BOOK OF JUDGMENT(Domesday Book, Domesday - the same as Doomsday, “The Last Judgment”), at first (already from the 12th century) the unofficial, but later legalized name of the inventory of land holdings in England, compiled for William the Conqueror in 1085-1086. The origin of the name is connected with the uniqueness of the enterprise, which covered the whole country and put each of its inhabitants, as it were, on the Last Judgment - of course, in the economic sense. The inventory recorded and certified the fiscal rights of the king, which was consistent with William's policy of maintaining a powerful centralized power. Local data collection was carried out by royal officials who attended meetings known as county courts, which included parish representatives and local landowners. The commission formed here, which included 6 Englishmen and 6 Normans each, collected answers to the questions of officials and took an oath of their authenticity.

The final list included an assessment of the property of the manor, the size of arable land (in the so-called "ploughs"), river meadows, forests, pastures, the presence of fish ponds and other sources of income. Tenants and peasants were also listed, with an assessment of their property. Information about the cities contained the size of the military tax, the transfer of mints, markets, etc. – in order to enable the crown to determine its fiscal rights. The north-west of England, which had not yet been conquered, was excluded from the inventory; the same goes for Northumberland, Durham, and most of Cumberland, where the Scots ruled. Lancashire was divided between Yorkshire and Cheshire; most of Westermoreland was included in Yorkshire. The smaller of the two volumes of the manuscript (the so-called. Small Book of Doomsday listen)) covers Norfolk, Sussex and Essex. Some cities, in particular London and Winchester, were also not included in the inventory. Although the data were collected on a geographical basis, the final compilation is based on the fiefs received by the holders directly from the crown, indicating the name of the corresponding baron, ecclesiastical holder or female holder. The census helped the king to determine the land tax (paid at a fixed rate), some duties and the amount of income from royal lands.

Back in the reign of Henry II Book of Doomsday recognized as an infallible document, it is still quoted in court proceedings to this day. It is a source of paramount importance for topographers and genealogists, but for historians it is a document that needs to be interpreted in the light of special knowledge about the era, many of its sections are still controversial among scientists. The original manuscripts, bound in two huge volumes, are kept in the National Archives in London.

For almost 10 years, valuation work has been carried out in Russia, the result of which should be the issuance of cadastral passports for all existing land plots. Let's try to figure out how land is registered, what is needed to obtain a special passport for the site, and who are cadastral engineers

Cadastral registration is part of the state policy in the field of land management, that is, measures to study the state of lands, plan and organize their rational use and protection, describe the location and (or) establish the boundaries of land management objects on the ground, organize the rational use of land plots by citizens and legal entities for implementation of agricultural production, which is enshrined in the Federal Law of June 18, 2001 N 78. "On land management".

Cadastral passport

As a result of land management for each land plot and real estate object, it is necessary to obtain one of the documents confirming the fact of registration of the site. It could be:

Cadastral registration is needed not only to know exactly where and how many plots have been cut, but also to ensure that factories do not appear on the territory allocated for individual housing construction, and summer residents do not plant shrubs on technical lands.

For ordinary owners of land plots on which dachas and country houses are built, the first two types of land management documents are relevant. They can be made in no more than five copies, but not less than two. However, some confusion may arise: until March 2008, there was a cadastral plan for a land plot (KPZU), which is equivalent to a modern cadastral passport, but not a cadastral plan of the territory. Thus, cadastral plans for land plots should gradually be replaced by cadastral passports. The cadastral passport consists of four sections: B1, containing the main characteristics of the site; B2 - diagram or drawing of the site; B3 (information is entered into it about the parts and encumbrances of the site, if any); B4, which is a plan of parts of the land, if any.

Let us dwell on the sections of the cadastral passport in more detail. Useful information can be gleaned from this document, especially if you are going to purchase a land plot.

The most complete and informative section is the first, especially when the site has no encumbrances (then there is no need for section B3) and it is not divided into its constituent parts (in this case there is no section B4).

What should you focus on when studying the first section? Let's start almost from the end - column 15, which contains information about the owner. The site may have more than one owner, so be vigilant and pay special attention to the content of this column. If it is marked "Joint" or "Shared", the sale of the site requires the consent of all its owners. It should be noted that the shares are equal or different sizes. Therefore, keep in mind: if you are going to purchase a plot that has several owners, you will have to conclude a sale and purchase agreement with everyone (when signing the document, both the owners themselves and their representatives may be present). If the contract is signed by only one owner, and he is not a representative of the owners of other shares, such a document will be invalidated and you will lose both time and money. Then check column 7, which contains a description of the location of the site. Of course, if there is an exact address, everything is quite simple: the name of the settlement, the streets, the number of the house (property). If there is no address, the description is made relative to a landmark (for example, the nearest settlement).

