What are the forms of social interaction. Forms of social interaction. Social interaction in society

20.09.2019

Interaction- this is the process of influence of people and groups on each other, in which each action is conditioned both by the previous action and the expected result from the other

Any social interaction has four characteristics:

§ it subject, i.e. always has a purpose or cause that is external to the interacting groups or people;

§ it outwardly expressed, and therefore available for observation; This feature is due to the fact that interaction always involves character exchange, signs that deciphered by the opposite side;

§ it situationally,t. e. usually tied to some specific situations to the conditions of the course (for example, meeting friends or taking an exam);

§ it expresses subjective intentions of participants.

I would like to emphasize that interaction is always communication. However, interaction should not be identified with ordinary communication, i.e., messaging. This is a much broader concept, since it involves not only the direct exchange of information, but also an indirect exchange of meanings. Indeed, two people may not speak a word and not seek to communicate anything to each other by other means, but the very fact that one can observe the actions of the other, and the other knows about it, makes any of their activity a social interaction. If people perform in front of each other some actions that can be (and will certainly be) somehow interpreted by the opposite side, then they are already exchanging meanings. A person who is alone will behave a little differently than a person who is in the company of other people.

Consequently, social interaction characterized by such a feature as Feedback. Feedback suggests the presence of a reaction. However, this reaction may not follow, but it is always expected, admitted as probable, possible.

Depending on how contact is made between interacting people or groups, there are four main types of social interaction:

§ physical;

§ verbal, or verbal;

§ non-verbal (facial expressions, gestures);

§ mental, which is expressed only in inner speech.

social interaction possible in every area of society. Therefore, we can give the following typology of social interaction by spheres:

§ economic (individuals act as owners and employees);

§ political (individuals oppose or cooperate as representatives political parties, social movements, as well as subjects state power);

§ professional (individuals participate as representatives of different professions);

§ demographic (including contacts between representatives of different sexes, ages, nationalities and races);

§ family-related;

§ territorial-settlement (there is a clash, cooperation, competition between local and newcomers, permanent and temporary residents, etc.);

§ religious (implies contacts between representatives of different religions, as well as believers and atheists).

There are three main forms of interaction:

§ cooperation - cooperation of individuals to solve a common problem;

§ competition - individual or group struggle for the possession of scarce values (benefits);

§ conflict - a hidden or open clash of competing parties.

Forms of mass behavior

Mass behavior is a spontaneous reaction of people to a social situation that affects their interests. The forms of mass behavior include the actions of the crowd and the human masses, panic, pogroms, riots, riots, etc.

Sociological studies of these issues began with the development of the theory of the crowd. The concept of the French social psychologist and sociologist G. Lebon (1841–1931) received the greatest fame in this area. In accordance with this concept, the crowd has its own collective psyche, in which, as it were, the psyche of individual people dissolves.

The crowd often becomes an object of manipulation by extremist parties and organizations that use unconscious irrational motivational mechanisms of participants in mass actions.

A slightly different type of mass behavior is represented by social movements, which are commonly understood as collective actions that promote or hinder social change.

The diversity of social movements allows them to be classified according to a variety of criteria. In their direction, social movements can be progressive and regressive. The former are turned to the future, contribute to changes in society, the formation of new values, norms, institutions; the latter appeal to the past, advocate a return to the old orders, traditions, beliefs (for example, monarchical movements, various religious movements).

According to the scale of the proposed changes, social movements are divided into reformist and revolutionary. Reformist social movements advocate a gradual change in the existing social system and do not provide for a radical transformation of the basic institutional structures. Revolutionary social movements strive for a radical transformation of society, its political system and systems of ideological values.

Social movements also differ in their level: 1) mass movements with global goals(e.g. protection movements environment, against nuclear testing, arms races, etc.); 2) regional movements limited to a certain territory (for example, the movement against the use of the landfill in Semipalatinsk); 3) local movements pursuing specific pragmatic goals (for example, a movement to remove one of the members of the local administration).

In a broader historical context, sociologists distinguish utopian movements aimed at building a perfect society. The communes of the English theorist of utopian socialism R. Owen, the phalanxes of the followers of the French utopian C. Fourier and other similar experiments existed for a short time and fell apart due to internal contradictions and conflicts with the external environment. The same fate, as a rule, awaits today's communes, trying to implement alternative lifestyle models.

