goods and services, building facilities or buying enterprises, loans, credits, etc.

In all these actions, both the simplest and the most complex, in which many countries and companies sometimes act as participants, the essence and content side of bilateral or multilateral international economic cooperation is expressed.

Tasks of international regulation of international economic relations. The main tasks of regulating international economic relations are the following:

ensuring stability and sustainability of economic growth and development in all regions of the world, especially in the financial sector, taking into account the extreme sensitivity of this sphere to fluctuations in the global situation, to the impact of foreign policy factors;
promotion of economic cooperation between countries through the variety of forms of such cooperation;
striving for the complete elimination of discrimination in trade economic cooperation (as it was supposed, for example, at the initial stage of the WTO Trade Round in Doha (Qatar, 2001);
providing all kinds of assistance in the development of private entrepreneurship in developing and new capitalist countries, assisting them in overcoming crisis situations by the methods that were considered the most reliable (in many cases, these attempts had a negative effect);
harmonization of the macroeconomic policy of the states-participants of world economic cooperation. This last task, like the previous ones, certainly has a positive intention, but, most likely, rests on naive-romantic expectations that are not justified by real practice. Countries are so strikingly different from each other in terms of the “quality” of the economy that it will be impossible to apply uniform approaches to them in economic policy for many decades to come.

International economic organizations are an important tool for regulating multilateral interstate relations in the field of trade and economy, they have agreed goals, their permanent bodies, as well as organizational norms, including the charter, procedure and decision-making procedure, etc.

1 International economic organizations

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations

The classification of international economic organizations according to the organizational principle as a basis assumes the participation or non-participation of the organization in the United Nations system, and also takes into account the profile of organizations and the goals of their activities. With this approach, international economic organizations can be divided into the following groups:

international economic organizations of the UN system;
international economic organizations that are not members of the UN system;
regional economic organizations.
The classification of international economic organizations in the field of multilateral regulation involves their division into the following groups:
international economic organizations regulating economic and industrial cooperation and branches of the world economy;
international economic organizations in the system of regulation of world trade;
regional economic organizations in the system of regulation of the world economy;
international and regional economic organizations that regulate business activities;
international non-governmental organizations and associations that promote the development of international economic relations.

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations

Methods of interaction in international regulation are resolutions and directives developed and adopted by international organizations that are binding on their members; multilateral agreements concluded at the intergovernmental level; agreements and agreements, consultations and cooperation at the regional level and in non-governmental organizations. The regulation is aimed at creating certain prerequisites that contribute to the further development of world economic relations between interested states, in particular, by achieving stability and predictability of the market access regime.

The main areas of multilateral regulation of economic cooperation in modern conditions include the following:

creation by the states concerned of a contractual and legal basis for trade and economic relations, including the most important principles and norms;
developing agreements on the use at the national level of a complex of trade, economic and political means of influencing world economic relations, determining the scope and possibilities for using individual instruments of economic policy;
the formation and further development of international institutions that contribute to the achievement of agreements and the solution of controversial problems that arise between the participating countries, their associations and groupings;
exchange of information and experience in organizing trade and economic relations. .

There are more than 100 international organizations in the world, and more or less involved in the discussion and regulation of economic problems. They differ in composition, size, functions, as well as in their impact on the international economy. International organizations can be classified according to (different criteria. Among modern international organizations, there are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The role of both is significant, they all contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life.

An international intergovernmental organization is created in accordance with international law and should not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. Its creation is based on an international treaty (convention, agreement, protocol, etc.). The parties to such an agreement are sovereign states, and recently intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area. The UN coordinates the activities of states in almost all areas and acts as an intermediary between them. Sometimes states refer the most difficult issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and decision. Each international organization has an appropriate organizational structure, which confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from other forms of international cooperation. An important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its founding act. An international organization cannot exceed its powers.

Another type of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations that are not established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. There are currently over 8,000 of them. International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations.

International organizations of any kind are called upon to solve various problems in their fields of activity. To solve economic and other problems, more than 1,000 international conferences are currently held annually, which are convened in order to develop and adopt international treaties, conclude acts, and establish principles of cooperation in a specific area of international relations.

2 United Nations, its role in the global economy

2.1 Creation of the UN

The first step towards the creation of the United Nations was the Declaration signed in London on June 12, 1941, in which the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition pledged to "work together with other free peoples both in war and in peace." In August of the same year, US President T. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill proposed a set of principles for international cooperation to maintain peace and security in a document known as the Atlantic Charter. Of course, this took into account the experience of the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the Second World War. In January 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the Axis countries (Germany-Italy-Japan) declared their support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the Declaration of 26 states. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt. Then, in a Declaration signed in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and China called for the speedy establishment of an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security. This goal was reaffirmed at a meeting of the leaders of the United States, USSR and Great Britain in Tehran on December 1, 1943. The first concrete contours of the UN were outlined at a conference held at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington. It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN), determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimean) conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation in the UN of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR as founding states (this was a tribute to the USSR, which fought alone with Germany until o opening second front in 1944). The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene a United Nations Conference on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to develop the UN Charter. .

The founding conference on the creation of the UN was held from April 25 to June 26, 1945 in the United States. Its convocation even before the end of the Second World War testified that the allies had reached mutual understanding on the main issues of creating a universal interstate organization designed to ensure peace on board, those. The UN Charter officially came into force on October 24, 1945, and this date is considered the birthday of the UN.

The United Nations is the center for solving the problems that all of humanity faces. The activities of the UN are carried out by the joint efforts of more than 30 related organizations that make up the United Nations system. The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it provides tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States - big and small, rich and poor, with different political views and social systems - have the right to express their opinion and vote in this process.

The United Nations has six principal organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The sixth body - the International Court of Justice - is located in The Hague (Netherlands).

Along with the increasing role of world political problems, economic aspects occupy a large place in the activities of the UN, which is expressed primarily in the expansion of the economic functions of the UN. All new spheres of the world economy, international economic relations are becoming the subject of its study, analysis, search for ways and means of their solution, development of appropriate recommendations. The significance of the economic activities of the UN increases with the complication of the processes taking place in world economic relations and the international division of labor, the aggravation of the problems arising in the world economy, and the further expansion of international economic cooperation.

Article 1 of the UN Charter formulates in a concentrated form the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere: “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social ...” nature. Chapters IX and X The charter is entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. In particular, Article 55 defines the specific goals of economic cooperation within the UN: “creating the conditions of stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations”, “raising the standard of living, achieving full employment of the population”, promoting “conditions for economic and social progress and assistance” . Fixed in Art. 2 general principles of international cooperation within the framework of the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic problems. One of the central tasks of the United Nations is to promote higher standards of living, full employment and conditions for social and economic progress and development. 70% of the activities of the United Nations system are related to this task. Underlying this activity is the belief that eradicating poverty and improving human well-being everywhere are necessary steps towards creating the conditions for lasting world peace.