Next, you need to study columns 12 and 13 - information about the cadastral value of the site and its specific indicator. These data are closely related to the purpose of the site (column 8). The specific indicator of the cadastral value (UPKS) is a calculated value depending on the purpose of the land. The cadastral value is obtained by multiplying the specific indicator by the area of ​​the plot. It's a good idea to check the result of the count, and it's pretty easy to do.

One more thing: in column 16 it can be written that the boundaries of the site have not been established in accordance with the requirements of land legislation. This means that no site survey has been carried out. In this case, section B2 is absent in the cadastral passport, since the site plan is drawn up only when surveying is carried out.

The third section of the passport also deserves attention, which contains information about encumbrances, that is, the rights of third parties to use the site. For example, this may mean that it is through your site that the path to the collective artesian well passes. As a result, you will have to constantly see on your territory those who go to the source for water, or technicians servicing the well. Yes, and the staff of the sanitary and epidemiological station, conducting checks, will be your frequent guests ...

Finally, the last, fourth section of the passport is filled in if the site is complex, not solid. For example, the lands you like are composed of lands for different purposes (this can complicate their use).

We submit documents

If you want to get a cadastral passport for your site, you must submit to Rosreestr, which is in charge of land management, a rather impressive list of documents:

One of the tasks of cadastral registration is to determine the value of a land plot in accordance with its location and purpose, this is necessary not only to calculate the land tax, but also so that when buying and selling, one does not make a mistake in the price.

Applicants can submit documents in various ways:

Theoretically, registration (or deregistration) should not take more than 20 working days from the day when the state cadastral registration authority receives the corresponding application (information about whether the site is registered must be given within five working days). But in some cases, the registration period for cadastral registration is extended. The most common reason for this is the submission to the registration authority of incorrectly executed documents or an incomplete set of documents for a property.

The registration procedure is suspended if there are contradictions between the information about the property contained in the documents submitted by the applicant and the cadastral information about this property. This does not apply to the situation when you are just registering such changes (for example, you bought two more acres of land from your neighbors and want to add them to the cadastral document already issued to you). Such cases arise, and when there is a land dispute between neighbors, the boundaries of the plots must first be agreed upon.

Registration will also be suspended if one of the boundaries of the land plot, for which the application for cadastral registration has been submitted, crosses one of the boundaries of another plot, and information about the latter is contained in the state real estate cadastre. That is why it is faster and easier to conclude an agreement with cadastral engineers not one by one, but together with all interested neighbors - for example, a block of plots in a garden partnership. There are also exceptions here: for example, if another land plot is a real estate object, cadastral registration is not suspended.

If changes occur with the property (for example, the purpose of the land, the area of ​​the plot changes), they must be reported to the body that carries out cadastral registration. To do this, submit an application, to which documents confirming the changes are attached. This may be an agreement for the sale of a part of a land that you previously owned or an agreement for the purchase of an adjacent plot from a neighbor. The body carrying out cadastral registration is obliged to make these changes to the entry that exists in the Unified State Register of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith. After that, you need to apply for a new cadastral passport of the real estate object, taking into account the changes made to the register.

Cadastral engineers

One of the reasons for the slowdown in the registration of plots in late 2010 - early 2011 was the introduction of a new position of cadastral engineer (from January 1, 2011, he became the only "player" in the field of land registration). This specialist must have a qualification certificate (in fact, a perpetual license). He has the right to independently (as an individual entrepreneur) or as an employee of a commercial organization carry out cadastral activities throughout the country, regardless of where he was issued a certificate. However, this does not mean that any person who has received a secondary specialized or higher specialized education can call himself a cadastral engineer - his qualification certificate must be registered with the cadastral registration authority. The register of cadastral engineers being created will allow you to check whether the person who offered you the services of issuing a passport for a land plot pretends to be someone else. To do this, it is enough to apply with a request to the local division of Rosreestr.
After you conclude a contract for the provision of services with a cadastral engineer, he will carry out all the necessary work and issue you one of the three documents listed below: a boundary plan (if the object of cadastral work is a land plot), a technical plan (if the object of cadastral work is a building, structure , premises or object under construction) or an inspection report (in the event that, at the request of the customer, the engineer prepares documents for deregistration of the building, structure, premises, object under construction). Cadastral engineers are not authorized to issue other documents.

Refused? Let's appeal!

You may be denied registration for cadastral registration, but there must be good reasons for this. Reasons for rejection:

The reason for the denial must be stated in the written notice. After that, it can be eliminated: for example, if any official paper was missing in the package of documents, you can get it and submit it to the registration authorities. Today, they often refuse to put on the cadastral register those plots that have not been surveyed. Such a conclusion can and should be challenged in court, and the decision is more often made in favor of the owner of the site.

