The study of some properties of table salt. Halite - rock salt

Table salt is an important food additive, without which it is impossible to cook many dishes. When ground, this product has the appearance of small white crystals. Various impurities in the composition of table salt of natural origin can give it shades of gray.

Salt is chemically composed of 97% sodium chloride. Other names for this product are rock, table or edible salt, sodium chloride. In industrial production, such varieties of salt are obtained as purified or unrefined, fine or coarse grinding, iodized, fluorinated, pure, sea ​​salt.

The admixture of magnesium salts in the composition of table salt gives it a bitter aftertaste, and calcium sulfate - earthy.

Salt has been mined for thousands of years. At first, the method of obtaining it was the evaporation of sea or salt lake water, the burning of some plants. Right now in industrial scale they develop deposits of table salt on the site of the dried up ancient seas, getting it from the mineral halite (rock salt).

In addition to direct use in food, table salt is used as a safe and common preservative for food preservation, as a component in the production of hydrochloric acid, soda. The properties of table salt in the form of its strong solution in water have long been used for leather dressing.

In the body, salt is not formed, so it must necessarily come from the outside, with food. Salt absorption occurs almost entirely in small intestine. Its excretion from the body is carried out with the help of the kidneys, intestines and sweat glands. Excessive loss of sodium and chloride ions occurs with profuse vomiting, severe diarrhea.

Salt is the body's main source of sodium and chloride ions, which are found in all organs and tissues. These ions play an important role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance, including activating a number of enzymes involved in the regulation of this balance.

Useful properties of table salt also lie in the fact that it is involved in the conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions. One-fifth of the total daily salt requirement goes to the production of gastric hydrochloric acid, without which normal digestion is impossible.

With insufficient intake of salt in the human body, the arterial pressure, heartbeat becomes more frequent, convulsive contractions of muscles, weakness appear.

In medicine, sodium chloride solutions are used to dilute drugs, to replenish fluid deficiency in the body and detoxify. At colds and sinusitis with saline wash the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Salt solutions have weak antiseptic properties. With constipation, enemas with a solution of sodium chloride help, which can stimulate the peristalsis of the large intestine.

The daily requirement for sodium chloride is about 11 grams, this amount of salt contains 1 teaspoon of salt. In hot climates with severe sweating daily requirement in table salt is higher, and is 25-30 g. But often the actual amount of salt consumed exceeds this figure by 2-3 times. Salt has almost zero calories.

With the abuse of table salt, arterial hypertension develops, the kidneys and heart work in a stressful mode. With its excess content in the body, water begins to linger, which leads to edema and headaches.

For diseases of the kidneys, liver and of cardio-vascular system, with rheumatism and obesity, it is recommended to limit salt intake or completely eliminate it.

Salt poisoning

Salt intake in large quantities can not only adversely affect health, but also cause lethal outcome. It is known that the lethal dose of table salt is 3 g/kg of body weight, these figures were established in experiments on rats. But salt poisoning is more common in pets and birds. The lack of water exacerbates this situation.

When so much salt enters the body, the composition of the blood changes and blood pressure rises sharply. Due to the redistribution of fluid in the body, the work of the nervous system is disrupted, blood cells - red blood cells, as well as cells of vital organs are dehydrated. As a result, the delivery of oxygen to tissues is disrupted, and the body dies.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

A few centuries ago, ordinary salt was one of the most valuable commodities in world trade. In our time, the relative value of salt has declined markedly against the background of other minerals. Oil, gas, and other resources have filled the information space, and references to salt have become quite rare. Meanwhile, in all spheres of human life, salt continues to play an important and hard-to-replace role.

Salt value

can be heard various titles used for salt. Most often mentioned rock salt and table salt. If we omit some of the nuances, which we will discuss below, then both rock and table salt are the same sodium chloride (NaCl). The importance of this chemical compound cannot be overestimated.

Naturally, you should first talk about rock or table salt, as a food additive necessary for the human body. normal activity human body without rock salt is simply impossible. For example, gastric juice contains a significant amount of hydrochloric acid, and the main raw material for its production by the body is salt. Ions of various substances are involved in the transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and in the work of muscle tissues. Including sodium ions, the main supplier of which is the salt consumed in food. In addition, it contains, in the form of impurities, manganese, chromium, iron - microelements absolutely necessary for humans.

As for industry, it is difficult to find an industry that is not directly or indirectly dependent on processed products obtained from ordinary salt itself. This is, for example, metallic sodium, which is widely used in nuclear power and aircraft industry. Salt cannot be dispensed with in the manufacture of soap and in the dyeing business. NaCl is also a raw material for the chemical industry. Chlorine, various sodas, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid - all this a person receives from rock salt.

Animal husbandry, agriculture and utilities, the drilling industry will not be able to function without ordinary salt.

In percentage terms, the approximate distribution of all mined rock salt looks like this:

• the largest part, about 60%, is consumed by the chemical industry as a raw material;
• approximately 25% is used in the food industry;
• the remaining 15% of consumption falls on utilities, Agriculture and other areas of activity.

The global consumption of rock salt is growing every year. Over the past seven years, the growth in production, and, consequently, consumption amounted to 5%.

History of rock salt mining.

The history of rock salt mining has not even a century - a millennium!

The sea coast of modern Bulgaria - dome-shaped adobe ovens were discovered here, in which salt was evaporated. This salt pan dates back to the fourth millennium BC. In ancient sources, there are references to salt mining in the 5th century BC. Salt mines dating back to the Bronze Age have been found by archaeologists in Austria.

Throughout all these millennia, the work of a salt miner has been exceptionally difficult. A wheelbarrow, a pick and a shovel are the tools that were used to extract rock salt. And only at the beginning of the 20th century mechanization came to the salt mines.

In Russia, the first mention of the salt industry dates back to the 11th century. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries, salt production in Russia developed very widely. By the 19th century, the annual production of rock salt reached 350,000 tons. And by the beginning of the 20th century, more than 1.8 million tons were mined annually in our country.

Now the annual volume of world salt production is approximately 210,000,000 tons, and this volume is constantly growing. The growth in consumption predetermines the need to develop the manufacturability of production and improve processing. Today there are several ways of industrial production of salt.

Basin method of salt extraction

Huge, almost inexhaustible, salt reserves are contained in the water of the seas, oceans, salt lakes. This salt is mined by pool or self-planting method. Natural estuaries are separated from the sea by dunes or spits. AT summer period, in hot weather, the water in the estuaries evaporates intensively, and the salt precipitates. Where there are no natural estuaries, artificial pools are being built. The pools are filling up sea ​​water. After that, their connection with the sea is cut off, and the process of evaporation occurs similarly to the natural one in estuaries, under the influence of the sun and wind. The precipitated salt is collected technological way. Equipment such as excavators, bulldozers and, where necessary, hand shovels are used. This technology has been unchanged for centuries. Mechanization only brought it to the modern industrial level. However, in the total amount of salt produced, this method occupies only the second place.

Mining of fossil salt

In the first place is the extraction of fossil rock salt. Solid salt in the bowels of the Earth is otherwise called "halite". Underground salt deposits formed hundreds of millions of years ago on the site of ancient seas and oceans. These rocks can be both colorless and snow-white. But more often, impurities color halite in different colors: clay impurities give it a gray color, iron oxides - yellow or red, the presence of bitumens - will make the rock brown.

Fossil salt development does not depend on the season and weather conditions, therefore, more than 60% of world production falls on them. Underground deposits of rock salt can reach depths of 7-8 kilometers, and reach the very surface, with the formation of above-ground domes.

