General characteristics of the flora. General characteristics of urban flora. Flora and fauna
FEATURES OF THE FLORA OF MOUNDS OF THE DESERT-STEPPE ZONE OF UKRAINE
Burial mounds are ancient burials, covered from above by a dome-shaped earth embankment. The culture of burial mounds was very widespread in the past. In Ukraine, the construction of mounds lasted over 4 thousand years (from the end of the 3rd millennium BC to the 13th century AD), over several epochs: the Eneolithic, the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age, antiquity and the Middle Ages. This type of burial is characteristic of many peoples, and among the peoples who inhabited the Black Sea region at different times - for the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Turks, Polovtsy, Nogais, etc. In general, more than 50 thousand burial mounds are known in Ukraine.
Before the mass plowing of the south of Ukraine, the mounds were surrounded by virgin steppe vegetation for centuries, which contributed to the formation of a steppe vegetation cover close to natural. During the development of the steppes on most mounds (especially not large ones), the steppe vegetation was destroyed (mainly by plowing), or the mounds themselves were completely destroyed. However, some mounds, especially large ones, have never been plowed up and a steppe vegetation cover has been preserved on them, which differs sharply from the segetal vegetation surrounding them, in most cases.
As part of the study of the flora of the barrows of the steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine, in 2004-2006, we studied the features of the flora of the barrows located in the zone of desert steppes, on the territory of the Golopristansky and Skadovsky districts of the Kherson region of Ukraine. For study, 26 well-preserved rather large mounds with a slightly disturbed surface were selected, which had a height of 3–10 m, a diameter of 25–90 m. The mounds are located on chestnut solonetsous soils, in combination with solonetzes and solonchaks. Most of the mounds are located on the territory occupied by desert-steppe and halophyte vegetation (salt marshes, solonetzes, saline meadows), which is now not suitable for crop production (due to salinization) and is used as pasture. Some mounds are located among agricultural fields, as well as one each in a park, a reed swamp and in a forest belt near the road. On the kurgans, we identified 5 ecotopes (top, southern and northern slopes, southern and northern foot), for each of which a separate floristic list was compiled using a 3-point abundance scale. Theoretically, the maximum abundance of the species on all mounds and in all ecotopes can reach 390 points (26 x 5 x 3). Data on abundance were used by us to determine the activity of species on mounds and to calculate floristic indices. In this publication, given the limited volume, only the most general results of the study of burial mounds in the desert-steppe zone of southern Ukraine are presented. In the future, we plan to publish our data in more detail (Chernomorsky botanical journal, 2006).
In general, 303 species of vascular plants were identified on 26 mounds, which belong to 191 genera and 48 families. On one mound, 48 species were recorded at a minimum, 103 species at a maximum (84 on average). The most represented in the flora of the family Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae (Latin names are given according to Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk, 1999). Among the identified species, 234 species turned out to be native, and among the last 117 species, they were classified as non-communal. Including a number of rare species subject to protection, as they are included in the World Red List (Allium regelianum A. Becker ex Iljin, Dianthus lanceolatus Steven ex Rchb., Linaria biebersteinii Besser); European Red List (Senecio borysthenicus (DC.) Andrz. ex Czern.); Red Data Book of Ukraine (Anacamptis picta (Loisel.) R.M. Bateman [= Orchis picta Loisel.], Stipa capillata L., Tulipa schrenkii Regel.) and Red List of Kherson region (Cerastium ucrainicum Pacz. ex Klokov, Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. , Quercus robur L. - the latter, not in a natural setting, but only as planted or wild on a mound in an old abandoned park).
The identified species are represented in various ways on the mounds. The most abundantly represented on mounds (they have a total abundance score of more than 200): Agropyron pectinatum (M.Bieb.) P.Beauv. (242), Artemisia austriaca Jacq. (240), Holosteum umbellatum L. (236), Festuca valesiaca Gaudin s.l. (230), Poa bulbosa L. (214). Most of the identified species (219, which is 72.3%) have an abundance score of less than 26. Another 33 species (10.9%) have a sum of abundance scores in the range of 26-50, 29 (9.6%) - 51- 100, 17 (5.6%) - 101-200. Sod grasses Agropyron pectinatum, Festuca valesiaca, Stipa capillata (107), Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. (61). In accordance with zonal features, xerophilic salt-tolerant chamephytes Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad take a significant part in the vegetation cover. (173), Artemisia santonica L. (154), Halimione verrucifera (M.Bieb.) Aellen (70), Camphorosma monspeliaca L. (63) . Among the steppe forbs, the most common (they have more than 100 points): Artemisia austriaca, Poa bulbosa, Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz., Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit., Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Short-lived plants (annuals and juveniles) are widely spread on mounds: Cerastium ucrainicum, Consolida paniculata (Host) Schur, Erophila verna (L.) Besser, Holosteum umbellatum, Lamium amplexicaule L., Myosotis micrantha Pall. ex Lehm., Trifolium arvense L., Valerianella carinata Loisel., Vicia lathyroides L. This group of plants in the flora of barrows of desert steppes dominates in the spectrum of life forms (46.5%), hemicryptophytes prevailing in real steppes occupy only the second place (31, 4%). The significant predominance of short-lived plants is partly due to the synanthropization of the flora, but is also an expression of the zonal features of the desert steppes, in comparison with the present ones. In this regard, it is significant that short-lived plants are more common on the driest and warmest "desert" ecotopes - the southern slope (56.0% in the spectrum of life forms of the flora of this ecotope) and the top (54.6%) of mounds, gradually decreasing on their northern and lower parts to 43.0% in the lower foot. Ephemeroids are poorly represented in the studied flora. Only one species, Ficaria stepporum P.Smirn., has an abundance score of over 100; Gagea bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult.f., G. pusilla (F.W. Schmidt) Schult. & Schult.f., G. ucrainica Klokov, Muscari neglecta, Ornithogalum kochii Parl. , Tulipa schrenkii. Quite often, halophytes Halimione verrucifera, Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Fourr., Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) O.Kuntze, L. bellidifolium (Gouan) Dumort penetrate into mounds located in the coastal strip. (=L. caspium (Willd.) Gams), Petrosimonia oppositifolia (Pall.) Litv., Puccinellia bilykiana Klokov, Salsola soda L., Suaeda prostrata Pall. and others, which is a characteristic feature of mounds located in the desert-steppe zone. Halophytic plants grow mainly at the foot of the mound, while the slopes and the top of the mound are occupied mainly by steppe plants, in which they differ sharply from the halophytized flora of the environment and the foot of the mounds. In our opinion, the steppe "islands" on the barrows among the seaside halophytic vegetation arose in connection with the ongoing marine transgression, and also, in part, in connection with the abundant spread of irrigated crop production, which led to the halophytization of coastal depressions, as a result, initially built in the steppe territories, the mounds were among the halophyte vegetation cover.
The flora of the mounds is characterized by a wide phytocenotic spectrum. The largest number of species is represented by the class Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943 (Latin names of syntaxa are given according to: Mirkin, Naumova, 1998 and Matuszkiewicz, 2001). Species of this class, as well as Festucetalia vaginatae Soo 1957 and Polygono-Artemisietea Mirkin, Sakhapov et Solomeshch in Mirkin et al. 1986 are confined mainly to the slopes of the mound. At the base of the mound, depending on its surroundings, species of halophytic communities are mainly concentrated (Asteretea tripolium Westhoff et Beeftink in Beeftink 1962, Thero-Salicornietea R.Tx. in R.Tx. et Oberd. 1958, Salicornietea fruticosae (Br.-Bl et R.Tx. 1943) Tx. et Oberd. 1985 em. V. Golub et V. Solomakha 1988 and meadow (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 em R. Tx. 1970, Althaea officinalis V. Golub et Mirkin in V.Golub 1995, Galietalia veri Mirkin et Naumova !986, Festuco-Puccinellietea Soo 1968) of vegetation. Among the synanthropic vegetation, the largest number of species are Stellarietea mediae R.Tx., Lohm. et Prsg 1950 and Artemisietea vulgaris Lohm., Prsg et R. Tx in R.Tx 1950.
Despite the fact that we selected the best-preserved mounds for research, their vegetation cover turned out to be more or less synanthropized. In general, 69 species of adventitious plants (anthropophytes) were identified on the mounds, which belong to 57 genera and 22 families. On one mound, from 4 to 29 species of adventitious plants were noted (16 on average). Among the adventitious species, archeophytes predominate (41 species, or 60.0%), which are mainly associated with the Mediterranean-Iranian-Turanian region by their origin. Cenophytes are represented less significantly, there are 28 species (40.0%). Among them, a large proportion of American (32.1%) and Asian (35.7%) species. The level of adventization of the mound flora depends on the use of the territory that surrounds it. Among the studied burial mounds, the greatest proportion of anthropophytes is on mounds located among agricultural fields. The main factor in the adventization of the mound flora, which are under weak anthropogenic impact, is burrowing wild animals, which in the course of their life activity disturb the surface of the mound and create ecotopes suitable for the growth of anthropophytes.
Thus, today many mounds are a refugium of steppe vegetation in the agrolandscapes of southern Ukraine, and, obviously, in the steppe part of Eurasia as a whole. In addition, in the conditions of the coastal desert steppes of southern Ukraine, mounds often act as a refugium of the steppe flora, but already in the situation of the advancing marine transgression of the last millennia, since some of them, originally built in the steppe territories, ended up among the seaside halophytic vegetation. In recent decades, the salinization of coastal areas has also been promoted by intensive agricultural activity in the region. On the mounds, differentiation of ecotopic factors can be traced, which makes their flora quite rich. Part of the mound - the top and bottom are usually more anthropogenically altered, which contributes to the concentration of synanthropes there. More favorable conditions for steppe vegetation cover on slopes, where mainly steppe species and communities are preserved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Archeology of the Ukrainian RSR. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1985. - 430 p.
2. Boyko M.F., Podgainy M.M. Chervony list of Kherson region. - Kherson: Ailant, 1998. - 33 p.
3. Lavrenko E.M., Karamysheva Z.V., Nikulina R.I. Steppes of Eurasia. - L .: Nauka, 1991. - 146 p.
4. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G. Vegetation science: (History and current state of basic concepts). - Ufa: Gilem Publishing House, 1998. - 412 p.
5. Moysienko I., Sudnik-Voytsikovska B. Adventive growths on mounds in the desert steppes of Ukrainian pivdnya // Synanthropization of the dewy slope of Ukraine (m. Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky 27-28 April 2006): Theses of scientific dopovidey. - Kiev, Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, 2006. - S. 42-144.
6. Mosyakin S.L. Roslini of Ukraine on the light Chervony list // Ukr. nerd. magazine - 1999. - 56, No. 1. - P. 79–88.
7. Nature of the Kherson region. Physico-geographic drawing. - Kiev: Phytosociocenter, 19. - 132 p.
8. Chervona book of Ukraine. - Kiev: View of Ukr. Encycl., 1996. - 608 p.
9. Mosyakin S.L., Fedoronchuk M.M. Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. - Kiev, 1999. - 346 p.
10. Karte der nat?rlichen Vegetation Europas. Mastab 1:2500000. Legende und 9 Blatten. - Bonn: Bundesamt f?r Naturschutz, 2000. - 153 p.
11. Matuszkiewicz W. Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk ro?linnych Polski. - Warczawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2001. - 540 p.
I. Moysienko, B. Sudnik-Wojcikowska
Huge areas of German lands are classified as reserved. In total, about 14 national parks are spread here, in which the most unique ecological systems, endangered and rare species of plants and animals are under protection. Compared to nature reserves in other countries, German reserves are relatively young - the very first of them received a special status only in 1970.