A different situation arises if they refused to issue a passport for a previously registered land plot. If the land surveying was not carried out, it will be necessary to enter a description of its location and boundaries into the state real estate cadastre. To do this, it is necessary to submit to the body that carries out cadastral registration, a land survey plan and a copy of the document confirming the resolution of the land dispute on the coordination of the boundaries of the previously recorded land plot (the act of coordinating the location of the boundaries). If it is not possible to reach a consensus with neighbors regarding the borders, the issue will have to be decided in court.

Cadastral passports are also issued for a building (structure) and for an object of construction in progress. But such documents are handled by the territorial departments of the Bureau of Technical Inventory.

When purchasing a land plot, study its cadastral passport. It will help you sort out the price of the site. In addition, the cadastral passport is both a description of the boundaries of the site, and confirmation of the purpose of the land, and determining the size of the base for calculating the land tax. Obtaining a cadastral passport can be time-consuming, but this document is necessary to provide the landowner with a legally peaceful life.

• Organizational documents

Requirements for the execution of documents submitted for entering information on the economic characteristics of land plots into the state land cadastre

General provisions

1. In accordance with the Federal Law "On the State Land Cadastre", information on the economic characteristics of land plots is entered into the documents of the state land cadastre (hereinafter referred to as the SLC) on the basis of data from the state cadastral and other land assessments. These documents must be properly executed.

2. This document establishes the requirements for the execution of documents on the cadastral value of land plots (composition, forms of documents, rules for entering information) included in the documents of the state land cadastre when entering information about previously recorded land plots, as well as in the state cadastral registration of current changes in individual characteristics of land plots (introduction of information about the economic characteristics of land plots).

General requirements for content and design

3. Documents on the cadastral value of land plots submitted for state cadastral registration of current changes in individual characteristics of registered land plots are drawn up in the form of an Appraisal inventory of existing land plots (hereinafter - the Appraisal inventory).

4. An appraisal inventory is compiled for each cadastral quarter and is a document consisting of:
- the title page drawn up in paper form;
- electronically issued subdivisions of land plots, information about which is included in the GRZ of the KR (i.e., information about which was received by the organization that calculates the cadastral value in the form of CPT);
- subdivisions of land plots drawn up in paper and electronic form, information about which is not included in the GRZ of the KR (i.e., information about which was received by the organization that calculates the cadastral value, in addition to those available in the CPT);
- the Application drawn up in paper and electronic form.

5. Registration of subsections of the Appraisal inventory and the Appendix in electronic form is carried out on a machine-readable medium - an optical disk in Microsoft Excel format. It is allowed to draw up the Valuation Inventory in electronic form in the data exchange format (DFO) used for export-import operations in automated systems for maintaining the state land cadastre.

6. It is allowed to record the information of several Appraisal Inventories on one machine-readable medium. In this case, for each Appraisal inventory, an independent directory is created, which is assigned a name corresponding to the cadastral number of the cadastral quarter, within whose boundaries the cadastral value is calculated. The "_" sign (underscore) is used as a separator of component parts in the directory name.

Each subsection must correspond to a Microsoft Excel book file, which is assigned a name corresponding to the serial number of the land plot in column "1" of variable "3" of the Appendix to the Appraisal inventory. For each subsection form, a book sheet is allocated, which is given the name of the corresponding subsection form.

7. If sections of the Appraisal Schedule are drawn up in the FOD, then one data exchange package is created for all Appraisal Schedules and placed in the root directory.

8. Issued in paper form: The title page, each subsection of the Appraisal inventory and the Appendix - are placed in separate file folders, which are completed in a binder.

9. When compiling the Appraisal inventory, the collected information about land plots is analyzed for the absence of contradictions. Identified contradictions in the information contained in different documents are eliminated by using the information contained in the documents indicated first in the list given in clause 10 of this document.

10. When compiling the Appraisal Inventory, it is necessary to understand that the existing land plots within the boundaries of each cadastral quarter are all actually occupied land plots, for which, as of the date of compiling the Appraisal Inventory, regardless of where the documents are stored, there are:
- open subsections of the GRZ of the KR;
- entries in the inventory records (in terms of land plots for which the relevant subsections of the GRZ of the KR are not open);
- duly executed legal documents (State Certificates, Certificates, registered lease agreements, etc.);
- an appropriate decision on the provision of a land plot;
- entries in land books, registers of cadastral numbers, lists of payers of land tax and rent;
- information in the land inventory materials approved in accordance with the Interim Guidelines for Land Inventory of Settlements, approved by the State Land Committee on May 17, 1993;
- information in land surveying projects approved in the manner prescribed by the Regulations on the procedure for establishing land use boundaries in the development of cities and other settlements, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 2, 1996 N 105;
- entries in the books for issuing certificates of ownership of land, which were maintained in accordance with the Procedure for issuing and registering certificates of ownership of land, approved by Roskomzem on May 20, 1992.