Deposits with a depth of up to one hundred meters are developed by an open pit or quarry method. Having removed the top layer of soil and rocks covering the salt deposits, you can proceed to the direct extraction of salt. An explosive, mechanical method or their combined combination is used. With the explosive method, pits are drilled in rock salt layers, explosives are laid, and pieces of the salt layer break off from the main massif by the force of the explosion. AT mechanical method special equipment is used to destroy the massif: excavators, graders, winches, etc. Open pit mining provides the most complete extraction of minerals, has the lowest cost and the highest safety of work. The disadvantages of quarrying are that the extracted rock salt is subject to pollution by precipitation, groundwater, and dust deposits.

The deeper the quarry becomes, the less pronounced the advantages of this mining method become. Especially its profitability. At a certain stage, the profitability of quarrying becomes equal to the profitability of mining by the shaft method. Then, to improve the quality of the extracted salt, they switch to the latter.

With a depth of deposits of more than a hundred meters, the mine method is used to extract rock salt. At the moment, the single-horizon method of opening has displaced all the others from the salt mines. It does not require a large amount of capital work, it is quite simple and versatile. True, with a significant deepening of workings, there is a need to organize multi-stage transport lifts and powerful systems ventilation.

A salt mine is a tunnel in the thickness of a salt layer. Chambers depart from it on the sides, from which the main sample of rock salt is made. Each chamber reaches a length of up to 500 meters. The width and height of the chambers are 30 meters each. The chamber system does not require fixing workings. The absence of the need to fix the roof reduces the cost of the extracted salt and increases labor productivity. Large worked-out spaces in the chambers make it possible to use mining equipment of high productivity and power. Scrapers, electric locomotives, heading machines are widely used in salt mines. The developed chambers are successfully used for the safe disposal of industrial waste.

Along with the described advantages, the chamber system also has disadvantages. Large volumes of mined-out spaces entail problems with ventilation. In addition, more than half of the salt reserves remain in the spaces between the chambers (pillars), sometimes up to 70%.

It should be noted that the majority of mining enterprises practice exclusively machine development. However, in some cases, a less advanced drilling and blasting method is used. Drilling pits, laying explosives and the subsequent explosive rock fall give much less efficiency and productivity. At the same time, the level of labor safety is significantly lower.

Mining method by leaching

The essence of this method is as follows:

• wells of the required depth and in the required quantity are drilled in the explored salt reservoir;
• fresh water heated to a high temperature is pumped into the wells;
• this water dissolves the salt;
• liquid brine is pumped by slurry pumps to the surface;
• salt sludge enters special sealed tanks with reduced pressure;
• due to low pressure, intensive evaporation of water occurs;
• salt settled at the bottom of the tanks is crushed by a centrifuge.

Due to use in tanks reduced pressure, this method, in another way, is called vacuum. Its advantages include low cost, especially when extracting salt from great depths. The disadvantages are high requirements for the chemical and mechanical stability of the pumps, due to the aggressiveness of the salt solution.

Explored world reserves and deposits of salt

The global reserves of rock salt are so huge that it is not possible to calculate their exact amount.

Each cubic meter of water in the world's oceans contains about 27 kilograms of sodium chloride. If all the salt contained in the waters of lakes, seas and oceans is evenly distributed over the surface of the Earth, then the thickness of the salt layer will reach 45-50 meters.

Underground reserves of solid salt, according to the most rough estimates, are at least 3.5-4 * 1015 tons. While maintaining today's production volumes, only fossil reserves will last for fifteen thousand years at least.

In Europe, the largest salt deposits include the German Statfurt basin, the Slavic-Artemovskoye and the Carpathian deposits in Ukraine. In North America, there are large deposits in the US (Kansas and Oklahoma) and the Canadian Saskatchewan Basin.

Within the territory of Russian Federation reserves of table salt are located, the largest of those explored in the world.

In the first place is Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region. This unique deposit has been known since the 17th century. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that the salt reserves in it are replenished from the sources that feed the lake. According to geologists, the depth of salt layers here reaches a record ten kilometers. On Lake Baskunchak, 930,000 tons of table salt are mined per year.

Nearby, in the Volgograd region, there is Lake Elton. There are also significant reserves of table salt.

The Sol-Iletsk deposit has long been developed in the Orenburg region. Back in the 18th century, the great Lomonosov examined samples of Iletsk salt. His notes have survived, in which he speaks extremely flatteringly about the quality of this salt. Here is the plant JSC "Iletsksol" - the largest in Russia (83%) in terms of underground mining of fossil halite. According to the project, the annual production capacity of the Iletsksol plant is 2,000,000 tons. Salt from the local deposit highest quality. It does not require any purification or enrichment.

Another large deposit is Usolye, located in Yakutia, near Irkutsk.

In conclusion, I would like to add that the shortage of rock salt definitely does not threaten humanity.

Edible rock salt - medicinal
properties

Salt It is known that during
Great Patriotic War surgeons who worked in field hospitals,
put cotton cloth on the wounded on extensive lacerations,
soaked in a salt solution. Thus they saved them from
gangrene. After 3-4 days, the wounds became clean. After that, the patient
plaster was applied and sent to the rear hospital. Favorable
the effect of saline solution is explained by the fact that it has the ability
absorb fluid from wounds, keeping red blood cells intact,
leukocytes and living blood and tissue cells. However, the concentration of salt at
this should not exceed 8-10% (2 tsp per 200 g of water). Applied in
dressings and in no case in compresses, that is, without the use of
cellophane and compress paper.

The salt helped
me to be cured. Many years ago, a pebble formed in
gallbladder. Without thinking twice, I started taking choleretic herbs and
all
overnight, tie a cotton towel moistened with
in
saline solution (it should be as hot as it can withstand
body).
The bandage was fastened tightly. In the morning I took it off, wiped the skin with clean water
and
applied a heating pad to the area of ​​​​the liver and gallbladder.
This must be done,
because as a result of deep heating, they expand
bile ducts and dehydrated thick bile freely passes into
intestines.
Has made 10 such daily procedures. The stone stopped bothering me.

I also used a saline solution for an abscess that appeared on my finger.
Boiled 2 tsp. salt in 200 ml of water, wait a little while the water
cool down and
began to soar a finger with an abscess in this solution. First held 1
give me a sec,
then, as the water cooled, gradually increased the time of the procedure.
After
this smeared a sore finger with iodine. Has made 3 procedures. Next
day
there was no abscess.

And a few more tips on using salt to treat some
diseases. All
they are from my own experience.

Both men and women face the problem of hair loss. To with
her
cope, you need to wash your hair, then sprinkle wet hair with salt and
massage them by rubbing salt into the roots. After that, rinse with warm water. And
so 10
consecutive days. Hair will stop falling out.

Many people complain of lethargy, weakness, irritability. Highly
often in
this is due to the toxins accumulated in the body. Cleanse them from the body
will help
salt. In the morning on an empty stomach, dip a dry spoon into the salt. at the tip
her
so little salt will settle that it will hardly be visible. lick this
salt
tip of the tongue. The tiny amount of salt deposited on it will
work like
cleanser. After 10 days, you will feel vivacity and a surge of strength.
This procedure is contraindicated for hypertensive patients.

If your feet are affected by a fungus, wash them in a saline solution (2 tablespoons of salt per 0.5 l
warm water). procedure
do 5-10 minutes. And so on until complete recovery. This remedy
helps and
at excessive sweating legs.