At the 60th Anniversary Session (September 2005), a high-level plenary meeting of the Assembly with the participation of Heads of State and Government, a comprehensive review of the progress made in the implementation of all commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration. Much attention at the session was devoted to the need to achieve internationally agreed development goals and forge global partnerships to ensure progress at the national, regional and international levels; while emphasizing the importance of implementing the decisions and commitments made at international conferences and summits of the United Nations in the economic, social and related fields.

The system of organization of UN agencies is very complex, and many of them deal with issues of an economic nature. In general, the economic activities carried out by the UN can be divided into four areas:

solution of global economic problems common to all countries;
promotion of economic cooperation between states with different levels of socio-economic development;
promoting the economic growth of developing countries;
solution of problems of regional economic development.

In practice, work in the above areas is carried out using such forms of activity as:

informational;
technical advisory;
financial. .

The informational aspect of the work of the UN is by far the most extensive work of both the Secretariat and all UN agencies. Issues of the greatest interest, putting on the agenda of political discussions, written reports and references are prepared. All materials are carefully considered in various departments of the agencies and only after thorough preparatory work (including the publication of reports and reports) are submitted for public discussion in the relevant agencies of the UN system.

The purpose of such activities is the overall impact on the economic policies of the member countries. By and large, this is work "for the future", "in reserve". A significant amount of various information and statistical calculations are published, which have a fairly high reputation among specialists in this field. The work on unification, collection and processing of initial statistical data is headed by the Statistical Commission and the Statistical Department. Activities in the field of accounting and statistics are very useful and beneficial for underdeveloped countries, since, on the one hand, they often simply do not have their own economically verified statistical methods, and on the other hand, foreign economic entities, seeking to penetrate the markets of countries, have almost the only opportunity to get real information about the state of affairs in the economic sector of a given country.

The technical advisory activities of the UN are carried out in the form of technical assistance to states in need of it. As early as 1948, some kind of principles for the provision of such assistance were adopted. First of all, she must:

ensure the prosperity of the country, but at the same time, assistance cannot serve as a means for foreign economic and political interference in the internal affairs of the state;
be provided exclusively through the governments of countries and intended exclusively for this country;
be provided, as far as possible, in the form that is desirable for that country itself;
have a specific character, meet high quality and technical requirements.

Monetary, financial and credit activities are carried out mainly through the international organizations associated with the UN: the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Development Association. These structures are formally specialized organizations of the UN, although they depend little on the UN and in fact come up with independent conceptual ideas that run counter to the recommendations of reports published, for example, by GATT and ECOSOC. .

The main structural units of the economic cooperation organization system within the United Nations are three of the six main bodies specified in the Charter, namely the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Secretariat.

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies

An important role in the system of interstate regulation is played by the United Nations (UN), which is universal both in terms of membership and in terms of issues within its competence.

According to the Charter, the UN sets itself the following goals:

maintain international peace and security; settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of peace;
to develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
to carry out multilateral cooperation and promote the resolution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature on the principles of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all;
be the center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving their goals.

Organizations of global importance include, first of all, the specialized institutions of the UN - the IMF and the World Bank Group, as well as the World Trade Organization. The direct role of the UN in international monetary and financial relations is limited.

Principal organs and specialized agencies of the UN, reflecting its structure:

General Assembly;
Security Council;
the Economic and Social Council, which has several specialized agencies (UNCTAD, UNIDO, FAO, etc.);
Secretariat.

A separate block in the UN structure is represented by regional economic commissions (JAC, ECA, ECLAC, ESCAP, etc.), as well as functional and special commissions. .

Each of these organizations has its own specific goals and objectives and makes a real contribution to the regulation of international economic relations.

In 2005, the world community celebrated the 60th anniversary of the activities of the United Nations, the leading international forum on the path to solving the problems of global development. The UN is an integral part of the modern world order, in the formation of which it plays an important role. The main goals and principles of the international legal order were for the first time enshrined in its Charter.

3 The General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions

The UN General Assembly, according to the UN Charter, is responsible for the implementation of the functions of the United Nations in the field of international cooperation and directs specific activities in this area through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The main task of the Assembly is to serve as the highest forum within the UN for discussing the most important, key problems of an economic nature.

The Assembly exercises its functions in the area under consideration mainly through the Second Committee (on economic and (|financial) issues). This is one of the main committees of the Assembly. The Assembly establishes international cooperation organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) or the United Nations industrial development (UNIDO), etc.

3.1 Economic and Social Council

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). This organization is the next hierarchical body in the system of the economic mechanism of the United Nations. ECOSOC, established in 1946, coordinates all UN activities in the socio-economic field Among the members of ECOSOC are 54 UN member states elected by the UN General Assembly, and 5 permanent members of the Security Council are permanent members. The highest body of ECOSOC is the session of the Council. Three sessions are held annually:

spring - on social, legal and humanitarian issues
summer - on economic and social issues;
special - on organizational issues.

conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results. .

Let's summarize the information above. So, ECOSOC coordinates the activities of:

permanent committees (economic, social, etc.);

functional commissions and subcommissions (statistical, social development, etc.), regional economic commissions (European Economic Commission - EEC, economic commissions for Africa, etc.);
UN specialized agencies (FAO, UNIDO, etc.).
According to Art. 68 of the Charter, in order to fulfill its functions, ECOSOC has the right to create subsidiary bodies that operate between sessions. Currently, there are 11 standing committees and commissions (on natural resources, on non-governmental organizations, etc.), 6 functional commissions (statistical, social development, etc.), 5 regional economic commissions and a number of other bodies.

Structure of ECOSOC. The Economic and Social Council coordinates the work of 14 UN specialized agencies, 10 functional commissions and 5 regional commissions; receives reports from 11 UN funds and programmes; makes policy recommendations to UN system organizations and Member States. In accordance with the UN Charter, ECOSOC is responsible for promoting the improvement of living standards, ensuring full employment of the population and conditions for economic and social progress; for identifying ways to resolve international problems in the economic, social and health fields; promotion of international cooperation in the field of culture and education; promotion of universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. ECOSOC has more than 70% of the human and financial resources of the entire UN system at its disposal. In carrying out its mandate, ECOSOC organizes consultations with academia, the business world and over 2,100 registered non-governmental organizations. The Council holds a four-week main session each year in July, alternately in New York and Geneva. The session includes a high-level segment, during which ministers of national governments and heads of international institutions and other high-ranking officials discuss a single topic of global importance. ECOSOC has taken a leading role in key strategic areas in recent years. During this high-level meeting in 1999, the Poverty Manifesto was adopted, which largely predetermined the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York. The 2000 High-Level Segment Ministerial Declaration proposed concrete measures to bridge the digital divide, leading directly to the creation of the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Task Force in 2001. Since 1998, ECOSOC has been the key committees of the Bretton Woods institutions - the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

Subsidiary and ECOSOC related bodies include the following.