Thus, in modern society, the most wide range social movements. Their value is determined by the unique contribution to the development process civil society(6.8). As the famous Polish sociologist P. Sztompka emphasizes, a society that wants to use all its creative potential must not only allow, but also encourage social movements. If society suppresses social movements, then it destroys its own mechanism of self-improvement and self-development.

Similar information.

Social interaction is one or more ways of realizing social connections. Today there are two positions on whether to consider any interaction or not. It can be assumed that only one of them can be considered an act of interaction that received a response.

This is very important, because it contributes to the development of both the individual and the whole system. Alone, a person is not able to satisfy his needs, organize himself comfortable conditions(not to mention the psychological need for interaction) and realize their intentions.

Before starting a detailed consideration of social interaction, it is necessary to define the concept of interaction: it is a two-way process in which people influence each other.

Forms of social interaction

AT modern science There are three types of this process:

Conflict. In this case, the parties have opposite positions, and they are latently or openly conflicting with each other.
Competition. Here, individuals are fighting among themselves for valuable or material goods. Such interaction does not imply open hostility on the basis of competition.
Cooperation. It is a creative form that enriches both parties with experience, knowledge and often leads to a positive result. Here individuals cooperate in order to achieve a common goal.

Social interaction: conditions

P. Sorokin identifies several conditions without which social interaction is impossible:

Possession and psyche. Individuals, thanks to these means, can understand what another person feels with the help of verbal and non-verbal signs: gestures, voice intonation, facial expressions, etc.
Use of one system of symbols. To understand the thoughts and speech of another person, it is necessary that he expound them in well-known expressions. carriers different languages, of course, can also communicate, but this will be an inferior interaction, since the perception of each other can be distorted.

Social interaction: areas of implementation

Depending on the sphere in which the elements interact, the experience gained depends. There are many such areas, and we will highlight the most extensive ones here.

Political. Here there is a confrontation or cooperation of representatives of the authorities or social movements.
Economic. Almost every person has had this experience of social interaction, since here there is a connection between the employer and the employee.
Professional. Here people act primarily as representatives of different professions.
Family. Most a prime example- interaction of relatives during the marriage of their children, when one family contacts another and familiarization with traditions takes place.
Religious. Relationship with representatives of different religions or atheists.

Social interaction: types

Three types of social interaction are possible:

Idea exchange. People provide each other with various kinds of information, including their own thoughts and objective facts.
Volitional exchange. In this case, individuals coordinate their actions in order to achieve a common goal.
Exchange of feelings. Here, people are encouraged to interact by the emotional sphere, when they unite or separate based on their emotional feelings.

Social interaction: types

The types of contact depend on how it is carried out:

Verbal interaction (using words).
Non-verbal (using facial expressions and gestures).
Physical.

Introduction

1. Genesis of social interaction

1.1 Signs of social action

1.2 Transition to social interaction

1.3 Forms of social interaction

2. Structure of social interaction

2.1 Typology and areas of social interaction

2.2 Goal setting and goal achievement

2.3 Concepts of social interaction

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work is the reason that in modern society, great importance is attached to the assessment of certain actions of individuals. Each of us performs many actions every day, while giving an internal assessment of our actions. At the same time, any of us, volens-nolens, compares our actions with the scale of moral values of a civilized society. If the criteria for classifying actions as moral / immoral are studied by ethics, then the mutual evaluation of the actions and actions of people is included in the subject of sociology. What is action and what is social action, we will try to consider in this test.

The object of the work is social action and social interaction.

The subject of the work is the structure of social interactions.

The purpose of this work is to get to know theoretical foundations social interaction, study its structure, trace the relationship between theory and practice of this aspect of social reality.

1. Describe the genesis of social interaction, highlighting the signs of social action and the transition to social interaction.

2. Structuring social interaction, showing the typology and spheres, goal setting and goal implementation of social interaction.

3. Briefly outline the main concepts of social interaction.

Methods: study of sociological literature, description and observation, analysis and synthesis.

1. GENESIS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

1.1 Signs of social action

The problem of social action was introduced by Max Weber. He gave the following definition of it: “A social action is such an action, which, in accordance with its subjective meaning, includes in the protagonist attitudes about how others will act and is oriented in their direction.”

The most important sign of social action is subjective meaning - personal understanding of possible behaviors. Secondly, the conscious orientation of the subject to the response of others, the expectation of this reaction, is important. For T. Parsons, the problem of social action is associated with the allocation the following signs:

Normativity (depends on generally accepted values and norms);

Voluntarism (i.e. connection with the will of the subject, providing some independence from the environment);

The presence of sign mechanisms of regulation.