The existing land plots should also include land plots, information about which is available in the automated land information systems of the territorial bodies of the Federal Land Cadastre.

11. The Valuation Inventory also includes a land plot that is state-owned and not assigned to specific persons in the prescribed manner, which is a part of the earth's surface within the boundaries of a cadastral quarter that is not included in the land plots specified in paragraph 10 of these Requirements.

Title page requirements

12. The title page contains:

- name of the person who prepared the Valuation Inventory (abbreviated name of the organization or full name of the entrepreneur without forming a legal entity);
- name of the customer (abbreviated name of the relevant committee on land resources and land management);
- the number of subsections of land plots, drawn up in paper form, and the total number of sheets in them;
- general properties of an electronic file containing all subsections of land plots, issued in electronic form (name, file size in bytes, date (dd.mm.yyyy) and time (hh:mm) of creation);
- details of the cadastral plan of the territory, the information of which was used as the initial data necessary for compiling the Valuation Inventory (name, date and registration number);
- signature;
- a field for official marks of the institution that carries out state cadastral registration of land plots (at the bottom of the sheet, at least 10 cm).
13. In the requisite "signature" the signature of the Contractor under the contract is affixed. The signature includes a personal signature, a transcript of the personal signature in the form of initials and a surname, as well as the date the document was signed. If the document is signed on behalf of a legal entity, the signature of the official is certified by the seal of the organization.

Requirements for registration of subdivisions of land plots

14. Subsections of land plots are drawn up on the forms of the section "Land plots" of the state register of lands of the cadastral region in accordance with the standards established for maintaining the state register of lands of the cadastral region, taking into account the features established by this document.
Subdivisions of land plots, information about which was additionally revealed during the collection of initial data (plots, information about which is not reflected in the State Registration Register of the Kyrgyz Republic and in the cadastral plan of the territory received from the body responsible for cadastral registration of land plots), are drawn up in paper form in Forms F. 1.1 - F.1.3 of the GRZ of the KR and in electronic form in the forms of F.1.1 - F.1.4 of the GRZ of the KR.

Subdivisions of land plots, information about which is received from the bodies that carry out state cadastral registration (included in the cadastral plan of the territory), are drawn up only in electronic form in the form F.1.4. 15. When making entries in the "General Information" form (Form 1.1):
- not to be completed
strings "1.1", "1.2", "2", "3", "4", "10", "13", "14", "15", "16", "18", "19", " 21";
- line "5" "Previous numbers" indicates the serial number of the land plot from column "1" of the requisite "3" of the Appendix to the Appraisal inventory "Act for determining the cadastral value of land plots";
- the area is indicated in line "12";
- in line "17" in parentheses there is an entry: "The land plot is taken into account (hereinafter the date of the cadastral registration is given - the date of registration of the title document or the date of inclusion of information about the land plot in the document on the basis of which the land plot is referred to the existing plots)".

Entries made in the form "General information" are certified in line "17" (after the entry in it) by the signature of an official of the relevant structural unit of the territorial body of Roszemkadastr, who carried out cadastral registration of land plots in the manner established before the entry into force of the Federal Law "On SLC ".

16. When making entries in the form "Information about the rights" F.1.2:
- lines "1", "2", "4" are not subject to filling;
- for a land plot in respect of which there are no legally valid documents certifying that a specific person has a property right:
- in column "2" of table "3" the words "state property" shall be entered;
- in column "3" of table "3" it is written: "land user (hereinafter, the surname and initials of an individual or the abbreviated name of a legal entity)", and for a land plot that is state-owned and not assigned to specific persons, a dash is put down;
- in column "4" of table "3" the words "Article 214 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation" are entered;
17. The form "Information on parts and encumbrances" (Form 1.3) is filled in if there are encumbrances on the entire land plot (or its separate parts) to be reflected in the state register of lands of the cadastral region, or if there is another real estate object on the land plot. Information about all encumbrances and parts within one land plot is entered into the form. In this case, lines "1", "2", "4" and columns "1", "5" of table "3" are not subject to filling.
Entries made in table "3" are certified in column "4" by the signature of an official of the relevant structural unit of the territorial body of Roszemkadastr, who carried out cadastral registration of land plots in the manner established before the entry into force of the Federal Law "On SLC".

Column "5" of table "3" shall contain the number and date of registration of the title document containing information about the encumbrances of the land plot (or registration of the encumbrance in the USRR).

