Lexical compatibility. Violation of the norms of lexical compatibility

10.10.2019

Introduction

There are many such words in the Russian language that seem to be “attracted” to each other. For example, they say: “herd of cows”, “herd of horses”, “flock of sheep”. Therefore, an unsuccessful combination of words makes laugh: "A flock of ducks and hares appeared in the distance." In this case, the words are connected incorrectly, i.e. lexical compatibility is broken.

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Indeed, in speech, words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

Restrictions lexical compatibility in certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its main meaning - "one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball" - freely connects with the words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “full, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to set expressions. For example, the Velvet season- "autumn months (September, October) in the south." This expression has a stable character and it is impossible to replace the word "season" with any other, even the closest in meaning, for example, "velvet autumn".

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the association of similar phrases. For example, they write: “meet modern requirements”, mixing combinations “meet requirements” and “meet needs”; “the conversation was read” (“a lecture was given” and “a conversation was held”); "improve the level" ("improve the quality" and "raise the level").

lexical compatibility error

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with not distinguishing between concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

Thus, in the sentence “Residents of a seaside town witnessed a large theatrical performance”, an error is found in the phrase “witnesses of the performance”. The word "witness" means "eyewitness" - this is the name of a person who finds himself at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the sphere of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is referred to in the proposal, the word "spectator" is used. This error is associated with a lack of distinction between areas of activity.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise. Examples of similar errors in the sentences can be given: “The timely start-up of the plant causes concern”; “52 trees have been planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, people left the city." All these errors are not explained by the distinction between related phenomena: the fear is not that the combine will be started up, but that it will not be started up at the scheduled time; lay not trees, but a park; people leave the city not as a result, but because of the plague. Possible corrections in these cases: “There is concern that the plant will not be launched at the scheduled time”; “52 trees planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, the city was deserted."

Linguistic errors are associated with not distinguishing denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

Not distinguishing between synonyms, words that are close or coinciding in meaning, leads to errors in use. For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words "brave" and "brave" are synonymous, but "brave" is associated with outward manifestation called quality, and "bold" - both external and internal, therefore, a thought, a decision, an idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Not distinguishing between paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most of paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring. For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); to pay (for something) - to pay (for something).

Paronyms may be associated with different options common root. For example, short (small in size, the opposite of long) - short (stated briefly, in a few words). Therefore, they say a short text, but brief retelling text.

Borrowed words may also appear in paronymic relations: parity (equality) - priority (primacy, advantage), dequalification (loss of qualification) - disqualification (deprivation of qualification), etc. To distinguish between paronyms foreign origin it is necessary to refer to dictionaries of foreign words.

The following are frequency pairs of paronyms:

Execute - execute have general meaning“to carry out, to put into practice”, for example, to fulfill (fulfill) an order, but the second verb has a book character;

Long - long coincide in the meaning of “ongoing, long”, for example, a long (long) conversation, a long (long) pause, but “long” indicates the length in time, and “long” emphasizes the procedural meaning of the noun; "long" is usually combined with the names of time periods ( long night, long winter), and “long” - with the names of actions and conditions designed for a long time (long flight, long-term treatment);

Agreement - agreement differ in that "agreement" means a written or oral agreement, a condition of mutual obligations (friendship and cooperation agreement), and "agreement" - an agreement reached through negotiations (an agreement to include an issue on the agenda);

Truth (truth, actual state of affairs) - truth (correspondence to truth). For example, the desire for truth is the truth of the assumptions put forward;

Ordinary - ordinary are distinguished by the fact that in the first word unremarkable, unremarkable is emphasized, and in the second - typicality. For example, ordinary person- typical day.

To identify the specifics of words related by paronymic relations, it is necessary to correctly represent the morphological composition of the word and the method of its formation. For example, in pairs, learn - master, complicate - complicate, make heavier - make words with the prefix o- have a meaning more high degree manifestations of action. In pairs hygienic - hygienic, logical - logical, practical - practical, economic - economical, differing in suffixes -ichesk- / -n-, the second adjective denotes a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (qualitative adjective). This implies compatibility: hygienic norm - hygienic fabric, logical laws - a logical conclusion, practical use- practical clothing economic policy- an economical device.

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of unity functional style, unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

1. The use of clericalism - words and phrases characteristic of formal business style. For example, "As the revenue side of my budget increased, I decided to buy a new car for permanent use" - "I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car."

2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."

3. Mixture of styles - unjustified use in one text of words, syntactic constructions characteristic of different styles Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.

4. Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras. For example, “On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens.”

5. Incorrect sentence construction. For example, "Despite his youth, he good man". There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

6. Secondly, redo the sentence: “From other sporting events Let's talk about the bar” - “Of other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”

7. Pleonasm - verbal excess, the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. In order to avoid pleonasm, you must do the following:

Replace the word with a single root, for example, a monumental monument - a monument;

Remove a word from a phrase, for example, main point- the essence, valuable treasures - treasures;

Remove a word from the text without reducing the quality. For example, "Operation is the way in which an action is performed" - "Operation is a way of performing an action"; "Building a model in accordance with known rules" - "Building a model according to the rules."

8. Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question." Ways to correct tautologies are:

Replace one of the words with a synonym. For example, "Torrential downpour did not stop all day" - "Torrential rain did not stop all day";

Remove one of the words. For example, "Along with these signs, there are a number of others" - "Along with these signs, there are others."

The tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so that and can.

9. Lexical repetitions in the text. For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns should be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word should be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."

10. Substitution of the concept. This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, "Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive" ( we are talking about cards of patients, and from the text of the proposal it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).

11. This error, which arose as a result of the author's stylistic negligence, can be easily corrected: it is necessary to insert an accidentally omitted word or phrase. For example, "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm" - "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm."

12. Choice of singular or plural forms. Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples correct use combinations are: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

For correct use, agreement in meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then singular, and if you want to emphasize individual items- plural.

13. Agreement of words in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."

14. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful to create verbal nouns, because. many of the created words are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (order - ordering, not ordering; collapse - folding, not folding).

15. Stringing the same forms. You should avoid stringing the same case forms, for example, using the words “to” and “which”. For example, "In order to avoid the possibility of danger" - "To avoid the occurrence of danger."

16. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks" - "The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes. The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

AT last years The Russian language is intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, used in a narrow sense.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties(or do not have them at all), therefore their root is vague for most native speakers, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered. For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" means perfume special type or denotes some class of perfumery products, which includes the perfumes in question, it is necessary to give a comment; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning"spirits", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Another type of error is the stringing of borrowed words, which can “stun” the reader with the scientific presentation. For example, "There should be a selection of property profitability." The difficulty of understanding is associated with the use of two borrowed words in a row, and each of them is used incorrectly. The word "breeding" means "a section of agronomy and livestock science that deals with the breeding of new varieties and breeds (selection method)". The word "profitability" means "the property to be cost-effective (profitable, profitable)." Apparently, the word “selection” is used here, in its direct translation from English as “selection”, but such a meaning has not yet been formed in Russian, in addition, it is not combined with the word denoting “property”, therefore, such a use is perceived as logic error. It should be written: "There should be a selection of the most cost-effective (profitable) types of property."

Very often ignorance of the exact meaning of a borrowed word leads to errors. For example, "Crime and Punishment" is a cult novel by Dostoevsky. The word "cult" has two meanings:

1. an adjective to the word "cult" in the sense of "service to a deity and related actions, rituals" (cult objects);

2. widely known, popular; causing the worship of his adherents (cult film).

It is obvious that in the above phrase the word "cult" is used in the sense of the word "popular", which is incorrect. It should be written: "Crime and Punishment" is a popular novel.

Most pleonastic combinations occur precisely when borrowed words are used. For example: “short briefing” (“short” is included in the meaning of the word “briefing”, therefore it is superfluous), “landscape” (the word “locality” is superfluous), “ top priority" (the word "main" is superfluous).

A borrowed word that has a Russian synonym is usually higher in style (somewhat more formal), so it is not well suited for interpersonal confidential communication, for describing inner peace person, his feelings, moods. Foreign words are more suitable for information about political events, scientific phenomena, for communication between organizations and states. For example, an alliance is an alliance: an alliance of liberals and democrats, an alliance of the governments of Moscow and the Moscow region, but an alliance of hearts, an alliance of friends. Thus, borrowed words are stylistically more limited use than their Russian synonyms. Ignoring this feature of borrowed words leads to stylistic errors. For example, “Literature itself as a total value is under threat”, where instead of the word “total” one should use the words “universal” or “eternal”.