In Parsons' concept, action is seen as a single act and as a system of action. The analysis of an action as a single act is associated with the identification of an actor (the subject of active action) and an environment consisting of physical objects, cultural images, and other individuals. When analyzing an action as a system, the action is considered as an open system (that is, supporting an exchange with the external environment), the existence of which is associated with the formation of the corresponding subsystems that ensure the performance of a number of functions.

Your action is possible only within a society with a certain level of development of culture and social structure. On the other hand, its description, the description of a single action, is possible because there is a fairly long tradition of research on social action in sociology and philosophy.

In other words, both the action itself and its description become possible only as a result of your inclusion in the life of society.

1.2 Transition to social interaction

The fact that individual action is possible only within the framework of society, which social subject is always in the physical or mental environment of other subjects and behaves in accordance with this situation, reflects the concept social interaction. Social interaction can be defined as the systematic actions of subjects directed at each other and aimed at eliciting a response of expected behavior that involves the resumption of action. The interaction of individual subjects is both the result of the development of society and the condition for its further development.

Sociology, describing, explaining and trying to predict the behavior of people, whether in the educational process, in economic activity or in political struggle, before turning to empirical studies of particular problems, turns to the creation theoretical model of this behavior. The creation of such a model begins with the development of the concept of social action, clarifying its structure, function and dynamics .

Mandatory components structures actions advocate subject and an object actions. Subject- this is the bearer of purposeful activity, the one who acts with consciousness and will. An object- what the action is directed at. AT functional aspect stand out action steps: firstly, associated with goal setting, the development of goals and, secondly, with their operational implementation. At these stages, organizational links are established between the subject and the object of action.

Target - perfect image process and result of action. The ability to set goals, i.e. to perfect modeling upcoming action is the most important property man as the subject of action. The implementation of goals involves the choice of appropriate funds and organizing efforts to achieve result .

The circumstances of daily life bring a person into daily contact with many other people. In accordance with his needs and interests, a person selects from this multitude those with whom he enters into various interactions.

There are the following types of interactions:

- contacts- short-term relationships (purchase and sale, exchange of views on the street, conversation of fellow travelers on the bus);

- social activities- the actions of a person who enters into conscious and rational connections and is guided by the actions of other people, trying to achieve their own goals. This is a more complex form of communication between people than contacts. Every social action is preceded by social contact. Before committing a social action, a stable impulse to activity must arise in the mind of a person ( motivation). Obviously, when performing social actions, each person experiences the actions of others (conversation, any joint action).

In the broadest sense means is an object considered in terms of its ability to serve a purpose, whether it be a thing, a skill, an attitude, or information. Reached result acts as a new state of the elements that have developed in the course of action - a synthesis of the goal, properties of the object and the efforts of the subject. At the same time, the condition for effectiveness is the compliance of the goal with the needs of the subject, the means - with the goal and the nature of the object. AT dynamic In this aspect, the action appears as a moment of self-renewing activity of the subject on the basis of growing needs.

The action implementation mechanism helps to describe the so-called "universal functional action formula": needs -> their reflection in the (collective) consciousness, development of ideal action programs -> their operational implementation in the course of activity coordinated by certain means, creating a product that can satisfy the needs of subjects and encourage new needs.

Like any theoretical model, this concept of social action helps to see the general nature of infinitely diverse actions and thus already acts as a theoretical tool for sociological research. However, in order to turn to the analysis of particular problems, it is necessary to further divide the elements of this model. And, first of all, the subject of action needs more detailed characteristics.

Subject actions can be considered as individual or collective. Collective various communities (for example, parties) act as subjects. Individual the subject exists within communities, he can identify himself with them or come into conflict with them.

The contact of the subject with the environment of his existence generates needs- a special state of the subject, generated by the need for means of subsistence, objects necessary for his life and development, and thus acting as a source of the subject's activity.

Exist various classifications needs. common features of all classifications, the assertion of the diversity and increase in needs and the phased nature of their satisfaction are in favor. So, like every living being, a person needs food and shelter - this refers to physiological needs. But recognition and self-affirmation are just as necessary for him - these are already social needs.

Important characteristics of the subject of action also include the total life resource, the level of claims and value orientations. Total Life Resource includes resources of energy, time, natural and social benefits.