The German people are a great connoisseur of recreation in the national parks of their country, which are amazingly beautiful places with magnificent natural scenery.
Geography
The nature of Germany is unusually diverse.
The state is located in Central Europe. It borders with France, Switzerland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Poland, Austria, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Its north is framed by the Baltic and North Seas.
Between Lake Constance and Berchtesgaden are the Alps, although their territory is not very large. Germany is limited by the Bavarian, Allgäu and Berchtesgaden Alps. Between them you can observe the wonderful blue lake surface - Koenigssee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Mittenwald, which are popular areas for tourists.
Nature of Germany
More than 1/3 of the land in Germany is cultivated, and therefore the state does not boast much of its wildlife, but almost all existing forests and other green areas are fairly well maintained.
A feature of the nature of Germany - throughout the country, mountain ranges intersect with plateaus, plains, lake landscapes, hills.
In the northern part of Germany, the lowlands extend:
- Westphalian.
- Saxon-Thuringian.
- Lower Rhine.
Typical for these areas are hilly landscapes with an abundance of lakes, peat bogs, wastelands and fertile lands.
Germany off the coast of the North Sea owns the following islands:
- Borkum.
- Sylt.
- Helgoland.
- Norderney.
Islands of Germany in the Baltic Sea:
- Fehmarn.
- Rügen.
- Hiddensee.
The coast here is represented by rocks and sand. Between the North and Baltic Seas, the relief is represented by hills called Holstein Switzerland.
The Harz (mountain range) is located in the very center of Germany. To the east are the Fichtelgebirge and the Ore Mountains. The territory of the state is divided into two parts (southern and northern) by a medium-altitude mountain threshold.
Nature reserves in Germany
- "Bavarian Forest" is located in the southeast of the country. This is the largest nature reserve in Central Europe. Most of it extends above sea level at an altitude of more than 1 kilometer. Among its inhabitants there are rare and even endangered animals: beaver, lynx, forest cat, black stork and peregrine falcon.
- "Saxon Switzerland". This unique place is located in the east of Germany. The rocky massif of the area rises above sea level by 200 meters. The observation deck allows you to view the beauty of the entire territory of the reserve. The most popular place among tourists is the unique bridge stretched across the Bastei rocks and built in 1824.
- "Chalk rocks" of the island "Rügen". This amazing little part of Germany's protected area is located in the northeast of the country. This is the Jasmund National Park, which includes the coast of the Baltic Sea and the forests adjacent to it. There is a unique natural formation here - the "King's Chair", which is a chalk rock rising 118 meters in height. Hundreds of thousands of tourists rise to its observation deck every year.
- "Stork on the Roof". The protected area includes villages that are home to hundreds of white storks. The national park is a place where you can meet dozens of rare animals and birds: black storks, whooper swans, corncrakes, otters and kingfishers.
Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of Germany is surprisingly diverse.
The most characteristic inhabitants of the forests of Germany are the fox, the squirrel and the wild boar. Red deer, roe deer and fallow deer can also often be found. Hares, mouse-like rodents and rabbits take root well in clearings. The existence of the otter has recently been threatened by river pollution. Marmots live in alpine meadows. Among the birds, instead of forest species, birds are common, typical of open spaces.
Humid areas off the coast of the North and Baltic Seas are important for European migratory birds. Ducks, geese and wading birds especially liked these places.
Plants of Germany in their natural form are practically not preserved due to the dense population of the territories. Indigenous forests were either practically destroyed or replaced by forest plantations. The original forests of birch and oak in the north of the country were replaced by cultivated land over several centuries. Today, lands with poor soils are set aside for forest plantations. Mostly hardy subspecies of pines are grown here.
Luxurious beech forests grow in the lowlands of Germany, alternating with spruce forests. Pine appears on sandy soils.
In the Alps and mountains of Central Germany, beech forests give way to fir forests with increasing height, and then to spruce forests. Above 2200-2800 meters mosses, grasses and lichens and flowering plants grow.
In conclusion about climatic conditions
The nature of Germany is diverse due to rather favorable climatic conditions. A temperate, maritime and transitional climate prevails here.
The average summer temperature is plus 20-30 degrees, winter is close to 0. The maximum temperature in summer is up to +35 degrees, in winter - up to -20 degrees. Precipitation falls throughout Germany in large volumes.
Due to the location of Germany in the zone of western, moderately cool winds, significant temperature fluctuations are rare.
- The concept of flora………………………………………………….3-8
The contribution of flora to the overall biodiversity………………………..9-10
Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan……………………….11-39
Conservation of biological diversity and flora
- as its component…………………………………………. 39-47
- Conclusion…………………………………………………………….….48
- Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….49
Introduction.
Preservation of biodiversity is one of the key problems of building a sustainable development society.The most important component of biodiversity is flora as a set of plant species growing in a certain area. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity breeds diversity”, flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems. For this reason, the study of flora, its rational use and protection are the most important components of a broad program for the conservation of biodiversity as an exhaustible resource.
There is undeniable progress in the protection of biodiversity in the world. A number of important international documents have been adopted and are being implemented, such as the “Concept for the Protection of Biological Diversity” (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the “Pan-European Strategy for the Protection of Biological Diversity” (1996) and others. activities of international organizations - UNESCO, the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The WWF representative office operates in the Republic of Bashkortostan and makes a significant contribution to the protection of flora.
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the protection of biodiversity in Russia and Bashkortostan. The need to preserve biodiversity is reflected in such documents as the “Concept of the Russian Federation’s Transition to Sustainable Development” (1996), the federal law “On Environmental Protection (2002), the Ecological Doctrine of Russia” (2002), the law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan" (1995), Republican Complex Program "Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2004-2010", "Concept for the Development of the System of Protected Natural Areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan" (2003).
The purpose of the work: to tell about the uniqueness of flora as a biodiversity hotspot of global importance, economic value, state of use and protection; to characterize the flora of Bashkortostan.
I. The concept of flora.
Flora
(in botany, lat. flora) - a historically established set of plant species distributed in a certain area at the present time or in past geological epochs. Houseplants, plants in greenhouses, etc. are not part of the flora.
The name of the term comes from the name of the Roman goddess of flowers and spring flowering Flora (lat. Flora).
In practice, the expression "Flora of a certain territory" is often understood not as all the plants of a given territory, but only as Vascular plants (Tracheophyta).
Flora must be distinguished from vegetation- sets of various plant communities. For example, in the flora of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, species of the families of willows, sedges, grasses, buttercups, and Asteraceae are richly represented; from conifers - pine and cypress; and in vegetation - plant communities of the tundra, taiga, steppe, etc.
Historically, the development of flora is directly conditioned by the processes of speciation, displacement of some plant species by others, plant migrations, their extinction, etc.
Each flora has specific properties - the diversity of its constituent species (richness of flora), age, autochthonous degree, endemism. Differences between the floras of certain territories are explained primarily by the geological history of each region, as well as differences in orographic, soil, and especially climatic conditions.
Flora analysis methods:
- geographical analysis
- division of flora by geographical distribution; identification of the proportion of endemics;
genetic analysis (from the Greek genesis "origin, occurrence") - the division of flora according to the criteria of geographical origin and the history of settlement;
botanical and geographical analysis - establishment of connections of this flora with other floras;
ecological and phytocenological analysis - separation of flora according to growing conditions, according to vegetation types;
age analysis - division of flora into progressive (young in time of appearance), conservative and relict elements;
systematic structure analysis - comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of various systematic groups that make up this flora.
Flora typification
Flora of specialized groups
Sets of plant taxa covering specialized groups of plants have the corresponding specialized names:
Algoflora- flora of algae.
Brioflora- moss flora.
Dendroflora, or arboriflora- Flora of woody plants.
Three more terms appeared before these groups of organisms were no longer classified as plants:
Lichenoflora- lichen flora.
Mycoflora- Mushroom flora.
Mixoflora- flora of myxomycetes (mucus molds)
Territory flora
From the point of view of the nature of the territories under consideration, there are:
The flora of the earth as a whole
Flora of the continents and their parts
Flora of individual natural formations(islands, peninsulas, mountain systems)
Flora of countries, regions, states and other administrative entities
Flora by the criterion of external conditions
According to the criterion of external conditions of the territories under consideration, there are:
Flora of chernozem and other soil types
Flora of swamps and other special areas of the earth's surface
Flora of rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies
Flora of the seas and oceans
Basic approaches to the study of floras.
Flora as a set of species of a certain territory is formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. For this reason, the study of its composition is one of the tasks of environmental monitoring.
Regional floras.
Most often, regional floras are studied within the boundaries of administrative units (republic, administrative region, city or rural settlement). This is the most traditional type of floristic research, the most important task that allows one of the biomonitoring options to be carried out - monitoring the state of the biological diversity of plants in the region.
The result of the study of regional flora is a complete list of plant species with an assessment of their distribution. This allows you to identify rare species and compile the "Red Book". During periodic re-examinations, a tendency to change the flora under the influence of a person is revealed, first of all - adventization, i.e. an increase in the proportion of alien species, and a decrease in floristic diversity.
The study of regional floras is necessary for the geobotanical study of vegetation, the assessment of botanical resources, and the development of a system for the protection of plant biodiversity in the region.
specific flora.
Unlike regional floras, which are distinguished for any territories, regardless of the variety of environmental conditions (they may include different natural zones, plains and mountains, etc.), specific floras are identified for ecologically homogeneous territories (with one type of climate, one type of geomorphological structure of the surface, one type of prevailing vegetation). For example, the flora of the Baimaksky or Abzelilovsky districts, which include flat and mountainous areas, cannot be considered as specific floras. The flora of the steppe part of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, the flora of the southern part of the mountain-forest zone of Bashkortostan, etc. can be considered as specific.
Identification of specific floras is carried out on the territory of a sufficiently large area, within which the influence of the natural complex and human activity on the composition of plant species is fully manifested. This value can vary from 100km? in the Arctic up to 1000 km? in the tropics.
Partial floras.
The concept of "partial flora" was proposed by B.A. Yurtsev within the framework of the method of specific floras, but this concept is also used in the study of regional floras. Partial flora is understood as the flora of a certain type of habitat and, accordingly, a certain type of plant communities associated with it (in this case, the partial flora is called cenoflora). Thus, partial floras of reservoirs and coastal aquatic habitats, lowland, transitional and raised bogs, southern steppe stony slopes, postforest meadows, wastelands, and fields are distinguished. When studying the floras of settlements, partial floras of kitchen gardens, yards, trampled habitats, ditches, dung heaps, etc. are distinguished.
Estimation of gamma diversity.
Gamma Diversity is a form of biological diversity, defined as the number of plant species in a landscape or geographical area. It is synonymous with regional flora.
Gamma diversity depends on the area of the study area and is formed as a result of the interaction of two forms of diversity:
Alpha - diversity - species diversity of communities;
Beta-diversity - diversity of communities.
These two indicators are non-linearly related, since species richness is different in different communities, however, it is obvious that the richer the species of the community and the higher the diversity of these communities, the higher the gamma diversity. Naturally, both components of gamma-diversity depend on the climate and topography. On the flat territory of the desert zone, the values of alpha and beta diversity and, accordingly, gamma diversity will be minimal. In the temperate zone, with a complex relief, which combines rich-species communities of steppes, meadows, forests, and, in addition, there are coastal-aquatic and aquatic communities and ruderal and segetal communities associated with human influence, gamma diversity will be high.
Analysis of the composition of the flora.
Any flora (regional, specific, partial) consists of species that differ in a significant number of parameters: systematic affiliation, life form, geographical characteristics, biological features. For this reason, a qualitative analysis of the composition of the flora (compilation of various spectra) is one of the mandatory sections of any floristic study.
