International economic organizations value. Universal international economic organizations. System of economic organizations
itself is a system of many organizations that is in the process of reorganization. Officially, the UN system includes: UN programs Specialized AgenciesAutonomous organizations of the United Nations
1. Country Advisory Groups - relatively permanent mechanisms for coordinating the economic policies of countries that are usually not formalized in a permanent international organization, but often have their own secretariat, placed at their disposal by a member country or some permanent international organization. For example: The Group of Seven (G5 + Canada and Italy) united before Russia was admitted to it in 1997.
3.
4.
5.
· Interstate
non-governmental
2. By circle of participants:
· Universal
· Regional
3. In terms of competence:
4. By the nature of powers:
· Interstate
· Supranational
· open
· Closed
Main functions.1. Assistance
2. Surveillance
3. Oversight
4. Regulation
Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 4147 | Page copyright infringement
Studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.002 s) ...
T.A.Frolova
World Economy: Lecture Notes
Taganrog: TRTU, 2005
2.
International economic organizations
The complication of the nature of the issues to be resolved in everyday international life necessitates a prompt solution with the help of an institutional mechanism. Such a mechanism is the international economic organizations (IEO).
International government organizations- these are international organizations, whose members are states and which are established on the basis of relevant treaties for the fulfillment of certain goals.
These organizations have a system of permanent bodies and have international legal personality (the ability to have rights, obligations).
There are the following types of MEO:
24. International economic organizations and their role in the development of the world economy
Interstate universal organizations, the purpose and subject of which are of interest to all states of the world.
This is primarily the UN system, which includes the UN and the specialized agencies of the UN, which are independent IEOs. Among them are the IMF, IBRD, WTO, UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
2. Interstate organizations of a regional and interregional nature, which are created by states to resolve various issues, incl. economic and financial. For example, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
3. International economic organizations operating in certain segments of the world market.
In this case, they most often act in the form of commodity organizations uniting a circle of countries. For example, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, 1960), the International Tin Agreement (1956), the International Cocoa and Coffee Agreements, the International Textiles Agreement (ICTT, 1974).
4. International economic organizations represented by semi-formal associations of the "seven" type (USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy).
5. Various trade and economic, monetary and credit, sectoral and specialized economic and scientific and technical organizations.
UN - United Nations , established in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, boards and commissions.
UN goals:
- maintaining international peace and security through the adoption of effective collective measures and the peaceful settlement of disputes;
- development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples;
- ensuring international cooperation in resolving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and promoting human rights.
WTO - World Trade Organization. It began to operate from 01/01/1995, it is the successor to the one that was in force since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the sole legal and institutional basis of the world trade organization. The fundamental principles of the WTO are:
— granting the most favored nation treatment in trade on a non-discriminatory basis;
- mutual granting of national treatment to goods and services of foreign origin;
- regulation of trade mainly by tariff methods;
— refusal to use quantitative restrictions;
— promotion of fair competition;
— resolution of trade disputes through consultations.
World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral lending institution made up of 5 closely related institutions whose common goal is to improve living standards in developing countries through financial assistance from developed countries.
1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945, the purpose is to provide loans to relatively wealthy developing countries.
2. IDA (International Development Association) was founded in 1960 with the aim of providing soft loans to the poorest developing countries.
3. The IFC (International Finance Corporation) was established in 1956 with the aim of promoting economic growth in developing countries by supporting the private sector.
4. IAIG (International Investment Guarantee Agency) was founded in 1988 with the aim of encouraging foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against losses caused by non-commercial risks.
5. ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) was established in 1966.
Objective: to promote increased international investment flows by providing arbitration and dispute resolution services to governments and foreign investors; consulting, scientific research, information on investment legislation.
IMF - International Monetary Fund. Created in 1945
— maintenance of the common settlement system;
- monitoring the state of the international monetary system;
— promoting the stability of exchange rates;
— provision of short-term and medium-term loans;
- providing consultations and participation in cooperation.