Borrowings include special group words denoting concepts characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannahs are plains in South America and Africa, covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

The Russian text also contains foreign inclusions and barbarisms. Foreign inclusions are words, phrases, sentences in a foreign language of one-time use. Acquiring a regular character and taking shape in Cyrillic, they become barbarisms, for example: happy end (happy end), weekend (week end), shop (from shop - shop). For many foreign words barbarism is the first stage of entry into the language (show, marketing). But a word or expression can be fixed in the language precisely as barbarism, while having a Russian synonym, for example: nihil - nothing, tête-à-tête - alone. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of barbarisms to describe non-Russian reality, when they act as a characterological means, similar in function to exoticisms, and to describe Russian reality. The first, if they are not widely known, are accompanied by explanations. When describing Russian reality, barbarisms are used exclusively as an expressive means (Vivat, Russia!) and are not allowed in strictly informative texts.

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

1. Violation of orthoepic norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect placement of stress in foreign words. For example, "expert instead of expert, kv" artal instead of quart "al, cat" alog instead of catal "og", kilo "meters instead of kilo" meters.

2. Violation of spelling norms. For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

3. Violation grammar rules. For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

4. Violation of the norms of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can distinguish a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

1. Errors are predominant in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms proper. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, the indistinguishability of the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

2. Are characterized by "genre stability";

3. Possess "quality stability". This is a misnomer and combination.

4. Words of certain parts of speech are more susceptible to misuse (primarily verbs that have specific features lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic relationships (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.).

Word matching plays an important role in artistic speech. The expansion of the usual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images of great masters of artistic speech: “a gray winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied walnut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). How bright stylistic device use a violation of lexical compatibility and contemporary writers. For example, “We lost hope of crushing his regiment” (K. Simonov). Many such combinations are fixed in the language, become stable, which indicates their approval by the linguistic taste of the time.

Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility to give speech a comic connotation. For example, "The population of the circulation ark fell asleep"; "an apple with a mole" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “The genius was recognized alive; "He was appointed director of his own free will."

However, in colloquial speech violation of lexical compatibility can become an annoying speech error. For example, "The hollow made a cozy impression on us." After all, an “impression” can be pleasant, and a “corner” can be cozy.

When using words that have extremely limited possibilities of lexical connections, the violation of compatibility often becomes the cause of the comic sound of speech: “Students worked on their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Children, dejected by experience, came to the circle of young naturalists.” Lexical errors in such cases cause damage not only to the style, but also to the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise in this case suggest the opposite meaning.

In conclusion, we can say that an attentive attitude to the word, to the peculiarities of lexical compatibility in the Russian language will help to avoid such errors in speech, and in other cases - will allow you to use unusual combinations words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

1. Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. M. - 1995.

2. Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

3. Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.

For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. So, "similar" adjectives long, long, long, long, long are "attracted" to nouns in different ways: long period, long period (but not long, long, long period); long way, a long way; long-term fees, long-term credit. Often words with the same meaning can have different lexical compatibility (cf .: a true friend is a genuine document).

The doctrine of lexical compatibility is based on the position of Acad. V.V. Vinogradov about phraseologically related values words that have single compatibility (bosom friend) or limited compatibility possibilities (stale bread, loaf; stale person, but you cannot say "stale candy" (chocolate), "stale comrade" (father, son).

To develop the theory of lexical compatibility great importance Vinogradov singled out phraseological combinations and established the main types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Phraseological combinations Phraseology is engaged in, the subject of lexical stylistics is the study of the combination in speech of words that have free meanings, and the definition of those restrictions that are imposed by the language on their lexical compatibility.

Many linguists emphasize that the lexical compatibility of a word is inseparable from its meaning. Some scientists, studying the problems of lexical compatibility, come to the conclusion that there are no absolutely free combinations of lexemes in the language, there are only groups of words with different possibilities of compatibility. With such a formulation of the question, the difference between free combinations and phraseologically connected ones is destroyed.

Combining words into phrases can lead to different kind restrictions. Firstly, words may not be combined due to their semantic incompatibility (purple orange, leaned back, water is on fire); secondly, the combination of words into a phrase can be excluded due to their grammatical nature (mine - swim, close - cheerful); thirdly, the combination of words can be prevented by their lexical features(words denoting seemingly connected concepts do not combine; they say to cause grief, trouble, but one cannot say to cause joy, pleasure).

Depending on the restrictions governing the combination of words, there are three types of compatibility: semantic (from the term "semantics" - the meaning of the word), grammatical (more precisely, syntactic) and lexical.

Semantic compatibility is broken, for example, in such cases: By today, there is no information yet; It is necessary to hasten the settlement of the bloodshed; My father's maiden name was Sobakin; After the death of Lensky, no duel, Olga married a hussar ... Funny combinations of words, isn't it? But if you think about it, in other cases a very undesirable underlying meaning arises: not to stop, but only to settle the bloodshed? ..