Flora analysis includes the compilation of spectra according to the following parameters.
systematic composition.
The representation of different families is analyzed, special attention is paid to the first 10 families, which are called the leading ones. The degree of their participation in the flora and the complex of soil and climatic factors, and the history, and the current state of the flora, which is under the influence of man. So, for the natural flora of the temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, the leading families (Table 1) are characterized by the participation of Asteraceae, grasses, roses, sedges, legumes, cruciferous, clove, oxtail, etc. With increasing human influence (synanthropization and adventivization flora) the proportion of species from the families of haze and cruciferous increases.
When analyzing the systematic composition of the flora, such indicators as the average number of species in a genus, the average number of genera in a family, the average number of species in a family that can receive an evolutionary interpretation are also used (the more genera in families, the older they are; the more species in genera , on the contrary, they reflect the later stages of evolution).
spectrum of life forms.
This spectrum also reflects the diversity of ecological conditions in which the studied flora was formed. Thus, phanerophytes predominate in humid tropical forests, while in the forests of the temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, despite the fact that phanerophytes dominate, hemicryptophytes predominate in the flora. In the steppes and meadows, there are few phanerophytes, and the predominance of hemicryptophytes is more complete. Therophytes predominate in deserts. A significant participation of terophytes indicates synanthropization of the environment.
Synanthropization of flora.
Assessment of flora replenishment by adventitious plants is an informative method of biomonitoring, because the proportion of alien plants is directly related to the intensity of human transformation of vegetation.
This version of the analysis includes the compilation of spectra according to the share of different groups of synanthropic species from among local species that have adapted to intense human influence, as well as adventitious species.
Phytosociological spectrum.
The most promising for comparing floras (especially specific ones) is to evaluate the modern ecological structure of the flora and the degree of its adventivization.
When comparing the share participation of species of different orders or classes of vegetation, one can obtain the most integrated information about the geography, ecology, and anthropogenic disturbance of the studied flora.
- Contribution of flora to overall biodiversity.
Consider the links between plants and wildlife in the forest, between flora and fauna. The forest is inhabited by many different living creatures - from the smallest insects to large animals. They differ not only in their size, but also in their way of life, type of food, and in many other ways. All of them play a certain role in the life of the forest as a whole. This is an obligatory component of forest biogeocenosis.
The relationship between representatives of the flora and fauna in the forest boils down to the fact that the flora affects the fauna, and that, in turn, has the opposite effect. In other words, the impact goes in two mutually opposite directions.
Consider the influence of flora on fauna. Plants play an important role in the life of the animal population of the forest, providing it with food, providing an opportunity for settlement, shelter from enemies, reproduction, etc. There are a lot of examples. Take at least food resources. The live mass of forest plants provides food for various inhabitants of the forest - all kinds of herbivorous insects, birds, animals. Among insects, these are, for example, butterfly caterpillars, the larvae of some beetles, and the beetles themselves. Vegetable food plays an important role in the diet of grouse birds, forest mice, squirrels, not to mention deer, roe deer, wild boars, elks ... Leaves, shoots, buds, needles, etc. are eaten. The fruits of forest plants are also important food resource. They feed primarily on various birds and quadrupeds. The role of juicy fruits is especially great. The most important for animals and birds are the succulent fruits of mass plants, which usually form thickets in the forest - blueberries, lingonberries, raspberries. The nutritional value of the juicy fruits of mountain ash, bird cherry, elderberry, buckthorn, honeysuckle, euonymus, viburnum, etc. is essential. Birds especially willingly eat them. Dry fruits also serve as food for forest fauna. Hazelnuts are eaten in large quantities by squirrels, oak acorns by forest mice, etc.
Living creatures living in the forest use not only the green mass of plants and their fruits for food, they also take other "tribute" from plants. Insects, for example, collect pollen and nectar from flowers. Caterpillars of some butterflies and larvae of certain species of beetles feed on living tissues of ovaries and immature fruits (for example, caterpillars of the acorn moth butterfly, larvae of the acorn weevil beetle, etc.). Aphids and scale insects suck out the “juices” of plants with the help of special devices. Moles, mice, shrews feed on living underground parts of plants, especially succulent ones. In a word, plants serve as suppliers of a wide variety of food products for representatives of the fauna.
However, the inhabitants of the forest use not only living parts of plants for food. Many also feed on dead plant remains, primarily those that fall to the ground. They also have many consumers - earthworms, various soil insects, their larvae, etc. All these living creatures in one way or another process the dead plant mass, which contributes to its faster decomposition.
Other examples of the connection between plants and animal life can be cited. Very important, in particular, the role of plants as a place of shelter for all kinds of living beings. Some forest birds nest in dense thickets of bushes in the forest. Hollows in the trunks of large old trees serve as a refuge for forest bees; owls and eagle owls need them to breed chicks. Woodpeckers make nests in the trunks of aspens.
The role of plants in animal life also lies in the fact that they serve as suppliers of building material for dwellings, nests, etc. Plant material is used, for example, to build the nests of some forest birds. Do you remember what beavers build their dams from? And here it is not complete without building material borrowed from plants. No less familiar is the example of ants. These forest orderlies build their dwellings from plant residues - dry needles, twigs, leaves, etc.
So, in the forest, the role of plants in the life of animals is very significant and this is manifested in many ways. It is important to note one thing: the animal world is highly dependent on plants. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity breeds diversity”, flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems.
- Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan.
According to the latest data, the flora of vascular plants of Bashkortostan includes 1730 species, bryoflora - 405 species, lichenobiota - 400 species. The floristic diversity of different regions of Bashkortostan varies. The areas with a high concentration of species are the Iremel and Yaman-Tau mountains; shikhans (mountains - remnants) Tratau, Yuraktau, Tastuba, Balkantau, Yaryshtau, Susaktau; ridges Mashak, Zigalga, Irendyk, Krykty, Kraka, Shaitan-Tau; the valleys of the rivers Belaya, Inzer, Ural, Sakmara, Zilim, Nugush, Uryuk, B. and M. Ik, Zilair, Fortress Zilair, Tanalyk; lakes Yakty - kul, Urgun, Talkas, Karagaily; swamps Tyulyukskoe, Tygynskoe, Zhuravlinoe, Septinskoe, Arkaulovskoe, Lagerevskoe, etc.
The formation of a high floristic diversity is associated with the influence of a number of natural-historical and anthropogenic factors.
- Relief.
On the territory of Bashkortostan there is a system of mountains of the Southern Urals. Due to the vertical zonality, the mountainous relief allows different biomes to be combined in a limited area - from mountain tundra and boreal forests to broad-leaved forests and steppes.
- Flora history.
The complex history of the territory of Bashkortostan, especially its mountainous part, contributed to the enrichment of the flora. It contains many relics reflecting the history of the region over the past 1.5 million years, when cooling and warming alternated in the Pleistocene and Holocene.
The thermal maximum of the Middle Holocene is associated with a significant penetration into the depths of the Southern Urals by steppe groups.
Endemic species that formed during the transformation of local conditions in the preglacial and Pleistocene periods make their contribution to the flora of Bashkortostan.
- Geographical position: the junction of Europe and Asia.
The position of Bashkortostan at the crossroads of Europe and Asia has led to the combination of Siberian and European species in communities (the formation of an ecotone effect on a geographical scale). So, in the forests of the Southern Urals, typical European species are combined, such as amazing violet, obscure lungwort, forest chistets, large-flowered foxglove, fragrant bedstraw, and species of the Siberian range - Siberian adonis, northern aconite, Gmelin's rank, spear-shaped underripe, etc.
- Latitude explanation.
The position at the junction of the forest and steppe zones caused widespread hemiboreal forests with dominance in the tree layer of pine (with the participation of birch, larch and aspen). These are the most species-rich forests of the Southern Urals, which is also due to the ecotone effect. With the indisputable dominance of boreal species in the herbage (reed reed grass, northern aconite, lily-leaved bell), nemoral and subnemoral species are common in these forests: male thyroid gland, spreading pine forest, hard-leaved chickweed, common sleepweed, amazing violet, etc. Meadow, meadow- steppe and steppe species, such as: steppe cherry, chiliga, Russian broom, common oregano, etc.
The dense network of range boundaries creates special problems for the protection of BR, since at the boundaries of distribution, species form populations with reduced resistance to the influence of anthropogenic factors.
- Human influence.
During the period of sustainable nature management, which was typical for the Bashkirs before the reform of 1861, anthropogenic factors did not cause significant damage to BR and other renewable resources. Moreover, some forms of human exposure have been a BR-increasing factor. So, it is thanks to man that species-rich communities of plain and mountain post-forest meadows were formed. After the disappearance of natural large steppe phytophages (saiga, tarpan), it was Bashkirs' horse breeding that was the main factor in the preservation of the steppe biome. Schools of horses were constantly moving across the steppe landscapes, ensuring uniform grazing of phytomass. In addition, horses are the least detrimental to steppe communities: hoof pressure is minimal, and a broad diet promotes uniform grazing.
Over the past century, the area of forests has significantly decreased, especially in the foothill regions of the Cis-Urals. In addition, in part of the populated areas, there was an undesirable change of species, such as pine, spruce and oak, to low-value ones - birch, linden, aspen. As a result, there was a shortage of coniferous wood in the region and a significant amount of overmature birch wood has accumulated. The resources of secondary forest management - medicinal raw materials - have been depleted.
Significant damage to renewable resources was caused by the process of urbanization, which is especially active in the conditions of the Southern Urals and now more than 70% of the population lives in cities. The cities of the region are constantly increasing their area, which reduces the share of natural, primarily forest, ecosystems. In addition, the urban population has a strong recreational impact on natural ecosystems within a radius of tens of kilometers.
A significant part of the territory of the Southern Urals falls on solid industrial waste storage facilities - waste rock from mining, ash dumps, industrial waste dumps, etc. In vast areas around industrial enterprises and highways, as a result of atmospheric emissions, soils are contaminated with heavy metals and other environmentally hazardous substances. Huge amounts of untreated or undertreated industrial and municipal effluents are discharged into aquatic ecosystems, primarily into rivers, which cause enormous damage to the BD of these ecosystems.
Habitats disturbed by humans have become a haven for dozens of alien species that occupy niches of native plant species, thereby adversely affecting native BR. In recent years, dangerous alien species of the North American genera ragweed and cyclaena have naturalized in the Republic of Belarus.
This cumulative impact of negative anthropogenic factors has formed high risks for many species of the flora of Bashkortostan. So, at present, more than 150 species of plants are threatened, including: 40 steppe, 27 forest, 22 swamp, 20 mountain-tundra, 14 meadow, 13 meadow-steppe, 12 rock.
- The systematic composition of the flora.
Flowering species are represented by 1680 species and 107 families (natural 103, cultivated 4). Including 86 families of dicots (445 genera, 1279 species), 21 families of monocots (121 genera, 401 species).
The distribution of species by families is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
4 species each contain families: Asclepiadaceae (Lastovnevye), Fumariaceae (Smoky), Hypericaceae (St. .
3 species each contain families: Aceraceae (Maple), Cannabaceae (Hemp), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbitaceae), Elatiniaceae (Povoynikovye), Hydrocharitaceae (Water-colored), Illecebraceae (Cartilaginous), Lentibulariaceae (Public), Polemoniaceae (Cyanide), Santalaceae (Santalaceae) , Thyphaceae(Cattail), Ulmaceae(Elm).