Salt will also cope with migraine attacks. In 1 l
hot water throw in a handful of salt and quickly
wet your head with the solution. Wrap yourself in a towel and lie down in bed.
try
fall asleep. The pain will pass.

An elevated temperature will be driven away by drinking salt water (1/4 tsp. salt
dissolve in
1/4 cup water).

Attacks of rheumatism are removed by such a remedy. Mix 1/5 cup juice
radish, 1 cup honey, 0.5 cup vodka, 1 tbsp. salt and rub
massaging,
mixture to the affected area.

Scrofula and rickets in children are treated by bathing them in a saline solution (400 g
salt per bucket
water). The duration of the procedure is 15 minutes. Do it 2-3 times a week
before
convalescence.

Recommended treatment with salt and asthmatics. It is necessary to make a canopy from the film,
put a stool under it, on the stool - a cup of salt, ground in
powder
turn on the fan and inhale this salty air for 15-30 minutes.
So
do it regularly until the condition improves.

Be healthy without doctors!

Sincerely, L.A. Fedyanina

G. Kherson.

Memories and recipes
nurse A. N. Gorbacheva from
Kursk.

During the Great Patriotic War, I worked as a senior operating room
sister in
field hospitals with a wonderful surgeon Ivan Ivanovich Shcheglov,
which the
widely used hypertonic (i.e. saturated) sodium chloride solution
salt at
damage to bones and joints. On vast and dirty wounds he applied
loose
a large napkin abundantly moistened with hypertonic saline. After 3-4
days
the wound became clean and pink, the temperature dropped to normal,
then
a plaster cast was applied. Then the wounded went to the rear. So
the way
we had virtually no deaths.

And now, 10 years after the war, I used the Shcheglov method,
having tried
saline swabs to treat caries complicated by granuloma. And cured
own teeth
For two weeks.

After this little luck, I decided to carefully study the influence
hypertonic solution on closed pathological processes in
body,
such as cholecystitis, nephritis, chronic appendicitis, rheumatic heart disease,
post-influenza inflammatory processes in the lungs, articular rheumatism,
osteomyelitis, abscess after injection, etc.

Back in 1964, in a polyclinic under the supervision of an experienced surgeon,
who diagnosed and selected patients, in 6 days with saline dressings
two
patients were cured of chronic appendicitis, for 9 days without autopsy
cured
shoulder abscess, bursitis of the knee joint was eliminated in 5-6 days, not
amenable to any means of conservative treatment.

In the same polyclinic, saline dressings were used for the treatment
significant hematoma formed in the bed major artery without
gap
surface tissues. After 12 days, the hematoma became very dense,
acquired
conical shape. The patient began to complain of acute pain in the apex
cone. The hematoma was opened and a lump of bright red (i.e.
completely clean) erythrocytes the size of a goose egg. Subcutaneous
spilled
the hematoma of the entire lower leg and foot turned yellow after the first dressing, and
through
day disappeared altogether.

These facts indicate that the saline solution, having absorbent
properties, absorbs only liquid from tissues and spares red blood cells,
leukocytes and
living cells of the tissues themselves. Knowing that a hypertonic saline solution
salt -
sorbent, I once tried it on myself with a burn of 2-3 degrees.
Desperate
relieve pain with pharmaceuticals, put a salt bandage on the burn. Through
minute
the acute pain went away, only a slight burning sensation remained, and after 10-15 minutes I
calmly
fell asleep. In the morning there was no pain, and after a few days the burn healed,
how
ordinary wound.

Here are some more examples from practice. Once, during a business trip to the area, I
stopped at an apartment where children were ill with whooping cough. They continuously and
coughed ruefully. To put the children out of their misery, I gave them
on the back
salt dressings. After an hour and a half, the cough subsided and did not resume until
morning.
After four dressings, the disease disappeared without a trace.

A child of five and a half years old went poisoned at dinner
substandard
food. Vomiting began at night, by morning - pain in the stomach, every 10-15
minutes
loose stool. Medicines didn't help. Around noon, I gave him saline
bandage
on the stomach. After an hour and a half, nausea and diarrhea stopped, gradually
pains decreased, and after five hours all signs of poisoning disappeared.

Convinced of the positive effect of salt dressings on ordinary
pathological
processes, I decided to use them healing property for treatment
tumors.
The polyclinic surgeon offered me to work with a patient who had
formed
cancerous mole on the face. Methods applied in such cases of official
medicine, they didn’t help the woman - after six months of treatment, the mole turned purple,
increased in volume, a gray-brown liquid stood out from it. I became
use salt stickers. After the first sticker, the tumor turned pale and
decreased, after the second - the result improved even more, and after
fourth
stickers mole has acquired a natural color and appearance that it had before
rebirth. Fifth sticker treatment ended without surgery
intervention.

In 1966, a student came to me with an adenoma of the breast. Doctor,
who diagnosed her recommended surgery. I advised the patient to
surgery for several days, apply saline dressings to the chest.
Bandages helped - no surgery was required. Through
six months
the same girl developed an adenoma of the second mammary gland. However, saline
bandages and this time helped to avoid surgery. After 9 years I
called her
patient. She replied that she successfully graduated from the university, she feels
Good,
there were no recurrences of the disease, and only
small
seals on the chest. I think these are purified cells of former tumors,
harmless
for the body.

At the end of 1969, with cancerous tumors of both breasts,
applied
one more woman Researcher museum. Her diagnosis and
directions for surgery were signed by a professor of medicine. But again
helped
salt - the tumor resolved without surgery. It is true that this woman has
place
tumors remained seals.

At the end of the same year, I had experience in the treatment of prostate adenoma
glands. In the regional hospital, the patient was strongly recommended
operation. But
he decided to try the salt pads first. After nine treatments
a patient
recovered. He is healthy now.

I will give another case that I encountered while working in a clinic.
AT
flow three years the woman suffered from leukemia - she had a catastrophic
fell
hemoglobin content in the blood. Every 19 days the patient was
transfusion
blood that somehow supported her. Finding out that before the disease
a lot of patient
worked for years in a shoe factory with chemical dyes, I understood and
the cause of the disease is poisoning, followed by a violation of the hematopoietic
functions
bone marrow. And I recommended saline dressings to her, alternating dressings.
"blouses" and headbands "trousers" at night for three weeks.
The woman took the advice, and by the end of the treatment cycle, the content
hemoglobin in the blood of the patient began to grow. Three months later I met
my
patient, She was perfectly healthy.

Summarizing the results of their 25 years of observations on the use
hypertonic
saline solution for medicinal purposes, I came to the following conclusions:

1. 10%
saline solution is an active sorbent. Salt interacts with water
not
only through direct contact, but also through air, material, tissue
organism.
When ingested, salt absorbs and retains fluid in
cavities
cells, localizing it in its location. Applied externally
(salt
dressings), salt establishes contact with tissue fluid and, sucking,
absorbs it through the skin and mucous membranes. The amount of liquid absorbed by the dressing
directly
proportional to the volume of air displaced from the bandage. Therefore, the effect
saline
dressing depends on how breathable it is
(hygroscopic) that,
in turn, depends on the material used for dressing, its
thickness.
2. Salt
the bandage acts locally:
only on the diseased organ, the affected area, penetrating into the depths. By
measure
absorption of fluid from the subcutaneous layer, tissue rises into it
liquid from
deeper layers, dragging along the pathogenic principle: microbes,
viruses,
inorganic substances, poisons, etc. Thus, during the action
bandages
there is a renewal of fluid in the tissues of the diseased organ and their disinfection
-
purification from the pathogenic factor, and hence the elimination of the pathological
process. In this case, the tissues act as a kind of filter,
permeable
through themselves microorganisms and particles of matter having a volume less than
lumen
interstitial pore.
3. Bandage
With
hypertonic saline solution acts constantly. Therapeutic
the result is achieved within 7-10 days. In some cases it is required
more
long term.