Functional commissions:

Statistical Commission;
Commission on Population and Development;
Commission for Social Development;
Human Rights Commission;
Group of Three (established under the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid),
Working Group to Study Cases of Persistent Gross Violations of Human Rights;
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention;
Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development;
Open-ended Working Group on the Development of a Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
Open-ended Working Group to develop a draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
an open-ended working group to develop basic guidelines on structural adjustment programs and economic, social and cultural rights;
Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights;
Working Group on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities;
Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery;
Working Group on Indigenous Peoples;
Sessional Working Group on Working Methods of the Subcommission;
Sessional Working Group on the Administration of Justice;
Sessional Working Group on the working methods and activities of transnational corporations;
Working Group on Communications;
Commission on the Status of Women;
Commission on Narcotic Drugs;
Sub-Commission on Drug Trafficking in the Near and Middle East and Related Matters;
Meeting of Heads of National Drug Enforcement Agencies;
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice;
Commission on Science and Technology for Development;
Commission for Sustainable Development;
ad hoc open-ended working groups;
the Open Ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Expert Group on Energy and Sustainable Development;
United Nations Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions:

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); .
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).

Standing Committees:

Committee for Program and Coordination;
Commission on Human Settlements;
Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations;
Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies.

Special bodies:

Ad Hoc Open Ended Working Group on Informatics.
Expert bodies composed of government experts:
Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD ) is the main body of the UN General Assembly (GA) in the field of trade and development, an important instrument of multilateral interstate regulation of trade and economic policy. It was created as a permanent intergovernmental organization at the First session of the Conference held in 1964 in Geneva. In the context of the collapse of the world colonial systems, the establishment of UNCTAD reflected the desire of developing countries to integrate into world trade on “fair conditions.” Other international institutions created at that time, including the GATT, did not fully represent the interests of countries with weak economies, so the UN General Assembly decided to create a permanent organization, the main idea (goal) of which includes the analysis of trends in the development of the world economy and trade, the formulation and implementation of trade policies that promote the economic growth of developing countries.

UNCTAD does not have a statute. Objectives, functions, organizational structure, all procedures related to the activities of UNCTAL. set out in UNGA Resolution No. 1995. In accordance with this resolution, the members of the Conference are those states that are members of the UN, its specialized agencies or the International Atomic Energy Agency. By the beginning of 2004, UNCTAD included 194 states, including all 12 CIS countries.

The Conference defined as its main functions:

encouragement of international trade, in particular between countries at different levels of development;
establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development,
facilitating the coordination of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and economic development;
implementation of the harmonization of the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade.

Each State represented at the Conference shall have one vote. Decisions are taken by a 2/3 majority of representatives present and voting.

UNCTAD's annual budget is approximately US$50 million and is allocated from the regular budget of the United Nations. Technical cooperation activities are financed from extrabudgetary resources provided by donor countries, beneficiaries, as well as various organizations - about 25 million US dollars per year.

UNCTAD works closely with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), UNDP, the International Trade Center, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the IMF and other organizations. The sessions in Midranta (1996), Bangkok (2001) and Sao Paulo (2004) identified the programmatic directions for UNCTAD's activities at the beginning of this century, the main ones being:

Globalization and development strategies. UNCTAD studies the main trends in the development of the world economy, in particular globalization, and evaluates its impact on the development of the economies of different groups of countries. Specific development problems and success stories that can be useful for developing countries and countries with economies in transition are analyzed. Issues related to financial flows and debt are being studied. Assistance is rendered to developing countries in the settlement of debt relations. Databases relating to trade and development issues are expanding.

International trade in goods and services and commodity issues. UNCTAD develops policies aimed at:

improving the functioning of commodity markets by reducing imbalances affecting supply and demand;
ensure that developing countries gradually reduce their overdependence on non-processed commodity exports through horizontal and vertical diversification of production and exports, and crop substitution;
the gradual elimination of trade barriers in the area of commodities;
minimization of risks associated with fluctuations in commodity prices, including the use of a price hedging mechanism (commodity futures, options, swaps);
compensatory financing for reduced export earnings.

Investment, technology and enterprise development. UNCTAD studies global trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and their relationship to trade, technology and development. As part of the activities of the Conference, mechanisms are being developed to support small and medium-sized businesses. It defines policies to encourage the development of technological capacity and innovation in developing countries. The conference provides assistance to developing countries and encouragement of investment inflow and improvement of their investment! climate.

Also of great importance is the development and implementation of programs for the training of qualified personnel to create an infrastructure of services for the establishment of efficient trade. UNCTAD as a whole is doing a lot of work in developing national policies for the development of infrastructure for services, and it is helping to expand global e-commerce by facilitating access to information technology for developing countries.

UNCTAD and the least developed, landlocked and island developing States. UNCTAD coordinates work on least developed country (LDC) issues, including the provision of technical assistance in the form of integrated country programmes.

The Conference participates in the programs of action for the least developed countries, the Barbados Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Global Program for Cooperation in Transit Transport among Landlocked Developing Countries. Trust funds for LDCs are being administered.

The fight against poverty. UNCTAD recognizes the need for an integrated approach to combat poverty. The conference focuses its efforts on such areas as the development of human resources and social infrastructure; creating jobs and increasing the productivity of the poor, the distribution of income and social benefits. The impact of trade expansion on poverty alleviation is being studied.

Economic cooperation among developing countries UNCTAD is studying the experience of subregional, regional and interregional economic cooperation among developing countries; develops action programs for the world community to overcome the economic backwardness of the LDCs.

Some results of UNCTAD activity for 40 years of its existence. As a result of the 11 sessions of UNCTAD, a number of important international agreements were adopted for the purpose, including:

In the field of trade:

generalized system of preferences (1971). Thanks to the existence of the GSP, goods exported by developing countries are subject to preferential (preferential) treatment in the markets of developed countries;

agreement on the global system of trade preferences (GSTP) among developing countries (1989);
a set of multilaterally agreed fair principles and rules for the control of restrictive business practices (1980);
the Global Network of Trade Points (GTPC), established as a result of the work of the UN International Symposium on Trade Efficiency (1994); .