18. The form "Information on basic payments and valuation" (Form 1.4) is drawn up as follows:
- lines "1", "2", "4", columns "6", "7" of table "3" are not subject to filling;
- in column "1" of table "3" the serial number of the record in the table is put down. Continuous numbering of table entries is used, while a record can occupy several lines of the table;
- in column "2" of table "3" the name of the economic indicator established for the description of the land plot is entered (the cadastral value of the land plot, the specific indicator of the cadastral value of land (if any))
- column "3" of table "3" shall contain the date of establishing the value of the indicator indicated in column "4" for this land plot.

Application design requirements

19. Appendix to the Appraisal inventory contains the following details:
- name of the document "APPRAISAL INVENTORY OF LAND PLOTS";
- cadastral number of the cadastral quarter;
- the name of the application "The act of determining the cadastral value of land plots";
- stamp of approval of the document;
- sheet number;
- total number of sheets;
- characteristics of land plots and information on the calculation of the cadastral value.

The form of the Appendix to the Appraisal Inventory (the Act for determining the cadastral value of land plots), including the composition of the characteristics of land plots, is given in the Appendix.

20. The signature of the official of the relevant territorial authority of Roszemkadastr is affixed to the approval stamp of the document.

21. The following are sequentially included in the Appendix:
- land plots that have been assigned cadastral numbers in accordance with the structure approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2000 N 660 (arranged in ascending order of cadastral numbers);
- land plots that have been assigned cadastral numbers with a structure that does not correspond to the above (arranged in ascending order of cadastral numbers);
- land plots that were not assigned cadastral numbers during the registration of land plots (registration of land use).

22. The requisite "Characteristics of land plots and information on the calculation of the cadastral value" is drawn up in the form of a table.

23. Filling in the table is carried out in accordance with the headings of the columns, taking into account the features set out below.

24. In the columns "Category of land" and "Permitted use" the place of storage of documents is additionally recorded (case number according to the nomenclature of cases of the organization that stores the document, and through the fraction the number of the document in the case), on the basis of which the land plot was assigned to the specified category of land and the specified permitted use is set.

25. The column "Documents - grounds" of table "3" shall contain the names of directories containing electronic images of documents that were the basis for including information about a particular land plot in the Appraisal inventory.

26. The columns of the table "Specific indicator of the cadastral value of land" and "Cadastral value of a land plot" are filled in:
- for land plots as part of the lands of horticultural, horticultural and dacha associations - on the basis of a regulatory legal act of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the approval of the results of work on the state cadastral valuation of lands of horticultural, horticultural and dacha associations, performed in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of land horticultural, horticultural and dacha associations, approved by the Order of the Federal Land Cadastre dated August 26, 2002 N P / 307;
- for land plots as part of industrial and other special purpose lands - on the basis of a regulatory legal act of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on approval of the results of work on the state cadastral valuation of industrial lands and other special purposes, performed in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of industrial lands and other special purpose, approved by the Order of the Federal Land Cadastre dated March 20, 2003 N P / 49;
- for land plots as part of the lands of specially protected territories and objects - on the basis of a regulatory legal act of the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation on the approval of the results of work on the state cadastral valuation of lands of specially protected territories and objects, carried out in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of lands of specially protected territories and objects approved by the Federal Land Cadastre;
- for land plots within the lands of the water fund - on the basis of a regulatory legal act of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the approval of the results of work on the state cadastral valuation of the lands of the water fund, performed in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of the lands of the water fund, approved by Roszemkadastr;
- for land plots as part of agricultural land, land of settlements and land plots as part of forest fund lands - based on the results of calculating the cadastral value of land plots.

27. The calculation of the cadastral value of land plots as part of agricultural land, settlement lands and forest fund lands is carried out by multiplying the specific indicators of the cadastral value of land plots by their area.

28. The specific indicator of the cadastral value of land plots as part of agricultural land (with the exception of lands of horticultural, gardening and dacha associations) is established on the basis of a regulatory legal act of the executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the approval of the results of work on the state cadastral valuation of agricultural land, performed in in accordance with the Guidelines for the state cadastral valuation of agricultural land, approved by the Federal Land Cadastre on May 23, 2002.

29. The specific indicator of the cadastral value of a land plot in the composition of settlement lands is set equal to the specific indicator of the cadastral value of lands of the cadastral quarter of the settlement, within whose boundaries the land plot is located, according to the type of permitted (functional) use corresponding to the type of permitted use of the specified land plot.

Specific indicators of the cadastral value of land in cadastral quarters of settlements by types of permitted (functional) land use are determined in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of land in settlements, approved by the Order of Roszemkadastr dated October 17, 2002 N P / 337.

30. The specific indicator of the cadastral value of a land plot as part of the forest fund lands is set equal to the specific indicator of the cadastral value of the forest lands of the forestry enterprise [i], within the boundaries of which the specified land plot is located.