How to apply saline
bandage.

For colds and headaches. Make a circular bandage at night through
forehead and
back of the head. After an hour or two, the runny nose disappears, and by morning the headache will also disappear.
pain.

Headband good for high blood pressure, tumors, dropsy. BUT
here at
atherosclerosis, it is better not to do a bandage - it dehydrates the head even more
more. For
circular bandage, you can use only 8% saline solution.

With the flu. Put a bandage on your head at the first sign of illness.
If a
the infection managed to penetrate into the pharynx and bronchi, to do at the same time
bandages on
head and neck (from 3-4 layers of soft thin linen), on the back from two
layers
wet and two layers of dry towels. Leave the bandages on all night.

In diseases of the liver (inflammation of the gallbladder, cholecystitis, cirrhosis
liver).
Liver bandage (cotton towel folded in four layers)
superimposed as follows: in height - from the base of the left chest
glands
to the middle of the transverse line of the abdomen, in width - from the sternum and white line
belly
front to back spine. Tightly bandaged with one wide bandage,
tighter on
belly. After 10 hours, remove the bandage and put on the epigastric region
hot
heating pad for half an hour, to expand through deep heating
bilious
duct for free passage into the intestine of dehydrated and thickened
bile mass. Without heating, this mass (after several dressings)
clogs the bile duct and can cause acute bursting
pain.

With adenomas, mastopathy and breast cancer. Usually applied
four-layer, dense, but non-compressive saline dressing on both
chest
glands. Apply at night and keep for 8-10 hours. Treatment period - 2
weeks, at
cancer 3 weeks. In some people, a chest bandage may weaken the rhythms
cardiac activity, in this case, apply a bandage in a day.

With diseases of the cervix. Soak cotton wool with hypertonic solution
tampons,
squeeze well and loosen a little before investing. procedure
spend once a
day, leaving tampons for 15 hours. For tumors of the cervix
treatment -
two weeks.

Application conditions
saline solution.
1. Salt
solution can be used
only in a bandage, but in no case in a compress, because the bandage
must
be breathable.
2. The concentration of salt in the solution should not
exceed 10%. A dressing with a solution of a higher concentration causes pain in
areas
overlay and destruction of capillaries in tissues. 8% solution - 2 teaspoons
spoons
table salt per 250 ml of water - used in dressings for children,
10% for
adults - 2 teaspoons of table salt per 200 ml of water. Water can
take
ordinary, optionally distilled.
3. Before
treatment wash the body with warm
with soap and water, and after the procedure, wash off the salt from the body with warm, damp
towel.
4. Very important
choice of dressing material.
It must be hygroscopic and clean, without residues of grease, ointment, alcohol,
iodine.
The skin of the body must also be clean. Better to use for dressing
linen or
cotton fabric, but not new, but washed many times. Ideal
option
- gauze.
5. Linen,
cotton material, the towel is folded in no more than 4 layers,
gauze -
up to 8 layers. Only with a breathable dressing does suction occur
tissue fluid.
6. Due to circulation
solution and air bandage causes a feeling of coolness. Therefore the bandage
should
soak with hot hypertonic solution (60-70 degrees). Before
by applying a bandage, you can slightly cool it by shaking it in the air.
7. Bandage
should be of medium humidity,
not too dry, but not too wet either. Keep a bandage on the affected area
10-15
hours.
8.
Nothing can be put
over the bandage. In order to fix the bandage soaked in the solution, it is necessary
bandage it tightly to the body: with a wide bandage on the torso,
belly,
chest, and narrow - on the fingers, hands, feet, face, head.
Brachial
bandage the belt with a figure eight, through the armpits from the back. With pulmonary
processes (with
bleeding should not be applied in any case!) the bandage is placed on
back,
trying to get to the sore spot as accurately as possible. Bandage the chest
cage
should be tight, but without squeezing the breath.

From the above fragments of the book about salt, it can be seen that salt should
used
1) for healing, 2) locally, otherwise the effect will not be the same. That's why
bathing in
the sea (the whole body is shrouded in salt) dries out all the skin, due to which the skin and
getting rougher. But if you chat for a few minutes (with the obligatory
washing
fresh water), or sit on the bank, dipping your feet in the water - it will
the very thing
because toxins will be drawn from the legs, which, as you know,
accumulate
right in the feet.

Simple
saline
compresses.

Simple salt compresses are made from salt water (100 g
rock or sea
salt per 1 liter
water) at room or body temperature. This salt water
impregnate cotton fabric (or a bandage folded in several layers) and
apply it to the affected area.

Salt compresses have a healing effect and quickly
restore
damaged skin after bruises, bruises, ulcers, burns and calluses.

Hot salt compresses.

A solution for such a salt compress is prepared at the rate of 2 tbsp. l. salt
for 1
l boiling water. The procedure is carried out
like this: soak a terry towel in hot saline solution, apply
him to the chin,
neck, cheeks, elbow or knee.

These compresses are used for deep warming of parts of the body that need
in
relaxation and nourishment with microelements due to the activation of capillary
blood supply.

Usually they are used for cosmetic purposes.

Hot salt applications allow you to deeply warm the tissues, with the help of
ions
salt stimulate through the bioactive points of the skin
energy
body channels.

Steam salt
compresses.

To prepare this compress, use a bag with heated to
50–70°C
salt. If the heat is difficult to endure, then a terry cloth is placed under the bag.
towel.
On the part of the body that needs to be warmed up well, over the bag
impose
waxed paper (or medical oilcloth, or skin), making a kind of
local
sauna for this part of the body.

The compress, depending on the purpose, is kept for 10 minutes or more (cosmetic
procedure) up to 30-40 minutes (therapeutic heating of the inflamed area or
places,
where the pain is felt).

Salt poultices are used to reduce the pain of rheumatism,
gout. At
chronic diseases, when it is required to cause softening, resorption and
removal of any kind of hardening, the described procedure
two
times a day.

Salt dressing.

This is a kind of warming compress, superimposed either on the hearth
pain, or
near him. The bandage is made from sterile linen or cotton
fabrics,
folded several times, or gauze folded eight times. To
sterilize the fabric at home, it is enough to lower it in a steep
boiling water or iron with a very hot iron. The finished bandage is lowered into
pre-boiled water with salt (10: 1), take out, cool,
shaking or lightly squeezing. The place of application is pre-wiped
wet
tissue to make contact with the body tighter, then apply a bandage and
bandage her.

Such dressings are applied to the forehead and back of the head with a runny nose and headache,
on the
forehead, back of the head, neck, back with flu, on the affected area with burns,
bruises,
abscesses, rheumatism, sciatica.

"Sour" mittens.

In warm or hot salt solution (1 tablespoon of salt per 200 ml of water)
soaked
various woolen items: mittens, socks, a scarf or just a piece
woolen
fabrics. Such salted woolen items, wet or dried
use for
compresses on sore spots with arthritis, sciatica or a cold
(socks).

Salt shirt.

For the procedure, put on the patient a well-wrung out, moistened with
water
with a strong concentration of salt (5–7 tablespoons per 1 liter
water) shirt. Lay down
sick to bed, wrap well. So he must lie and not take off
shirt
until it dries completely.