A parodic example of a violation of grammatical compatibility is known: My yours does not understand (possessive adjectives cannot be combined with verbs in the personal form). More examples: Our leader is healthy inside and out; Most of the time deputies spend on discussions.

The most drastic violation of the laws of "attraction of words" is lexical inconsistency: The voice of numbers is not comforting; In the recent past, we all had our tongues clamped down. The bright effect of "deceived expectation" is played by comedians in caustic jokes: We have won and no longer have the right to delay; Reached the yawning peaks.

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words. So, in its basic meaning, the word deep can be freely combined with any other, suitable in meaning: deep (that is, having great depth) well, bay, body of water, lake, river. However, in the meaning of "reached the limit, complete, perfect", this word is combined with a few (deep autumn, winter, but not summer, not spring, deep night, silence, but not morning, not day, not noise; deep old age, but not youth). Therefore, the statement makes us laugh: In deep childhood, he was like his mother.

The word to take place is interpreted in dictionaries by means of synonyms to happen, to come true, however, unlike them, this verb is appropriate if the planned events were being prepared, planned (A meeting was held; A meeting of the candidate for the Duma with voters took place). And if the correspondent writes: Armed clashes took place on the streets of the city, one might think that armed clashes were being prepared, planned by someone. As you can see, a violation of lexical compatibility can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement.

Lexical stylistics should focus on the assessment of lexical compatibility. However, the boundaries between various types combinability is very fuzzy, therefore, in the stylistic analysis of the text, one has to talk not only about "pure" lexical combinability, but also take into account various transitional cases.

All significant words that have free meanings can be conditionally divided into two groups. Some are characterized by compatibility, practically unlimited within their subject-logical connections; such are, for example, adjectives characterizing physical properties objects - color, volume, weight, temperature (red, black, large, small, light, heavy, hot, cold), many nouns (table, house, person, tree), verbs (live, see, work, know). Another group is formed by words that have limited lexical compatibility (and in the case of polysemy of words, this restriction can only apply to their individual meanings). This group of words is of particular interest.

Lexical compatibility restrictions are usually inherent in words that rarely occur in speech. Words with the maximum frequency of use (they are included in the 2500 most frequent words of the Russian language) easily enter into lexical relationships. For example, when comparing the compatibility of the words fear and fear, it turned out that the word fear is more actively combined with various verbs.

Introduction

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Indeed, in speech, words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases.At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

The limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its main meaning - “one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball” - freely connects with the words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “full, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to set expressions. For example, the velvet season is "the autumn months (September, October) in the south." This expression has a stable character and it is impossible to replace the word "season" with any other, even the closest in meaning, for example, "velvet autumn".

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with the indistinguishability of concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise.

Linguistic errors are associated with the indistinguishability of denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

The indistinguishability of synonyms that are close or coinciding in meaning of words leads to errors in use.For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words “brave” and “brave” are synonyms, but “brave” is associated with the external manifestation of the called quality, and “brave” is associated with both external and internal, so a thought, decision, idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring.For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); to pay (for something) - to pay (for something).

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of the unity of the functional style, the unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of the official business style.For example, "As the revenue side of my budget increased, I decided to buy a new car for permanent use" - "I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car."

The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring.So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."

Mixing styles -unjustified use in one text of words, syntactic constructions characteristic of different styles of the Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras.For example, “On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens.”

Wrong construction of the sentence.For example, "Despite his youth, he is a good person." There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

Secondly, to remake the sentence: “From other sporting events, let's talk about the barbell” - “From other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”

Pleonasm is a verbal excess,the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view.

Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question."

Lexical repetitions in the text.For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns should be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word should be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."

Concept change.This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, "Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive" (we are talking about cards of patients, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).

Choice of singular or plural forms.Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

Word agreement in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks" - "The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes.The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

In recent years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for mostnative speakers is confusing, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered.For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" has the meaning of a particular type of perfume, or denotes some class of perfumery, which includes the perfume in question, a comment should be made; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning of "perfume", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts that are characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms.. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannahs are plains in South America and Africa covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

Violation of orthoepic norms.

Spelling violation.For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

Violation of grammatical norms.For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

Violation of the rules of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can distinguish a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

Errors are predominant in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms proper. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, the indistinguishability of the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

Are characterized by "genre stability";

Possess "quality stability". This is a misnomer and combination.

