Social interactions are a component of people's actions. Causes of social conflict are considered. Forms of mass behavior

20.09.2019

social interaction

Social interaction- a system of interdependent social actions associated with cyclic dependence, in which the action of one subject is both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects. It is related to the concept of “social action”, which is the starting point for the formation of social ties. Social interaction as a way of implementing social ties and relationships presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the process of interaction itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. In the course of interaction, the formation and development of the individual, the social system, their change in the social structure of society, etc. take place.

Social interaction includes the transfer of action from one social actor to another, the receipt and reaction to it in the form of a response action, as well as the resumption of the actions of social actors. It has a social meaning for the participants and involves the exchange of their actions in the future due to the presence in it of a special causality - social relation. Social relations are formed in the process of interaction between people and are the result of their past interactions that have acquired a stable social form. Social interactions, by contrast, are not "frozen" social forms, and "living" social practices of people that are conditioned, directed, structured, regulated by social relations, but are able to influence these social forms and change them.

Social interaction is determined by the social statuses and roles of the individual and social groups. It has an objective and a subjective side:

objective side- factors that are independent of interacting, but influencing them.
Subjective side- the conscious attitude of individuals to each other in the process of interaction, based on mutual expectations.

Classification of social interaction

Primary, secondary (ideological, religious, moral)
By the number of participants: the interaction of two people; one person and a group of people; between two groups
Multinational
Between people of different incomes, etc.

Notes

The concept of social interaction in sociology

Few people know that the modern program of schools in social science, in part social sphere borrows almost all material from sociology. What kind of this science will you learn at the university if you enter. And now we will talk about the topic.

Social interaction is a system of social actions that has a cyclical nature and is aimed at meeting the mutual expectations of interacting subjects. Let's analyze this definition in detail.

Read about social action. The cyclical nature means that social actions are performed by subjects in a cycle: action => feedback. For example, you came to the store, gave the seller money (social action) in return received a smile and the product you are buying (feedback).

The mutual expectations of the subjects are their attitudes towards this interaction. For example, your friend sells ice cream: she stands all in the heat in a hot city, on hot pavement and sells cool ice cream. She's bored. And you have drawn yourself like this and you have mutual expectations: she has that you will brighten up her weekday working day, and you have that she might treat you to ice cream and you will chat about this and that.

The word “subjects” can mean both an individual and social group. For example, two people can interact, or maybe two groups - for example, at a football match, they can actively shout over each other. At the same time, shouting over is here both an action and a back reaction (you hear how the other team shouts in response).

Forms of interaction

Sociologists distinguish the following forms of social interaction, which should not be forgotten.

Cooperation, or cooperation, — Team work upon reaching some common purpose or result. Today, in order to enhance the effect of such interaction, different companies are developing and implementing their own. For example, Google has a completely open space for creativity, work and recreation for employees. Wherein main idea: You can live at work. Cool.

Competition- another form of social interaction, expressed in the struggle of subjects for something: achieving the goals of a corporation or simply for some thing. Many sport games(football, basketball, hockey and even chess) are built precisely on competition.

Conflict- the clash of different subjects about the common good. For more details on the types of conflicts, see.

Theories of social interaction

Theories explain how and why social interaction occurs. Many do not understand why these theories are needed, because they are “too scientific” and cannot be used to solve the second part USE test in social science. In fact, it is quite possible: just do not indicate the authorship of the theory, otherwise some experts are not aware of these subtleties.

So the first theory is the theory of exchange by J. Homans. According to his concept, social interaction is an exchange of benefits between the subjects of interaction. Benefits, of course, can be both material and non-material. For example, you communicate with a friend - you exchange impressions. Exchange? Exchange.

Homans in his theory singled out several axioms: assumptions that do not require proof. For example, the axiom of success: if a person has achieved success by performing certain actions, then in the future he will most likely perform the same actions. For example, when you go to an exam, you put five rubles under your heel so that you can also pass the exam with excellent marks. Well, you don’t really believe in omens, but here you decided to try. And bam, you are doing great! What do you think, will you put a coin under your heel on the exam in the future? Homans says yes, and exactly under the same heel the same coin :)))

He also has an axiom of satiety: when you are used to receiving some good, in the future you will not strain to interact with people about this good. For example, there is such an anecdote.

A man was walking down the street, thinking I would strangle myself: I was fired from work, my wife left, left. Here he meets a new Russian, his friend, he called him to his job. On the first day, the new Russian gives him a check: go to the bank and bring the money. The man brought it. The new Russian immediately gave him half - well done, earned. And so every day. Well, a man got up: he bought an apartment, a car, his wife returned. But every year it gets darker and darker. And they ask him why he is so gloomy. He answers: “Yes, you see, I go to the bank alone, and we divide the money for two!”

So here's an interesting theory.

The second theory of social interaction, no less interesting: George Mead's theory of symbols (full name "Symbolic Interactionism"). It is about the fact that social interaction is an exchange of symbols. All around us are symbols and we actively use them. For example, gestures, facial expressions, intonation. Purely in words, we convey only 7% of the information, the rest - in symbols.

Of course, there are other theories, but we will only analyze them. Subscribe to news, share the article in social networks with friends!