Each state, joining the IMF, contributes a certain amount - a subscription quota (a richer country contributes a larger quota and has more votes). To provide financial support to its members, the IMF uses the following mechanisms:
1. Conventional mechanisms:
— tranche policy (credits in the form of shares constituting 25% of the country's quota);
— an extended financing mechanism (loans for 3 years in order to overcome difficulties with the balance of payments).
2. Special arrangements:
— lending in case of unforeseen circumstances (for example, an increase in prices for imported grain);
— financing of buffer stocks (credit for replenishment of stocks of raw materials).
3. Emergency assistance (in the form of purchases of goods in order to solve balance of payments problems).
Topic 5. GLOBALIZATION AND PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
(IEO) - a system of formations of various types, created on the basis of agreements between governments or state bodies, economic organizations of interested countries for coordinating economic activities, cooperating or joint production and economic activities in certain areas of the economy, science and technology. International economic organizations are created at the expense of shared contributions, operate on the basis of the charter, have governing bodies with an equal representation of the participating parties.
Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. The key and most universal of them are organizations that arose almost simultaneously in the late 1940s. and today act as the most important forums for coordinating economic policies between countries:
International Monetary Fund (macroeconomic policy) — is a compact international organization that performs, among other things, the function of overseeing the development of the international economy in general and the macroeconomics of each of the 184 member countries in particular.
World Bank Group (structural policy) - consists of five organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (184 members), the International Development Association (163 members), the International Finance Corporation (178 members), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (167 states) and the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (134 members ). Their main task is to provide loans to developing countries and countries with economies in transition for the implementation of structural policy measures, such as financial sector reforms, support for the labor market, environmental improvement, improvement of the education system, etc.
World Trade Organization (trade policy), whose members are 149 states, concentrates on the regulation of a key area of the international economy - trade in goods and services.
United Nations system (social policy) itself is a system of many organizations that is in the process of reorganization.
Officially, the UN system includes: UN programs(UN Children's Fund, UN Development Program, World Food Program, etc.). Specialized Agencies(International Labor Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.). Autonomous organizations of the United Nations(International Atomic Energy Agency, International Tourism Organization).
Among the international organizations responsible for monitoring and regulating certain areas of the international economy, the following main functional groups can be distinguished:
Advisory groups of countries are relatively permanent mechanisms for coordinating the economic policies of countries, usually not formalized in a permanent international organization, but often having their own secretariat, placed at their disposal by a member country or some permanent international organization. For example: The Group of Seven (G5 + Canada and Italy) united before Russia was admitted to it in 1997.
2. Universal international organizations - unite the overwhelming majority of the countries of the world, collect information and regulate specific forms of international economic relations. Among them are the IMF, the World Bank Group, the UN system, the WTO, the International Labor Organization.
3. Industry international organizations — regulate certain branches of production of goods or services and their trade in the international arena. The most significant of these is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which is a forum of 12 oil-exporting countries whose main task is to set and enforce oil production quotas, which is considered a mechanism for maintaining world oil prices.
4. Regional international organizations — numerous associations of small groups of countries that have not passed into an integration form and serve as a forum for them to discuss regional problems of mutual interest, harmonize regional policy in matters of production and foreign trade, collect and summarize information about a given region.
5. Banking international organizations — include organizations such as the Bank for International Settlements, the Scandinavian Investment Bank ... A separate group here are international development banks - the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the African Development Bank (ADB), the West African Development Bank (EADB), etc. A characteristic feature of development banks is that they are regional in nature and their activities are aimed at co-financing projects in member countries with other banks.
Classification of international economic organizations:
1. By the nature of membership and the legal nature of the participants:
· Interstate(intergovernmental) - an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals;
non-governmental- are created on the basis of the association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals (International Law Association, League of Red Cross Societies).
2. By circle of participants:
· Universal– open to the participation of all countries (the UN and its specialized units);
· Regional- is created at the regional level, members of one region can be members (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States).
3. In terms of competence:
· Organizations of general competence– cover all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural (UN, Council of Europe);
Organizations of special competence– carry out cooperation and regulation in one area (IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labor Organization (ILO)).
4. By the nature of powers:
· Interstate- include almost all international economic organizations, the purpose of which is the implementation of interstate cooperation;
· Supranational organizations that carry out integration, their decisions apply directly to individuals and legal entities of the Member States (EU).