Specific indicators of the cadastral value of forest lands of forestry enterprises are determined in accordance with the Methodology for the state cadastral valuation of forest fund lands, approved by Order of the Federal Land Cadastre dated October 17, 2002 N P / 336.

Inventory measures for land plots owned by the enterprise must be carried out to clarify the boundaries of their territory, to establish the perimeter of contact with adjacent plots. Government agencies initiate such inspections to identify areas that are not used for their intended purpose or with a low level of efficiency.

The procedure for inventorying land plots at the enterprise

The inventory of land allotments is used by the state as the main tool for monitoring the targeted nature of land exploitation, the rationality of conducting activities on them and the observance by users of the territorial boundaries indicated in the documents. This procedure can be started to draw up title documents for the relevant site, make changes to existing documents or cadastral data.

Cases of mandatory inventory of land allotments of enterprises include:

1. Change of owner of the territory.
2. Documentation of the rights to own the land.
3. Identification of discrepancies between information and the boundaries of the allotment according to documents and in reality.
4. Reorganization of a business entity with the preparation of a separation balance sheet.
5. Drawing up a merger or acquisition agreement that affects real estate in the form of land plots.

Inventory allows assessing the state of soils, giving a detailed description of the site (in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators). This procedure makes it possible to solve the problems of clarifying the current list of land owners, their actual users, identifying empty and abandoned allotments, territories that are used in violation of legislative norms and intended purpose. Thanks to inventory measures, the effectiveness of environmental programs is increased, a basis is being developed for compiling cartographic schemes and site plans.

IMPORTANT! An inventory can be carried out only within the state borders of the Russian Federation.

Financing of activities related to the verification of land in settlements is carried out by the budget. The source of funds for budget financing is the proceeds from the land type of tax and lease payments for plots. Payment for all stages can be made by land users if they are customers of inventory activities.

As part of the inventory, the following types of work are carried out:

• familiarization of specialists with the title documents available to land users;
• implementation of aerial photography;
• works in the topographic and geodetic direction, cartographic activities;
• survey of borders, their coordination and establishment;
• preparation of reporting documents.

Within the framework of one enterprise, not only real estate owned by it, but also leased assets, property accepted for safekeeping are subject to verification. With an internal inventory, companies in relation to land resources may be limited to checking documentation. In the inventories, the results are reflected in the context of the owners of the plots. In the case of a lease of real estate, one of the copies of the final document is sent to the lessor.

ON A NOTE! Business entities have no obligations to independently verify the area of ​​the allotment (actual and documented) during the planned inventory.

The inventory is carried out by a commission, which is approved by the head of the administration. It includes the chairman of the Committee on Land Resources, delegated specialists from environmental, architectural and sanitary services. The representatives of the structures controlling the sphere of forestry and agriculture must necessarily be present in the commission body.

FOR REFERENCE! The inventory of lands may be in the nature of primary or ongoing verification. An initial check is required to draw up title documents, the current one is carried out to clarify the boundaries or confirm the intended use of the allotment.

With the primary type, legal entities must prepare an order for the right to own a land plot, a situational plan with an act of acceptance of the site. If the territory is leased, then the enterprise will be required to submit a lease agreement to the inspectors.

Inventory steps

Land plots are checked in three stages:

1. Preparatory work. It involves the collection of information about the surveyed area, its owners and persons actually carrying out the operation. The content of legal documents is being studied. At this stage, the state of the cadastral plan is analyzed, the preparation of a technical project for inventory activities begins.
2. Complex of field works. They involve specialists in conducting geodetic measurements. They are faced with the task of clarifying the boundaries of the site and its location. At this stage, cartographic activities are carried out taking into account the results of aerial photography.
3. Chamber operations that combine a set of actions for processing the collected material and drawing up land management documentation on its basis (it has the properties of reporting forms).

Preparation of inventory materials, summing up

When developing a draft inventory of actions, it is necessary to take into account:

• the area of ​​the study area;
• the proposed area of ​​land exploitation;
• the location of the property in relation to other territories;
• the existing boundaries of the allotment.

NOTE! The finished inventory project must go through the approval procedure. Its approval is possible only with the consent of all interested parties, including the owners of adjacent plots.

For the implementation of inventory activities, a technical task is drawn up. It is formed on the basis of information collected at the preparatory stage. This document must reflect the grounds and reasons for the inventory, the purpose of the audit. The text highlights the regulatory framework that guides the persons involved in the inventory activities.

The terms of reference must specify the person who is given the authority to control and coordinate the actions of the members of the commission. If the inventory does not belong to the category of primary verification, then the task should contain indications of the results of previous inventory reports. The document identifies the scope of the forthcoming work, their complete list, a coordinate system is provided, additional verification parameters are indicated, and the conditions for its implementation. At the end of the document, the time interval during which the audit must be started and completed, the timing of the preparation of reporting documentation, must be prescribed.