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

Introduction

1. Genesis of social interaction

1.1 Signs of social action

1.2 Transition to social interaction

1.3 Forms of social interaction

2. Structure of social interaction

2.1 Typology and areas of social interaction

2.2 Goal setting and goal achievement

2.3 Concepts of social interaction

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work is the reason that in modern society great importance is attached to the evaluation of certain actions of individuals. Each of us performs many actions every day, while giving an internal assessment of our actions. At the same time, any of us, volens-nolens, compares our actions with the scale of moral values of a civilized society. If the criteria for classifying actions as moral / immoral are studied by ethics, then the mutual evaluation of the actions and actions of people is included in the subject of sociology. What is action and what is social action, we will try to consider in this test.

The object of the work is social action and social interaction.

The subject of the work is the structure of social interactions.

The purpose of this work is to get to know theoretical foundations social interaction, study its structure, trace the relationship between theory and practice of this aspect of social reality.

1. Describe the genesis of social interaction, highlighting the signs of social action and the transition to social interaction.

2. Structuring social interaction, showing the typology and spheres, goal setting and goal implementation of social interaction.

3. Briefly outline the main concepts of social interaction.

Methods: study of sociological literature, description and observation, analysis and synthesis.

1. GENESIS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

1.1 Signs of social action

The problem of social action was introduced by Max Weber. He gave the following definition of it: “A social action is such an action, which, in accordance with its subjective meaning, includes in actor attitudes about how others will act and orients themselves in their direction.

The most important sign of social action is subjective meaning - personal understanding options behavior. Secondly, the conscious orientation of the subject to the response of others, the expectation of this reaction, is important. For T. Parsons, the problems of social action are associated with the identification of the following features:

Normativity (depends on generally accepted values and norms);

Voluntarism (i.e. connection with the will of the subject, providing some independence from environment);

The presence of sign mechanisms of regulation.

In Parsons' concept, action is seen as a single act and as a system of action. The analysis of an action as a single act is associated with the identification of an actor (the subject of active action) and an environment consisting of physical objects, cultural images, and other individuals. When analyzing an action as a system, the action is considered as an open system (i.e., supporting an exchange with external environment), the existence of which is associated with the formation of the corresponding subsystems that ensure the performance of a number of functions.

Your action is possible only within the framework of a society with a certain level of development of culture and social structure. On the other hand, its description, the description of a single action, is possible because there is a fairly long tradition of research on social action in sociology and philosophy.

In other words, both the action itself and its description become possible only as a result of your inclusion in the life of society.

1.2 Transition to social interaction

The fact that individual action is possible only within the framework of society, which social subject is always in the physical or mental environment of other subjects and behaves in accordance with this situation, reflects the concept social interaction. Social interaction can be defined as the systematic actions of subjects directed at each other and aimed at eliciting a response of expected behavior that involves the resumption of action. The interaction of individual subjects is both the result of the development of society and the condition for its further development.

Sociology, describing, explaining and trying to predict the behavior of people, whether in the educational process, in economic activity or in political struggle, before turning to empirical studies of particular problems, turns to the creation theoretical model of this behavior. The creation of such a model begins with the development of the concept of social action, clarifying its structure, function and dynamics .

Mandatory components structures actions advocate subject and an object actions. Subject- this is the bearer of purposeful activity, the one who acts with consciousness and will. An object- what the action is directed at. AT functional aspect stand out action steps: firstly, associated with goal setting, the development of goals and, secondly, with their operational implementation. At these stages, organizational links are established between the subject and the object of action.

Target - perfect image process and result of action. The ability to set goals, i.e. to perfect modeling upcoming action is the most important property man as the subject of action. The implementation of goals involves the choice of appropriate funds and organizing efforts to achieve result .

Circumstances Everyday life Every day people come into contact with many other people. In accordance with his needs and interests, a person selects from this multitude those with whom he enters into various interactions.

There are the following types of interactions:

- contacts- short-term relationships (purchase and sale, exchange of views on the street, conversation of fellow travelers on the bus);

- social activities- the actions of a person who enters into conscious and rational connections and is guided by the actions of other people, trying to achieve their own goals. This is a more complex form of communication between people than contacts. Any social action is preceded by social contact. Before committing a social action, a stable impulse to activity must arise in the mind of a person ( motivation). Obviously, when performing social actions, each person experiences the actions of others (conversation, any joint action).

In the broadest sense means is an object considered in terms of its ability to serve a purpose, whether it be a thing, a skill, an attitude, or information. Reached result acts as a new state of the elements that have developed in the course of action - a synthesis of the goal, properties of the object and the efforts of the subject. At the same time, the condition for effectiveness is the compliance of the goal with the needs of the subject, the means - with the goal and the nature of the object. AT dynamic In this aspect, the action appears as a moment of self-renewing activity of the subject on the basis of growing needs.

The action implementation mechanism helps to describe the so-called "universal functional action formula": needs -> their reflection in the (collective) consciousness, development of ideal action programs -> their operational implementation in the course of activity coordinated by certain means, creating a product that can satisfy the needs of subjects and encourage new needs.

Like any theoretical model, this concept of social action helps to see the general nature of infinitely diverse actions and thus already acts as a theoretical tool. sociological research. However, in order to turn to the analysis of particular problems, it is necessary to further divide the elements of this model. And, first of all, the subject of action needs more detailed characteristics.

Subject actions can be considered as individual or collective. Collective various communities (for example, parties) act as subjects. Individual the subject exists within communities, he can identify himself with them or come into conflict with them.