5. According to the conditions of participation in membership:
· open– any state can become a member at its own discretion;
· Closed– where the admission is made at the invitation of the original founders (NATO).
Main functions.1. Assistance- organization of international conferences, collection and analysis of statistical and factual materials, publication and dissemination of statistics and studies, provision of premises and secretariat for multilateral and bilateral negotiations.
2. Surveillance- assistance with the possibility of formulating and publishing the organization's official point of view on certain problems, which is a way of creating public opinion and thereby influencing the country's economic policy. The most typical example of an organization that performs the function of observation is the UN, the UN does not have any real levers of influence, except for the power of persuasion.
3. Oversight- a more stringent form of monitoring associated with the obligation of countries to report on a regular basis and in the prescribed form data on their economic situation and listen to recommendations on the merits of current economic development. A typical example is the IMF, whose main function is precisely to strictly supervise the economic policies of member countries in order to provide them with recommendations based on world experience to prevent potential macroeconomic imbalances and most effectively solve existing problems.
4. Regulation— oversight based on forcing countries to comply with the recommendations of the international community through the development of relevant international norms and mechanisms for enforcing them. An example is the WTO, within which certain rules of international trade are established, with which more than a hundred countries have agreed, as well as strict anti-dumping and other procedures that are applied against violators of the agreed rules.
The goals and functions of the IEO, both at the global and regional levels, are:
– Studying and taking action on the most important problems in the field of international economic organizations; - Adoption of resolutions and recommendations in the field of regulation of world economic relations; - Assistance in the reconstruction and development of the economy in developing countries; - Ensuring the stabilization of currencies; - Assistance in the elimination of trade barriers and the provision of a wide exchange of goods between states; - Allocation of funds in addition to private capital to assist technological and economic progress; — Stimulating the improvement of working conditions and labor relations.
⇐ Previous24252627282930313233Next ⇒
Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 4133 | Page copyright infringement
Studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.003 s) ...
What is the territory of the state? Can international law protect state territory? What is a state structure? What international organization is the most numerous and authoritative?
State territory and state border. One of the basic concepts in economic and social geography is the concept of "territory of the state". It is a part of the globe that is under the sovereignty of a certain country. The composition of the state territory includes land with its subsoil, waters, as well as the air space lying above the land and waters.
The water territory is made up of internal (national) waters and the so-called territorial waters, i.e., the waters of the World Ocean adjacent to the land of the country within 12 nautical miles.
There is also the concept of a 200-mile economic zone. Unlike the 12-mile territorial waters, the economic zone is not under the sovereignty of the coastal state. It can mine natural resources here.
International economic organization
Other states have in this zone only freedom of navigation and flights, laying cables and pipelines. Each state has a territory bounded by land and sea boundaries separating one state from another. These boundaries have developed historically as a result of the events of past eras. For example, the linear configuration of many state borders in Africa, of which only a quarter runs along natural geographic boundaries, and the rest along meridians and parallels, reflects both the former rivalry of the colonial powers and the desire to impose ethnic fragmentation on young states and sow seeds of discord between them. with in order to buy time for the exploitation of the former colonial outskirts.
International law prohibits the violation of the borders of another state, and even more so the forcible seizure of foreign territories. All territorial disputes between states must be resolved exclusively by peaceful means. In 1975, in Helsinki, at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, a provision was adopted on the universal recognition of the borders between European countries that developed after the Second World War and their inviolability.
State system and state structure. Sovereign countries have various forms of state organization. The most important of these is the state system. It can be monarchical and republican.
Monarchy- a form of government in which the supreme state power belongs to the monarch-king, prince, sultan, shah, emir and is inherited. Monarchy can be absolute, when the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, etc.), or constitutional, when the supreme state power is limited by the constitution. Constitutional monarchies in the modern world are more common (Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Morocco, Japan, etc.). Another type of monarchy is theocratic, when the monarch is the head of the church (Vatican). In reality, there are about 30 monarchies in the world, and formally there are more than 40, since in a number of Commonwealth countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc.), headed by Great Britain, the Queen of Great Britain is legally considered the head of state.