- Table 1. Representation of families of higher spores and gymnosperms in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of births | Number of species |
| Division Equisetophyta (horsetails) | ||
| Equisetaceae (Horsetails) | 1 | 8 |
| Division Lycopodiophyta (lycopods) | ||
| Lycopodiaceae (Lucids) | 2 | 3 |
| Huperziaceae | 1 | 1 |
| Division Polypodiophyta (Parn-shaped) | ||
| Onocleaceae (Onokleaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Athyriaceae | 6 | 9 |
| Woodsiaceae | 1 | 2 |
| Dryopteridaceae (Shield) | 2 | 5 |
| Thelypteridaceae (Telipterisaceae) | 2 | 2 |
| Aspleniaceae (Kostentsovye) | 1 | 4 |
| Polypodiaceae (Centipedes) | 1 | 1 |
| Hypolepidaceae (Hypolepis) | 1 | 1 |
| Ophioglossaceae (Uzhovnikovye) | 1 | 1 |
| Botrychiaceae (Grandworts) | 1 | 3 |
| Salviniaceae (Salviniaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Division Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) | ||
| Pinaceae (Pine) | 4 | 4 |
| Cupressaceae (Cypress) | 1 | 3 |
| Ephedraceae (Ephedra) | 1 | 1 |
Table 2. Representation of the main flowering families in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of species | |
| absolute | % | |
| Asteraceae (Asteraceae, Compositae) | 207 | 11,97 |
| Poaceae (Poaceae, Cereals) | 163 | 9,43 |
| Rozaceae (Pink) | 108 | 6,25 |
| Cyperaceae (Sedge) | 100 | 5,78 |
| Fabaceae (Fabaceae, Moths) | 96 | 5,55 |
| Brassicaceae (Cabbage, Cruciferous) | 79 | 4,54 |
| Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae) | 77 | 4,45 |
| Scrophulariaceae (Norichaceae) | 76 | 4,40 |
| Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae, Lamiaceae) | 55 | 3,18 |
| Apiaceae (Celery, Umbelliferae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodiaceae) | 47 | 2,72 |
| Polygonaceae (buckwheat) | 38 | 2,20 |
| Orchidaceae (Orchidaceae) | 36 | 2,08 |
| Boraginaceae (borage) | 30 | 1,74 |
| Salicaceae (willow) | 26 | 1,51 |
| Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae) | 20 | 1,16 |
| Liliaceae (liliaceae) | 19 | 1,10 |
| Juncaceae (Sitnikovye) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Potamogetonaceae (Pardaceae) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Violaceae (Violet) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Euphorbiaceae (Euphoriaceae) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Alliaceae (Onion) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Primulaceae (primroses) | 15 | 0,87 |
| Campanulaceae (bellflowers) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Geraniaceae (Geraniaceae) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Gentianaceae (Gentian) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Orobanchaceae (Broomrape) | 11 | 0,64 |
| Onagraceae (Cypreaceae) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Ericaceae (Ericaceae) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Plantaginaceae (Plantain) | 9 | 0,52 |
| Cuscutaceae (Dodder) | 8 | 0,47 |
| Betulaceae (birch) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Crassulaceae (Crassulaceae) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Limoniaceae (Kermekovye) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Pyrolaceae (Grushankovye) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Caprifoliacea (Honeysuckle) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Linaceae (Flax) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Dipsacaceae (Villaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Malvaceae (Malvaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Amaranthaceae (Amaranthaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Iridaceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Alismataceae (Partiales) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Grossulariaceae (Gooseberries) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Sparganiaceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Urticaceae (Nettles) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Valerianaceae (Valerian) | 5 | 0,29 |
2 species each contain families: Aristolochiaceae (Kirkazonovye), Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae), Balsaminaceae (Balsaminaceae), Callitrichaceae (Marsh), Cepatophyllaceae (Hornwort), Cistaceae (Cistus), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulaceae), Droseraceae (Drossyanaceae), Frankeniaaceae (Frankeniaceae) , Haloragaceae (Slate-berry), Juncaginaceae (Sitnikovye), Manyanthaceae (Rotational), Najadaceae (Nayadaceae), Oleaceae (Oleaceae), Oxalidaceae (Oxalis), Paeoniaceae (Peonies), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnaceae), Thymelaeaceae (Volnikovye), Zygophyllaceae (Parnolistaceae) .
1 species each contains the following families: Adoxaceae (Adox), Araceae (Aronnikovye), Berberidaceae (Barberry), Butomaceae (Susakaceae), Celastraceae (Berskletovye), Cornaceae (Cornaceous), Elaeagnaceae (Suckerheads), Empetraceae (Vodiannikovye), Fagaceae (Beech) , Globulariaceae (Sharovnitse), Hippuridaceae (Tail), Hydrangeaceae (Hydrangeaceae), Monotropaceae (Vertlyanitse), Parnassiaceae (Belozoraceae), Portulacaceae (Portulacaceae), Resedaceae (Resedaceae), Ruppiaceae (Ruppiaceae), Rutaceae (Rutaceae), Scheuchzeriaceae (Scheuchzeriaceae) , Tiliaceae (Linden), Trapaceae (Water Walnut), Zannichelliaceae (Tzanicelliaceae).
Resource characteristic
Consider the main groups of useful plants of the flora of Bashkortostan: fodder, medicinal, melliferous, food, as well as "anti-useful" plants - poisonous, many of which, however, are used as medicinal plants.
fodder plants
Forage plants form the basis of hayfields and pastures. Their number in Bashkortostan is at least 500 species. Forage plants are divided into agrobotanical groups: cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges, wormwood. In turn, these groups can be subdivided into steppe and meadow.
Cereals
Steppe: Agropyron pectinatum (comb wheatgrass), Festuca pseudovina (false sheep fescue), F. Valesiaca (Welsh Island), Koeleria cristata (thin-legged comb), Poa transbaicalica (steppe bluegrass), Stipa capillata (hairy feather grass), S. Lessingiana ( k. Lessing), S. Pennata (k. cirrus), S. Sareptana (k. Sarepta), S. Tirsa (k. narrow-leaved), S. Zalesskii (k. Zalessky).
Meadow: Agrostis gigantean (giant bent grass), A. Stolonifera (shoot-forming n.), Alopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail), Bromopsis inermis (awnless rump), Calamagrostis epigeios (ground reed grass), Dactylis glomerata (combination hedgehog), Elytrigia repens (wheatgrass creeping), Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue), Phalaroides arundinacea (reed double spring), Phleum pratensis (meadow timothy), Poa angustifolia (narrow-leaved bluegrass), P. pratensis (m. meadow).
Legumes
Steppe: Astragalus danicus (Danish Astragalus), Medicago romanica (Romanian alfalfa), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), M. Officinalis (d. medicinal), Onobrychis arenaria (sandy sainfoin), Trifolium montanum (mountain clover), Vicia tenuifolia (peas narrow-leaved).
Meadow: Lathyrus pratensis (meadow rank), Medicago lupulina (hop alfalfa), Trifolium hybridum (hybrid clover), T. pratense (meadow), T. repens (creeping), Vicia cracca (mouse peas).
forbs
Steppe: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Centaurea scabiosa (rough cornflower), Filipendula vulgaris (common meadowsweet), Galium verum (real bedstraw), S. stepposa (steppe sage), Serratula coronata (serpuha crowned), Thalictrum minus (small cornflower ).
Meadow: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Carum carvi (common cumin), Filipendula ulmaria (elmweed meadowsweet), Fragaria viridis (green strawberry), Geranium pratensis (meadow geranium), Heracleum sibiricum (Siberian hogweed), Leucanthemum vulgare (common cornflower) , Pimpinella saxifrage (saxifrage femur), Plantago maior (large plantain), P. media (medium n.), Polygonum aviculare (bird mountaineer), P. bistorta (snake), Potentilla anserina (goose cinquefoil), Prunella vulgaris ( common blackhead), Ranunculus polyanthemos (multiflorous buttercup), Rumex confertus (horse sorrel), R. thyrsiflorus (pyramidal sorrel), Sanguisorba officinalis (medicinal burnet), Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), Taraxacum officinale (medicinal dandelion), Tragopogon orientalis ( oriental goatbeard).
Meadow - marsh: Caltha palustris (marsh marigold), Lythrum salicaria (willow loosestrife), Symphytun officinale (comfrey), Trollius europaeus (European bathing suit).
sedges
The main part of sedge species is associated with wet and swampy meadows. Sedges are poorly eaten on pastures; sedge hay is considered of little value. The feeding value of sedge fodder increases when it is ensiled.
The most common in Bashkortostan on waterlogged soils are Carex acuta (sedge sharp), C. Acutiformis (sharp o.), C. cespitosa (soddy o.), C. juncella (o. sytnichek). C. pediformis (stop-shaped island), C. Praecox (early island), C. muricata (prickly lake), etc. are common in steppe meadows and steppes.
Among solonchakous species, C. asparatilis (rough lake) and C. distans (spread lake) are of the greatest food value.
Wormwood
Wormwood (genus Artemisia) form the basis of semi-desert communities, which are absent in Bashkortostan. However, some species of wormwood are found in disturbed meadow and ruderal communities (A. Absinthium - bitter wormwood, sieversiana - Sievers village, A. vulgaris - common wormwood), however, most of the wormwood is associated with steppe grass stands, with Austrian wormwood playing a special role ( A. austriaca), dominant in the steppes with heavy grazing. All wormwoods are poorly eaten in pastures and in hay.
medicinal plants
The great medieval physician Paracelsus said that "the whole world is a pharmacy, and the Almighty is a pharmacist." At present, about 120 species used in scientific medicine and more than 200 species in folk medicine are represented in the flora of Bashkortostan. List of medicinal plants of the flora of Bashkortostan used in scientific medicine:
Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)
Adonis vernalis (spring adonis)
Alnus incana (Alder gray)
Althaea officinalis (Marshmallow)
Angelica archangelica (angelica officinalis)
Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
Betula pendula (Birch warty)
Bidens tripartita (tripartite string)
Bupleurum aureum (Golden voles)
Capsella bursa - pastoris (Shepherd's purse)
Carum carvi (Common cumin)
Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower)
Centaurium erythraea (Centaury)
Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - narrow-leaved tea)
Chamomilla recutita (Chamomile)
Chamomilla suaveolens (Scented Chamomile)
Chelidonium majus (Large celandine)
Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley)
Crataegus sanguinea (Blood red hawthorn)
Datura stramonium (Datura common)
Delphinium elatum (larkspur high)
Digitalis grandiflora (Foxglove)
Dryopteris filix - mas (male fern)
Echinops sphaerocephalus (Globular Mordovnik)
Elytrigia repens (Wheatgrass)
Erysimum diffusum (Spreading jaundice)
Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)
Fragaria vesca (Wild strawberry)
Frangula alnus (Brittle buckthorn)
Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi (Korzhinsky Licorice; the species is included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus)
Gnaphalium rossicum (Russian sushi)
Humulus lupulus (Common hop)
Huperzia selago (Common ram)
Hyoscyamus niger (Black henbane)
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort)
Inula helenium (Elecampane high)
Juniperus communis (Common juniper)
Leonurus quinquelobatus (Five-lobed motherwort)
Lycopodium clavatum (Clubed club moss)
Melilotus officinalis (Melilotus officinalis)
Menyanthes trifoliate (Three-leaf watch)
Nuphar lutea (Yellow pod)
Origanum vulgare (Oregano)
Oxycoccus palustris (Marsh Cranberry)
Padus avium (Common bird cherry)
Plantago major (Plantago major)
Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine)
Polemonium caeruleum (Blue cyanosis)
Polygonum aviculare (Highlander bird)
Polygonum bistorta (Snake knotweed)
Polygonum hydropiper (Water Pepper)
Polygonum persicaria (Highlander)
Potentilla erecta (Potentilla erecta)
Quercus robur (Pedunculate oak)
Rhamnus cathartica (Gesther laxative)
Ribes nigrum (Black currant)
Rosa majalis (May wild rose)
Rubus idaeus (Common raspberry)
Rumex confertus (horse sorrel)
Sanguisorba officinalis (Burnet officinalis)
Sorbus aucuparia (Sorbus ashberry)
Tanacetum vulgare (Common tansy)
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion officinalis)
Thermopsis lanceolata (Thermopsis lanceolate)
Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme)
Tilia cordata (little-leaved linden)
Tussilago farfara (mother and stepmother)
Urtica dioica (Dioecious nettle)
Vaccinium vitis - idaea (Cowberry)
Valeriana officinalis (Valeriana officinalis)
Veratrum lobelianum (Lobel hellebore)
Viburnum opulus (Viburnum opulus)
honey plants
Beekeeping is a traditional branch of the economy of the Bashkirs, and the main forage base of bees is plants of wild flora, which determines the high commercial quality of Bashkir honey. Honey plants are plants from which bees collect nectar and pollen. Bees get sugar (carbohydrates) from nectar, and protein and fat from pollen.