The contact of the subject with the environment of his existence generates needs- a special state of the subject, generated by the need for means of subsistence, objects necessary for his life and development, and thus acting as a source of the subject's activity.

Exist various classifications needs. common features of all classifications, the assertion of the diversity and increase in needs and the phased nature of their satisfaction are in favor. So, like every living being, a person needs food and shelter - this refers to physiological needs. But recognition and self-affirmation are just as necessary for him - these are already social needs.

Important characteristics of the subject of action also include the total life resource, the level of claims and value orientations. Total Life Resource includes resources of energy, time, natural and social benefits.

People have different life resources depending on their social position. All types of resources are manifested and measured differently for individual or collective actors, for example, human health or group cohesion.

Social status, along with the individual qualities of the subject, determines its level of claims, i.e. the complexity of the task and the result on which he is guided in his actions. These orientations of the subject in relation to any sphere of life are also value orientations. Value orientations are a way of distinguishing social phenomena according to the degree of their significance for the subject. They are associated with the individual reflection in the mind of a person of the values of society. Established value orientations ensure the integrity of the consciousness and behavior of the subject.

To describe the sources of a social object, the concept is also used interest. In a narrow sense, interest implies a selective, emotionally colored attitude towards reality (interest in something, being interested in something or someone). The broad meaning of this concept connects the state of the environment, the needs of the subject, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction. Those. interest can be characterized as the relation of the subject to necessary funds and the conditions for satisfying his needs. This relation is objective and must be realized by the subject. More or less clarity of awareness affects the effectiveness of the action. It is also possible to act contrary to one's own interests, i.e. contrary to their actual situation. The concept of interest is used in the literature in relation to individual and collective subjects.

Needs, interests and value orientations are factors motivation actions, i.e. formation of his motives as direct motives for action. motive- a conscious impulse to action, arising from the awareness of needs. How does an internal motive differ from external motives? incentives . Incentives- additional links between need and motive, these are material and moral incentives for certain actions.

The conscious nature of the action does not exclude the role of emotional and volitional factors. The ratio of rational calculation and emotional impulses allows us to speak of various types motivation. Motivation Research widely represented in sociology in connection with the study of labor and learning activities. At the same time, allocate motivation levels depending on the level of need.

The first group of motives is associated with socio-economic status of the individual. This includes, first of all, motives for providing life's blessings. If these motives dominate in the actions of a person, then his orientation, first of all, to material reward can be traced. Accordingly, the opportunities for material incentives increase. This group includes calling motives. They fix the desire of a person for a certain occupation. For a person in this case, the content of his professional activity. Accordingly, incentives will be associated with material rewards in and of themselves. Finally, this group includes prestige motives. They express the desire of a person to occupy a worthy, in his opinion, position in society.

The second group of motives is related to implementation of social norms prescribed and assimilated by the individual. This group also corresponds wide range motives for action, from civil, patriotic to group solidarity or "honor of uniform".

The third group consists of motives associated with life cycle optimization. Here, strivings for accelerated social mobility and overcoming role conflict.

Every occupation, even every action, has not one but many motives. Even in the particular example we gave above, it can be assumed that the urge to read could not be reduced only to the desire to get an assessment, or only the desire to avoid trouble, or only curiosity. It is the multiplicity of motives that ensures a positive attitude towards action.

The motives of action are organized hierarchically, one of them is dominant. At the same time, the researchers recorded for the learning process, for example, an inverse relationship between the strength of utilitarian motives and academic performance and a direct relationship between scientific and educational and professional motives. The motivation system is dynamic. It changes not only when changing occupations, but also within one of their species. For example, the motives for studying vary depending on the year of study.

Motivation research uses various methods: surveys, experiments, analysis of statistical data... So, the results of laboratory experiments show a change in reaction time in actions that are different in their motives. Analogues of such experiments, although without strict methods, each of us probably has in his life experience. The more distinct and stronger the need to do something ( coursework by the deadline), the higher the ability to concentrate attention, personal abilities and organizational talents on this matter. If we return to laboratory experiments, then it should be noted that a change in the speed of reaction is a psychological characteristic.

Thus, the most important character traits motivation action is plurality and hierarchy motives, as well as their specific strength and stability.

1.3 Forms of social interaction

It is also customary to distinguish three main forms of interaction - cooperation, competition and conflict.

Cooperation- cooperation of several individuals (groups) for the sake of solving a common problem. The simplest example is the transfer of a heavy log. Cooperation arises where and when the advantage of joint efforts over individual ones becomes obvious. Cooperation implies a division of labor.

Competition- individual or group struggle for the possession of scarce values (goods). They can be money, property, popularity, prestige, power. They are scarce because, being limited, they cannot be divided equally among all. Competition is considered an individual form of struggle, not because only individuals participate in it, but because the competing parties (groups, parties) seek to get as much as possible for themselves at the expense of others. Competition intensifies when individuals realize that alone they can achieve more. It is a social interaction because people negotiate the rules of the game.

Conflict- hidden or open clash of competing parties. It can arise both in cooperation and in competition. Competition develops into a clash when competitors try to prevent or eliminate each other from the struggle for possession of scarce goods. When equal rivals, for example, industrial countries, compete for power, prestige, markets, resources in a peaceful way, this is called competition. And when this does not happen peacefully, an armed conflict arises - war .