Republic- a form of government in which all the highest bodies of state power are either elected or formed by national representative institutions - parliaments.
When characterizing any country, the question of its state structure is also of great importance. All countries of the world are divided into unitary and federal.
unitary state- a form of government in which its territory does not include self-governing entities. In such a state, there is a single constitution, a single system of state authorities. The existing administrative units have only executive, not legislative power. Most of the states of the modern world are unitary (Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Hungary, etc.).
federal state- a form of government in which its territory includes self-governing entities. They have a certain political independence, although they are part of one union state. Such federal units (republics, states, lands, provinces, etc.), as a rule, have their own constitution, authorities. These states include Russia, the USA, India, Brazil, Nigeria, etc. The jurisdiction of the federations includes the most important issues of state life: national defense, foreign policy, finance, taxation, organization of higher bodies
authorities, conflict resolution between subjects of the federation.
Another form of unification of states - confederation- is relatively rare. As a rule, it is formed to achieve very limited goals (military, foreign policy, etc.).
To resolve some important issues of state life in a number of countries, such forms of public participation in government as popular polls, plebiscites (popular voting) are widely practiced.
International organizations.
In our age of rapid development, many
external relations between states and peoples, the activities of various international organizations are of great importance. Today there are already about 2.5 thousand of them, and their number is growing. They are either associations of states or non-governmental organizations aimed at achieving common goals in the field of political, economic, social, scientific and technical culture.
The most massive international organization in the modern world is the United Nations (UN), whose members are almost all sovereign states (headquartered in New York). The main task of this organization is to save future generations from the scourge of war, which is fixed in its charter. The struggle against colonialism, against gross and massive violations of human rights, activities in the field of international economic relations, etc., are also important areas of UN activity.
Within the framework of the UN, there are many specialized agencies, such popular organizations in the world as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization i UNESCO), etc. (Fig. 44).
An important role in the world is played by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - a military-political union, as well as the European Union (EU) - an economic and political organization that uses the possibilities of the territorial division of labor in the interests of the development of the participating countries.
Authoritative international organizations are also other large regional associations of states in different parts of the world, whose goal is to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development of their members. Among them are the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and others.
In recent decades, the non-aligned movement has gained wide scope in the world, uniting dozens of countries that have proclaimed non-participation in military blocs as the basis of their foreign policy.
You will get acquainted with some other international organizations in the following sections.
So, the primary element of the political structure of the modern world is the state territory; the most important form of organization of any country is the state system; In our age of development of international relations, various international organizations play a huge role.
Questions and tasks. one. Using the political map of Africa, analyze the state borders of African countries. How can one explain the linear configuration of many state borders in Africa? 2. In recent decades, the territory of some countries (the Netherlands, Japan, etc.) has expanded somewhat, although none of the neighboring countries had claims against them in this regard. What kind of territorial acquisitions are we talking about? 3. Expand the content of the following concepts and terms: "state borders", "territorial waters", "absolute monarchy", "constitutional monarchy", "theocratic monarchy", "republic", "unitary state", "federative state". 4. Why is the UN one of the most influential international organizations in the modern world? Using materials from periodicals, radio and television programs, give specific examples of issues discussed at the UN and actions taken by it in various regions of the world.