The procedure should be done at night, before going to bed. Wipe the body in the morning
dry
with a towel so that the salt crumbles, change into clean linen.

This procedure, which came into folk medicine, was previously used
healers like
a magical ritual of cleansing a person from evil spells, evil spirits, the evil eye.

In folk medicine, this very effective procedure is used to
treatment
various neuroses, neurasthenia, nervous and physical exhaustion,
colds
diseases and even epilepsy.

It well cleanses the body of the accumulated "dirt" in the form of toxins,
toxins, dead cells. Healers believed that they switched to a shirt
illness and
slag from a sick person.

salty rubdown
(sea) water.

To enhance the response of the body, this procedure is carried out with
using salt or sea water (0.5 kg
salt per liter of water). For
rubbing on the body or part of it is applied with a linen sheet moistened
salty sea water and carefully squeezed. Right there on top of the sheet body
rub vigorously with hands until warm. Then the sheet is removed
doused with water and carefully rubbed with a coarse cloth.

For weak patients (especially children), procedures are done by others. If it allows
condition of the patient, the whole body is wiped in parts with moistened and well
wrung out
with a towel or mitten, and then rub with a dry towel and cover
sheet and blanket.

To enhance the response of the body after a general rubdown, sometimes
doused with 1-2 buckets of water, the temperature is slightly lower than that which
wetted
sheet when rubbed. This treatment is refreshing and
tonic. Her
sometimes prescribed for the purpose of hardening.

Rubbing with salt water improves peripheral
circulation,
tissue trophism, increased metabolism. This procedure is not recommended.
patients with elevated nervous excitability, heart defects, after
transferred
recently acute diseases(eg pneumonia).

Begin the wiping procedure with water at a temperature of 32–30 ° C, gradually
reducing it to
20–18°C and below. Duration - 3–5 minutes.

This rubdown is usually used before a course of hydrotherapy, as well as in
quality
self-treatment of patients with fatigue, neurasthenia,
asthenic condition, low metabolism (with obesity).

Hot bath with salt water.

To nourish the body with heat or, conversely, to remove excess from it
heat, in
Hydrotherapy uses hot wiping of the body or its parts.

The procedure is performed as follows: lower your legs into a basin or bath with
warm
water; apply a towel soaked in hot water to the body - on the back,
breast,
hands, face, neck.

For an enhanced therapeutic effect, use hot salty (or
sea) water.
Such rubdowns give a feeling of warmth if you need it, and if
heat at
you above the roof - it is brought out.

Forget air conditioners and fans: hot saline rubdown -
indispensable remedy for summer heat, stuffiness, lethargy.

"Polishing" the body with sea water.

For the procedure of massage-wiping the body with sea water
(called in
yoga by “polishing” the body) take warm sea water and, dipping in it
palm, do the "polishing" of the whole body with the palm of the hand, rubbing the water
throughout the body until it is completely evaporated.

After such a procedure, the state of fatigue and relaxation quickly
passes,
the skin becomes satiny.

If you decide to harden your body, give it extra warmth and
energy, cleanse the body, improve blood circulation, use to
rubbing
one of the following procedures.

hot rubdowns
salt water.

Prepare a water-alcohol solution: 500 ml of water, 250 ml of alcohol or
vodka, 1
Art. a spoonful of salt, 20 drops of iodine. Mix everything thoroughly. store
solution in
cool place.

In the morning after a shower, wipe your entire body from head to toe with a hard washcloth,
moistened
in this solution. In the region of the heart, without pressing, make 40 circular
movements on
hour hand.

Without rinsing and wiping, get dressed. In the evening before bed
necessarily
take a shower, otherwise the heat coming from the body will not allow you to sleep.
Trituration
do from autumn to May, that is, all the cold season.

To strengthen weakened and often catching cold children, it is recommended
water-alcohol salt wash.

Hydroalcoholic salt
washing.

Its composition is as follows: 500 ml of water, 3 tbsp. spoons of vodka or alcohol, 1 tsp.
spoon (with
top) sea salt, 3-5 drops of iodine. Mix everything. Once a day (morning)
wipe the child with a cloth soaked in this solution. In the evening
necessarily
Rinse any remaining salt from your skin in the bath or shower.

Salt baths for hands and feet.

For local salt baths proceed as follows: brushes
or
feet are immersed in a basin of salt water and rubbed there. procedure
carry out
at a water temperature of 10–15°С (cold baths), 16–24°С (cool baths)
or
36–46°С (warm and hot).

Cold and cool salt baths for hands and feet are used for
fatigue,
bruises, with excessive sweating of the hands and feet, as well as in order to
prevention
colds as hardening procedures. After them it is shown
vigorous rubbing.

Warm baths for hands and feet (300–600 g of salt per 10 l
water) relieve pain in
muscles and joints, improve the condition of the skin and nails, contribute to
treatment
skin diseases, eliminate the fungus.

Warm and hot foot baths are used for colds
(for
increase sweating in saline solution, you can add mustard
powder or
alternate between hot and cold baths). Useful warm
baths for
legs with sea water - after them the swelling of the legs disappears, blue
and
purple spots that appear on the legs due to poor circulation
or
remaining after a healed wound.

Duration of cold therapeutic baths- 3-6 minutes, warm - 10-30
minutes;
course - 15–30 procedures.

Salt eye baths.

Salt eye cold or warm bath has a beneficial effect on
sick
eyes, strengthens the visual apparatus. To carry out this procedure
necessary
immerse your face in cold salt water and open your eyes for 15 seconds, and
then
raise your head and after 15-30 seconds again immerse in water. Repeat
3-7 times.
If the bath is warm, then after it you need to immerse your face in cold water.

It is good to mix a decoction of various plants with a warm salty eye bath.
At
eye bath is good to use sea water - the water is boiled in
flow 2
minutes, then cool. Sea water baths
nightly
before going to bed, reduce irritation of the eyelids and various inflammatory
eye processes.
The water temperature for the eye bath is 20-38°C. However, it should be remembered
volume,
that "the eyes are of the nature of fire, water is harmful to them," and not be zealous in
water procedures for the eyes.

bath with english
salt.

The bath is prepared as follows: 1–1.5 kg of ordinary bitter salt
dissolve in
full tub of hot water. It should be taken before going to bed for 10-20
minutes
at least once a week. During the procedure, never use
soap.
The hotter the bath, the more effective it is.

Attention! People with a weakened heart should take hot baths with
caution. For those who cannot stand the high temperature of the water, they
contraindicated.

During illness, acidic slags accumulate in tissues
organism.
Epsom salt baths help neutralize them. They are especially
effective
with rheumatism, sciatica, catarrh, other catarrhal diseases,
colds.

Vinegar salt solution.

For 5 parts of vinegar, take 1 part of table salt. The composition is used as
rubbing for headaches, bruises, insect bites.

An aqueous solution of salt is used for compresses, baths, flushing
liquids. AT
In medical practice, the following degrees of salinity of solutions are used.

Saline solution - 0.9–1% salt.

Hypertonic saline - 1.8–2% salt.

Marine solution - 3.5% salt.

A saturated solution is so much salt that it no longer dissolves.

Salt in the form of a water slurry.

Water is added dropwise to the crushed salt until an aqueous slurry is obtained.
salt.

This mixture is used to treat wounds in the oral cavity, brush teeth and
gums,
cosmetic cleansing of the face, that is, in all those cases when
outdoor
when using salt, it is necessary to achieve a high concentration of salt in the place
applications
applications.