In the field of commodities:

international commodity agreements on cocoa, sugar, natural rubber, jute and jute products, tropical timber, tin, olive oil and wheat;
a common commodity background established to provide financial support for the operation of international stocks and the implementation of commodity R&D projects (1989);

In the area of debt and development:

since the adoption by the Council of the resolution providing for retroactive debt adjustment in low-income developing countries (1978), the debt burden has been reduced by more than $6.5 billion for more than 50 poor developing countries;
Guidelines for International Action on Debt Restructuring (1980);

In support of least developed and landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries:

agreement on a global framework for cooperation in transit transport between landlocked and transit developing countries and the donor community (1995);
program of action for the LDCs (1990s);
program of action for the LDCs for 2001-2003;
in the field of transport:
the UN Convention on the Code for Conducting Linear Conferences (1974);
UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978);
UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980);
the UN Convention on Conditions for the Registration of Ships (1986);
UN Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages (1993).

The vigorous activity of UNCTAD contributed to the adoption of the following important decisions by international organizations and governments:

an agreement to set targets for PAs including 0.7% of GDP for developing countries as a whole and 0.15% for LDCs;
improvement of the mechanism of compensatory financing for the reduction of export earnings of developing countries, created by the International Monetary Fund;
reducing the debt of highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) to international commercial banks.

One of the important functions of the Conference is its publication of annual reports on trade and development. These reports contain an analysis of current international and regional trends and the interaction of trade, investment and financial flows. For example, the World Investment Report provides an analysis of trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and the activities of TNCs; the report on the least developed countries (LDCs) provides an overview of the main problems of the LDCs and measures of their international support. The Statistical Handbook on International Trade and Development published by UNCTAD contains the main indicators of world and regional development: GDP per capita, growth rate, consists of balance of payments, FDI, financial resource and debt flows, an overview of trends in maritime transport. UNCTAD's annual Guide to Publications lists other periodic and ad hoc studies of importance to countries and a source of normative input in national and international lawmaking.

The conference is convened at least once every four years at the ministerial level. The date and place of the sessions of the Conference are established by the UN General Assembly, taking into account the recommendations of the Conference or the Trade and Development Board. Between sessions, the permanent executive body of UNCTAD is the Trade and Development Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). The Council meets as needed - usually twice a year. In addition, the Council holds special sessions and meetings of commissions on issues of global politics, the interdependence of the economies of the countries of the world, trade problems and monetary and financial relations, structural adjustment and economic reforms. Since 1997, the working bodies of the Council have been three commissions: on trade in goods and services; on investment, technology and financial matters; on entrepreneurship and business. The Council submits annual reports on its activities to the Conference and the General Assembly of the United Nations. From 1964 to 2004, 11 sessions were held:

first session -1964 (Geneva, Switzerland);
second session - 1968 (Delhi, India);
third session - 1972 (Santiago, Chile);
fourth session -1976 (Nairobi, Kenya);
fifth session -1979 (Manila, Philippines);
sixth session -1983 (Belgrade, Yugoslavia);
seventh session -1987 (Geneva, Switzerland);
eighth session -1992 (Cartagena, Colombia);
ninth session -1996 (Midrand, South Africa);
tenth session - 2000 (Bangkok, Thailand);
eleventh - 2004 (Sao Paulo, Brazil). .

UNCTAD sessions are interstate economic forums dedicated to discussing the most pressing problems of international trade in the context of overcoming the economic backwardness of developing countries. As a result of the session, resolutions, conventions, agreements, codes with different legal force are adopted. The decisions made are advisory in nature (Fig. 22.4 shows the structure of UNCTAD).

However, the role of the organization's analytical reports should not be underestimated. Based on a fundamental research base, they enable different countries and their organizations to track the general trade and economic situation in the world and actually use the published data in their plans for the development of foreign economic relations.

Thus, the creation of UNCTAD was originally due to the collapse of the colonial system and the desire of young politically independent states to integrate into world trade on new parity grounds. UNCTAD was supposed to assist in these tasks. One of the main goals of UNCTAD in modern conditions is to consolidate the efforts of developing countries in their struggle for more favorable conditions for international trade. This will create the necessary basis for strengthening their economic independence and developing national economies. The Conference is financed from the UN budget and from extrabudgetary resources. UNCTAD's work has two central areas:

1) strengthening the positions of developing countries in the world commodity and agricultural markets;

2) gradual overcoming of the existing disproportion in the commodity structure of exports of developing countries in favor of expanding groups of goods of deep processing

3.3 Activities of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, OEEC, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the European Recovery Program proposed by US Secretary of State A. Marshall, known as the Marshall Plan ( 1947) In 1948, the OEEC was created to coordinate this program for the economic recovery of 16 European countries.

The members of the organization were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, the Anglo-American and French occupation zones of Germany.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the Organization, and in 1950, Canada and the United States joined as associate members. Although initially the activities of the Organization were mainly limited to the implementation of the European Recovery Program, subsequently, within its framework, programs were implemented aimed at stimulating economic cooperation among member countries through trade liberalization and the creation of a system of multilateral settlements. In 1960, in Paris, the OEEC members and a number of other countries signed the Convention on the Establishment of the OECD, which was ratified by the parliaments of the countries and entered into force in 1961.

The OECD includes 31 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Slovenia, Slovakia.

The main tasks and functions of the OECD:

formulating, coordinating and implementing policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and maintaining financial stability in the participating countries;
stimulating and coordinating the efforts of the participating countries in the field of financial and technical assistance to developing countries;
promoting the expansion of international trade, excluding the use of discriminatory measures. .

The organization is governed by a Council composed of representatives from all participating countries. The activities of the OECD are carried out by more than 100 specialized committees and working groups, which, together with the international secretariat, study specific problems and formulate policy recommendations, for example, in the fields of economic development, technical cooperation, international trade, energy and environmental protection. Council founded in 1974.

Among the developments carried out under the auspices of the OECD, which are important, we should mention the Code of Conduct for TNCs, as well as the Guidelines on the preparation of financial statements by TNCs. The OECD institutions do a very useful job of facilitating international forums that discuss the political, economic, cultural and other global or regional issues of today.

Several autonomous organizations operate within the OECD:

International Energy Agency (IEA);
Atomic Energy Agency (ATE);
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA);
Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO);
OECD Development Centre.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is called upon to stimulate international cooperation in the field of energy and reduce the dependence of member countries on oil imports. Operating since 1974

The Atomic Energy Agency (ATE), established in 1958 as the European Atomic Energy Agency, promotes international cooperation among OECD member countries in the development and use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

The Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO) was established in 1968 to encourage and promote the development of research activities in the field of education. All OECD member countries are members of CINO.