At the office stage, the commission body checks the field documentation. On its basis, a cadastral plan is being developed. For its design, a zoom level is selected that is sufficient to meet the full set of requirements for the accuracy and completeness of data display. The next steps will be drawing up an inventory drawing and filling out a statement of cadastral information. Further, the execution of technical reporting documentation and filling in the database is carried out.

The materials of the conducted inventory actions are displayed in the following set of documents:

• explanatory note;
• coordinate catalog;
• explications on the composition of the land.

When drawing up the act of inventory of land plots, the commission provides a list of inspectors by name, the coordinates of the surveyed property and a list of studied title documents. The act must reflect the details of a complete set of certificates, forms and contracts related to the establishment of ownership and use of the site. If there is information about previous checks, they should also be mentioned.

In the final block of the act, members of the commission can record their dissenting opinion on the results of the audit.

All systematized results of the performed manipulations and the results of analytical work are recorded in a single report. It should contain a map of the surveyed area or its planned scheme. The land management documentation includes information about the size of the territory, the objects bordering it, the specified boundaries of the allotment. If there are restrictions on the inspected real estate object in relation to the directions of its operation, all of them are reflected in land management documents.

THE BOOK OF THE DAST JUDGMENT (Domesday Book, Domesday - the same as Doomsday, "The Last Judgment"), at first (already from the 12th century) the unofficial, but later legalized name of the inventory of land holdings in England, compiled for William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 . The origin of the name is connected with the unparalleled nature of the enterprise, which covered the whole country and put each of its inhabitants, as it were, on the Last Judgment - of course, in the economic sense. The inventory recorded and certified the fiscal rights of the king, which was consistent with William's policy of maintaining a powerful centralized power. Local data collection was carried out by royal officials who attended meetings known as county courts, which included parish representatives and local landowners. The commission formed here, which included 6 Englishmen and 6 Normans each, collected answers to the questions of officials and took an oath of their authenticity. The final list included an assessment of the property of the manor, the size of arable land (in the so-called "ploughs"), river meadows, forests, pastures, availability of fish ponds and other sources of income. Tenants and peasants were also listed, with an assessment of their property. Information about the cities contained the size of the military tax, the transfer of mints, markets, etc. - in order to enable the crown to determine its fiscal rights. The north-west of England, which had not yet been conquered, was excluded from the inventory; the same goes for Northumberland, Durham, and most of Cumberland, where the Scots ruled. Lancashire was divided between Yorkshire and Cheshire; most of Westermoreland was included in Yorkshire. The smaller of the two volumes of the manuscript (the so-called Little Domesday Book) covers Norfolk, Sussex and Essex. Some cities, in particular London and Winchester, were also not included in the inventory. Although the data were collected on a geographical basis, the final compilation is based on the fiefs received by the holders directly from the crown, indicating the name of the corresponding baron, ecclesiastical holder or female holder. The census helped the king to determine the land tax (paid at a fixed rate), some duties and the amount of income from royal lands. Even in the reign of Henry II, the Book of the Last Judgment was recognized as an infallible document, and it is still quoted in court proceedings. It is a source of paramount importance for topographers and genealogists, but for historians it is a document that needs to be interpreted in the light of special knowledge about the era, many of its sections are still controversial among scientists. The original manuscripts, bound in two huge volumes, are kept in the National Archives in London.