Salt in the form of butter
gruel.

Various fatty oils are added to salt (olive, sunflower,
soy, fish
fat) and aromatic oils (fir, mustard, eucalyptus,
sage oil
violets).

Such mixtures are used for cosmetic purposes, for the treatment of pulmonary
diseases
(inhalation), for the treatment of external skin diseases and defects, as well as
how
"paste" for brushing teeth.

Salt mixed with fat.

Salt is mixed with melted animal fat. The recipe is: 100 g
fat + 1 tbsp. a spoon
crushed table salt.

Such mixtures are used to lubricate arthritic joints,
eczema
wounds.

Sand-salt mix.

Mix table salt with sand in a ratio of 1: 1, heat.

Deep warming is done with this mixture to activate blood flow and
withdrawals
pain. This mixture has an effect on the inflamed area.
reflexology and
nourishing (micro and macro elements, salt ions) action.

A mixture of salt and flour.

Mix plain table salt with flour in a ratio of 1: 1, add
a little
water, knead a very stiff dough.

Such a salt-flour mixture used as an application on a sore spot
(gouty joint, sprain, etc.), quickly relieves acute
pain.

cold saline
compress.

To prepare this type of compress, salt is placed in a chintz or
cotton bag or simply wrapped in canvas and
placed on
a few minutes in the freezer.

This compress is used to relieve localized pain caused by
extension
vessels (for example, headache, contusion), and simply hypertrophied
extended
or injured tissue (eg, varicose veins, contusion).

Snow-salt mixture.

Snow (if possible clean) is collected in a bowl, mixed with 1-2 handfuls
table salt, a small amount of it in the form of a cake is applied to
sore spot. Top cover with multilayer gauze or a towel.
In 5
minutes, the application is removed.

Snow-salt application gives more intense cooling than ice, and
maybe with
successfully used as a pain reliever, for example, for sciatica,
radiculitis.

salt compress and
mustard.

To prepare this compress, finely ground salt is mixed with
mustard powder in equal proportions, applied to the folded
several
layers of bandage or plain cloth.

Used as a compress for pain different localization(arthritis,
sciatica) or for applications on the feet in the treatment of colds.

Dry bath with a mixture of salt, ash and bran.

To prepare such a bath, mix salt, ash (preferably birch) and
wheat (rye) bran.

Salt is preheated to 60 ° C, mixed with ash and bran,
sprinkle
into a basin, bury a leg or arm in it so that the affected by the tumor
the joint was
completely covered in this warm mixture. The procedure is carried out until
cooling down
salt.

Such a dry bath is used for strong heating and steaming at
rheumatism with hard swellings in the joints of the arms and legs. Thanks to such
baths
the joint is well steamed, the tumor softens and gradually
resolves.

Salty socks.

To carry out this medical procedure, take thin cotton
socks,
turn them inside out and crush them in salt dust. "Salted" like this
in this way, the socks are turned inside out and put on the legs. This procedure is very
efficient,
if you just caught a cold. To warm up, apply heating pads to the feet and
lie down
in bed, well wrapped up.

Salt dust from "salt socks" creates a healing microclimate for the feet and
stimulates their reflex zones for a long time. In addition, such
hot
applications on the feet provide increased immunity and improve overall
well-being. The effect of salt applications can be enhanced by pouring into
"salted" socks a little mustard powder, garlic (crushed
on the
garlic cloves) or dry garlic powder, as well as red pepper.

Vegetable salt compresses.

Such compresses are prepared from vegetable cakes (cabbage, beets, carrots) and
table salt.

It is noticed that the animal, sweating, loses salt, but it crystallizes under
his
hair and draws out the lymph toxins through the skin in a calm
condition.
Borrowing a similar mechanism for extracting salts, traditional healers
invented
vegetable salt compresses to help fight pain and immobility
in
joints.

The effect of such compresses is twofold: on the one hand, salt draws from
sick
cells inorganic salts and slags, dehydrates pathogenic
microorganisms,
and on the other hand, the juices of vegetable cakes nourish the cells of the body
organic
substances. Such a compress is placed on a sore joint daily for 5
hours. Usually
spend several courses of treatment for 7-10 days with a week break.
At
exacerbations and for prevention, additional courses can be carried out
treatment.
A longer compress promotes the resorption of hematomas,
withdrawal
slags from the connective tissue both in the joint and in other places,
pain
signaling blockage of capillaries.

Pasta with
honey and salt.

Salt powder is mixed with honey in equal proportions, rubbed well.

This paste is used for teeth whitening, periodontal disease treatment. pasta
take
index finger and easily, without pressure, rub their teeth, grabbing with
this and
gums. Such preventive cleaning of teeth is recommended to be carried out 1-2
times in
week.

medicine based
salt.

William Lev, a practicing doctor from St. Petersburg, already in the thirties
of the past
century invented a unique medicine based on salt, which is widely
enjoyed
our grandparents, for the treatment of bruises, skin cancer in the initial
degree,
paralysis, headaches, erysipelas, rheumatism, as well as various
inflammatory internal
and external diseases.

Cooking.

In a bottle ¾ filled with cognac (preferably five-star), pour
fine, well-dried salt until the cognac rises to
traffic jams,
then shake the mixture for several minutes. When the salt settles (through
20-30
minutes), the medicine is ready for use. Before use, the mixture must not
shake, as the salt precipitate will cause pain when it enters
wound.

Internal application.

The medicine is never used in its pure form, but only diluted with hot
water
(for one part of the medicine three parts of boiling water). Usual reception: 2 dining rooms
spoons
medicines mixed with 6 tablespoons of boiling water, on an empty stomach 1 hour before
food
in the morning. Women and debilitated sick men can take 1
canteen
spoon with 8-10 tablespoons of hot water. When vomiting occurs or
nausea
you need to drink 2 cups of warm water before vomiting and then on a clean stomach
to accept
medicine. The medicine helps well with hypothermia and in
primary
cold stages.

Outdoor application.

For external use, the drug is used undiluted.

For cuts, the wound is tied with a piece of cloth soaked in the solution.
The bandage is not
removed until the wound heals, and the bandage is slightly moistened from the outside 3-4 times a day.
day.

For insect bites, compresses are applied to the affected area for 10-15
minutes
4-5 times a day.

For dizziness, rub the top of the head
medicine in
half an hour before bed.

With a rush of blood to the head, rub upper part heads for 15
min.
at bedtime for 3-4 days. Take 2 tablespoons in the morning on an empty stomach
medicines mixed with 6-8 tablespoons of hot water. Do not apply
at
hypertension.

For headaches, rub the top of the head for 15 minutes. If a
pain is not
passes, take 1 tablespoon of medicine for 6-8 tablespoons
hot
water. Do not use for hypertension.

For pain in the ears, before going to bed, instill the medicine (5-6 drops) into the ears and
leave
all night. Usually three treatments are sufficient.

When treating a flux, a cotton swab moistened with medicine is placed between the flux and
teeth and
leave all night. This should be done 3-4 evenings in a row.

For rheumatism, rub the sore spot 1-2 times a day for 1-2
weeks.
If the pain constantly returns, take, in addition, 12-14 days
on an empty stomach
in the morning, 2 tablespoons of medicine with 5 tablespoons of hot water.

With osteochondrosis and heel spurs(V. Tereshchenko's recipe): 3 pods
red
pepper; 1 glass of coarse salt pour 0.5 liters of cognac,
insist 5 days. Do
lotions for heel spurs, osteochondrosis.