People have different life resources depending on their social position. All types of resources are manifested and measured differently for individual or collective actors, for example, human health or group cohesion.

The social position, along with the individual qualities of the subject, determines his level of claims, i.e. the complexity of the task and the result on which he is guided in his actions. These orientations of the subject in relation to any sphere of life are also value orientations. Value orientations are a way of distinguishing social phenomena according to the degree of their significance for the subject. They are associated with the individual reflection in the mind of a person of the values of society. Established value orientations ensure the integrity of the consciousness and behavior of the subject.

To describe the sources of a social object, the concept is also used interest. In a narrow sense, interest implies a selective, emotionally colored attitude towards reality (interest in something, being interested in something or someone). The broad meaning of this concept connects the state of the environment, the needs of the subject, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction. Those. interest can be characterized as the relation of the subject to necessary funds and the conditions for satisfying his needs. This relation is objective and must be realized by the subject. More or less clarity of awareness affects the effectiveness of the action. It is also possible to act contrary to one's own interests, i.e. contrary to their actual situation. The concept of interest is used in the literature in relation to individual and collective subjects.

Needs, interests and value orientations are factors motivation actions, i.e. formation of his motives as direct motives for action. motive- a conscious impulse to action, arising from the awareness of needs. How does an internal motive differ from external motives? incentives . Incentives- additional links between need and motive, these are material and moral incentives for certain actions.

The conscious nature of the action does not exclude the role of emotional and volitional factors. The ratio of rational calculation and emotional impulses allows us to speak of various types motivation. Motivation Research widely represented in sociology in connection with the study of labor and learning activities. At the same time, allocate motivation levels depending on the level of need.

The first group of motives is associated with socio-economic status of the individual. This includes, first of all, motives for providing life's blessings. If these motives dominate in the actions of a person, then his orientation, first of all, to material reward can be traced. Accordingly, the opportunities for material incentives increase. This group includes calling motives. They fix the desire of a person for a certain occupation. For a person in this case, the content of his professional activity is important. Accordingly, incentives will be associated with material rewards in and of themselves. Finally, this group includes prestige motives. They express the desire of a person to occupy a worthy, in his opinion, position in society.

The second group of motives is related to implementation of social norms prescribed and assimilated by the individual. This group also corresponds to a wide range of motives for action, from civic, patriotic to group solidarity or "honor of uniform".

The third group consists of motives associated with life cycle optimization. Here, strivings for accelerated social mobility and overcoming role conflict.

Every occupation, even every action, has not one but many motives. Even in the particular example we gave above, it can be assumed that the urge to read could not be reduced only to the desire to get an assessment, or only the desire to avoid trouble, or only curiosity. It is the multiplicity of motives that provides positive attitude to action.

The motives of action are organized hierarchically, one of them is dominant. At the same time, the researchers recorded for the learning process, for example, an inverse relationship between the strength of utilitarian motives and academic performance and a direct relationship between scientific and educational and professional motives. The motivation system is dynamic. It changes not only when changing occupations, but also within one of their species. For example, the motives for studying vary depending on the year of study.

Motivation research uses various methods: surveys, experiments, analysis of statistical data... So, the results of laboratory experiments show a change in reaction time in actions that are different in their motives. Analogues of such experiments, although without strict methods, each of us probably has in his life experience. The more distinct and stronger the need to do something ( coursework by the deadline), the higher the ability to concentrate attention, personal abilities and organizational talents on this matter. If we return to laboratory experiments, then it should be noted that a change in the speed of reaction is a psychological characteristic.

In this way, the most important character traits motivation action is plurality and hierarchy motives, as well as their specific strength and stability.

1.3 Forms of social interaction

It is also customary to distinguish three main forms of interaction - cooperation, competition and conflict.

Cooperation- cooperation of several individuals (groups) for the sake of solving a common problem. The simplest example is the transfer of a heavy log. Cooperation arises where and when the advantage of joint efforts over individual ones becomes obvious. Cooperation implies a division of labor.

Competition- individual or group struggle for the possession of scarce values (goods). They can be money, property, popularity, prestige, power. They are scarce because, being limited, they cannot be divided equally among all. Competition is considered an individual form of struggle, not because only individuals participate in it, but because the competing parties (groups, parties) seek to get as much as possible for themselves at the expense of others. Competition intensifies when individuals realize that alone they can achieve more. It is a social interaction because people negotiate the rules of the game.