The OECD Development Center was established by a decision of the OECD Council in 1962 with the aim of pooling the knowledge and experience of member countries in the field of economic development, as well as the development and implementation of a common policy of economic assistance; making such knowledge and experience available to developing countries in accordance with their needs. All OECD member countries are members of the Center.

An important role in the OECD is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee. Its functions include consideration of issues such as assistance to Member States, as well as developing countries; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be provided to developing countries; providing support to countries in order to ensure their sustainable development, building the capacity to participate in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document "Partnership in the field of development in a changed world" was adopted, which contains the main directions for the content of the efforts of member states in ensuring sustainable economic and social development. In 1990, within the framework of the OECD, the Center for Cooperation with European Countries with Economies in Transition was established to coordinate relations between the OECD and the countries of Eastern Europe. This center also provides training in the following areas: economic development and structural adjustment; competition; labor market; banks and social policy; banking and finance, etc.

The OECD has developed a multilateral investment agreement (MIT) that is open to member countries. A group of committees also deals with issues of promoting the efficient use of the economic resources of industry and agriculture. Financing of the OECD activities is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the members of the Organization. The OECD has official relations with a number of international organizations - the ILO, UNESCO, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD.

Group 7 - Group 8. Group 7 (G-7) was created in 1975 at the initiative of French President Giscard D "Estaing with the aim of annually discussing the most important economic problems by the heads of the leading economic powers of the world. This group included the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain , France, Italy and Canada.

It should be noted that the leaders of these countries have invariably turned their attention primarily to the urgent problems of world economic development, especially since the early 1990s, when the world socialist system collapsed and for many new countries that chose capitalist values, an era of cardinal changes began.

Conclusion

The United Nations plays a critical role in forging an international consensus on action for development. Beginning in 1960, the General Assembly has promoted the setting of priorities and targets for a series of ten-year international development strategies. In the programs of these decades, aimed at addressing specific issues, the need to achieve progress on all boards of socio-economic development is constantly emphasized. The United Nations continues to work on identifying new dachas in key areas such as sustainable development, the advancement of women, respect for human rights, environmental protection and good governance, and developing programs for their implementation.

At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders approved the Millennium Declaration, which formulated the main goals that provide for the elimination of extreme poverty and hunger, the provision of universal primary education; promoting gender equality and women's empowerment; reducing child mortality; improving the situation in the area of maternity protection; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases ensure environmental sustainability by achieving a set of measurable targets by 2015. In particular, it is envisaged to halve the proportion of those who have an income of less than one dollar a day; to ensure universal th education; eliminate gender inequality at all levels of education; dramatically reduce the level of child mortality while improving maternal health care.

The United Nations system is engaged in a variety of activities to promote the achievement of socio-economic goals. The mandates of the specialized agencies cover virtually all areas of socio-economic activity. These institutions provide countries around the world with technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance. Working in partnership with the United Nations, they help develop policies, set guidelines, mobilize support and raise funds. Close coordination between the United Nations and the specialized agencies is ensured through the United Nations System Coordinating Council (CEB), which includes the Secretary-General and the heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Trade Organization.

Three main functions should be distinguished in the activities of ECOSOC

a responsible specialized forum of states within the framework of the UN for a qualified discussion of international economic and social problems and the development of a principled political line;
coordination of all UN activities on economic and social issues, coordination of activities of UN specialized agencies;
conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results.

List of used literature

Bandurin V.V. Globalization of the world economy and Russia. M, 2005
World economy Khasbulatov R.I. Moscow, Insan, 2005
Basic information about the United Nations. Publishing house Legal literature. - M, 2001
International Organizations: Textbook / Ed. I.P. Blishchenko.-M.: RUDN University, 1994.
United Nations: Basic Facts. Reference book - M.: Ves Mir, 2000.
Kozyrev A.V. United Nations: structure and activity. - M.: Ak. Ped. Nauk, 1991.
Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. – M.: Lawyer, 2006 – 466 p.
Zaitseva O.G. International organizations: decision making. M., 1989
Ivanov I. Russia and the UN: reliable partners in the name of common goals // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2004, no. 3, p. 10–16
Kovtunov S.G., Titov K.V. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Russia // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2004, No. 10, pp. 64–70.
Krivleva E.S. Fundamentals of the theory of law of international organizations. M., 1979

Other related works that may interest you.vshm>
19592.		Place and role of small and medium enterprises in the world and Russian economy	104.41KB
	In recent years, there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of small and medium-sized businesses in the world, especially in areas that do not require large investments and the maintenance of a large number of employees .; consider the levels of government support for small and medium enterprises in the US; determine the scope of state support for small and medium-sized enterprises in Europe; formulate differences in the definition of small and medium-sized enterprises in industries and countries; identify factors...
21746.		Transnational banks in the global economy	27.45KB
	Modern TNCs, in addition to the existing international exchange of goods and services, have created international production and the financial sector, contributing to the transformation of mostly local intercountry regional international economic relations into global ones. TNCs play a leading role in the internationalization of production, an increasingly widespread process of expanding and deepening production ties between enterprises in different countries. The main factor in the effectiveness of TNCs is the international ...
10422.		Currency relations in the world economy	146.59KB
	The concept of national and foreign currency. Currency convertibility Factors determining exchange rates. When studying the topic, you need to focus on the following concepts: national currency; foreign currency; international currency; Eurocurrency; currency convertibility nominal exchange rate; real exchange rate; fixed exchange rate; free floating exchange rate; gold standard; Parisian gold standard system; Bretton Woods currency system of the gold-dollar standard; ...
16314.		And the South Caucasus South Caucasus in the modern world economy.	12.53KB
	The use of such an indicator as the number of scientific and technical articles seems appropriate since it indirectly characterizes the number and scope of research experiments and experiments. The US National Science Foundation publication â€œScience nd Engineering Indictorsâ€ provides data on the number of articles published by scientists from different countries; the calculation is based on the data of the citation indices of scientific articles Science Cittion Index hereinafter SCI and Socil Sciences Cittion Index hereinafter SSCI - including, respectively...
3230.		The problem of "brain drain" in the global economy	101.97KB
	"Brain drain" is one of the forms of migratory behavior. Departure, emigration, travel abroad for permanent work of highly qualified specialists who do not find application for their abilities or do not receive the expected return, are not in demand in the country of residence.
16812.		Formation of mega-regions in the global and national economy	22.28KB
	Andreeva in the report World experience in the development of megaregions at the round table meeting Megaregions in the Eurasian socio-economic space: prospects for the transformation of integration and development7 held in June 2009. The formation of megaregions of the first and second types occurs in the process of different speed and different formats of development of integration processes in the Eurasian space. The use of its various forms is becoming an important factor in the development and competitiveness of the economies of contact areas and economies...
16482.		Reducing the negative consequences of cyclicality in the global economy from the perspective of the Austrian School of Economics	37.71KB
	Interestingly, Keynes saw one of the causes of the Great Depression as people's excessive propensity to save. Nobel laureate Friedrich August von Hayek and Jesús Huerta de Soto proved very convincingly that the decline in individual savings actually leads to a decline in investment and economic growth, primarily in industries that do not produce consumer goods, which adversely affects the economy as a whole. he wrote that often an individual serves the industrial system not by supplying it with savings, and therefore ...
20111.		The place and role of Russian philosophical thought in world history	44.05KB
	There are heated discussions around it. Their sharpness is not accidental: the problem of the specifics of Russian philosophy is rooted in understanding the peculiarities of Russian culture, Russian national identity and in the study of the interaction of philosophizing in Russia with philosophical ideas, concepts of the West and East.
16740.		The role of rating agencies in the development of the global financial crisis and the global economy	12.93KB
	These agencies calculate a large number of ratings, the most important of which are international credit ratings and investment ratings that describe the situation in the field of corporate and public finance...
744.		The role of finance in the economy of the state	128.58KB
	Finance is one of the most important economic categories, reflecting economic relations in the process of creating and using money. Their emergence took place in the context of the transition from a subsistence economy to a regular commodity-money exchange and was closely connected with the development of the state and its needs for resources.