All plants, including nectarifers, give pollen, but wind-pollinated plants are especially rich in it. Among them: tree-shrub species from the genera Alnus (alder), Betula (birch), Corylus (hazel), Populus (poplar), Salix (willow), Quercus (oak), Ulmus (elm); herbs - Cannabis ruderalis (weed hemp), Humulus lupulus (hops), species of the genera Amaranthus (amaranth), Artemisia (wormwood), Bidens (succession), Chenopodium (gauge), Rumex (sorrel), Typha (cattail) and others.
- E.N. Klobukova-Alisova distinguishes the following groups of honey plants.
Summer honey plants: Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower), Echium vulgare (common bruise), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), Rubus idaeus (common raspberry), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Capsella bursa - pastoris (common shepherd's purse), Centaurea jacea (meadow cornflower ), Cichorium intybus (common chicory), Origanum vulgare (common oregano), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), Trifolium medium (medium clover), Viscaria vulgaris (common tar).
Autumn supporting honey plants: these include many summer species with an extended flowering period: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Arctium lappa (large burdock), Bidens tripartita (sober string), drooping thistle, Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - tea), Delphinium elatum (larkspur high), Echium vulgare (common bruise), Medicago falcata (yellow alfalfa), Trifolium repens (creeping clover).
Food wild plants
At present, their role in the nutrition of the population of the republic is small, however, they contribute to the diversity of food and are sources of vitamins and many trace elements necessary for the human body.
Among the most important food plants are: Adenophora liliifolia (lily-leaved bell), Aegopodium podagraria (common goatweed), Allium angulosum (angular meadow), Arctium lappa (large burdock), Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), Bunias orientalis (eastern sverbiga), Capsella bursa - pastoris (shepherd's purse), Carum carvi (common cumin), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Humulus lupulus (common hop), Hupericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Origanum vulgare (common oregano), Oxycoccus palustris (marsh cranberry; the species is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus), Padus avium (common bird cherry), Pimpinella saxifraga (saxifrage femur), Pteridium aquilinum (common bracken), Ribes nigrum (black currant), Rosa majalis (May wild rose), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), R. idaeus (common raspberry), Rumex acetosa (common sorrel), Scirpus lacustris (lake bulrush), Sorbus aucuparia (common mountain ash), Taraxacum officinale (drug dandelion ny), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Urtica dioica (dioecious nettle), Viburnum opulus (common viburnum).
poisonous plants
Some part of the flora of Bashkortostan is represented by poisonous plants, and many of the plant poisons are used as medicines in low doses. The most important poisonous plants are: Aconitum septentrionale (high wrestler), Actaea spicata (black cohosh), Adonis vernalis (spring adonis), Anemonoides altaica (Altai anemone), A. ranunculoides (v. ranunculoides), Chelidonium majus (large celandine), Cicuta virosa (poisonous milestone, this is the most poisonous plant), Conium maculatum (spotted hemlock), Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley), Daphne mezereum (wolf bast), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), E. pratense (meadow x.), E. fluviatile (river x.), E. sylvaticum (forest x.), Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane), Juniperus Sabina (Cossack juniper), Paris quadrifolia (four-leaved crow's eye)
Brief description of the natural regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan
BASHKIR PRE-Urals
1. Kamsko-Tanypsky region of broad-leaved, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine forests
The undulating plain of the interfluve of the river. Kama, Belaya and Fast Tanyp. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. Gray and light gray forest, soddy-podzolic and floodplain soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: cutting down the last fragments of primary forest types with their replacement with artificial plantations; air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain; pollution (soil, atmosphere, water) during oil production; soil erosion; overgrazing; destruction of natural vegetation during the preparation of the bed of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir; unregulated recreation in coniferous forests (Nikolo-Berezovskoe L-in); anthropogenic swamping of forests, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous (linden-fir-spruce, oak-fir-spruce), broad-leaved (linden-birch, linden-oak, etc.) dominated, and, along the sandy terraces of rivers, broad-leaved-pine forests, which, at present, , mostly replaced by secondary forests, meadows, artificial plantations and farmland. The main forest-forming species: spruce, fir, pine, birch, linden, oak, aspen. The vast swampy massifs that took place in the past (Katay, Cherlak-Saz, etc.) in the Pribelskaya lowland have been destroyed or severely disturbed by reclamation. The flora is mixed, boreal-nemoral, relatively poor. Relic and endemic species are almost absent.
Tasks of biodiversity protection. Key areas with rich biodiversity: river valleys and their terraces (the rivers Kama, Belaya, Bystry Tanyp, Piz, Buy, etc.), the Karmanovo reservoir, the green zone of the city of Neftekamsk, forbidden forest belts along river banks, preserved and restored island indigenous types of forests and swamps. Security level is low: 1 reserve and 6 natural monuments.
The main objects of protection: reference and rare types of forests (broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine, southern taiga pine forests, green moss and lichen, pine-larch-linden - on sandy soils, white-moss spruce forests, etc.), preserved and potentially recoverable swamps (sphagnum pine forests, sedge-hypnum, etc. .), rare species of plants (Siberian iris, sandy astragalus, perennial blueberry, wild rosemary, marsh cranberry, medicinal avran, etc.). Species requiring reintroduction or restoration of habitats: narrow-cup carnation, anomalous peony, slender cottongrass.
2. Zabelsky region of deciduous forests
General characteristics of the natural complex. Gently undulating and hilly plains of the Pribelye. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. To some extent, podzolized gray forest soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: felling of primary forest types, overgrazing, soil erosion, pollution of the river. Belaya industrial effluents, air pollution, destruction of swamps, unregulated recreation around cities, poaching, urbanization, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, maple, elm) dominated, now largely giving way to secondary forests (linden, birch, aspen) and farmland. In the north of the region, insignificant fragments of broad-leaved-dark-coniferous forests have been preserved. Steppe meadows and meadow steppes are represented on the slopes in small areas. Small fragments of pine forests have been preserved along the banks of the Belaya and Sim rivers. The flora is mixed, relatively poor.
Security tasks. Key areas with rich biodiversity: valley natural complexes (R. Belaya, Sim, Bir, Bystry Tanyp, etc.), forbidden strips of forests along river banks, numerous sphagnum bogs in karst depressions, old-growth forests, relic island pine forests along the Belaya and Sim. Security is low: 20 small natural monuments and 2 zoological reserves.
The main objects of protection: rare species of plants (salvinia floating, ephedra two-eared, rusty schenus, yellow iris, oblique onion, marsh cranberry, water chestnut, three-lobed blueberry, etc.).
Species that require reintroduction or restoration of habitats: the most beautiful feather grass, the forest apple tree.
3. Area of broad-leaved-dark-coniferous forests of the Ufa plateau
General characteristics of the natural complex. A flat hill deeply dissected by river valleys with absolute heights of 450-500m. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. Mountain gray forest soils predominate. There are unique permafrost soils under green moss forests.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed (perennial logging) and poorly populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: felling of the last fragments of primary forests (including in forbidden areas), air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain, forest fires, unregulated recreation around the Pavlovsk reservoir, poaching.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, linden-dark coniferous and dark coniferous (spruce, fir) forests prevailed. In addition, oak forests were widespread in the western part, and pine and broad-leaved-pine forests were widespread in the northern and eastern parts. At present, primary forests, disturbed to one degree or another, have survived mainly only along the forbidden strips along the Ufa, Yuryuzan, and Ai rivers. The rest of the territory is dominated by secondary birch, aspen and linden forests. Rarely there are areas of steppe meadows and sphagnum bogs. The flora is mixed boreal-nemoral, enriched with relict Siberian species (Siberian zygadenus, Siberian adonis, disputable bitterweed, etc.). The endemic of the Ufa plateau is described - the Ural sapling.
etc.................
Lecture plan:
1. The position of the territory of the Rostov region in the system of botanical zoning. An overview of the vegetation types of the area.
2. Features of the flora of the region.
3. Botanical and geographical zoning of the region.
1. The position of the territory of the Rostov region in the system of botanical zoning. An overview of the vegetation types of the area.
The basin of the lower reaches of the Don and its western part - the Rostov region - are completely located within the Eurasian steppe zone. Steppes, as a zonal type of vegetation, are characteristic of leveled or slightly sloping watershed spaces, or plakors. Steppes develop in conditions of a continental arid climate and flat relief on soils of heavy mechanical composition (clay and loamy) - on chernozems and chestnut soils. Steppe vegetation is a community of perennial drought-resistant and frost-resistant perennial grasses, the dominants of which are narrow-leaved densely tufted grasses and grassy perennials.
Due to the vastness of the steppe zone, steppe communities do not remain homogeneous throughout its entire length and are sensitive to the slightest changes in environmental conditions. In European Russia, the steppe zone includes four bands, or subzones, of steppe vegetation: northern meadow, real forb-bunch-grass and dry buff-grass and desert wormwood-bunch-grass steppes.
Three subzonal types of steppes are common on the territory of the region: true rich forb- and forb-turf-grass, dry turf-grass (poor-forb) and desert wormwood-turf-grass. Dominating in the past in the steppe part of the Don basin, by now they are almost completely plowed up. On varieties of zonal soils, often in non-zonal positions, edaphic variants of steppe vegetation are distinguished: halophytic, petrophytic, hemipsammophytic, and psammophytic. They are distinguished by the best modern preservation.
The surviving steppes, including their edaphic variants, occupy, according to various sources, from 16.6% to 17.3% of the total area of the region. Before plowing, they covered about 90% of the territory of the region. The surviving sections of the steppes are found in small fragments on the gentle slopes of beams unsuitable for arable land, on the territories of forestry enterprises, wildlife sanctuaries, in water protection and other protected zones. More or less significant massifs are distributed in the southeastern regions, where the only steppe reserve in the region "Rostovsky" is located, as well as on rocky lands and on sandy floodplain terraces of rivers.
The boundaries between the subzonal types of steppes within the region have a meridional, rather than latitudinal, as usual, strike, which is associated with the direction of the axis of increasing climate aridity from northwest to southeast and the direct climatic influence of the Western Turanian (Caspian) deserts. Approximately these boundaries coincide with the isohyets of 450 and 400 mm of precipitation per year. However, the general direction of the change of subzonal types of steppes is complicated and sometimes disturbed by the presence of uplands (Donetsk ridge, Don Cretaceous ridge, spurs of the Kalach and Ergenin uplands) and lowlands (Manych depression, lowering of the relief in the Azov region). Changes in absolute heights from 200 m and higher in the uplands to 50 m and lower in the lowlands in the vegetation cover are reflected in the form of an extremely weakened phenomenon of “vertical zoning”: less xerophilous variants of steppe vegetation are associated with more elevated areas.