Conflict- hidden or open clash of competing parties. It can arise both in cooperation and in competition. Competition develops into a clash when competitors try to prevent or eliminate each other from the struggle for possession of scarce goods. When equal rivals, for example, industrial countries, compete for power, prestige, markets, resources in a peaceful way, this is called competition. And when this does not happen peacefully, an armed conflict arises - war .

Distinctive feature interaction that distinguishes it from mere action is exchange. Any interaction is an exchange. You can exchange anything with signs of attention, words, meanings, gestures, symbols, material objects.

The structure of the exchange is quite simple:

Exchange agents - two or more people;

The process of exchange - actions performed according to certain rules;

Exchange rules - oral or written prescriptions, assumptions and prohibitions,

The subject of exchange is goods, gifts, tokens of attention, etc.;

The place of exchange is a predetermined or spontaneous meeting place.

According to the exchange theory of George Homans, human behavior in this moment determined by whether and how his actions were rewarded in the past.

He deduced the following exchange principles:

1) The more often a given type of action is rewarded, the more likely it is to be repeated. If it regularly leads to success, then the motivation to repeat it increases. Conversely, it decreases in case of failure;

2) if the reward (success) for certain type actions depends on certain conditions, then it is highly likely that a person will strive for them. It doesn't matter what you profit from - whether you operate legally or circumvent the law and hide from tax office- but profit, like any other reward, will push you to repeat successful behavior;

3) if the reward is large, the person is ready to overcome any difficulties in order to receive it. A profit of 5% is unlikely to stimulate a businessman to a feat, but for the sake of 300%, K. Marx once noted, he is ready to commit any crimes;

4) when a person's needs are close to saturation, he makes less and less effort to satisfy them. And this means that if the employer pays a high salary for several months in a row, then the employee’s motivation to increase productivity decreases.

Homans' principles are applicable to the actions of one person and to the interaction of several people, because each of them is guided in relations with the other by the same considerations.

AT general view social interaction is a complex system of exchanges conditioned by ways of balancing rewards and costs. If the expected costs are higher than the expected rewards, people are less likely to interact when they are not forced to. Homans' exchange theory explains social interaction on the basis of free choice.

In social exchange - as we might call the social interaction between reward and cost - there is no direct proportional relationship. In other words, if the reward is tripled, then the individual will not necessarily triple their efforts in return. It often happened that workers were doubled their wages in the hope that they would increase productivity by the same amount. But there was no real return, they just pretended to try. By nature, a person is inclined to save his efforts and resort to this in any situation, sometimes going to deceit.

Thus, under social interaction is understood as a system of interdependent social actions connected by a cyclic causal dependence, in which the actions of one subject are both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects.

2. STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

2.1 Typology and areas of social interaction

Interaction is different from action feedback. An action emanating from an individual may or may not be directed at another individual. Only an action directed at another person (and not at a physical object) causes a backlash, should be qualified as a social interaction.

Action can be divided into four types

physical action e.g. slapping, handing over a book, writing on paper;

Verbal, or verbal, action, for example, an insult, an expression of greeting;

Gestures as a kind of action: a smile, a raised finger, a handshake;

Mental action is expressed only in inner speech.

Examples supporting each kind of action correspond to social action criteria M Weber: they are meaningful, motivated, focused on the other.

Social interaction includes the first three and does not include the fourth kind of action.

As a result, we get the first typology of social interaction (by type):

physical;

verbal;

Gesture.

Social interaction is based on social statuses and cast. This is the basis for the second typology of social interaction in the spheres of life:

- economic sphere- where individuals act as owners and employees, entrepreneurs, rentiers, capitalists, businessmen, unemployed, housewives;

- professional sphere - where individuals participate as drivers, bankers, professors, miners, cooks;

- family and related sphere- where people act as fathers, mothers, sons, cousins, grandmothers, uncles, aunts, godfathers, brothers, bachelors, widows, newlyweds;

- demographic sphere- contacts between representatives of different sexes, ages, nationalities and races (nationality is also included in the concept of interethnic interaction);

- political sphere- where people oppose or cooperate as representatives of political parties, popular fronts, social movements, as well as subjects of state power judges, policemen, juries, diplomats, etc.;

- religious sphere- contacts between representatives of different religions, one religion, as well as believers and non-believers, if the content of their actions relate to the field of religion;

- territorial-settlement sphere- clashes, cooperation, competition between local and newcomers, urban and rural, temporary and permanent residents, emigrants, immigrants and migrants.