The first step towards the creation of the United Nations was the Declaration signed in London on June 12, 1941, in which the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition pledged to "work together with other free peoples both in war and in peace." In August of the same year, US President T. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill proposed a set of principles for international cooperation to maintain peace and security in a document known as the Atlantic Charter. Of course, this took into account the experience of the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the Second World War. In January 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the Axis countries (Germany - Italy - Japan) declared their support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the Declaration of 26 states. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt. Then, in a Declaration signed in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and China called for the speedy establishment of an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security. This goal was reaffirmed at a meeting of the leaders of the United States, USSR and Great Britain in Tehran on December 1, 1943. The first concrete contours of the UN were outlined at a conference held at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington. It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN), determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimea) conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR in the UN as founding states (this was a tribute to the USSR, which fought alone with Germany until the opening of a second front in 1944). The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene a United Nations Conference on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to develop the UN Charter.

Article 1 of the UN Charter formulates in a concentrated form the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere: “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social ...” nature. Chapters IX and X of the Charter are entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. In particular, Article 55 defines the specific goals of economic cooperation within the UN: “creating the conditions of stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations”, “raising the standard of living, achieving full employment of the population”, promoting “conditions for economic and social progress and assistance” . Fixed in Art. 2 general principles of international cooperation within the framework of the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic problems. One of the central tasks of the United Nations is to promote higher standards of living, full employment and conditions for social and economic progress and development. 70% of the activities of the United Nations system are related to this task. Underlying this activity is the belief that eradicating poverty and improving human well-being everywhere are necessary steps towards creating the conditions for lasting world peace.

The activities of the UN are increasingly influencing the nature and development of the most important socio-economic processes at the global and national levels. As an international forum for discussing and making purely political decisions on the most pressing issues in almost all spheres of human activity and international relations, the UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, which is manifested in the wide representativeness of both members and organizations cooperating with the UN. First of all, The UN is a collectionorgans(General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, etc.). Secondly, the UN acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

implementation of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). The export of high-tech products, the protection of trademarks and patents would be difficult without respect for the strictly regulated intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law-UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

prevention of damage to goods and services on world markets and provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions. For companies, it is also important that in the event of accidents during international transport, they can count on compensation for financial losses;

combating economic crime (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities, and developing foreign economic strategies. The UN agencies that provide statistics are regarded as authoritative and reliable sources of official statistics.

In addition to regulatory functions, the UN specialized agencies develop long-term strategies and tools in relation to the problems of the world economy on the basis of international expert consultations and agreements with governments and offer the world community possible ways to solve them.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues.

UNCTAD plays a key role in the UN system in dealing with issues of international trade, finance, investment and technology, in particular, assisting developing countries in creating enterprises and developing entrepreneurship. The UNCTAD Commission on Entrepreneurship, Business Facilitation and Development promotes the development and implementation of strategies for the effective development of entrepreneurship, promotes dialogue between the private and public sectors. UNCTAD's technical cooperation projects include the Customs Automated Data Processing System, the Trade Points Network Program, and the EMPRETEC Programme.

The project of an automated customs data processing system helps to modernize customs procedures and management of customs services, which greatly simplifies the bureaucratic component of foreign economic activity.

The UNCTAD-coordinated EMPRETEC program is designed to help address the challenge of better market entry for enterprises from developing countries.

When carrying out economic activities, states and companies must strictly take into account the environmental requirements stipulated by the provisions of a number of international environmental conventions. Such global environmental problems as desertification, loss of biodiversity, climate change are within the competence of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). UNEP, together with the World Meteorological Organization, developed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was adopted in 1992. In the XXI century. it lies at the heart of the worldwide efforts to combat global warming as a result of human activities. The document, in particular, provides for the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which imposes certain obligations on industrial companies - sources of these emissions, significantly affects agriculture, transport and other sectors of the economy, the impact of which on nature is increasing.

The protection of cultural and natural heritage, which is directly related to the development of the international tourism industry, as well as the reconciliation of economic needs with the need for environmental protection, international information exchange and statistics are part of the mandate of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

A number of UN system entities work with specific groups of private sector actors based on the specifics of their areas of expertise. Other agencies, such as the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank, maintain relationships with a wide range of organizations in the business community. In addition to bilateral relations, the participation of business groups in the activities of the UN can be ensured through the institutionalization of such participation in the structure of an international organization. An example is the International Labor Organization (ILO), which has existed since 1919, in which representatives of workers and employers are given equal opportunities with representatives of governments to influence the development of ILO policy.

Completed in 2012.