Distinctive feature interaction that distinguishes it from mere action is exchange. Any interaction is an exchange. You can exchange anything with signs of attention, words, meanings, gestures, symbols, material objects.

The structure of the exchange is quite simple:

Exchange agents - two or more people;

The process of exchange - actions performed according to certain rules;

Exchange rules - oral or written prescriptions, assumptions and prohibitions,

The subject of exchange is goods, gifts, tokens of attention, etc.;

The place of exchange is a predetermined or spontaneous meeting place.

According to the exchange theory of George Homans, human behavior in this moment determined by whether and how his actions were rewarded in the past.

He deduced the following exchange principles:

1) The more often a given type of action is rewarded, the more likely it is to be repeated. If it regularly leads to success, then the motivation to repeat it increases. Conversely, it decreases in case of failure;

2) if the reward (success) for certain type actions depends on certain conditions, then it is highly likely that a person will strive for them. It doesn't matter what you profit from - whether you operate legally or circumvent the law and hide from tax office- but profit, like any other reward, will push you to repeat successful behavior;

3) if the reward is large, the person is ready to overcome any difficulties in order to receive it. A profit of 5% is unlikely to stimulate a businessman to a feat, but for the sake of 300%, K. Marx once noted, he is ready to commit any crimes;

4) when a person's needs are close to saturation, he makes less and less effort to satisfy them. And this means that if the employer pays a high salary for several months in a row, then the employee’s motivation to increase productivity decreases.

Homans' principles are applicable to the actions of one person and to the interaction of several people, because each of them is guided in relations with the other by the same considerations.

AT general view social interaction is a complex system of exchanges conditioned by ways of balancing rewards and costs. If the expected costs are higher than the expected rewards, people are less likely to interact when they are not forced to. Homans' exchange theory explains social interaction on the basis of free choice.

In social exchange - as we might call the social interaction between reward and cost - there is no direct proportional relationship. In other words, if the reward is tripled, then the individual will not necessarily triple their efforts in return. It often happened that workers were doubled their wages in the hope that they would increase productivity by the same amount. But there was no real return, they just pretended to try. By nature, a person is inclined to save his efforts and resort to this in any situation, sometimes going to deceit.

Thus, under social interaction is understood as a system of interdependent social actions connected by a cyclic causal dependence, in which the actions of one subject are both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects.

2. STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

2.1 Typology and areas of social interaction

Interaction differs from action by feedback. An action emanating from an individual may or may not be directed at another individual. Only an action directed at another person (and not at a physical object) causes a backlash, should be qualified as a social interaction.

Action can be divided into four types

Physical action, such as slapping, handing over a book, writing on paper;

Verbal, or verbal, action, for example, an insult, an expression of greeting;

Gestures as a kind of action: a smile, a raised finger, a handshake;

Mental action is expressed only in inner speech.

Examples supporting each kind of action correspond to social action criteria M Weber: they are meaningful, motivated, focused on the other.

Social interaction includes the first three and does not include the fourth kind of action.

As a result, we get the first typology of social interaction (by type):

physical;

verbal;

Gesture.

Social interaction is based on social statuses and cast. This is the basis for the second typology of social interaction in the spheres of life:

- economic sphere- where individuals act as owners and employees, entrepreneurs, rentiers, capitalists, businessmen, unemployed, housewives;

- professional sphere - where individuals participate as drivers, bankers, professors, miners, cooks;

- family and related sphere- where people act as fathers, mothers, sons, cousins, grandmothers, uncles, aunts, godfathers, brothers, bachelors, widows, newlyweds;

- demographic sphere- contacts between representatives of different sexes, ages, nationalities and races (nationality is also included in the concept of interethnic interaction);

- political sphere- where people confront or cooperate as representatives political parties, popular fronts, social movements, as well as subjects state power judges, policemen, juries, diplomats, etc.;

- religious sphere- contacts between representatives of different religions, one religion, as well as believers and non-believers, if the content of their actions relate to the field of religion;

- territorial-settlement sphere- clashes, cooperation, competition between local and newcomers, urban and rural, temporary and permanent residents, emigrants, immigrants and migrants.

So, interaction - a bidirectional exchange of actions between two or more individuals. That is, action just a one-way interaction.

The first typology of social interaction is based on types of action, and the second - on status systems.

The whole variety of types of social interaction and the social relations that develop on their basis are usually divided into two spheres - primary and secondary.

Primary sphere - the area of personal relationships and interactions that exist in small groups among friends, in peer groups, in the family circle.

Secondary- this is the area of business, or formal relationships and interactions at school, shop, theater, church, bank, at a doctor's or lawyer's appointment. Accordingly, the attitudes of people in these areas are not similar.

secondary relationships- the sphere of social status relations. They are also called formal, impersonal, anonymous. If the local doctor indifferently looks through you, listens without hearing, automatically writes out a prescription and calls out to the next one, then he formally performs his official duty, that is, he is limited to the framework of a social role.

On the contrary, your personal doctor long established with you trusting relationship, will detect even what you did not say, will hear what you did not say. He is attentive and interested. Between you - primary, i.e. personal relationships.

So, we can conclude: all types of social interactions and social relations are divided into two spheres - primary and secondary. The first describes the confidential-personal, and the second - the formal-business relations of people.