For arthrosis of small joints (for example, fingers or toes)
every evening
do "sand baths". Mix salt with river sand in a ratio of 1: 1,
warm and bury your fingers in hot sand with salt, hold until
cool down.

For sprains, mix plain table salt with flour in
proportions 1:1,
add some water, knead a very stiff dough. A sore spot is needed
how
with a tourniquet, wrap several times with sausage from this dough, on top
pave
compress paper and wrap with a warm scarf. Washing the nose with salt water along
method of yogis "jala neti" In jala neti, it is used lightly
warm salt water in the calculation of one teaspoon of salt without top on
half a liter of water. If you
correctly raised the vessel and bowed the head, water pours out of another
nostrils without entering the mouth.

Washing
nose is the best way to prevent colds and cure them. jala neti can heal
chronic runny nose, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and other diseases
nasopharynx, for example, inflammation of the adenoids. In conjunction with complete
breathing cures bronchitis. This technique protects against pulmonary
diseases (asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc.). Reception helps to relieve fatigue,
get rid of headaches and insomnia. It can help heal
or reduction of sinus headache, migraine, epilepsy, depression,
nervous tension.
Literature:
Semenova A. Treatment with salt. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Nevsky
Prospect”, 1999, 116 p.
Filippova
I.A. The healing power of ordinary salt. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Timoshka",
1999, 224 p.
R. Horn.
Marine chemistry. Ed. "MIR", M. 1972, 398 p.

Rock salt is a sedimentary mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride. The composition of impurities depends on the characteristics of the deposits. Why is it rock salt, and not just, for example, sodium or chloride? This name reflects the state of the mineral and the attitude of man towards it. In the state of a natural deposit, these are really salty stones. Then, after processing halite, as this salt is also called, it becomes just the former salty powder. It is in this form that it acquires the name of table salt.

Rock salt is a sedimentary mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride.

Halite stone belongs to natural minerals of the class of halides of the subclass of sodium chloride. However, most people on the planet know this stone simply by the name of salt.

Own scientific name mineral halite received in Ancient Greece. The translation of this word is ambiguous, but its meaning is with two concepts - the sea and salt. Chemical formula simple rock salt is NaCl as the main substance and other elements as impurities. Pure rock salt contains 61% chlorine and 39% sodium.

In its pure form, this mineral can be:

• transparent;
• opaque, but translucent;
• colorless or white with signs of a glassy luster.

However, pure NaCl is rare in nature. Its deposits may have shades of colors:

• yellow and red (presence of iron oxide);
• dark - from brown to black (impurities of decomposed organic matter, for example, humus);
• gray (impurities of clay);
• blue and lilac (presence of potassium chloride).

The mineral halite is fragile, hygroscopic and, of course, salty in taste. It dissolves well in water at any temperature, but melts only at high temperatures - not lower than 800 ° C. When fire melts, it turns yellow.

The crystal structure of rock salt is a dense cube, in the nodes of which there are negative chlorine ions. The octahedral voids between the chlorine atoms are filled with positively charged sodium ions. The structure of the crystal lattice is a pattern of ideal order - in it, each chlorine atom is surrounded by six sodium atoms, and each sodium atom is adjacent to the same number of chlorine ions.

Ideal cubic crystals in some deposits are replaced by octahedral ones. In salt lakes, crusts and drusen can form at the bottom.

Gallery: rock salt (25 photos)

Rock salt stone massage (video)

Origin of salt deposits

Rock salt is a mineral of exogenous origin. Salt deposits were formed during sedimentary processes in a dry and hot climate. The origin of salt deposits is associated with the slow drying of endorheic salt lakes, sea bays and shallow waters.

In small quantities, salt halite is formed during soil salinization, during volcanic activity. Soil salinization occurs in arid regions. This process can develop in natural or anthropogenic conditions. Natural salinization occurs where groundwater comes close to the surface with high salinity water. Such water evaporates, and a salt crust forms on the surface of the soil. In addition, the soil can also become saline from above, for example, during surge sea floods or tsunamis. In this case, a large amount of salty sea water penetrates into the lower horizons of the soil, and then evaporates, and salt is deposited on the surface.

A person salts the soil with abundant watering in an arid climate. In regions where the evaporation of water from the lower layers of the soil in aggregate exceeds the inflow of water with precipitation, the soil is highly mineralized. If it is watered, then evaporation also increases. As a result, minerals deposited in different soil layers come to the surface. On such soil, a salt crust is formed, preventing any manifestation of life.

Rock salt, according to its origin, is divided into the following categories.

1. Self-sustaining, which is formed in evaporite basins, deposited as granular crusts and druses.
2. Stone, lying in large layers between different rocks.
3. Volcanic salt rock that is deposited in fumaroles, craters and lavas.
4. Solonchaks representing salt crusts on the soil surface in arid climate.

Geography of the main deposits

Halite is concentrated mainly in deposits Permian period. It was about 250 - 300 million years ago. Then almost everywhere in Eurasia and North America dry and hot climate. Salt water reservoirs quickly dried up, and salt layers were gradually covered by other sedimentary rocks.

On the territory of Russia, the largest deposits of halite are located in the Urals (Solikamskoe and Iletskoe deposits), in Eastern Siberia near Irkutsk (deposit Usolie-Sibirskoe). Halite is mined on an industrial scale in the lower reaches of the Volga, as well as on the shores of the famous salt lake Baskunchak.

Significant halite deposits are located:

• in the region of Donetsk (Artemovskoye field);
• in the Crimea (Sivash region);
• in northern India in the state of Punjab;
• in the USA - the states of New Mexico, Louisiana, Kansas, Utah;
• in Iran, the Urmia deposit;
• in Poland, the salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka;
• in Germany near Bernburg, where halite has blue and lilac hues;
• large salt lakes are located in the western part of South America.

The use of rock salt

No matter how they scold the use of rock salt in the food industry and in everyday life, a person cannot do without this “white death”. These are not just compounds of minerals, although the complex composition of rock salt in some deposits is very much appreciated in medicine. Salt dissolved in water or food is an increase in the number of ions, that is, positively and negatively charged particles, which activates all processes in the body.

However, halite has also found its application in the chemical industry. For example, the production of hydrochloric acid, sodium peroxide and other compounds that are in demand in various consumer sectors is indispensable without NaCl. The use of halite, in addition to its consumption in food, provides more than 10,000 different production and end-use processes.

This mineral is still the most popular and cheapest preservative that helps people live from one crop to another, transport food over long distances, and stock up on food for future use. The function of salt as a preservative has saved and is now saving people around the world from starvation.

In our time, sodium chloride has become one of the cheapest food products. And once there were salt riots. Convoys with this product moved under heavy guard. This product was part of the soldiers' rations. Perhaps the consonance of the words soldier and salt is not accidental.

How rock and extra salt is produced (video)

Salt extraction methods

How is halite mined today? Modern mining is carried out by several methods.

1. Mass production a large number rock salt is produced by the mine method, which consists in extracting rock salt from sedimentary rocks. Since halite is a solid solid monolith, it has to be softened at high temperature and under pressure. Salt combines are used to raise salt to the surface.
2. The vacuum method consists in digesting minerals from water with high level dissolved salt concentration. To obtain brine, a well is drilled, reaching a rock salt deposit. After that, clean fresh water is pumped into the bowels. The mineral quickly dissolves in it, forming a saturated solution. After that, the brine is pumped to the surface. Usually salt is mined in this way for food and medical needs, since the brine does not contain impurities of other rocks.
3. The lake method is based on the extraction of salt in open salt reservoirs. This method does not require the construction of boreholes or the construction of mines. However, the product obtained in this way needs to be thoroughly cleaned, which affects the cost.
4. The method of evaporating sea water has been practiced for about 2,000 years. It was popular in countries with dry and hot climates. To obtain salt from sea water, energy sources were not needed here, since the sun itself did an excellent job of evaporating water. However, such a process was very slow, therefore, with a large concentration of the population, thirsting for salt, a special heating was used.