INTRODUCTION 3

Chapter 1. UNCTAD as an international organization

1.1. The history of UNCTAD and its evolution 9

1.2. Functions and remit of UNCTAD 14

1.3. Organizational structure of UNCTAD 21

Chapter 2. Main activities of UNCTAD (legal aspects) 33

2.1. The role of UNCTAD in establishing the Generalized System of Preferences for Developing Countries 33

2.2. UNCTAD and international commodity agreements 49

2.3. UNCTAD's position on the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 54

2.4. Relations between the UN Conference on Trade and Development and Russia (legal aspects) 60

CONCLUSION 82

BIBLIOGRAPHY 87

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Regulatory legal acts

Charter of the United Nations. Adopted in San Francisco on June 26, 1945 (as amended and supplemented on December 31, 1978) // Current international law. T. 1. - M .: Moscow Independent Institute of International Law, 1996. - S. 7 - 33.
Resolution 1995 (XIX) of the UN General Assembly "On the establishment of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)". Adopted 12/30/1964. (as amended and supplemented on 08.10.1979) // Private International Law. Collection of documents. - M.: BEK, 1997. - S. 154 - 160.
Convention on Transit Trade of Inland States (Concluded in New York on 07/08/1965) // Public International Law. Collection of documents. T. 1. - M .: BEK, 1996. - S. 21 - 28.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Concluded on 10/30/1947) / Since January 1, 1995, GATT-1994 and other multilateral agreements and related legal documents that form an integral part of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization have been in force for all WTO members dated 15.04.1994 // General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT. - St. Petersburg, 1994.
Agreement Establishing a Common Fund for Commodities (Concluded in Geneva on 06/27/1980). The agreement was signed by the USSR on 07/14/1987. The document on the approval of the Agreement by the Government of the USSR was deposited with the UN Secretary General on 08.12.1987 // ATP Consultant Plus.
Agreement on Uniform Rules Determining the Origin of Goods of Developing Countries When Granting Tariff Preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences of June 5, 1980 // Foreign Trade. - 1982. - No. 10. - S. 50.
International Agreement on Tropical Timber 1996 (Concluded in Geneva on January 27, 2006) // ATP Consultant Plus.
Rules of origin in the general system of preferences in favor of developing countries. UN report. TD/B/AC.5/3. 1970 // Generalized System of Preferences. origin rules. UN report. TD/B/5/5/ dated July 9, 1993
Rules governing the origin of goods from developing countries when granting tariff preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences // Foreign Trade. - 1982. - No. 10. - S. 51.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (subject to amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2008 No. 6-FKZ, of December 30, 2008 No. 7-FKZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2009. - No. 4. - Art. 445.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 3, 2003 No. 323 (as amended on November 11, 2010) “On approval of the interdepartmental distribution of responsibilities for ensuring the participation of the Russian Federation in international organizations of the UN system” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2003. - No. 23. - Art. 2238.

2. Materials of judicial practice

Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice dated 04/11/1949 "On Compensation for Damage Suffered in the Service of the UN" // ATP Consultant Plus.

3. Scientific and educational literature

Borisov K.G. International customs law: textbook. - M.: Publishing house of RUDN University, 2004. - 564 p.
Velyaminov G.M. International economic law and process (academic course): Textbook. - M.: Wolters Kluver, 2009. - 674 p.
Grechushnikova Yu.S. UNCTAD in the context of globalization: a new stage of development // Bulletin of the Financial Academy. - 2007. - No. 2. - P.105-110.
Grechushnikova Yu.S. Problems of Global Economic Development and the UN Conference on Trade and Development // Collection of materials of the International Scientific Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists "Lomonosov-2007". M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2007. - 167 p.
UNCTAD Annual Report 2008. - M.: MGIMO, 2009. - 78 p.
UNCTAD Report on World Investment 2011: Non-Equity Ways to Organize International Production and Development. New York, Geneva: United Nations, 2011. - 67 p.
Dodonov V.N., Panov V.P., Rumyantsev O.G. International law. Dictionary-reference / Under the general. ed. V.N. Trofimov. - M.: INFRA-M, 1997. - 673 p.
Report of the Panel of Eminent Persons "Strengthening the Role and Impact of UNCTAD in Development Matters". - New York and Geneva, 2006. - 43 p.
UNCTAD report. Report of the Special Committee on Preferences on the work of its fifth session, April 3, 1973. Ed. UN. 1973.
History of International Relations (1918-2003) / Ed. HELL. Bogaturova. - M.: Moskovsky worker, 2005.
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) // Economic Research Foundation "New Economy", 2010.
Mazurova E.K. The role of international organizations in the regulation of global economic processes. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 6. Economy. - 2002. - No. 4. - P.55-57.
International law. Special part: textbook for universities / M.V. Andreev, P.N. Biryukov, R.M. Valeev and others; resp. ed. R.M. Valeev, G.I. Kurdyukov. - M.: Statute, 2010. - 624 p.
International Economic Relations: Textbook / Ed. E.F. Zhukov. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2007. - 468 p.
International economic relations of developing countries: Economic cooperation between developing countries. Book. 3. - M.: International relations, 2005. - 411 p.
Obninskiy E.E. Developing countries: theory and practice of multilateral economic diplomacy. - M.: International relations, 1986. - 453 p.
UNCTAD Technical Cooperation Handbook: Building Capacity in Trade and Development since 1964. - New York, Geneva, 2006. - 167 p.
Trade and economic cooperation within the framework of participation in regional economic organizations. UNCTAD (UNCTAD) // Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. - 2003. - No. 12. - P.11-12.
Tunkin G.I. Theory of International Law / Ed. ed. prof. L.N. Shestakova. - M.: Zertsalo, 2007. - 345 p.
Boutros-Ghali B. Reinventing UNCTAD; South Centre.-Geneva: South Centre, July, 2006.
Hearing with civil society and the private sector; UNCTAD.- Geneva: United Nations, 2 October 2006.
Khor M. Don't use reform to "collapse" or merge agencies, says G77 // South-North Development Monitor, no. 6041, 7 June 2006.
São Paolo Consensus.- S.P., U.N., 25 June 2004.
Report of the Trade and Development Board on the first part of its 23rd special session; UNCTAD. - Geneva: U.N., 8 June 2006.

Velyaminov G.M. UN Conference on Trade and Development and Legal Regulation of International Trade: Abstract of the thesis. dis. … cand. legal Sciences. - M., 1970. - 25 p.
Grechushnikova Yu.S. The role of UNCTAD in the process of integrating developing countries into the world economy: Abstract of the thesis. dis. … cand. economy Sciences. - M., 2007. - 31 p.
Nikiforov V.A. Legal nature and trends in the development of complex structures of norms created by international organizations to regulate world trade: Abstract of the thesis. dis. … cand. legal Sciences. - M., 2011. - 28 p.

5. Internet resources

UNCTAD official website www.unctad.org
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (reference information) // Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation www.mid.ru, 2010.

PURCHASE INFORMATION FOR THIS WORK

Hello! My name is Vladislav Lubliiner, I am the author of the site and assisted in the preparation of this work.

This work is not posted on the Internet (only its content and list of sources on this site). She was defended to a positive evaluation.