So, interaction - a bidirectional exchange of actions between two or more individuals. That is, action just a one-way interaction.

The first typology of social interaction is based on types of action, and the second - on status systems.

The whole variety of types of social interaction and the social relations that develop on their basis are usually divided into two spheres - primary and secondary.

Primary sphere - the area of personal relationships and interactions that exist in small groups among friends, in peer groups, in the family circle.

Secondary- this is the area of business, or formal relationships and interactions at school, shop, theater, church, bank, at a doctor's or lawyer's appointment. Accordingly, the attitudes of people in these areas are not similar.

secondary relationships- the sphere of social status relations. They are also called formal, impersonal, anonymous. If the local doctor indifferently looks through you, listens without hearing, automatically writes out a prescription and calls out to the next one, then he formally performs his official duty, that is, he is limited to the framework of a social role.

On the contrary, your personal doctor long established with you trusting relationship, will detect even what you did not say, will hear what you did not say. He is attentive and interested. Between you - primary, i.e. personal relationships.

So, we can conclude: all types of social interactions and social relations are divided into two spheres - primary and secondary. The first describes the confidential-personal, and the second - the formal-business relations of people.

2.2 Goal setting and goal achievement

Now let's take a closer look goal setting and goal fulfillment. Target- this is a motivated, conscious, verbal anticipation of the result of an action. Deciding on the outcome of an action rationally if, within the framework of available information, the subject is capable of calculation of goals, means and results of action and strives for their maximum efficiency .

The connection between objective conditions, motivation and goals is established in such a way that from two specific states of elements, usually conditions and motives, the subject draws a conclusion about the state of the third, the goal.

Its distinctness and achievability are assumed, as well as the presence of a hierarchy of goals in the subject, arranged in order of preference. Rational choice object, it is a choice in terms of its availability and suitability for achieving the goal. The means of action are selected on the basis of an assessment of their effectiveness in achieving the goal. They are instrumentally subordinate to it, but more connected with the situation.

Actions of this type purposeful action, most easily predicted and managed. The effectiveness of such actions, however, has its downside. First of all, purposeful rationality deprives many periods of a person's life of meaning. Everything that is considered as a means loses its independent meaning, exists only as an appendix to the main goal. It turns out that the more purposeful a person is, the narrower the scope of the meaning of his life. In addition, the huge role of means in achieving the goal and the technical attitude towards them, their evaluation only in terms of effectiveness, and not in terms of content, makes it possible to replace goals with means, to lose the original goals, and then the values of life in general.

However this species goal setting is neither universal nor unique. There are goal-setting mechanisms that are not related to the calculation of efficiency, do not imply a hierarchy of goals and the division of goals, means and results. Let's consider some of them.

As a result of the work of self-knowledge, the constant dominance of certain motives, in which the emotional component predominates, and also in connection with a clear internal position regarding the way of life, goal may arise as some idea, project, life plan- holistic, folded and potential.

In appropriate situations, it provides instant decision making. Such a mechanism of purposefulness ensures the formation and production of an integral, unique personality.

Target can speak as an obligation as a law of action, deduced by a person from his ideas about what is due and associated with the highest values for him. Duty acts as an end in itself. It is irrespective of the consequences and regardless of the situation. Such a mechanism of purposefulness presupposes volitional self-regulation of actions. It can orient a person in situations of maximum uncertainty, create behavioral strategies that go far beyond the framework of an existing, rationally comprehended situation.

Purposefulness can be defined system of norms as external guidelines that set the boundaries of what is permitted. Such a mechanism optimizes behavior with the help of stereotyped decisions. This saves intellectual and other resources. However, in all cases, goal setting is associated with a strategic choice for the subject and always retains the value of the backbone element of the action.

The goal connects the subject with the objects of the external world and acts as a program for their mutual change. Through a system of needs and interests, situational conditions external world takes possession of the subject, and this is reflected in the content of the goals. But through a system of values and motives, in a selective attitude to the world, in the means of goal-fulfillment, the subject seeks to establish himself in the world and change it, i.e. "take over the world".

Time can also become a tool for such mastery, if a person skillfully manages this limited resource. A person always correlates his actions with time. At critical moments, the whole situation is divided into hours, minutes, seconds. But time can be used. This implies an active attitude towards it, a rejection of the perception of time as an independent force that forcibly resolves problems. The main property of time - to be a sequence of events - a person uses, arranging his actions in some arbitrarily undisturbed order, spreading "first - then" in his actions and experiences.