2.2 Goal setting and goal achievement

Now let's take a closer look goal setting and goal fulfillment. Target- this is a motivated, conscious, verbal anticipation of the result of an action. Deciding on the outcome of an action rationally if, within the framework of available information, the subject is capable of calculation of goals, means and results of action and strives for their maximum efficiency .

The connection between objective conditions, motivation and goals is established in such a way that from two specific states of elements, usually conditions and motives, the subject draws a conclusion about the state of the third, the goal.

Its distinctness and achievability are assumed, as well as the presence of a hierarchy of goals in the subject, arranged in order of preference. Rational choice object, it is a choice in terms of its availability and suitability for achieving the goal. The means of action are selected on the basis of an assessment of their effectiveness in achieving the goal. They are instrumentally subordinate to it, but more connected with the situation.

Actions of this type purposeful action, most easily predicted and managed. The effectiveness of such actions, however, has its downside. First of all, purposeful rationality deprives many periods of a person's life of meaning. Everything that is considered as a means loses its independent meaning, exists only as an appendix to the main goal. It turns out that the more purposeful a person is, the narrower the scope of the meaning of his life. In addition, the huge role of means in achieving the goal and the technical attitude towards them, their evaluation only in terms of effectiveness, and not in terms of content, makes it possible to replace goals with means, to lose the original goals, and then the values of life in general.

However this species goal setting is neither universal nor unique. There are goal-setting mechanisms that are not related to the calculation of efficiency, do not imply a hierarchy of goals and the division of goals, means and results. Let's consider some of them.

As a result of the work of self-knowledge, the constant dominance of certain motives, in which the emotional component predominates, and also in connection with a clear internal position regarding the way of life, goal may arise as some idea, project, life plan- holistic, folded and potential.

In appropriate situations, it provides instant decision making. Such a mechanism of purposefulness ensures the formation and production of an integral, unique personality.

Target can speak as an obligation as a law of action, deduced by a person from his ideas about what is due and associated with the highest values for him. Duty acts as an end in itself. It is irrespective of the consequences and regardless of the situation. Such a mechanism of purposefulness presupposes volitional self-regulation of actions. It can orient a person in situations of maximum uncertainty, create behavioral strategies that go far beyond the framework of an existing, rationally comprehended situation.

Purposefulness can be defined system of norms as external guidelines that set the boundaries of what is permitted. Such a mechanism optimizes behavior with the help of stereotyped decisions. This saves intellectual and other resources. However, in all cases, goal setting is associated with a strategic choice for the subject and always retains the value of the backbone element of the action.

The goal connects the subject with the objects of the external world and acts as a program for their mutual change. Through a system of needs and interests, situational conditions external world takes possession of the subject, and this is reflected in the content of the goals. But through a system of values and motives, in a selective attitude to the world, in the means of goal-fulfillment, the subject seeks to establish himself in the world and change it, i.e. "take over the world".

Time can also become a tool for such mastery, if a person skillfully manages this limited resource. A person always correlates his actions with time. At critical moments, the whole situation is divided into hours, minutes, seconds. But time can be used. This implies an active attitude towards it, a rejection of the perception of time as an independent force that forcibly resolves problems. The main property of time - to be a sequence of events - a person uses, arranging his actions in some arbitrarily undisturbed order, spreading "first - then" in his actions and experiences.

2.3 Concepts of social interaction

There are many microsociological concepts. In general, the concept of social interaction is a manifestation of the diversity of sociological knowledge. In turn, this is a special case of the action system principle multiplicity of descriptions of complex systems.

Concept of social exchange . The main ideas of the concept of social exchange: in human behavior, a rational principle prevails, which prompts him to strive for certain conclusions; social interaction is a constant exchange of various benefits between people, and exchange transactions are elementary acts public life(scheme "stimulus - reaction")

Concept of symbolic interactionism . From an interactionist point of view human society consists of individuals who have a "personal self", i.e. they form meanings themselves; individual action- there is construction, not just execution. It is carried out by the individual with the help of evaluating and interpreting the situation. Personal self means that a person can serve as an object for his actions. Meaning formation is a set of actions in which an individual notices an object, relates it to their values, assigns meaning to it, and decides to act on it. given value. At the same time, the interpretation of the actions of another is the determination for oneself of the meanings of certain actions of others. From the point of view of interactionists, an object is not an external stimulus, but something that a person distinguishes from the surrounding world, giving it certain meanings.

Experience management concept . From the point of view of E. Hoffmann, a person appears as an artist, a creator of images. His life is the production of impressions. The ability to manage impressions and control them means to be able to manage other people. Such control is carried out with the help of verbal and non-verbal means of communication. A typical example is image creation, advertising, PR.

CONCLUSION

Thus, social interaction can be characterized as a process in which people act and experience interactions with each other. The mechanism of social interaction includes individuals who perform certain actions, changes in the social community or society as a whole caused by these actions, the impact of these changes on other individuals that make up the social community, and, finally, the feedback of individuals. Interaction leads to the formation of new social relations.

In sociology, a special term has been adopted for social interaction - interaction. However, not everything we do in connection with other people is related to social interaction. If a car hit a passerby, then this is a normal traffic accident. But it becomes a social interaction, when the driver and the pedestrian, analyzing what happened, each defend their own interests as representatives of two large social groups. The driver insists that the roads are built for cars, and the pedestrian has no right to cross where he pleases. The pedestrian, on the contrary, is convinced that the main person in the city is he, not the driver, and cities are created for people, but not cars.