The cost of finished term papers - 600 rubles, diploma and master's theses - 2500 rubles.

If you have any questions about this work, you can contact me in any way convenient for you:

Mail: [email protected]

Or just send an application (be sure to specify the required percentage of uniqueness):

Submit an application

I can check this work in Antiplagiat-Vuz and send you a Verification Report. If the percentage is low, I will let you know.

In any case, this work can be finalized to suit your requirements: raise the percentage of uniqueness to the required level, check and affix the latest editions of legal acts, update literature, add more recent judicial practice, change the plan, etc.

Get in touch! I have extensive experience in helping law students, and I can help you pass a high-quality, strong work for a positive assessment.

In the regulation of international trade, an important place is occupied by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD) and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law - UNC1TRAL .

UNCTAD - body of the UN General Assembly, founded in 1964 p. its formation was based on the fact that the GATT was a semi-closed organization, a kind of "club of the elite", the entrance to which was closed to the states. Therefore, on the initiative of the socialist and a number of developing countries, it was decided to create a body in the UN system that would regulate international trade on principles that were supposed to be more equitable. The main idea of the ac fields is to shift the emphasis in the regulatory mechanism in favor of countries, especially the least developed ones. These principles were specifically reflected in the "Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States", which was developed by UNCTAD and adopted by the General Assembly in 1976.

UNCTAD includes 192 states, including Ukraine. The headquarters of the organization is located in Geneva.

The main goal of UNCTAD is to promote the development of international trade in order to accelerate international development, especially for developing countries.

§ activation of intergovernmental cooperation between developed and developing countries;

§ strengthening cooperation between developing countries among themselves;

§ coordinating the actions of multilateral institutions in the field of international trade and development;

§ mobilization of human and material resources through joint action by governments and society;

§ Intensifying cooperation between the public and private sectors.

The objectives of UNCTAD determined its functions:

1. Regulation of trade and economic relations between the state.

2. Development of measures to regulate international trade in raw materials.

3. Development of trade policy principles.

4. Analysis of the trend of world development and international trade.

5. Discussion of topical issues of international economic relations.

6. Coordination of the activities of the bodies and institutions of the "UN" on international trade and development.

7. Cooperation with international organizations in the field of international trade (primarily with the WTO).

The activities of UNCTAD are based on the following principles: equality of states in international trade relations; inadmissibility of discrimination and economic pressure; spread of the most favored nation treatment in international trade; granting privileges to developing countries on the basis of "non-reciprocity"; the abolition of preferences enjoyed by developed countries in the markets of the weakest countries; promoting the expansion of exports from developing countries. These and some other principles are declared in a document called "Principles of International Legal Relations and Trade Policy".

UNCTAD took an active part in developing the principles of the "New International Economic Order", which was initiated by developing politicians. In this direction, in particular. The conference insists on limiting the practice of anti-dumping measures, which are widely used by developed countries against less developed ones (Ukraine also suffers from this), and on the abandonment of trade blockades and embargoes. UNCTAD determines that different groups of countries have different opportunities, therefore, in international trade it is necessary to take into account the problems of less developed countries. On the eve of the UNCTAD session (1996), a ministerial meeting of the "Group of 77" was held, which consists of developing countries; they discussed the problems of stimulating the development of the economy in the context of trade liberalization and the globalization of the world economy.

Since commodities remain the main export commodity for the least developed countries, UNCTAD is paying particular attention to the trade in commodities. Special research groups on raw materials have been formed, relevant international agreements have been concluded, and conventions on the terms of trade in raw materials have been signed. On the initiative of UNCTAD, the Integrated Program for Commodities (IPTS) was developed and adopted in 1976. The goal of the program is to stabilize prices for raw materials and assist the least developed countries in their industrial processing.

In the development of an international mechanism for trade policy, an important place is occupied by measures to determine preferences for developing countries, to remove tariff barriers, and to improve the structure of their exports. Particular attention is paid to the least developed landlocked countries (of which there are many in Africa) and island countries.

In addition to purely trade, UNCTAD knows other issues of international economic cooperation. Currency and finance; shipping; technology transfer insurance; international investment.

The analytical work of UNCTAD covers the following areas: trends in the world economy and their impact on the development process; macroeconomic policy; specific problems of development, use of successful development experience by developing countries and countries with economies in transition; issues related to financial flows and debts. Based on the results of the research, a bank of information provided to member countries is compiled.

Organizational structure of UNCTAD:

1. Conference.

2. Council for Trade and Development.

3. Secretariat.

The Conference is the supreme body of UNCTAD. It meets in session once every four years at the ministerial level and determines the main directions of international trade and development policy. The decisions of the Conference are predominantly advisory, they are not binding on all members; this UNCTAD differs significantly from the WTO, where decisions are binding.

Trade and Development Council - executive body; a feature is the possibility of participation in its work of representatives of all member countries who wish (now there are 146 of them). The Council holds annual sessions where issues of global politics, problems of trade, monetary and financial relations, trade policy, and economic reforms are discussed.

The following functional commissions are subordinate to the Council: the Commission for Trade in Goods and Services and from Raw Materials; Commission on Investment, Technology and Finance; Business Commission.

The Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat; is headed by the Secretary General, who is the Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations. The Secretariat includes two services: coordination and policy; external relations. In addition, in its work, the Secretariat relies on 9 departments:

§ commodities;

§ international trade;

§ services sector;

§ economic cooperation among developing countries;

§ global interdependence; TNCs and investments;

§ science and technology;

§ less developed countries;

§ management services.

In common with the WTO known UNCTAD runs the International Trade Center.

Funding for UNCTAD comes from the following sources: funds from UNDP, the European Commission, the World Bank, individual donor countries. Among the latter are predominantly Western European countries and Japan.

UNCTAD has an uneasy relationship with the WTO; in fact, they are competitors in the regulation of world trade. UNCTAD membership is dominated by developing countries; their representatives will be able to implement principles and decisions that are often not in the interests of developed countries (for example, the spread of the "non-reciprocity" principle). That is why the states that have unquestioning authority in the WTO are trying to give more weight to this particular organizations. And indeed, the authority of the WTO is higher than in UNCTAD. Not the least role in this is played by the principle of decision-making: their recommendatory nature in UNCTAD sometimes allows them to be ignored, and this weakens its authority. Even thoughts were expressed: is UNCTAD needed at all? But Subsequently, it was possible to delimit the functions of the two organizations: UNCTAD develops general trade and political principles in the context of development, and the WTO knows purely trade issues.

The role of the UN in the modern world economy. The role and place of the UN in the development of international economic relations. The main functions of the junctad are

Report a typo

Text to be sent to our editors:

Your comment (optional):