To a greater extent, words of certain parts of speech are subject to misuse (primarily verbs that have specific features of lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic relationships (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.). .P.).

The compatibility of words plays a particularly important role in artistic speech. The expansion of the usual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images of great masters of artistic speech: “a gray winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied walnut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility to give speech a comic connotation. For example, "The population of the circulation ark fell asleep"; "an apple with a mole" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “The genius was recognized alive; "He was appointed director of his own free will."

In search of unexpected images, vivid speech expression, poets especially often expand their lexical compatibility. Suffice it to recall the classic lines of M.Yu. Lermontov: “Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness”; A.A. Feta: “September has died. And the dahlias burned with the breath of the night "; B. Pasternak: “February. Get ink and cry! Write about February sobbing. This stylistic device is also appreciated by contemporary poets: “A small forest asked alms for snow from greedy or impoverished skies” (B. Akhmadulina). When using words that have extremely limited possibilities of lexical connections, a violation of compatibility often becomes the cause of the comic sound of speech: “Students worked on their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Children, dejected by experience, came to the circle of young naturalists.” Lexical errors in such cases cause damage not only to the style, but also to the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise in this case suggest the opposite meaning. , and in other cases, it will allow you to use unusual combinations of words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. M. - 1995.

Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.

The lecture considers compatibility as a property of lexical units, analyzes typical errors associated with violation of compatibility

Lexical word compatibility

The lecture considers compatibility as a property of lexical units, analyzes typical errors associated with violation of compatibility.

Lecture plan

9.1 Word compatibility

9.2. Compatibility violation

9.3. Types of word compatibility

9.4 Violation of compatibility as a stylistic device

9.1. Word compatibility

When using words in speech, it is always necessary to take into account the features word compatibility- their ability to connect with each other.

The possibilities of compatibility are largely determined by the semantic features of the word, its meaning.

For example, the combination of the word strong used in different meanings can be represented as follows:

Though the words hatred and envy, like love, means "feelings" rain, heat and humidity, like frost, wind, refer to "weather and climatic conditions", however, it is impossible to say: * strong hatred, envy (you can: strong love); * hard rain, strong heat, humidity (but: strongfreezing).

§ 9 .2. Violation of compatibility

The compatibility of a word is determined by the semantic (semantic) features of words, however, it has its own boundaries.

For example:

1) Unlike the word wash, its synonym wash is combined only with the names of objects made of fabric, or having the properties of fabric.

2) Boost you can do what we apply the parameter to tall:

high yield - increase yield;

high speed - increase speed.

Therefore, one cannot say: “to improve the training of specialists” (only: improve preparation...),"increase the output of machine tools" (to increase the output of machine tools).

Combinations of words that contain deny-each other semantic features: Because of the imminent departure. Pretext due to implies that the action has already taken place, but the adjective forthcoming suggests the opposite. It should be said: in view of the imminent departure.

Errors in word combinations may be due to the fact that one of the words is used only in relation to something negative, bad, and the other means, on the contrary, something positive, good. For example: hordes (-) of workers (+); due to (+) disease (-).

9 .3. Types of word compatibility

As you can see, the combination of words into phrases can run into all sorts of restrictions. Depending on the restrictions governing the connection of words, they distinguish different kinds compatibility:

1) semantic compatibility;

2) lexical compatibility;

3) stylistic compatibility.

Semantic compatibility is determined by the meaning of words, as well as subject-logical relations between objects of the surrounding world. So, semantic compatibility is broken in the following examples:

borrow money from someone word borrow has the meaning "to lend, for temporary use", so it should have been said: borrow money from someone

most of the time - word majority combined with words denoting objects that can be counted: painmajority of writers, majority of villages, majority of votes; since the collective meaning contains the concept of a certain number of homogeneous single objects; the word does not satisfy this condition time, so you should say: most oftime

believe in inevitable victory- word inevitable close in value to word inevitable, but associated with something undesirable: imminent disaster imminent war imminent gilinen etc.; should have said: believe in inevitable victory;

priority attention - word priority means "simple, requiring implementation in the first place"; these meanings are not applicable to the word Attention; you can say: a main attention, Special attention etc.

Lexical compatibility is determined by the tradition of using words in a language. With points of view modern language it is often difficult or even impossible to explain the reasons for the different compatibility of words that are similar in meaning: pay attention to / attach importance to the development of sports. Many combinations of words are fixed by language tradition. These combinations in " ready-made" are included in the dictionary of native speakers, and the ability to use them is part of a person's linguistic culture. For example, in Russian they don’t say “do a feat”, only accomplish a feat.