In this case, the driver and pedestrian represent social statuses. Each of them has their own circle of rights and obligations. Playing the role of a driver and a pedestrian, two men do not find out personal relationships based on sympathy or antipathy, but enter into social relations, act like possessors social statuses that are defined by society. When they talk to each other, they don't talk about family matters, the weather, or crop prospects. content their conversations are social symbols and meanings: the purpose of such a territorial settlement as a city, the norms for crossing the carriageway, the priorities of a person and a car, etc. Italicized concepts constitute the attributes of social interaction. It, like social action, is found everywhere. But this does not mean that it replaces all other types of human interaction.

So, social interaction is made up of separate acts, called social actions, and includes statuses (a range of rights and obligations), roles, social relations, symbols and meanings.

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The daily interaction of people is the very field of real actions in which socialization unfolds and the seeds of the human personality germinate. Every now and then we perform many elementary acts social interaction without even knowing it. When we meet, we shake hands and say hello; when entering the bus, we let women, children and the elderly go ahead. All this - acts of social interaction, consisting of individual social action. However, not everything we do in connection with other people is related to social interaction. If a car hit a passerby, then this is a normal traffic accident. But it also becomes a social interaction, when the driver and the pedestrian, analyzing what happened, each defend their own interests as representatives of two large social groups.

The driver insists that the roads are built for cars and the pedestrian has no right to cross where he pleases. The pedestrian, on the contrary, is convinced that he is the main person in the city, and not the driver, and cities are created for people, not for cars. In this case, the driver and pedestrian represent different social statuses. Each of them has their own circle of rights and obligations. Fulfilling role driver and pedestrian, two men find out not personal relationships based on sympathy or antipathy, but enter into social relations, behave like holders of social statuses that are defined by society. Role conflict is described in sociology with the help of status-role theory. While talking to each other, the driver and the pedestrian talk about family matters, the weather, or crop prospects. content their conversations are social symbols and meanings: the purpose of such a territorial settlement as a city, the norms for crossing the carriageway, the priorities of a person and a car, etc. Italicized concepts constitute the attributes of social interaction. It, like social action, is found everywhere, but this does not mean that it replaces all other types of human interaction.

So, social interaction is made up of separate acts, called social action, and includes statuses(range of rights and obligations), roles, social relations, symbols and values.

Behavior- a set of movements, acts and actions of a person that other people can observe, namely those in whose presence these actions are performed. It can be individual and collective (mass). Main elements social behavior are: needs, motivation, expectations.

Comparing activity and behavior, it's easy to spot the difference.

The unit of behavior is an act. Though considered conscious, it has no purpose or intention. Thus, the act of an honest person is natural and therefore arbitrary. He just couldn't do otherwise. At the same time, a person does not set a goal to demonstrate to others the qualities of an honest person, and in this sense, the act has no purpose. An act, as a rule, is focused on two goals at once: compliance with one's moral principles and a positive reaction from other people who evaluate the act from the outside.

Saving a drowning man, risking his life, is an act oriented towards both goals. Going against the general opinion, defending your own point of view, is an act focused only on the first goal.

Actions, deeds, movements and acts - construction bricks behavior and activities. In turn, activity and behavior are two sides of one phenomenon, namely human activity. An act is possible only if there is freedom of action. If your parents oblige you to tell them the whole truth, even if it is unpleasant for you, then this is not an act. An act is only those actions that you perform voluntarily.

Speaking of an act, we unwittingly implied an action oriented towards other people. But an action emanating from an individual may or may not be directed at another individual. Only an action that is directed at another person (rather than a physical object) and causes a backlash should qualify as social interaction.

If an interaction is a bidirectional exchange of actions between two or more individuals, then an action is just a one-way interaction.

Distinguish four types of action:

1) physical action(a slap in the face, handing over a book, writing on paper, etc.);
2) verbal, or verbal, action(insult, greeting, etc.);
3) gestures as a kind of action (smile, raised finger, handshake);
4) mental action, which is expressed only in inner speech.

Of the four types of action, the first three are external, and the fourth - internal. Examples supporting each kind of action correspond to social action criteria M. Weber: they are meaningful, motivated, focused on the other. Social interaction includes the first three and does not include the fourth kind of action (no one but telepaths interacted through direct thought transmission). As a result, we get first typology social interaction (by type): physical; verbal; gestural. Systematization by spheres of society (or status systems) gives us second typology social interaction:

economic area, where individuals act as owners and employees, entrepreneurs, rentiers, capitalists, businessmen, unemployed, housewives;
professional area, where individuals participate as drivers, bankers, professors, miners, cooks;
family area, where people act as fathers, mothers, sons, cousins, grandmothers, uncles, aunts, godfathers, twin brothers, bachelors, widows, newlyweds;
demographic area, including contacts between representatives of different sexes, ages, nationalities and races (nationality is also included in the concept of interethnic interaction);
political sphere, where people fight or cooperate as representatives of political parties, popular fronts, social movements, and also as subjects of state power - judges, policemen, juries, diplomats, etc.;
religious area, implying contacts between representatives of different religions, one religion, as well as believers and non-believers, if the content of their actions relate to the field of religion;
territorial-settlement sphere- clashes, cooperation, competition between local and newcomers, urban and rural, temporary and permanent residents, emigrants, immigrants and migrants.