The thermal regime is also important. Thus, in the northern regions of the region, with a relatively low amount of precipitation (less than 450 mm per year in the western part of the Don Cretaceous Range), due to lower average annual and summer temperatures, a favorable moisture balance develops for the development of the most mesophilic rich forb-turf-grass steppes and complex ravine oak forests.
The botanical and geographical zoning of the steppe zone of Eurasia was carried out by the outstanding domestic steppe specialist Academician E.M. Lavrenko. According to this zoning, the steppes of the Rostov region are located within the Black Sea-Kazakhstan subregion of the Eurasian steppe region. Most of them are located in the Black Sea (Pontic) steppe province, and only the steppes of the extreme southeast belong to the Trans-Volga-Kazakhstan steppe province. The border between the Azov-Chernomorskaya (Azov-Prichernomorskaya) and Srednedonskaya steppe sub-provinces of the Black Sea (Pontic) province in the region runs along the Seversky Donets valley and further east along the Don valley. The steppes of the south-eastern regions belong to one steppe sub-province - Ergeninsko-Zavolzhskaya.
It should be noted that the provincial differences of the Don steppes have a smoothed character. Many Pannonian-Pontic species characteristic of the Azov-Black Sea steppe subprovince penetrate into the limits of the extreme southwestern section of the Middle Don steppe subprovince, including one of the most important dominants of the steppes, Ukrainian feather grass. Stipa ukrainica. The same applies to the steppes of the western section of the contour of the Ergeninsko-Zavolzhskaya steppe subprovince.
Non-zonal vegetation of the Rostov region is represented by several types. In negative forms of relief (river valleys, beams, estuaries), communities of intrazonal (semiaquatic, marsh, meadow) and extrazonal forest vegetation develop. The communities of desert halophyte vegetation on solonchaks, as well as on meadow and steppe solonetzes, are also extrazonal. In the reservoirs of the region, intrazonal higher aquatic vegetation develops. In addition, peculiar intrazonal types of petrophytic and psammophytic vegetation are common on the outcrops of stony rocks and on alluvial and fluvioglacial sands of the river terraces above the floodplains. In both cases, this vegetation is the initial stage of the natural development of the vegetation cover on these substrates, which is replaced by the corresponding edaphic variants of steppe vegetation.
Finally, due to the high economic development of the territory, considerable areas in the region are occupied by the vegetation of anthropogenically transformed ecotopes (technogenic, residential, ruderal, etc.), usually called synanthropic. Certain complexes of wild plants are also formed in artificial cenoses - forest plantations, shelterbelts, etc.
2. Features of the flora of the region.
The flora of the steppe part of the Don basin is rich and diverse in species composition. It has about 1950 species of vascular plants. In addition to vascular plants, 158 species of bryophytes, 192 species of lichens, about 550 species of fungi - macromycetes and 800 species of phytopathogenic macro- and micromycetes were found in the flora of the region. Algoflora of the Taganrog Bay and the river. The Don with its tributaries has over 900 species of phytoplankton and 45 species of algae - macrophytes.
The peculiarity of the Lower Don flora, the main core of which is species of zonal steppe communities, lies in the significant participation of species from adjacent zones in it. The contact of floristic complexes and communities of humid and arid florogenetic centers taking place on the territory of the steppe part of the Don basin, their mutual irradiation determine its rather variegated formation composition and transitional character, but at the same time, great species richness.
The taxonomic structure of the flora is characterized by the following leading families: Asteraceae – 13.6, Poaceae – 9.0, Brassicaceae – 6.2, Fabaceae – 6.0, Caryophyllaceae – 4.4, Lamiaceae – 4.3, Scrophulariaceae – 4.2, Apiaceae– 3.8% of the total number of species. Compared with the average taxonomic spectrum for the Eastern European flora as a whole, the Lower Don flora is characterized by an increased proportion of species of the families Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Caryophyllaceae, which is determined by its links with the ancient Mediterranean florogenetic centers. Part of the family Brassicaceae, which contains many widespread synanthropic species, this may also be a consequence of its anthropogenic transformation. Large genera of flora are Rosa(45 kinds), Carex(32 species), Veronica(30 kinds), Euphorbia(27 types), Centaurea(25 kinds), Allium, Artemisia, Galium(for 20 - 24 species), Dianthus, Trifolium, Orobanche, Juncus and others. One third of all flora species (32.3%) belong to genera containing more than 10 species.
Of the other indicators characterizing the taxonomic structure of the Lower Don flora, we point out the following. The average number of species per family is 14.3; per genus, 3.0. The ratio of species of dicot to monocot classes is 3.9:1. More than half of its composition (51.5%) belongs to the ten leading families of flora, more than two thirds (70.6%) to 15 families. According to these parameters, the Lower Don flora occupies a transitional position between the floras of humid and arid florogenetic centers, with a great proximity to the latter.
The geographical heterogeneity of the flora of the region is clearly seen when comparing the three nodal floristic centers - northwestern, central and southeastern, corresponding to the distribution of the most characteristic types of subzonal forb-turf-grass, turf-grass and desert wormwood-turf-grass steppes. The richness of the floras of these centers is 1202 species in the northwestern, 1013 in the central and 784 species in the southeastern. 676 species are common to them, 322 are specific to the northwestern, 64 to the central, and 18 to the southeastern. and southeastern (87). The seemingly more intense expansion of the “northern” humid species into the central nodal flora, in relative terms (taking into account the species richness of the floras) is not so significant: 16.1% versus 11.2% of the penetrating arid desert species.
Steppe species constitute the core of the flora, both in general and in the floras of the nodal centers, in individual specific and local floras. The proportion of steppe species ranges from 22-23 to 30-32% in the floras of individual regions, naturally increasing from the northwest to the southeast of the region. The general impoverishment of the flora in this direction occurs due to a sharp decrease in the number of forest species. The increase in the number of halophyte species is less pronounced. Otherwise, the formational structure of the nodal floras is quite homogeneous (see Table 1).
Table 1
Formational structure of the flora of nodal floristic centers
(I - number of species, II - in % of the total number)
The originality of the flora emphasizes the presence of endemic species in it. The flora of the region contains both local endemics and endemics of the Pontic steppe province and its sub-provinces. Most of the local endemics are associated with the phenomena of edaphic endemism and are associated with outcrops of various rocks and sands. The local Ciscaucasian endemic is the fake iris Iris notha. The local endemics of the Donetsk Ridge include cleome Donetska Cleome dontzica, bedstraw Dubovik Galium dubovicii, serpuha Donetsk Serratula donetzica and others, to the Donetsk-Azov - Pallas hyacinth Hyacinthella pallasiana, Azov wild rose Rosa maeotica, norichnik Donetsk Scrophularia donetzica, Smolevka Donetsk Silene donetzica, milkweed petty Euphorbia cretophila and etc.
Donetsk-Don endemics are plants of chalk outcrops and open sands, for example, wormwood Artemisia hololeuca, types of cornflower Centaurea dontzica, C.protogerberi, C. tanaitica, earflower Klokov Chenorhinum klokovii, Don gorse Genista tanaitica, thin-legged Taliev Koeleria taliewii, chalk flax Linaria cretacea, Cretaceous burrow Scrophularia cretacea, Don goatbeard Tragopogon tanaiticus and others, total - 20 species.
To the endemic sands of the basin of the middle and lower reaches of the Don, i.e. Don, include very rare fading relict species of Astragalus Don Astragalus tanaiticus and cornflower Dubyansky Centaurea dubjanskyi, to the Volga-Don endemics belong mainly plants of Cretaceous outcrops. Among the latter, one can name the two-row Cretaceous Diplotaxis cretacea, Meyer's bug Lepidium meyeri, Cretaceous kopeck Hedysarum cretaceum, dubious hawthorn Crataegus ambigua, sarepta boletus Scrophularia sareptana and etc.
Eastern Pontic endemics are more than 30 species, quite variegated in their ecological and phytocenotic composition. More often these are plants of the steppes ( Euphorbia kaleniczenkoi, Onosma polychroma, O. subtinctoria, Veronica maeotica, Vincetoxicum maeoticum etc.), chalk and limestone outcrops ( Linum czerniaevii, Onosma tanaitica, Thymus calcareus etc.), a whole series of wild rose species ( Rosa chomutoviensis, R. diplodonta, R. lonaczevskii, R. subpygmaea, R. tesquicola and etc.).
The number of subendemic species is much greater, there are about 200 species ( Caragana scythica, Ceratophyllum tanaiticum, Bellevallia sarmatica, Calophaca wolgarica, Dianthus squarrosus, Crocus reticulatus, Centaurea taliewii and etc.). Among the relic disjunctive subendemics is the most valuable and rarest plant, growing nowhere in Russia except in the Rostov region, Dneprovskaya cymbochasma Cymbochasma borysthenica.
The largest number of tertiary thermophilic relics is observed among the aquatic flora: Althenia filiformis, Trapa natans, Vallisneria spiralis, water fern Salvinia natans and etc.
In general, the level of endemism of the Lower Don flora approaches 15%. The presence of a large number of relict and endemic species testifies to the long autochthonous development of the Lower Don flora. The questions of its genesis have not yet been fully investigated. The genesis of forest vegetation and related floristic complexes has been analyzed in most detail. These studies belong to G.M. Zozulin. Based on general ideas about the historical development of the vegetation cover in the south of the European part of Russia, it can be assumed that its main floristic complexes took shape by the end of the Pliocene on the basis of the Turgai flora, enriched with elements of the ancient Mediterranean florogenetic centers. The Donets Ridge played an important role in the development of the plain flora, the flora of which is characterized by continuous development, at least since the beginning of the Paleogene.
3. Botanical-geographical zoning of the territory of the region.
Regional botanical and geographical zoning of the Rostov region was carried out by G.M. Zozulin and G.D. Pashkov (1974). On the territory of the region, 11 districts have been identified, taking into account the dominant subzonal types of steppes, the prevalence of non-zonal types of vegetation, and the peculiarities of the floristic composition of communities. The contours of these areas are shown in Figure 1, and their brief description is as follows.
one). northernmost region Kalach Upland(KV) with a developed erosion-denudation relief is located in a band of richly forb-turf-grass steppes. Most of the ravines here are wooded, with complex oak forests predominating, overlooking the dividing slopes. Floristically, ravine forests are rich in nemoral species ( Ulmus glabra, Asarum europaeum, Polygonatum multiflorum, Carex montana, Stellaria holostea and etc.). Only in this region, on the southern borders of their ranges, are some northern forest species noted, for example, bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum, prolesnik Mercurialis perennis, three-lobed azure Laser trilobum, Norway maple Acer platanoides and etc.
2). Middle Don the region (SD), or the region of the valley of the middle reaches of the Don, includes the right bank (high parts and the northern slope of the Don ridge dissected by beams) and the left bank (with floodplain and sandy terraces above the floodplain) of the Don in its middle reaches. Forb-turf-cereal steppes predominate, in the Don floodplain - the Middle Don subtype of non-saline meadows of medium moisture. Large areas are occupied by floodplain forests and psammophyte herbaceous vegetation in combination with floristically rich arena forests (birch forests, aspen forests, oak forests, alder forests). Oak forests predominate in floodplain forests; elm and alder forests are often found in terraced depressions. In alder forests, there is a concentration of rare northern forest species ( Athyrium filix-femina, Caltha palustris, Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Padus avium, Salix caprea, Thelypteris palustris etc.) The beams are wooded. Simplified oak forests are common in them, complex ones are noted only in the western part of the region. Many forest species ( Asarum europaeum, Glechoma hirsuta, Carex elongata, C. montana, C. hartmannii, Bromopsis benekenii and etc.).