Often a violation of lexical compatibility is associated with the incorrect use of polysemantic words:

deep autumn, but not summer, Spring;

deep old age, but not childhood, youth;

deep night, but not day, morning.

Stylistic compatibility is determined by the stylistic and emotionally expressive coloring of the combined words. Can't compose right combination stylistically different words: A new cowshed and a bathhouse were erected on the collective farm. Bookish, solemn verbs erect and erect do not match with nouns barn and bath. In this sentence, it is better to use the verb built.

9.4. Violation of compatibility as a stylistic device

in art and journalistic styles speech violation of the compatibility of words can be used as a stylistic device that enhances the expressiveness of speech. Violation of the usual connections of words can give them new shades of meaning and create vivid artistic images: Poets walk with their heels on the blade of a knife and cut their barefoot souls into blood (V. Vysotsky); “Tomorrow there was a war” (B. Vasilyev), “Hot snow” (Yu. Bondarev)

On the combination of words with mutually exclusive meanings, such a stylistic device is built as oxymoron. For example: I love magnificent nature withering(A. Pushkin); But beauty them ugly I soon comprehended the sacrament (M. Lermontov); Look, her fun to be sad, such smartly nude(A. Akhmatova).

Stylistic mismatch can be used for comic effect: The forest owner loves to feast on multi-drupe and angiosperms ... And when the siverko blows, how dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin slows down sharply, the tone decreases gastrointestinal tract with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline is, and the epidermis is noble (T. Tolstaya).

Description of the combinational possibilities of the most common words of the Russian language is given in a special dictionary: Compatibility Dictionary of Words of the Russian Language / Ed. P.N. Denisova, V.V. Morkovkin. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1983.

training exercise

Look for errors related to violation of compatibility rules. Test yourself.

1. Some dressed as a bear - in a fur coat turned inside out, some as a goat - pulling on a mask with horns and enlisting a broomstick.

2. He says this with the conviction of a man who has already overestimated some things in life.

3. Shortly before the end of the meeting, the Greek footballers equalized the result.

4. One saint will rise in full height, and the second, Methodius, as conceived by the author, kneeling, should hold a huge cross.

5. Voropaev looked at everything that was rushing towards the car with a feeling of great anxiety, as if he was about to recognize a familiar creature in the rushing cavalcade of rocks, bushes and birds.

6. He, a Sukhumi resident, came to the Zhiguli plant after graduation and in six years became its inveterate patriot.

7. Many comments and valuable suggestions were made during the discussion of the issue.

8. Perhaps, while studying at the institute, Pivovarov showed some special merit?

9. Tractors and tractors rescued wood located on the banks of the river.

10. Almost all inveterate mathematicians are in the class.

Words in speech are not used in isolation, one at a time, but in combinations. Not all of them freely connect with each other. Lexical compatibility of words is their ability to connect with a certain circle of other words. Sometimes, due to the complexity of such a choice, speech is allowed

In a sentence, words are related to each other both in meaning and grammatically. In the latter case, such a connection provides a grammatical one. Semantic connections ensure the correctness of the statement in terms of content. The words used in speech should be consistent with others. This is expressed in two types of compatibility - lexical and semantic.

Lexical compatibility refers to the ability of words to enter into combinations with only a limited number (or units) of words.

Semantic is expressed in the ability of words to correlate with a whole class of other words that unites common sense. For example, a group of verbs that describe human states (think, laugh, etc.) can be combined with all words that designate people (doctor, passerby).

In a number of cases, when it is not about specific things, but about their relations (abstract, abstract vocabulary), then lexical compatibility is conditional. For example, you can "give advice", "inspect", "resist", etc. All these verbs play the same role, they can be easily replaced with synonyms (“advise”, “examine”, “resist”), but it is almost impossible to confuse them. A Russian-speaking person will never say, for example, "produce advice."

Some variants of incorrect compatibility are massive (very often different people they are used in speech with the same errors): “the meeting has been convened” (need: “the meeting took place”), “develop one’s horizons” (need: “broaden one’s horizons”). This is due to the fact that in one situation different set phrases, and often the replacement of components leads to a semantic inaccuracy. The traditional phrase "Let me raise a toast!" is also incorrect. You can either "raise a glass" or "make a toast."

Also typical mistake, in which lexical compatibility is violated, is the phrase “the level of service has improved”. The level can go up, but the quality can go up.