The first typology of social interaction is based on types of action, the second on status systems.

In science, it is customary to distinguish three main forms of interaction – cooperation, competition and conflict. In this case, interaction refers to the ways in which partners agree on their goals and means to achieve them, allocating scarce (rare) resources.

Cooperation- This cooperation several individuals (groups) for the sake of solving a common problem. The simplest example is the transfer of a heavy log. Cooperation arises where and when the advantage of joint efforts over individual ones becomes obvious. Cooperation implies division of labor.

Competition Is it individual or group fight for possession of scarce values (goods). They can be money, property, popularity, prestige, power. They are scarce because, being limited, they cannot be divided equally among all. Competition is considered individual form of struggle not because only individuals participate in it, but because the competing parties (groups, parties) strive to get as much as possible for themselves at the expense of others. Competition intensifies when individuals realize that alone they can achieve more. It is a social interaction because people negotiate the rules of the game.

Conflict- hidden or open collision competing parties. It can arise both in cooperation and in competition. Competition develops into a clash when competitors try to prevent or eliminate each other from the struggle for possession of scarce goods. When equal rivals, for example, industrial countries, compete for power, prestige, markets, resources in a peaceful way, this is a manifestation of competition. Otherwise, an armed conflict arises - a war.

specific trait interaction that distinguishes it from mere action, exchange: Every interaction is an exchange. You can exchange anything: signs of attention, words, gestures, symbols, material objects. Perhaps there is nothing that could not serve as a medium of exchange. Thus, money, with which we usually associate the process of exchange, is far from the first place. Understood so broadly, the exchange - universal a process that can be found in any society and in any historical epoch. Exchange structure simple enough:

1) exchange agents - two or more people;
2) exchange process- actions performed according to certain rules;
3) exchange rules- instructions, assumptions and prohibitions established orally or in writing;
4) exchange item– goods, services, gifts, tokens of attention, etc.;
5) place of exchange- a predetermined or spontaneously arisen meeting place.

According to theories of social exchange, formulated by the American sociologist George Homans, a person's behavior at the moment is determined by whether and how exactly his actions were rewarded in the past. Homane deduced the following exchange principles.

1. The more often a given action type is rewarded, the more likely it is to be repeated. If it regularly leads to success, then the motivation to repeat it increases, and vice versa, it decreases in case of failure.
2. If the reward (success) for a certain type of action depends on certain conditions, then it is highly likely that a person will strive for them. Whether you are profiting from acting legally and increasing productivity, or from circumventing the law and hiding it from the tax office, profits, like any other reward, will push you to repeat successful behavior.
3. If the reward is great, the person is ready to overcome any difficulties in order to receive it. A profit of 5% is unlikely to stimulate a businessman to a feat, but, as K. Marx once noted, for the sake of a profit of 300%, the capitalist is ready to commit any crimes.
4. When a person's needs are close to saturation, he makes less and less effort to satisfy them. This means that if the employer pays a high salary for several months in a row, then the employee's motivation to increase productivity decreases.

Homans' principles are applicable both to the actions of one person and to the interaction of several people, because each of them is guided in relations with the other by the same considerations.

In general terms, social interaction is a complex system of exchanges conditioned by ways of balancing rewards and costs. When the expected costs are greater than the expected rewards, people are less likely to interact unless they are forced to. Homans' exchange theory explains social interaction on the basis of free choice. In social exchange, as we might call the social interaction between reward and cost, there is no direct correlation. In other words, if the reward is tripled, then the individual will not necessarily triple their efforts in response. It often happened that workers were doubled their wages in the hope that they would increase productivity by the same amount, but there was no real return: the workers only pretended to try.

By nature, a person is inclined to save his efforts, and he resorts to this in any situation, sometimes going to deceit. The reason is that expenses and remuneration- derived from different needs or biological urges. Therefore, two factors - the desire to save effort and the desire to get as much reward as possible - can act simultaneously, but in different directions. This creates the most complex pattern of human interaction, where exchange and personal gain, disinterestedness and fair distribution of rewards, equality of results and inequality of efforts are woven into a single whole.

Exchange- the universal basis of interaction. It has its own structure and principles. Ideally, the exchange takes place on an equivalent basis, but in reality there are constant deviations that create the most complex pattern of human interaction.

In sociology, a special term has been adopted for social interaction - interaction.

Types of social interaction:

- Cooperation involves participation in a common cause. It manifests itself in many specific relationships between people: business partnership, friendship, political union between parties, states, etc. This is the basis for bringing people together in organizations or groups, manifestations of mutual assistance and mutual support.

- Rivalry may take the form of competition and conflict. (Remember what competition is, what types of competition you know.) We emphasize that in competition, rivals, as a rule, tend to get ahead of each other in achieving their social interests. Recall that competition involves the mandatory recognition of the rights of one of the parties by someone else. Competition does not always involve knowing a specific opponent. For example, the competition for admission to a university is due to the fact that there are much more applicants for a place than the number of places provided by the university. Applicants, as a rule, do not know each other. Their actions are aimed at achieving recognition of their efforts by someone third (in this case, from the selection committee), that is, to achieve preference. In other words, competition does not involve a direct impact on an opponent (maybe, except for competition in sports such as wrestling, etc.), but a demonstration of one’s capabilities in front of a third

Conflict- a hidden or open clash of conflicting parties in the struggle for resources, statuses and privileges, which seek to impose their will on each other, change behavior or eliminate each other. The conflict has a cumulative nature, that is, each aggressive action leads to a response or retribution, moreover, stronger than the initial one. The conflict is considered necessary driving force change. With the help of political democracy and various types of contracts, industrial conflicts can be regulated or prevented.