On the right bank of the Don, chalk outcrops with the richest chalk vegetation are widespread, in which chalk hyssops are well developed, formed by obligate cretaceous ( Hyssopus cretaceus, Linaria cretacea and etc.). Only meet here Hedysarum cretaceum, Serratula tanaitica, Juniperus sabina, Centaurea dubjanskyi, Polygala sibirica, Primula veris, Helictotrichon pubescens, Neottia nidus-avis and etc.
3). Kalitvensky district (K) - located on the southern gentle slope of the Don ridge in the basin of the river. Kalitva and its tributaries. Forb-bunch-grass steppes dominate on the plains and poor forb-bunch-grass steppes - on the slopes of river valleys. The gullies are forested, but the number of ravine forests is decreasing to the south and southeast, while they are concentrated in the upper reaches and bottom parts of the gullies. Simplified oak forests predominate north of the line “Millerovsky district - r. Alder". To the south of it, nemoral forest species, such as Aegopodium podagraria, Milium effusum, Pulmonaria obscura, Stachys sylvatica and others. In the ravine forests, light forest species predominate ( Melica picta, Dictamnus caucasicus, Delphinium sergii, Symphytum tauricum, Vicia pisiformis and etc.).
Botanical and geographical regions of the Rostov region
(according to G.M. Zozulin and G.D. Pashkov, 1974).
Areas: KV - Kalach Upland, SD - valleys of the middle reaches of the Don, K - Kalitvensky, DCh - Dono-Chirsky, DK - Donetsk Ridge, P - Priazovsky, DN - valleys of the lower reaches of the Don, AE - Azovo-Egorlyksky, DM - Manych valleys , DS - Dono-Salsky, EV - Ergeninskaya Upland.
Cretaceous outcrops are common, belonging to the Voloshin (with developed Cretaceous hyssops) and Kalitvensko-Glubokinsky (poorly expressed hyssops) areas of chalk vegetation. Psammophyte vegetation is found along the Seversky Donets and Kalitva. The afforestation of sandy arenas is weak. Small peg and ribbon lines are floristically poor and formationally variegated, contain few forest species (of which there are Padus avium, Carex pallescens, Poa nemoralis, Scrophularia nodosa and etc.). Only found in this area Artemisia hololeuca, Carex divulsa, Coronaria flos-cuculi, Campanula altaica, Psathyrostachys juncea, Lathyrus niger and etc.
4). Dono-Chirsky district (DCH) covers the Chira basin. The depleted variant of forb-soddy-grass steppes dominates, turning into moderately dry and dry soddy-grass steppes along the slopes in combination with the vegetation of steppe solonetzes. Bayrach forests are rare, located in the upper reaches of deep gullies and are represented by a subformation of simple oak forests with Acer tataricum and Euonymus verrucosa in the undergrowth. The grass cover in them is formed by weed-forest ( Anthriscus sylvestris, Chelidonium majus, Galium aparine etc.) and, more rarely, light forest species. The Chira floodplain is poorly forested: island willow forests, aspen forests, rarely elm forests are confined to the terraced floodplain, in its central part there are only island birch forests and shrub formations - willow and black maple forests; oak forests are completely absent. Steppe meadows (saline and non-saline) are widespread.
In the southern part of the region there is the Dono-Tsimlyansky sandy massif with a complex of arena forests, psammophyte steppes and meadows. Arena forests are floristically poor and are represented by low-growing prickly birch and aspen forests in valley-like depressions (there are no oak and alder forests here). Shrub thickets form Salix rosmarinifolia. Psammophyte steppes and pioneer groups on the sands alternate with sandy meadows in valley-like depressions (saline solonchopyrean and non-saline reed grasses).
Only found in this area Lycopodiella inundata, Orchis morio, O. palustris, Scabiosa isetensis, Dianthus rigidus, Nitraria shoberi and etc.
5). District Donetsk Ridge(DK) is distinguished by the predominance of forb-turf-grass steppes and their petrophytic variants in combination with thyme on sandstones, limestones and shales. Bayrach forests are noted in deep gullies (simplified and simple oak forests). They are fringed by fringing shrub formations and contain sub-Mediterranean species in the herbaceous layer and undergrowth, e.g. Aegonychon purpureo-caeruleum, Vinca herbacea, Ornithogalum boucheanum, Ligustrum vulgare and others (at the same time, many forest species are absent in them). The Severskodonets floodplain is well forested. Meadow vegetation is represented by the western subtype of meadows of medium moisture. In the lower reaches of the river Kundryuchya is the southernmost sandy massif in the region with arena forests and psammophyte grass vegetation.
Only in this area are endemic for the Donetsk Ridge Serratula donetzica, Cleome donetzica, Galium dubovicii etc., as well as Asplenium septentrionale, A. trichomanes, Onosma graniticola, Polygonatum latifolium, Pulmonaria mollissima and etc.
6). Priazovsky the area (P), located on the coastal accumulative plain with ravine-gully dissection, is characterized by the almost complete absence of ravine forests, which are replaced by shrub formations. In zonal positions, forb-soddy-grass steppes are common in their most xerophytic Azov variant with edaphic petrophytic variant on stony soils on the slopes of river valleys and gullies. Calciphiles are very characteristic of the steppes. Salvia nutans, S. austriaca, Marrubium praecox, Teucrium polium, Clematis pseudoflammula, Cleistogenes maeotica and others. Typical Cretaceous hyssops do not form in the southernmost Tuzlovsky region of Cretaceous vegetation; dominated in pioneer groups Thymus calcareus with notable participation Artemisia salsoloides and pimpinella titanophila. Area-specific species are Eremurus spectabilis, Euphorbia cretophila, Genista scythica, Hyacinthella pallasiana, Linum hirsutum and etc.
7). District valleys of the Lower Don(DN) gravitates toward the alluvial accumulative floodplain and is distinguished by the wide distribution of the Lower Don regional subtype of floodplain meadows (different types in terms of moisture and salinity), rich in aquatic and near-water vegetation. The forest coverage of the floodplain is uneven. Massifs of floodplain forests, noticeable in area, are observed in the estuarine part of the Seversky Donets, where, along with small-leaved forests (sorrel forests, willow forests, white poplar forests), oak forests are also found. Forest species of grasses are practically absent. Below the village The Bagaevsky floodplain of the Don is treeless, except for shrub formations and artificial forest plantations. There are few species specific to the area: Carex hordeistichos, Galega officinalis, Juncellus serotinus and others. Thermophilic water relics are characteristic ( Vallisneria spiralis, Salvinia natans, Trapa natans s.l., Nymphoides peltata and etc.).
eight). District Manych valleys(DM) is characterized by the predominance of moderately dry and dry soddy-grass, valley and, in the extreme south, desert wormwood-bunchgrass steppes in combination with solonetzes on the slopes of the valley and above the floodplain terraces. There are no natural forests. Communities of saline meadows, solonchaks, meadow solonetzes are widespread, which include many desert-halophytic species ( Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halimione verrucifera and etc.). Only here in the relict Manych lakes and reservoirs of the Egorlykov floodplain are disjunctive thermophilic species found. Althenia filiformis and Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Also characteristic of the region Frankenia pulverulenta, Crambe koktebelica(probably disappeared) Limonium suffruticosum, Tamarix meyeri, Marrubium leonuroides, Sameraria cardiocarpa and etc.
9). Azovo-Egorlyksky the region (AE) on the weakly dissected Yeysko-Egorlyk plain is located in the zone of dominance of rich forb-turf-grass Azov steppes. The area is completely treeless, in some places there are shrub formations in the ravines. After a break in the Azov region, meadow-steppe species participate in the formation of the steppes: Echium maculatum, Filipendula vulgaris, Polygala comosa, Trifolium alpestre, T. montanum, Vicia tenuifolium, Libanotis montana and others. Meadows are represented by the western subtype of meadows of medium and insufficient moisture and estuary - on the bottoms of estuaries of subsiding origin. Only in this area marked Astragalus ponticus, Centaurium spicatum, Cymbochasma borysthenica, Iris notha, Kickxia elatine.
10). Dono-Salsky The area (DS) covers the Sala basin in the middle and lower reaches, high sections of the Salo-Manych ridge and its eastern slope. Dry soddy-grass steppes prevail here (in the west of the region - a depleted variant of forb-grass-grass steppes) in combination with steppe solonetzes. It is completely treeless, with occasional shrub formations in ravines. The meadow vegetation is dominated by steppe meadows. Along the shore of the Tsimlyansk reservoir there is a large array of stony steppes and thyme forests on marls and flasks with their characteristic Thymus kirgisorum. Only meet here Buschia lateriflora, Astragalus calycinus and etc.
eleven). Near Ergeninskaya Upland(EV) within the limits of the Trans-Volga-Kazakhstan steppe province (on the western slope of the Ergeni), desert wormwood-bunch-grass steppes dominate with a clear complexity of the vegetation cover and a significant participation of desert-steppe xerophytes ( Agropyron desertorum, Leymus ramosus, Stipa sareptana, Salsola laricina and etc.). There are no natural forests, low-shrub formations are sporadically distributed in the ravines Caragana frutex, Calophaca wolgarica and others. In the upper reaches of the Sala basin, a special Verkhnesalsky variant of steppe meadows is widespread. Of the characteristic species - Euphorbia undulata,Stipa sareptana and etc.
LECTURE 2. Issues of protection and use of the flora of the Rostov region.
Lecture plan:
1. Ecological and geographical groups of rare and endangered plant species .
2. Protection of the flora of the region in the system of protected areas.
3. Plant resources of the region and their potential.
1. Ecological and geographical groups of rare and endangered plant species.
In a complex set of problems of vegetation cover protection in relation to the Rostov region, one is the most developed - the protection of the species diversity of natural flora. The high degree of economic development of the territory of the region, the presence in the flora of a large number of species on the borders of their ranges and endemic are the reason that a significant part of the plants belong to the category of rare, endangered and requiring protection. These are plants listed in the Red Book of the Rostov Region, the first edition of which was published in 2004.
In total, 327 species of plants and fungi are listed in the Red Book of the Rostov Region. Among them, fungi - 64 species (including 20 species of lichenized fungi, or lichens, and 44 species of fungi - macromycetes) and plants - 263 species (including 46 species of mosses, 28 species of higher spores, 1 species of gymnosperms and 188 species of angiosperms). In relative terms, the proportion of these species of the total number growing in the region is quite high: it is about 6.5% for fungi - macromycetes, about 10% - for lichens, almost a third of mosses (30.2%) and about 10% - for vascular plants. Among the latter, almost all species of higher spore plants are rare and endangered - club mosses, horsetails (with the exception of 3 species) and ferns; There are 28 types in total. Included in the Red Book and one of the two wild species of gymnosperms - Cossack juniper.
Thus, in total, approximately 9.5% of the species richness of fungi and plants identified so far in the Rostov region is listed in the Red Book of the region. There are several reasons for such a large number of species that are rare and in need of protection.
Firstly, a significant number of naturally rare species grow in the region. These are species that are ecologically associated with specific substrates and, therefore, are limited in distribution, for example, species of stony outcrops, sea littorals, fluvioglacial sands, etc. This group is dominated by obligate cretaceous plants - plants of chalk outcrops on the right banks of the Don and its tributaries in the northern half of the region, among which more than half are included in the federal Red Book.
Secondly, the flora of the steppe part of the Don basin is very ancient, especially the flora of the Donets Ridge. The continuous autochthonous development of the flora of the modern type can be traced from the Paleogene, due to which it contains a scientifically interesting group of endangered relict species of different ages. Among them can be called jaundice Cretaceous Erysimum cretaceum, Dnieper cymbochasma, however, the most ancient species of the Lower Don flora are, apparently, a number of moss species with huge disjunctive ranges ( Pterigoneurum kozlovii, Weissia rostellata and etc.).