2.3 Concepts of social interaction

There are many microsociological concepts. In general, the concept of social interaction is a manifestation of the diversity of sociological knowledge. In turn, this is a special case of the action system principle multiplicity of descriptions of complex systems.

Concept of social exchange . The main ideas of the concept of social exchange: in human behavior, a rational principle prevails, which prompts him to strive for certain conclusions; social interaction is a constant exchange of various benefits between people, and exchange transactions are elementary acts public life(scheme "stimulus - reaction")

Concept of symbolic interactionism . From the point of view of interactionists, human society consists of individuals with a "personal self", i.e. they form meanings themselves; individual action is a construction, not just a performance. It is carried out by the individual with the help of evaluating and interpreting the situation. Personal self means that a person can serve as an object for his actions. Meaning formation is a set of actions in which an individual notices an object, relates it to their values, assigns meaning to it, and decides to act on it. given value. At the same time, the interpretation of the actions of another is the determination for oneself of the meanings of certain actions of others. From the point of view of interactionists, an object is not an external stimulus, but something that a person distinguishes from the surrounding world, giving it certain meanings.

Experience management concept . From the point of view of E. Hoffmann, a person appears as an artist, a creator of images. His life is the production of impressions. The ability to manage impressions and control them means to be able to manage other people. Such control is carried out with the help of verbal and non-verbal means of communication. A typical example is image creation, advertising, PR.

CONCLUSION

Thus, social interaction can be characterized as a process in which people act and experience interactions with each other. The mechanism of social interaction includes individuals who perform certain actions, changes in the social community or society as a whole caused by these actions, the impact of these changes on other individuals that make up the social community, and, finally, the feedback of individuals. Interaction leads to the formation of new social relations.

In sociology, a special term has been adopted for social interaction - interaction. However, not everything we do in connection with other people is related to social interaction. If a car hit a passerby, then this is a normal traffic accident. But it becomes a social interaction, when the driver and the pedestrian, analyzing what happened, each defend their own interests as representatives of the two big social groups. The driver insists that the roads are built for cars, and the pedestrian has no right to cross where he pleases. The pedestrian, on the contrary, is convinced that the main person in the city is he, not the driver, and cities are created for people, but not cars.

In this case, the driver and pedestrian represent social statuses. Each of them has their own circle of rights and obligations. Playing the role of a driver and a pedestrian, two men do not find out personal relationships based on sympathy or antipathy, but enter into social relations, act like possessors social statuses that are defined by society. When they talk to each other, they don't talk about family matters, the weather, or crop prospects. content their conversations are social symbols and meanings: the purpose of such a territorial settlement as a city, the norms for crossing the carriageway, the priorities of a person and a car, etc. Italicized concepts constitute the attributes of social interaction. It, like social action, is found everywhere. But this does not mean that it replaces all other types of human interaction.

So, social interaction is made up of separate acts, called social actions, and includes statuses (a range of rights and obligations), roles, social relations, symbols and meanings.

REFERENCES

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social interaction

Social interaction- a system of interdependent social actions associated with cyclic dependence, in which the action of one subject is both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects. It is related to the concept of “social action”, which is the starting point for the formation of social ties. Social interaction as a way of implementing social ties and relationships presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the process of interaction itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. In the course of interaction, the formation and development of the individual, the social system, their change in the social structure of society, etc. take place.

Social interaction includes the transfer of action from one social actor to another, the receipt and reaction to it in the form of a response action, as well as the resumption of actions of social actors. It has a social meaning for the participants and involves the exchange of their actions in the future due to the presence in it of a special causality - social relation. Social relations are formed in the process of interaction between people and are the result of their past interactions that have acquired a stable social form. Social interactions, unlike them, are not “frozen” social forms, but “living” social practices of people that are conditioned, directed, structured, regulated by social relations, but are able to influence these social forms and change them.

Social interaction is determined by the social statuses and roles of the individual and social groups. It has an objective and a subjective side:

objective side- factors that are independent of interacting, but influencing them.
Subjective side- the conscious attitude of individuals to each other in the process of interaction, based on mutual expectations.

Classification of social interaction

Primary, secondary (ideological, religious, moral)
By the number of participants: the interaction of two people; one person and a group of people; between two groups
Multinational
Between people of different incomes, etc.

What are the forms of social interaction. Forms of social interaction. Social interaction in society

Classification of social interaction

Notes

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