Forms of social interaction

Spontaneous, unorganized:-mass hysteria- a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear; Panic is a form of mass behavior where people who are faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. Panic happens in extreme conditions, when forces are at work that are beyond human control.

-pogro m - a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally excited crowd against property or a person. This is a spontaneous short-term surge of violence, fueled by passions.

- Riot - a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, unrest, confusion, uprising. The reason for their occurrence is mass dissatisfaction with something or someone.

Prepared:-Demonstration- a temporary and well-organized collective action in defense of some goals or in protest against something.

The social movement is the most organized and mass form of behavior of large social groups. Social movements are distinguished by the involvement in them of significant masses who defend the need for social change. Social movements are actions extended over time.

Social interaction is an integral part of society, because any association implies that the subjects of this association interact with each other, otherwise it is not an association, but only disparate objects.

Appeal to scientific literature, study of advanced domestic and foreign experience in the activities of a social teacher, generalization and analysis of one's own experience as a school social teacher give grounds to derive the principles of the technology of his activity in the system of interaction with the family, which is due to the objectives of this study.

The fundamental principles of the activity of a social pedagogue on interaction with the family are the following: humanistic, personal-activity, the principle of the integrity of life and education, the principle of developing communication, the principle of combining tolerance, respect and exactingness for the personality of the child, for the family, the principle of taking into account new trends in the development and functioning of society, ensuring acceptable and expedient mediation in the interaction of the individual , families, society; the principle of mercy. Their implementation is the most important condition for the high effectiveness of the interaction between the social educator and the family.

Let us dwell in more detail on the essence of these principles, which allow the social pedagogue to professionally interact with the family, regulate relationships in the “personality-family-society” system, and ensure the integration of efforts to purposefully help families and children.

The whole essence of the principle of humanism(from Latin - humanitas - humanity) is to recognize the value of a person as a person, his right to freedom, happiness, development and manifestation of his abilities. According to this principle, all the activities of a specialist are based on the support of human dignity, understanding of his personal problems and readiness to assist in their resolution.

Personal-activity approach- not just taking into account the individual characteristics of the child in education. This is, first of all, a consistent attitude towards him, as the subject of interaction in the context of all activities in the process of which the socialization of the individual is carried out, and the attitude towards the family as an intrinsic value, protection of the created trusting relationships, and the preservation of secrets. All directions in the system of interaction between a social educator and the family must be correlated with the following indicator: to what extent they contribute to the development of individuality and the protection of the rights and interests of the child through encouraging him to work, so that the person realizes himself in activities that correspond to his individual capabilities.

The essence of the cultural principle lies in the integrity of the formation of man as a biopsychosocial and cultural being. Today, there is a fundamental reorientation of public consciousness towards a deeper understanding of the intrinsic value of man. A social educator who focuses on the family in his work contributes to the organization of a culture of life, ranging from elementary forms to complex social and higher spiritual

Mastering the spiritual experience of mankind, spirituality own life- this is what, along with interests and inclinations, hobbies and profession, gives meaning to human existence. Education in this approach is understood as a cultural awareness of the individual.

The principle of integrity life and upbringing includes the integrity of the development of the child's personality itself and provides for coordinated activities various organizations and persons involved in the upbringing of children, and persons called upon to provide timely assistance to children. This principle involves the unification of the efforts of the school administration, teachers, social pedagogues, school psychologists, doctors, lawyers to create an educational socio-cultural environment that is adequate to the needs of the child's personality, the development of unbiased recommendations, the rapid finding of means of qualified assistance to the family, the child to protect their personal rights and prevent them. violations.

The principle of developing communication- acceptance of a person by another, recognition that the other has the right to be as he is, which allows a social educator working with the family to build professional relationships on a partnership basis, forms the ability to withstand and resolve the contradictions of everyday life.

The principle of combination tolerance, respect and exactingness to the personality of the child, to the family. Making demands on a person means respecting him and believing in him, seeing his strengths and weaknesses, understanding him and helping him. The full perception of a child, a family by a social pedagogue is certainly expressed in benevolence, sensitivity, attention and warmth of relations.

The principle of taking into account new trends in the development and functioning of society, ensuring acceptable and expedient mediation in the system of interaction between the individual, family, and society.

And the last of these principles is mercy principle associated with the spirit of sociality, charity, compassion, with the ability to change the situation, the desire to protect the child, to help him establish himself in life. A social educator needs to show tolerance, disinterestedness, kindness, faith in the inner strength of the child.

Following the above principles contributes to the resolution of educational contradictions, mitigation and elimination of problems, removal of difficulties in society, provides spiritual comfort to the child, helps him to learn positive social experience, promotes the educational function of the family.

Social interactions are a component of people's actions. Causes of social conflict are considered. Forms of mass behavior

Classification of social interaction

Notes

see also

See what "Social Interaction" is in other dictionaries:

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The concept of social interaction in sociology

Forms of interaction

Theories of social interaction

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