The specificity of the Lower Don flora also lies in the fact that it contains a large number of border-areal species. The steppe part of the Don basin is an arena of contact and interpenetration of species of northern humid (nemoral and boreal forest) and southern arid ancient Mediterranean upland-steppe and desert) florogenetic centers. Some species of these florogenetic complexes are found in the region in isolated island localities on the border or outside the boundaries of their main range and, of course, are subject to protection.
Finally, a significant proportion of the species included in the regional "Red Book" need protection for anthropogenic reasons. Their rarity or progressive reduction in range and abundance is due to destruction (of the steppe) or severe anthropogenic disturbance of habitats, which is characteristic of almost all remaining areas of the natural vegetation cover of the region, including various types of water bodies. For a number of species, eradication is the main limiting factor - these are resource species (edible macromycete mushrooms, medicinal and ornamental plants, etc.).
It is the combination of these factors, primarily the high economic development of the territory, that results in a critical, and for many species of plants and fungi of the Lower Don flora and mycobiota, a threatening state of their populations within the Rostov region.
Among the rare and endangered species of vascular plants, seven main groups are distinguished depending on their association with certain types of vegetation and habitats, the type of habitats, and the characteristics of biology.
Group steppe species combines previously widespread, and now on the verge of extinction, plants of the zonal steppes (due to plowing of the steppes, intensive grazing on the preserved virgin lands). First of all, stenotopic obligate “steppe forests”, beautifully flowering early spring ephemeroids, selectively eradicated useful plants became rare. This group includes 42 species (19.6%), incl. 19 - listed in the federal Red Book. The latter include edificators of the former Don steppes - feather grass Stipa ucrainica, S. dasyphylla, S. pennata, S. pulcherrima, S. zalesskyi; early spring ephemeroids and hemiephemeroids Bellevalia sarmatica, Bulbocodium versicolor, Colchicum laetum, Eremurus spectabilis, Fritillaria ruthenica, Iris pumila, Paeonia tenuifolia, Tulipa schrenkii), Pontic and Pontic-Caspian endemics ( Calophaca wolgarica, Cymbochasma borysthenica, Delphinium puniceum, Elytrigia stipifolia, Eriosynaphe longifolia).
The second group of species is very numerous - plant species rocky outcrops. Along with steppe plants, these are extremely vulnerable stenotopic plants, which are deprived of a substrate for growth during the development of stony rocks. Most of them belong to the pioneers of overgrowing of stony outcrops, they are not competitive and are not found in more or less closed communities of stony steppes. In addition, unlike steppe plants, petrophytic plants have always been relatively rare due to the limited distribution of the stony outcrops themselves.
Out of 46 (21.5%) species of rare and endangered petrophytes, 21 are obligate Cretaceous. Cretaceous outcrops of the Rostov region are associated with an extremely peculiar flora, the originality of which is due to the specifics of chalk as a substrate, geographical reasons and historical reasons for its formation.
The steppe part of the Don basin, including the Seversky Donets basin, is one of the main genetic centers of the Cretaceous flora and vegetation of the East European Plain - the so-called South Russian Cretaceous center. The vegetation and flora of the Cretaceous outcrops of the middle reaches of the Don and the Seversky Donets are distinguished by an increased concentration of tertiary (Paleogene and Neogene) paleoendemics (for example, white-tomented wormwood, Cretaceous toadflax, Cretaceous kopeechnik, Meyer's stinkbug, etc.) and products of the latest racial formation - local and stenotopic neoendemics (hyssop Cretaceous, Klokov's ear flower, Cretaceous woodruff, Cretaceous headwort, Cretaceous stag, Don sickle, Don gorse, etc.).
Of the plants and fungi living on chalk outcrops, 34 obligate and facultative chalks are listed in the regional Red Book, of which 15 are also listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - this is one third of the plant species growing in the region included in the federal list.
Cretaceous outcrop endemics are one of the most valuable autochthonous components of the core of the regional flora from the environmental and scientific points of view.
Some of the species of this group are narrowly localized and disjunctive endemics confined to outcrops of crystalline rocks and shales of the Donets Ridge and its spurs ( Cleome donetzica, Onosma graniticola, Scrophularia donetzica, Serratula donetzica etc.), the extreme natural rarity and small number of populations of which, unfortunately, is complicated by the lack of real forms of their protection.
The third group includes plants of pioneer groups open sands- coastal and, mainly, fluvioglacial on sandy floodplain terraces of rivers, called arenas (from lat. arena- sand).
The flora of the sands occupy a special place among other floristic complexes of the south of European Russia, being a brilliant and historically ancient analogue of the flora of sandy deserts. It reveals a record concentration of endemic species for lowland floras (from 20 to 40% of the species in its composition are endemic of different ages and ranks), which is an indicator of long-term autochthonous development. Sands, as well as stony outcrops, are the scene of the latest race and species formation (a series of neoendemic species in the genera knapweed, carnation, thyme, wheatgrass, woodruff, etc.).
Psammophyte flora underlies a special edaphic variant of steppe vegetation - sandy steppe, common on ancient sandy arenas of river terraces, and many authors (M.V. Klokov, E.M. Lavrenko, etc.) allow an earlier occurrence of sandy steppe as a type of vegetation in the Black Sea strip of the south of the East European Plain than in the zonal steppe on the chernozem.
The Red Book of the Rostov Region includes 3 species of macromycete fungi, 4 species of mosses, 16 vascular plants from among the species of open sands ( Astragalus tanaiticus, Centaurea dubjanskyi,Crambe pontica, Eryngium maritimum) and hilly rivers on the floodplain terraces ( Allium savranicum, Centaurea donetzica, C. gerberi, C. protogerberi, Pulsatilla pratensis and others, 12 species in total), among the last 5 species are narrow-local endemics and 4 species from the federal Red Book. The most scientifically valuable and rapidly fading species is the endemic and relic of Don astragalus. The situation with the current state of populations of this species is absolutely unknown. It is likely to be absorbed by the young Pontian endemic astragalus downy-flowered, and requires urgent study and protection.
Only or mainly on the sands within the region there are 3 more species: Juniperus sabina, Radiola linoides and the South European disjunctive species listed in the Federal Red Book Prangos trifida, known from old collections from a single locality and probably disappeared.
flora refers to the totality of plant species found in a given area.
Geographical elements and floristic areas:
1) Arctic element -(dwarf birch, cloudberry).
2) North or boreal element - in the area of coniferous forests. Note. boreal species - spruce, pine, northern linnaea.
3) Central European element - avg. European (oak, maple, ash, beech, hornbeam and herbaceous species inherent in broad-leaved forests - hoof, petrov cross, lungwort, etc.).
4) Atlantic element - gr. in. with ranges to the west. regions of the European part of Russia (lobelia, waxwort).
5)Pontic element - gr. in., South Russian. steppes, but meetings. in Romanian and Hungarian. steppes (spring adonis, chistets, purple mullein, broom).
6)Mediterranean element - gr. c., distribution in dry areas, encirclement. the Mediterranean Sea, and in the east growing in the Crimea and the Caucasus. It is mostly evergreen..trees and handicrafts. - earthlings. tree, boxwood, myrtle.
7) Central Asian element- gr. in with habitats along the mountain ranges of Central Asia, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Altai (walnut, juniper, eremurus, irises)
8) Turan element- gr. in. with an area in the Turan lowland of Central Asia. This is an element of a desert character, typical representatives are sagebrush.
9) Manchurian element - gr. in. with an area in Manchuria (Manchurian walnut, Manchurian aralia, various-leaved hazel).
1) Holarctic kingdom. Occupied all of Europe and Asia (without Hindustan and Indochina), the North. America, China and Japan, i.e. occupy. the entire Arctic, temperate and subtropical latitudes to the Tropic of Cancer. Common features of the Golar flora. kingdoms speak to the mainland, once beings. in place of Europe, Asia and North America.
2) Paleotropic kingdom. Occupied tropical Africa, subtropical South Africa to the Cape Province, Arabia, Hindustan and Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippine Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Melanesia, Northern Australia. The similarity of their floras suggests that once these territories were also in the general massif.
3) Neotropical kingdom. Occupied big part of Mexico, Central America up to 40° south latitude and the Pacific Islands.
4) the Australian kingdom. Occupied Australia and Tasmania. Of the 12 thousand species, 9 thousand are endemic.
5) Cape kingdom. Occupied Cape province of South Africa.
6) Holantarctic kingdom. Occupied the southern tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic islands.
111) Ecotypes of plants in relation to various abiotic factors. Features of their morphological and anatomical structure and habitat (xerophytes, mesophytes, hygrophytes, hydrophytes; sciophytes, heliophytes, etc.)
Plants in relation to water are divided into two groups:
ü aquatic plants- constantly living in water;
ü land plants- land
A. Schimper and E. Warming proposed to divide plants in relation to water into 3 groups:
· hydrophytes - plants of aquatic and excessively humid habitats;
· xerophytes - plants of dry habitats with high drought resistance are divided into:
ü succulents
ü sclerophytes
· mesophytes - plants living in average (sufficient) conditions of moisture.
A little later, a group hygrophytes .
hydrophytes - hydro- water and phyton- plant.
In a narrow sense of the term hydrophytes they name only those plants that live in water in a semi-submerged state (that is, they have underwater and above-water parts).
Xerophytes- land plants that have adapted to life with a significant permanent or temporary lack of moisture in the soil and / or in the air. (gr. xeros- dry and phyton- plant)
Sclerophytes- plants with hard shoots, relatively small leaves, sometimes covered with dense pubescence or a waxy layer (Greek. scleros- hard and phyton- plant)
succulents- plants that accumulate water in succulent fleshy stems and leaves. (lat. succulentus- juicy).
Mesophytes- land plants that prefer conditions of moderate moisture (gr. mesos- average, phyton- grow-e)
Hygrophytes- terrestrial plants living in conditions of high environmental humidity (in damp forests, swamps, etc.). Hygrophytes are characterized by delicate stems and leaves, a poorly developed root system. They wilt easily with a lack of water. (gr. hygros- wet and phyton- plant).
In relation to light, there are:
· Heliophytes – light loving plants. leaves are smaller and landmark. so as to reduce the dose of radiation during the daytime; the leaf surface is shiny.
· Sciophytes – shade loving plants. to get the maximum amount of incident radiation. The leaf cells are large, the system of intercellular spaces is well developed, the stomata are large, located only on the underside of the leaf.
· Hemisciophytes – shade tolerant plants
112) Life forms of plants and their classification according to Raunkier.
Classif. K. Raunkner(1905, 1907), based on posit. kidney resume. in relation to the surface soil in unfavorable. conditions (in winter or during a dry period) and the nature of the protective kidney covers.
Raunkier highlights the trace. 5 types of women's f.:
phanerophytes- plants in which buds and terminal shoots, intended for experiencing an unfavorable period, are located high above the ground (trees, shrubs, woody vines, epiphytes).
chamephites- low plants with buds, located. no higher than 20-30 cm above the ground and often hibernating under the snow (shrubs, dwarf shrubs, some perennial grasses = the author: dwarf shrubs, passive chamefites, active chamefites and cushion plants).
hemicryptophytes- herbaceous perennials. rast., the shoots of which at the beginning of an unfavorable period die off to the level of the soil, therefore, during this period, only the lower parts of the plants remain alive, protected by the ground and dead leaves of the plant. It is they who carry the buds intended for the formation of shoots of the next season with leaves and flowers.
cryptophytes- buds are hidden underground (rhizomatous, tuberous, bulbous geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes);
terophytes- annuals - plants that survive the unfavorable season exclusively in the form of seeds.