⇐ Previous3456789101112Next ⇒
- ... Wikipedia
This article should be wikified. Please format it according to the rules for formatting articles ... Wikipedia
United Kingdom- (United Kingdom) The state of Great Britain, the history and development of Great Britain, the political and economic structure Information about the state of Great Britain, the history of the emergence and development of Great Britain, political and economic ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)- one of the leading international economic organizations designed to coordinate and develop a common economic policy for the capitalist countries, established in 1961 after the ratification of the Convention Establishing the OECD, signed in 1960 ... ... Legal Encyclopedia
- (OECD) one of the leading international economic organizations designed to coordinate and develop a common economic policy for capitalist countries, established in 1961 after the ratification of the Convention Establishing the OECD, signed in ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
Government program- (Government program) The state program is an instrument of state regulation of the economy, ensuring the achievement of long-term goals. The concept of the state program, types of state federal and municipal programs, ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
Labor market- (Labor market) The labor market is the sphere of formation of supply and demand for labor Definition of the labor market, definition of the labor force, structure of the labor market, subjects of the labor market, labor market conditions, the essence of the open and hidden market ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), state in the Center. Europe. Germany (Germania) as a territory inhabited by germs, tribes, was first mentioned by Pytheas from Massalia in the 4th century. BC e. Later, the name Germania was used to refer to Rome. ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
United States of America USA, state in North. America. The name includes: geogr. the term states (from English, state state), as in a number of countries self-governing territorial units are called; definition connected, that is, included in the federation, ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Economics of a country- (National economy) The country's economy is public relations to ensure the country's wealth and the well-being of its citizens The role of the national economy in the life of the state, the essence, functions, sectors and indicators of the country's economy, the structure of countries ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the United Nations (founded in 1945). According to the charter UN is called upon to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) “in order to create conditions for stability and prosperity”, with the aim of “promoting living standards, economic development and progress in the world”.
Economic cooperation is dealt with by the highest body of the UN - the General Assembly and the ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) led by it.
General Assembly UN organizes studies and makes recommendations to states to promote international cooperation in the economic, social and other fields; The GA also exercises leadership functions in relation to ECOSOC.
The Economic and Social Council is called upon to solve specific problems of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the functions of ECOSOC include conducting various kinds of research and reports on international issues in the areas of economic, social, culture, education, health and similar issues.
Within the framework of the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are developed, which are subsequently submitted for approval to the General Assembly. The functions of ECOSOC also include coordinating the activities of the UN specialized agencies with which it concludes special agreements, as well as managing regional economic commissions.
The following regional economic commissions operate under the direction of the Economic and Social Council.
1. European Economic Commission(Economic Commission for Europe) was established in 1947 for a period of five years to provide effective assistance to European countries devastated by the Second World War. Then the term of this commission was extended for an indefinite period. The supreme body of the commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is the Secretariat, which has departments: plans and studies, industrial, transport, trade and intermediary. There are ten committees within the Commission: on ferrous metallurgy; by coal; for electricity; on industry and inland transport; by labor force; on the housing issue; for the development of foreign trade, etc.
2. Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP) was established in 1947 as a temporary organization. In 1952 the commission was reorganized into a permanent one. The supreme body of the Commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body is the Secretariat, consisting of the departments of industry and trade, transport and communications, social issues, studies and plans. ESCAP has: Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, Committee on Inland Transport and Communications, Committee on Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects were developed for the construction of a trans-Asian railway and the construction of a trans-Asian highway through 15 countries.
3. Economic Commission for Latin America(EKLA) was established in 1948, in 1951 it was transformed into a permanent commission. Its members are 20 states of Latin America. The supreme and permanent bodies of the Commission are, respectively, the plenary sessions and the Secretariat. The Secretariat has six divisions. With the participation of EKLA, the Latin American Economic System (LAES) was created.
Economic Commission for Africa(ECA) was formed at the XXV session of ECOSOC (1958). Functions, supreme and permanent bodies are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed projects for the construction of the Trans-African, Trans-Saharan and East African Highways.
5. Economic Commission for Western Asia(EKZA) focused on the research form of activity, summarizing and forecasting trends and prospects for the development of individual countries in the region. In particular, the practice of transnational corporations in the oil industry of the region is studied.
An important subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is International Trade Commission(UNISTAL), which works to promote and unify the rights of international trade. In particular, she developed the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, adopted at the UN conference in 1980.
One of the most significant UN bodies dealing with problems of economic cooperation is United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly and has long since grown into an independent autonomous body. The supreme body of UNCTAD is the conference sessions (gathered once every three to four years). Between sessions, the conference operates in the form of the Council for Trade and Development (meets twice a year). The Council has seven standing committees: on commodities; on industrial goods; on preferences; invisible items and trade-related finance; for maritime transport; on Technology Transfer and Economic Cooperation of Developing Countries, as well as four working groups.