The reforms of Henry II, which contributed to the creation of a nationwide bureaucratic system of government and court, not related to the seigneurial rights of the crown, can be roughly summarized in three main areas:
1) bringing into the system and giving a clearer structure to royal justice (improving the forms of the process, creating a system of royal traveling justice that competes with traditional and medieval courts and permanent central courts);
2) reforming the army based on a combination of the principles of the militia system and mercenaries;
3) establishment of new types of taxation of the population. The strengthening of the judicial, military and financial powers of the crown was formalized by a whole series of royal decrees - the Great, Clarendon (1166), Northampton (1176) Assizes, the Armament Assize (1181), etc.
During the restructuring of the judicial-administrative system by Henry II, the Anglo-Saxon, Norman and church regulations that were applied in practice from time to time were used. The practice of traveling management, typical of the early Middle Ages, assumed a more permanent and orderly character in England. Since that time, the activities of traveling courts - visiting sessions of royal judges - have been firmly established in England. If in 1166 only two judges were appointed to circuit the counties, then in 1176 six circuit districts were organized and the number of circuit judges increased to two or three dozen. The appointment of traveling judges was made by royal order on the beginning of a general judicial tour. By the same order, judges were endowed with extraordinary powers (not only judicial, but also administrative and financial). During the judicial detour, all claims under the jurisdiction of the crown were examined, criminals were arrested, and the abuses of local officials were investigated.
At the same time, the system of royal orders was streamlined and a special procedure was legalized for investigating cases of land disputes and offenses. Such a procedure was granted to all the free as a "privilege" and "benefit" applicable only in royal courts. To start this procedure, it was necessary to buy a special order of the royal office - an order of right (writ of rignt), without which a civil or criminal action could not be initiated in the royal courts. After that, the investigation was to be carried out by traveling judges or sheriffs with the help of juries - twelve full citizens of a hundred who swore in as witnesses or accusers. This order of investigation created an opportunity for a more objective solution of cases compared to ordeals and duel in the courts of the feudal lords. The gradually developed system of royal orders led to the limitation of the jurisdiction of the manorial curia in claims for title to land. As for offenses, even a villan could apply to the royal court with a criminal suit. Sheriffs could, regardless of the rights of the feudal lords, enter into their possessions in order to catch criminals and verify compliance with mutual responsibility.
Thus, in the second half of the XII century. Henry II created a special mechanism of royal justice in civil and criminal cases, which increased the authority and expanded the jurisdiction of the royal courts.
In connection with the introduction of improved judicial procedures from the middle of the XII century. there is an ordering of the structure of competence of the highest body of central government - the royal curia. In the process of specialization of the function and the separation of a number of separate departments within the curia, the chancellery headed by the chancellor, the central ("personal") court of the king and the treasury were finally formed. As part of the "personal" royal court, where since 1175 permanent spiritual and secular judges have been appointed and which acquires a permanent residence in Westminster, the Court of General Litigation is gradually separated. This court could sit without the participation of the king and did not have to follow him when he moved. The activities of the Court of General Claims played a decisive role in the creation of the "common law" of England.
The situation was more complicated in the relationship between the royal power and the English church, between secular and ecclesiastical justice. After the Norman Conquest, ecclesiastical and secular courts were separated, and ecclesiastical courts began to consider all spiritual and some secular cases (marriages, wills, etc.). However, the royal power retained control over the church. The Norman kings themselves appointed bishops, issued church decrees for England and Normandy, and received income from vacant bishoprics. However, with the strengthening of papal power and the Catholic center in Rome, the English crown began to face more and more resistance from the church, and the question of the "freedoms of the church" in England became one of the reasons for future dramatic conflicts between church and secular authorities.
Under Henry I, a concordat with the pope was concluded in Normandy, according to which, as later in Germany, the spiritual investiture of the canons passed to the pope, while the secular one remained with the king.
Henry II, trying to increase the influence of the crown on the local church, issued the Clarendon Constitutions in 1164. According to them, the king was recognized as the supreme judge in cases considered by church courts. All disputes over ecclesiastical appointments were to be settled in the royal court. Royal jurisdiction was also established in relation to investigations of church property, in claims for debts, in the pronouncement and execution of sentences against clerics accused of serious crimes. Without the consent of the king, none of his vassals and officials could be excommunicated. The principles of the secular investiture of the king and the possibility of his interference in the election of the highest spiritual hierarchs by the church were confirmed. However, under strong pressure from the pope and the local clergy, the king was forced to abandon a number of provisions of these constitutions.
After the Norman Conquest, the structure of local government did not change. The division of the country into hundreds and counties has been preserved. Sheriffs became representatives of the royal administration in the counties, and their assistants, bailiffs, in hundreds. The sheriff had the highest military, financial and police power in the county, was the main executor of the orders of the royal office.
The sheriffs carried out their administrative and judicial functions in close cooperation with the assemblies of counties and hundreds, convening them and presiding over sessions. These institutions were preserved in England in the subsequent period, although they gradually lost their independence and more and more turned into an instrument of the central government in the localities. Despite the removal of most civil suits from their judicial competence, their role has somewhat increased in connection with the appointment of persons participating in investigations in criminal cases (accusatory jurors). Participation of the population in the royal courts has become a characteristic feature of the English system of local government.
The military reform of Henry II consisted in extending military service to the entire free population of the country: any free - feudal lord, peasant, city dweller - had to have weapons corresponding to his property status. Having their own equipment, the army was nevertheless maintained at the expense of the state treasury, the revenues to which were significantly increased.
First of all, the replacement of personal military service by the payment of "shield money" was legalized, which began to be collected not only from the feudal lords, but even from the not free. This measure opened up the opportunity for the king to maintain a hired knightly militia. In addition to the practice of collecting "shield money" from feudal lords and a direct tax (tali) from cities, a tax on movable property was gradually established.
The military and financial reforms of Henry II made it possible to sharply increase the number of troops loyal to the king and undermine the leadership of the army by the largest feudal lords, as well as receive funds for the maintenance of professional officials. In addition, the administration of justice remained a very profitable budget item.