The opposite of evaporation is a method practiced in regions with a cold climate. This is because fresh water freezes faster than salt water. For this reason, in the vessel, early ice, when melted, was practically fresh water. In the remaining water, the salt concentration increases. So from sea water it was possible to simultaneously obtain fresh water and saturated brine. Out of the water late ice salt was digested quickly and with less energy consumption.

Nowadays, NaCl is a product that has become familiar, and the sign that spilled salt to a quarrel is bewildering. The use of sodium chloride in food has the character of bringing its taste to the state of sea water. This is the need of all organisms living on land.

The fact is that life arose in sea water. Not surprisingly, the internal environment of the human body corresponds to the parameters of salty sea water. So by consuming salt, we restore the mineral balance established by evolution. Just do not make a saturated solution from a weak saline solution and eat a lot of salt.

Salt varies in taste, size, shape, color and degree of salinity. It all really depends on its origin. It is impossible to cover all the many types of salt, but Anna Maslovskaya, editor of the Food section of The Village, decided to look into the issue and classify the main ones.

Origin

Sea salt is extracted from brine concentrated by the sun, which is formed at the site of areas flooded with salt water. It is scraped off, dried, sometimes recrystallized. Another way to obtain sea salt is freezing. Not evaporating water, but freezing sea water.

Garden salt is extracted in a similar way to sea salt: by evaporating water from underground salt springs or by evaporating water from salt marshes. In these places salty water stagnates on the surface of the earth, but does not come from the sea, but from other sources.

Stone, it is also mineral, salt is mined in mines. It is formed due to the flow of saline springs or, for example, in the place of dried seas. Until recently, along with boiled sea salt, mineral was the most popular in the world.

Salt, depending on the method of its extraction, is then either ground or sieved. Thus, they divide it by caliber: from small to large.

Fine table salt

It's edible salt. As a rule, it has a stone or garden origin. The second option is considered the cleanest. It is obtained by repeated recrystallization of brine and, apart from salt, contains little in itself - white table salt has a purity of at least 97%. While stone can contain a significant amount of impurities that affect the taste. When sieving it, you can find microscopic pieces of clay and stones. In Russia, the largest places for the production of table salt are Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan Region and Lake Elton in the Volgograd Region.

Table salt has the most pure salty taste, this is both its advantage and disadvantage. The main plus is that it allows you to accurately dose the amount during cooking. Minus - its taste is flat and one-dimensional. Table salt is one of the cheapest types of salt along with mineral salt.

Kosher salt

A special case of ordinary table salt. It differs in that the size of its granules is larger than that of ordinary salt, and the shape of the crystals is different. Not cubes, but granules, flat or pyramidal in shape, obtained through a special evaporation process. The shape of the salt makes it easier to feel the amount of salt with your fingers, which is why in America, where this salt is produced in large quantities, it has become an industry standard in professional kitchens. It almost does not differ in taste from ordinary table salt, but there is a nuance: it is never iodized.

Salt is called kosher because it is used for koshering meat, that is, rubbing the carcass to remove any remaining blood.

Rock salt

Iranian blue salt

Cooking edible rock salt grinding No. 1

This is a large family, most often under the name of which is meant white table salt, mined by the mine. For example, salt mined in the Artyomovskoye deposit in Ukraine, the supply of which to Russia is now limited due to sanctions. As a rule, it is white, but sometimes it has a slightly gray or yellowish tint. Salts with brighter impurities often take on their own names. For example, black Himalayan salt, which will be discussed below. Rock salt is also used for technical purposes, such as salting a swimming pool or sprinkling a road.

Sea salt

Sea iodized salt from the Adriatic Sea

Hawaiian Sea Salt Black Lava

There are many types of it due to its origin. Since all seas are different in chemical profile, this is reflected in the taste and composition of the salt. Sometimes this salt is recrystallized to give pure table salt. Its value is in the variety of tastes and the presence of additional impurities that enrich the taste.

Fleur de sel

Fleur de sel from Lake Reu

Swedish salt flakes

Salt flakes are highly valued by chefs and consumers alike. Depending on the origin, it differs in shape, appearance, humidity and degree of salinity. Its traditional name is fleur de sel. As a rule, this is sea salt, the crystals of which grow on the edges of salt baths, in the process of slow evaporation of water, they grow into beautiful growths, which, as a rule, are harvested by hand at a certain stage of growth. That is, from the same source, you can get both coarse-grained salt and salt flakes.

Salt is mined in the form of flakes in different places in the world, but there are three most famous deposits: salt from the French island of Ryo, Moldonian salt from the south-east of England and salt mined in a large deposit in Portugal.

Maldon is a very famous fleur de sel salt mined in the Maldon area of ​​Essex in southeast England since the late 19th century. It is correct to say "Maldon", although "Maldon" has managed to take root in Russia. Moldonian salt - separately standing view salt, which differs from fleur de sel in that its crystals are larger, up to a centimeter. It is also somewhat saltier than the classic fleur de sel. Being sea salt and shaped in the form of flat crystals, it is gentle, creates a pleasant sensation, exploding on the tongue with salty sparks. This makes Moldona salt a versatile finishing agent.

Black Himalayan salt

Pink Himalayan salt

Mineral salt of coarse grinding, the color of which is due to the presence of impurities of potassium chloride and iron oxide. In total, salt contains about 5% of various impurities. It is used in hand mills for finishing dishes, that is, not only for salting dishes, but also for decoration.

Pink Himalayan salt is mined in large blocks, which are then sawn out, in the Punjab region, mainly in the troughs of the Himalayas, in Pakistan and in India. Salt blocks are used even for interior work.

Pink Hawaiian Salt

Sedimentary sea salt that was first harvested in Hawaii. Now its main production takes place in California. A bright pink-brown color of medium size salt crystals is given by clay inclusions. An expensive product with a slightly glandular taste. According to some reports, it is considered especially useful. But what you definitely can’t argue with is the fact that she is beautiful, which is why serving dishes is perfect.

Interesting fact

In foreign literature, the term "pink salt" means a special product based on salt with the addition of sodium nitrite, used for the production of meat products.

flavored salts

Black Thursday Salt

There are many types of aromatic salts, and they are all invented and made by man. Such salt can be of any origin, the main thing in it is a combination of two functions: salting a dish with its flavoring. To do this, additives are placed in the salt or the necessary manipulations are performed on the salt itself, for example, smoking. Additives can be anything: flowers, spices, herbs, berries and even wine.

Thursday salt stands alone on this list, because it is the result of rather complex manipulations. Originally this salt was ritual (like pink Hawaiian salt), it is now more commonly used because of its unusual palatability. This salt is prepared as follows: table salt is mixed in equal proportions with leavened thick or rye bread soaked in water; put in the oven (sometimes burying in ashes), oven or overheated in a frying pan. After a monolithic piece is split and pounded in a mortar.

Interesting fact

Charcoal salt is used in many culinary traditions, such as in Japan and Korea. Just like Thursday, it is made by human hands. A similar example from Korea is bamboo salt: mOrskaya salt is literally baked in bamboo.