In the UNGA resolution that established UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:
1) encouragement of international trade, especially in terms of accelerating economic development, in particular trade between countries at different levels of development;
2) the establishment of principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development;
4) review and promote coordination of the activities of other agencies within the UN system;
5) taking, if necessary, measures in cooperation with the competent bodies of the UN for negotiating and approving multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;
6) harmonization of the policy of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade;
7) consideration of any other issues within the competence.
The nature of UNCTAD's activities, its structure, universality, scope of competencies, the nature of the documents adopted give every reason to consider it as a permanent international organization. The headquarters of the organization is located in Geneva.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) was established in 1956 to promote the industrialization of developing countries. In 1985, it acquired the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. The supreme body of UNIDO is the General Conference, convened once every four years; governing body is Industrial Development Council, whose meetings are held once a year. The Council consists of 45 members elected by the General Conference for a term of three years on the basis of the principle of equitable geographical representation. The Standing Committee is a subsidiary body of the Council and meets twice a year. The Secretariat - the administrative body of UNIDO is located in Vienna (Austria). The Secretary General of UNIDO, upon the recommendation of the Council, is approved by the General Conference for a term of four years. The governing bodies also include the Program and Budget Committee. Since 1981, an information bank on industry and technology has been functioning.
The founding documents of the organization are the Lima Declaration and the Action Plan for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975. UNIDO develops recommendations and programs for the governments of developing countries to provide technical assistance in the design and construction of facilities.
The establishment of equal international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should contribute to World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), which is designed to assist developing countries in establishing national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.
Among UN Monetary Institutions stand out: International Monetary Fund (IMF);
■ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);
■ International Finance Corporation (IFC);
■ International Development Association (MAP).
All these organizations are intergovernmental in nature and have the status of UN specialized agencies, i.e. The UN cannot advise them on the policies and main directions of their activities.
IMF and IBRD- the largest international monetary and credit organizations - created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944. Members of each organization are 184 states, including the Russian Federation.
The objectives of the IMF are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of member countries and provide them with loans to adjust the balance of payments and maintain exchange rates.
The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the member states by encouraging investment for industrial purposes.
IFC(established in 1956 as an affiliate of the IBRD and has 176 member countries) finances mainly multinational projects involving local and foreign capital, provides loans on favorable terms and without government guarantees.
MAP(created in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD, now it includes more than 160 states) provides interest-free loans to developing countries on more favorable terms than the IBRD. The loan term for the least developed (according to the UN list) countries is 40 years, for the rest - 35 years.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is the largest intergovernmental trade agreement. It was adopted in 1948 as a temporary agreement. Throughout its history (1948-1994) its most important function has been to conduct multilateral rounds of trade negotiations. There were 8 such rounds in total. The last, Uruguay round ended in April 1994 with the signing of the Final Act, which consisted of an agreement on the establishment World Trade Organization and a number of documents that together constituted the WTO system.
The supreme body of the WTO is Ministerial Conference WTO member states. Its sessions are held at least once every two years. Between sessions, the General Council of WTO Members is convened as necessary. It serves as the Dispute Settlement Body and the Trade Review Mechanism.
politicians. The Ministerial Conference appoints the Director General, who leads the WTO Secretariat. All decisions within the WTO are taken by consensus. The competence of the WTO includes:
■ International trade in industrial and agricultural goods;
■ trade in textiles and clothing;
■ international trade in services; ■ intellectual property;
■ trade-related investments;
■ special protective, anti-dumping and countervailing measures;
■ sanitary and phytosanitary measures;
■ rules of origin of goods;
■ import licensing, etc.
All multilateral agreements of the WTO are obligatory for the states-participants, other countries are compelled to follow the norms and rules worked out in GATT/WTO.
In modern international economic relations, a significant role belongs to universal associations that are not formally international organizations. These include, first of all, the Paris and London clubs of creditors.
Parisian club - an interstate mechanism created to develop multilateral agreements by creditor states in relation to debtor states in order to revise the terms of debt repayment. Officially, it does not have a charter, admission rules and fixed structures.
The Russian Federation, being the successor of the USSR, in connection with membership in the Club got the opportunity to put into practice the sale of significant external assets, many of which were considered "hopeless".
London club was created with the aim of developing agreements with debtor countries on the payment of external debt and the repayment of interbank debt. It unites 600 commercial creditor banks of the leading countries of the world. It is headed by representatives of Deutsche Bank (Germany).
Plan
Introduction
Universal Organizations
Specialized organizations
International financial organizations.
The concept of international organizations, its legal status.
Classification of international organizations:
The procedure for the creation of international organizations and the termination of their existence
Bodies of international organizations.
Literature
Introduction
In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role. International organizations represent an organizational form of international cooperation. At the moment, there are more than 4,000 international organizations.
Since the 19th century, the desire for internationalization of many aspects of society has necessitated the creation of a new form of international cooperation. Since the creation of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine in 1815, international organizations have been given their own competence and authority. A new stage in the development of the world community was the establishment of the first international universal organizations - the Universal Telegraph Union in 1865 and the Universal Postal Union in 1874. Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations with different legal status. This allows us to speak of a system of international organizations, the center of which is the UN (United Nations Organization).
Concept and classification of international organizations
The complication of the nature of the issues to be resolved in everyday international life necessitates a prompt solution with the help of an institutional mechanism. Such a mechanism is the international economic organizations (IEO).
In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy.
International economic organization- an organization created on the basis of international agreements, with the aim of unification, regulation, development of joint decisions in the field of international economic relations.
Currently, there are more than 4,000 international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental.
It is now recognized that states, when establishing international organizations, endow them with a certain legal and legal capacity, thereby creating a new subject of law that performs law-making, law enforcement and law enforcement functions in the field of international cooperation. However, this does not mean that the legal status of an international organization is identical to the status of a state, the main subject of international law. The difference in the legal capacity of organizations is the smaller and predominantly targeted (functional) nature of powers.
One of the components of the legal status of the international economic organization is contractual legal capacity, i.e. the right to conclude a wide variety of agreements within its competence. It is fixed in a general provision (any contracts) or in a special provision (certain categories of agreements and certain parties).
IEOs have the ability to participate in diplomatic relations. They may have representations in states (for example, UN information centers) or state representations are accredited to them.
As subjects of international law, IEOs are responsible for offenses and damage caused by their activities and can make claims of responsibility.
Each IEO has financial resources, which usually consist of contributions from member states and are spent in the general interest of the organization.
And, finally, MEAs operate with all the rights of a legal entity under the internal law of states, in particular, the right to conclude contracts, acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property, and recruit personnel on a contract basis.
Classification of international economic organizations.
All international economic organizations are usually classified according to the following criteria:
1.by the nature of membership:
intergovernmental;
non-governmental.
Signs of intergovernmental organizations:
state membership;
existence of a constituent international treaty;
the presence of permanent bodies;
respect for the sovereignty of the IEO member states.
Based on these characteristics, it can be stated that international intergovernmental organization is an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals, having permanent bodies and acting in the common interests of the member states while respecting their sovereignty.
The main feature non-governmental international organizations is that they were not created on the basis of an interstate agreement (for example, the Association of International Law, the League of Red Cross Societies, etc.).
2. by the circle of participants:
universal (i.e. for all states - the UN);
regional (Organization of African Unity).
3.by the number of members:
world (UN);
group (WHO).
4.by field of activity:
with general competence (UN);
with special competence (VPS).
5. according to the goals and principles of activity:
legitimate;
illegal.
6. in order of admission of new members:
open;
closed.
7. on the subject of activity:
political;
economic;
credit and financial;
on trade matters;
healthcare, etc.
Universalorganizations
To universal international economic organizations include:
United Nations (UN)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
International Chamber of Commerce
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
other universal economic organizations
United Nations (UN)- an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was approved at the San Francisco Conference, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 51 states.
UN structure
Bears primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security; all members of the United Nations must obey its decisions. The five permanent members of the Security Council (Russian Federation, USA, UK, France, China) have veto power. Russia is represented by Russia's Permanent Representative to the UN.
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - "non-permanent") are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter (paragraph 2 article 23).
international Court
The main judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court is composed of 15 independent judges acting in their personal capacity and not representing the State. They cannot devote themselves to any other occupation of a professional nature. Members of the Court enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities in the performance of their judicial duties.
Only the state can be a party to the case of this Court, and legal entities and individuals do not have the right to apply to the Court.
Performs UN functions in the field of economic and social international cooperation. Consists of 6 regional commissions:
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA);
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC);
Economic Commission for North America (EXA).
The Trusteeship Council suspended its work on 1 November 1994 after the last remaining UN Trust Territory, Palau, gained independence on 1 October 1994. By means of a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to remove the obligation to hold annual meetings and agreed to meet as needed, by its own decision or that of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly, or Security Council.
UN Secretariat
These are international staff working in institutions around the world and carrying out a variety of day-to-day work for the Organization. It serves the other principal organs of the United Nations and carries out the programs and policies adopted by them. Secretariat offices are located at UN Headquarters in New York and other Headquarters locations of UN organs, the largest of which are the UN offices in Geneva and Vienna.
The UN Secretariat ensures the work of the UN bodies, publishes and distributes UN materials, stores archives, registers and publishes international treaties of the UN member states.
The secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary General.
Specialized institutions
According to the UN Charter, any principal organ of the UN may establish various subsidiary bodies to carry out its duties. The most famous of them are: the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNUNESCO.
International economic organizations (IEO) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, develop legal norms and simplify work in the world market.
The globalization of the economy and the emergence of new industries increases the number of international agreements and features of cooperation between countries. International economic organizations (IEOs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, and develop legal norms to make working on the world market easier and more profitable.
The number and composition of the IEO varies depending on the political situation, the specifics of the development of the global market and the goals of cooperation in the organization. For example, the UN was created to maintain peace after the end of World War II, but over time, the powers of the organization have expanded significantly. Dozens of specialized international economic organizations operating under the auspices of the UN have been added to the organizational structure.
Varieties
Depending on the range of tasks to be solved, such associations of states are divided into universal and specialized.
- Specialized ones regulate certain areas of international activity: trade (WTO, UNCTAD), currency relations (IMF, EBRD), export of raw materials and materials (OPEC, MSST), agriculture (FAO).
- Universal organizations are large associations that contribute to the development of international relations in general, simplify access to the world market. For example, the OECD stands for the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation.
Depending on the international legal status, international economic organizations are divided into interstate and non-governmental organizations.
- Interstate are formalized by agreements concluded between several countries (or their associations) to solve an established list of tasks. For example, the UN system includes dozens of specialized international organizations that issue legislation for member states.
- Non-governmental organizations are associations of countries that do not involve the conclusion of agreements between power structures. This type of IEO pursues humanitarian goals (Red Cross Committee), investigates human rights violations (Human Rights Oversight Committee), fights caesura (Reporters Without Borders Committee), preserves cultural heritage (Memorial Committee).
Functions
All international organizations are created to form a single world market, adapted to national laws and their characteristics. Individual states or their associations can be subjects (participants) of the IEO, and economic relations become objects (objects of cooperation) of such organizations.
Depending on the legal status and the list of tasks to be solved, there are five main functions of the IER.
- Solving problems relevant to all countries of the world: fighting hunger, epidemics, poverty, unemployment, ensuring stable economic development. Such issues are resolved by the UN and its specialized organizations, the World Bank Group, the Eurasian Economic Union.
- Solving economic, legal and social problems relevant to the region. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development finances structural changes in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
- Creation of comfortable conditions for doing business in a separate market segment. Such organizations unite several countries that produce one group of goods for the world market. For example, OPEC is an association of oil exporting states that coordinates the sale of raw materials and controls the level of prices in the market.
- Informal and semi-formal groupings that are created by several countries to solve narrow problems. For example, the Paris Club of Creditors is a financial union of leading economies to settle the payment of debts of individual states.
Most MEOs are formed and developed as markets expand, national borders in trade disappear, and new industries are created. For example, the massive introduction of Internet technologies has led to the creation of the European regulation for the protection of personal data (GDPR) of the user.